Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
B
[1]
2.
B
[1]
3.
C
[1]
4.
B
[1]
5.
C
[1]
6.
B
[1]
7.
D
[1]
8.
C
[1]
9.
D
[1]
IB Questionbank Biology
10.
(a)
(b)
IB Questionbank Biology
9 max
4 max
(c)
5 max
11.
(a)
(b)
IB Questionbank Biology
4 max
5 max
(c)
9 max
12.
(a)
(b)
2 max
2 max
2 max
(c)
(d)
[7]
IB Questionbank Biology
13.
(a)
Fundamental niche:
the potential niche / the niche the organism could occupy under
ideal conditions / the full mode of existence given the adaptations
of the species / OWTTE;
Realized niche:
the actual niche / the niche restricted by competition and
environmental variables / the niche resulting from the limits
placed on the species / OWTTE;
Responses must distinguish between the two types to gain credit.
(b)
(c)
energy transfer along the food chain is less than 100% efficient;
10% energy transfer between trophic levels;
nutrient transfer is less than 100% efficient;
each carnivore needs to consume many prey organisms;
tendency for size of organisms to increase as trophic level increases;
2 max
3 max
[7]
IB Questionbank Biology
14.
(a)
Effect
blocked waterways
excessive decomposition
depletes
oxygen and fish stocks
Nile Perch
2 max
[4]
15.
(a)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
IB Questionbank Biology
1 max
(c)
3 max
[7]
16.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Neobisium muscorum;
level of cadmium remains high / does not decrease (when cadmium
is removed);
(i)
Notiophilus biguttatus
(ii)
2 max
2 max
[8]
IB Questionbank Biology
17.
(a)
(b)
2 max
2 max
[4]
IB Questionbank Biology
18.
(a)
3 max
e.g.:
temperate deciduous forest;
warm/1518C summers and cold/37C winters / significant
annual temperature variation;
broad leaf trees (that lose leaves annually) / significant diversity
of understory plants;
The following provides further examples of biomes that may be
addressed.
Answers do not need to be shown in a table format.
temperature
range
desert;
savannah;
hot (2030C);
tropical rainforest;
taiga;
cold (below 0
15C);
coniferous/evergreen trees
densely packed (few
species);
named biome
tundra;
(b)
minus
temperatures
for most of
the year;
IB Questionbank Biology
3 max
9
[6]
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10
19.
B
[1]
20.
D
[1]
21.
A
[1]
22.
C
[1]
23.
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(b)
(c)
(ii)
IB Questionbank Biology
2 max
2 max
1
2 max
11
(d)
(e)
2 max
3 max
[13]
24.
(a)
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8 max
12
(b)
(c)
5 max
5 max
25.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(i)
(ii)
trout
2 max
2 max
[6]
26.
(a)
(i)
tundra
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13
(ii)
(b)
(c)
1 max
2 max
e.g.
to control the cottony cushion scale (Icerya purchasi) (a pest
that was devastating the California citrus industry in the late 1800s);
the vedalia beetle/a predatory insect (Rodolia cardinalis) was
introduced (from Australia);
[6]
27.
6 max
[6]
28.
(a)
(b)
tropical rainforest;
because the climate is warm/hot all year;
because of the high level of rainfall/precipitation all year;
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14
(c)
29.
r-strategy:
many offspring (at a time/per brood);
little care of offspring;
high mortality rate / only a small proportion reach maturity;
small (body) size;
short lifespan / fast maturation / reproduce at a young age;
reproduce only once;
favoured by unstable/changing environment / opportunists / broad niches;
pioneer species;
variable population size;
or
K-strategy:
few offspring (at a time/per brood);
much care of offspring;
low mortality rate / large proportion reach maturity;
large (body) size;
long lifespan / slow maturation / reproduce at advanced age;
reproduce repeatedly;
favoured by stable/consistent environment / broad niches;
climax species;
stable population size;
6 max
Award [3 max] if a candidate states that they are describing one of the
options (r-strategy or K-strategy), but gives only answers from the other option.
[6]
30.
D
[1]
31.
A
[1]
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15
32.
B
[1]
33.
B
[1]
34.
D
[1]
35.
C
[1]
36.
B
[1]
37.
D
[1]
38.
D
[1]
39.
(a)
(b)
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16
(ii)
(c)
(d)
2 max
(i)
(ii)
1 max
[11]
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17
40.
(a)
(b)
9 max
4 max
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18
(c)
Eukaryotic cells
no nucleus
nucleus;
naked DNA
loop of DNA
strands of DNA;
no mitochondria
mitochondria;
internal membranes/organelles/
Golgi/ER/lysosomes;
5 max
41.
(a)
IB Questionbank Biology
6 max
19
(b)
8 max
(c)
bryophyta
angiospermophyta
vascular/specialized
tissue/veins;
small/height up to 7 cm
contain water-conducting
cells (tissue)/foodconducting
tissue/support tissue;
have flowers;
microscopic spores
covered seeds/fruits;
roots;
4 max
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20
42.
(a)
(b)
(c)
3 max
(i)
(ii)
1 max
[7]
43.
(a)
(b)
3 max
2 max
[5]
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21
44.
(a)
(b)
3 max
[4]
45.
2 max
[2]
46.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(i)
freshwater (ecosystem)
(ii)
plants are purposely transported by people to new places for their use;
the ecosystem is changing/warming so new kinds of plants are now able to
survive/compete with native plants;
only a few plants are aquatic so few would be expected in water;
fungal spores/seeds can travel more easily in air;
terrestrial ecosystems provide more suitable habitats;
1 max
1 max
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22
(d)
pros:
may control a pest species (in an ecosystem);
economic/social benefits e.g. reforestation to reduce soil erosion /
other reasonable examples;
cons:
competition reduces survival of native species;
upsets the balance between predators and prey;
leads to extinction of native species / reduces biodiversity;
Accept the above points in a discussion of particular examples.
To award [3 max] responses require at least one pro and one con.
3 max
[7]
47.
(a)
(b)
pH of soil;
water / humidity;
light;
temperature;
salinity;
mineral nutrients;
competition;
altitude;
pollinating agents;
predators / parasites;
slope;
4 max
1 max
[5]
48.
(a)
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23
(b)
name of ecosystem:
e.g. (tropical) rainforest;
ethical reason:
every species has a right to life, regardless of whether it is useful/non
useful to humans;
potential of undiscovered medicines;
ecological reasons:
better use of the rainforest may occur by respecting the existing balance
in concert with the indigenous people;
native species are adapted to local conditions whereas invasive species
are less likely to be in balance;
species in the rainforest are interdependent so loss of species threatens
the rest of the community;
deforestation of rainforests increases soil erosion/silting of rivers/flooding/
CO2 atmospheric levels;
economic reasons:
ecotourism is a potential source of income;
aesthetic reasons:
loss of beauty of the system;
artists are inspired by the images/flowers/animals of rainforests;
heritage/cultural reasons:
maintenance of the rainforest preserves human cultural diversity;
Do not award more than [2 max] for each category of reasons
e.g. not more than [2] for ecological reasons.
5 max
[6]
49.
C
[1]
50.
B
[1]
51.
A
[1]
52.
B
[1]
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24
53.
(a)
(i)
(ii)
2 max
(b)
(c)
(i)
(ii)
(d)
(i)
(ii)
(e)
(i)
2 max
1 max
300 ppm (Allow answers in the range 295305 ppm) unit must be
included to earn mark.
(ii)
(f)
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25
(g)
3 max
[18]
54.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(ii)
3 max
1
2 max
1 max
[7]
55.
(a)
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26
(b)
capturemarkreleaserecapture method;
marked unit area;
apply a paint spot/ear tag/leg ring/radio transmitter to the captured rabbits;
sufficient time must elapse to allow mixing of population to occur;
second capture must be from same marked area;
n1 n 2
calculate the Lincoln index / population size = n3 ;
n1 = first capture, n2 = second capture, n3 = number marked in
second capture;
(c)
4 max
2
[7]
56.
6 max
[6]
57.
(a)
(b)
a niche is the place where an organism lives and the roles that it plays in
its habitat;
fundamental niche of a species is the potential mode of existence while
realized niche of a species is the actual mode of existence;
fundamental niche depends on species adaptations while the realized
niche also depends on competition with other species;
2 max
2 max
IB Questionbank Biology
27
(c)
size;
edge effect;
example of edge effect;
habitat corridor;
example of habitat corridor;
habitat/niche diversity;
human management;
3 max
e.g. size:
large reserves usually promote diversity more effectively than small ones;
edge effect:
cause different ecology of central areas compared to edges;
example of edge effect:
cowbird lays eggs in nests of other birds near edges of forests / fragmentation
of forests increased cowbirds as more edges;
habitat corridor:
permit organisms to move between different parts of a fragmented habitat;
example of habitat corridor:
tunnels under roads;
habitat/niche diversity:
functioning reserve requires a diversity of niches to support the ecosystem
structure;
human management:
banning hunting/lumbering/petroleum exploitation;
To award [1] each marking point requires a complete discussion or definition.
[7]
58.
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28
59.
D
[1]
60.
B
[1]
61.
(a)
(b)
3 max
[5]
62.
(a)
(b)
X:
tertiary consumers;
Y:
secondary consumers;
Z:
producers;
3 max
[6]
63.
D
[1]
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29
64.
(a)
number/N/population size;
Do not acc ept population by itself.
oscillations of plateau
phase not required
exponential/rapid growth phase labelled/highlighted properly; (accept log phase)
transitional/slowing phase labelled/highlighted properly;
plateau/no growth phase labelled/highlighted properly; (accept stationary phase)
carrying capacity/K drawn and labelled as a parallel line to
x-axis at plateau level;
4 max
curve clearly showing the shape of the three phases;
(b)
(c)
Accept examples of the points below, provided that the terms underlined
are clearly identified. Accept only named examples (Latin or common
names) from natural ecosystems only. Do not award marks for general
names such as fish or tree.
food chain shows transfer of nutrients/energy in an ecosystem /
arrows from one trophic level to the next in examples;
between different trophic levels / shown in a correct chain or web;
starting with a producer;
followed by at least two levels of consumers / shown in a correct
chain or web;
food web is the (branched) interaction of multiple food chains /
cross arrows in examples;
using (multiple) producers as a source;
transferring nutrients/energy to consumers from different food chains;
same consumer could be at different trophic levels in a food web;
6 max
8 max
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30
65.
(a)
(b)
(c)
3 max
1 max
(d)
(e)
(f)
1 max
[8]
66.
(a)
(b)
IB Questionbank Biology
3 max
31
(c)
2 max
[6]
67.
6 max
[6]
68.
A
[1]
69.
D
[1]
70.
C
[1]
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32
71.
C
[1]
72.
A
[1]
73.
C
[1]
74.
B
[1]
75.
C
[1]
76.
D
[1]
77.
A
[1]
78.
B
[1]
79.
(a)
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33
(b)
2 max
[5]
80.
(a)
(b)
species:
population:
community:
energy flows up from one trophic level to the next (in a community);
energy is lost at each stage by waste products/feces/not all the organism
is consumed;
most energy is lost through respiration/heat;
each level on the pyramid is about 10%20% of the size of the one
below it / 80%90% energy lost between levels;
labelled diagram of pyramid of energy (indicating trophic levels);
3 max
[6]
81.
(a)
Award [1] for each structure clearly drawn and correctly labelled, up to [4 max].
cell wall a uniformly thick wall;
pili hair-like structures / flagellum at least length of the cell;
May be labelled as the
plasma membrane represented by a continuous single line;
innermost wall line.
ribosomes drawn as small discrete circles/shaded circles;
nucleoid region with DNA not enclosed in membrane;
plasmid circular ring of DNA;
cytoplasm the non-structural material within the cell;
Award [3 max] if one eukaryote structure is shown, [2 max] for
two eukaryote structures, [1 max] for three eukaryote structures
and [0] if four or more eukaryote structures are shown.
IB Questionbank Biology
4 max
34
(b)
light: [2 max]
rate increases with increasing light;
it reaches maximum then plateaus;
as all chloroplast molecules are working at optimal pace;
temperature: [2 max]
rate increases with increasing temperature;
to a maximum/optimum temperature;
but then falls off rapidly;
as enzymes are denatured above the optimal temperature;
carbon dioxide: [2 max]
rate increases with increasing carbon dioxide level;
it reaches maximum then plateaus;
as photosynthesis operating at optimal level;
Award any of the above points if clearly drawn in a diagram.
(c)
6 max
82.
(a)
IB Questionbank Biology
3 max
35
(b)
Temperature
Vegetation
desert
savanna
hot (2030C)
temperate deciduous
forest
warm/mild (520C)
taiga
coniferous/evergreen trees
densely packed (few
species);
tundra
2 max
[5]
83.
(a)
(b)
(c)
2 max
3
[6]
IB Questionbank Biology
36
IB Questionbank Biology
37
84.
(a)
gross production:
amount of organic matter/biomass produced by plants / plant respiration
and net production;
net production:
amount of gross production of an ecosystem remaining after subtracting
the amount used in respiration/gross production respiration;
(b)
Biome
Temperatur
e
Moisture
Desert
high
tempe
rature
/
therm
al
amplit
ude in
day
and
cold
at
night
dry / average
rainfall
less
than
25 cm
1
year
Tropical rainforest
hot
damp / wet /
average
rainfall
225 cm
1
year
Tundra
cold / 6C
to
12C
dry / average
rainfall
25 cm
1
year
Characteristic of
vegetation
xerophytes /
succulent/
sparse low
lying bushes
adapted to
water
conservation;
3 max
[5]
85.
(a)
(i)
(ii)
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38
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39
(b)
named example;
definition of biomagnification;
cause;
consequence;
e.g.
name: DDT / pesticide to control mosquitoes of malaria;
definition of biomagnification: chemicals accumulate along the
food chain;
cause: as fat soluble, it accumulates in fatty tissue;
consequence: becoming more concentrated at each trophic level /
increasingly more toxic / ultimately leading to death of organism up in food chain;3 max
[6]
86.
A
[1]
87.
B
[1]
88.
(a)
(b)
2 max
[3]
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40
89.
(a)
(b)
5 max
5 max
[10]
90.
(a)
(b)
correct calculations;
correct answer = 367%;
(c)
2 max
IB Questionbank Biology
41
91.
(a)
named biome
desert
temperature
high
temperature/ther
mal amplitude
in day and cold
at night
moisture
dry / average rainfall less
1
than 25 cm year ;
tropical rainforest
hot
tundra
cold / 6C to 12C
2 max
named example;
definition of biomagnification;
cause;
consequence;
e.g.
name: DDT / pesticide to control mosquitoes of malaria;
definition of biomagnification: chemicals accumulate along
the food chain;
cause: as fat soluble, it accumulates in fatty tissue;
consequence: becoming more concentrated at each trophic level /
increasingly more toxic / ultimately leading to death of organism up in food chain;3 max
[5]
92.
(a)
name;
use;
example 1:
name: zoos;
captive breeding of animals / permits assisted reproductive
methods / use of modern technology;
example 2:
name: botanic gardens;
allows for protected growth of plants / protected from extreme
climatic conditions / provision of all necessary conditions;
Award [1] for name and [1] for its use.
Accept other suitable examples.
IB Questionbank Biology
42
(b)
5 max
[9]
93.
C
[1]
94.
A
[1]
95.
B
[1]
96.
C
[1]
97.
A
[1]
98.
C
[1]
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43
99.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
3 max
(i)
(ii)
2 max
2 max
[12]
100. (a)
(i)
(ii)
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44
(b)
(i)
(ii)
(c)
2 max
1 max
[8]
101. (a)
(b)
(c)
2 max
[5]
102. (a)
(b)
3 max
2 max
[5]
103. A
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45
[1]
104. (a)
x - axis (time) and y - axis (number in population/of individuals) (do not accept
correctly labelled;
growth on y-axis)
(c)
5 max
105. (a)
(i)
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46
(ii)
(b)
2 max
3 max
[6]
6 max
[6]
IB Questionbank Biology
47
107. C
[1]
108. D
[1]
109. D
[1]
110. A
[1]
111. B
[1]
112. (a)
standard deviation summarizes the spread of values around the mean / 68%
of all values fall within one standard deviation of the mean / gives a measure
of variability of the data / OWTTE
1 max
-1
(b)
(c)
2 max
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48
IB Questionbank Biology
49
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
2 max
first name / Nacella refers to the genus and the second name / concinna
refers to the species
model suggests two degree rise in temperature which would mean summer
temperatures of 3C;
at this temperature less than 50% of organisms able to carry out basic
behaviour;
decreased survival of species / decreased ability to avoid predation;
2 max
[13]
113. (a)
(i)
coniferophyta
(ii)
filicinophyta
1
[4]
114. (a)
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50
4 max
anaerobic habitats;
marshes / guts of mammals / oxygen depleted soils;
2
[6]
115. (a)
1991
(b)
(c)
trend for egg laying being earlier over study period (in figure A);
higher temperatures lead to earlier egg laying;
egg laying correlated with warmer temperature;
data highly variable / evidence is indirect;
(d)
(i)
(ii)
2 max
earlier egg laying date means that parents may compete for food / nesting
materials / nesting sites with other species or any example of how change
may cause niche to overlap;
tree swallow may expand range northward to hatch on the same day / tree;
tree swallow may cause a decline in population of species that now
overlaps niche / tree swallow may decline in population because of
overlapping niche or any example which shows the consequence of
overlapping niche;
2 max
[7]
116. (a)
(b)
3 max
[4]
117. (a)
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51
the year;
temperature range eg 1518C / warm summers and 37C / cold winters /
significant annual temperature variation;
dominant plant eg dominant plants are broad leaf trees (that lose leaves
annually) / ecosystem characteristics eg significant diversity of understory
plants;
(b)
3 max
4 max
[7]
118. C
[1]
119. B
[1]
120. (a)
Award [1] for each of the following clearly drawn and correctly labelled.
clear ruled axes, labelled time on the x- and population size on the y- axis;
exponential phase annotated to indicate rapid population growth because of
abundant resources;
transitional phase annotated to indicate a developing shortage of resources and
increase competition between members of the population;
plateau phase annotated to indicate a population now constrained by resource
availability / natality equals mortality;
(b)
melting of permafrost;
increased detritus decomposition;
expansion of temperate species / reduced range for arctic species;
example of an affected species;
IB Questionbank Biology
52
IB Questionbank Biology
6 max
53
(c)
8 max
(Plus up to [2] for quality)
[20]
121. (a)
1 max
Photoautotroph
Cyanobacteria;
classes: Chroobacteria / Hormogoneae / Gloeobacteria;
orders: Chroococcales / Gloeobacterales / Nostocales /
Oscillatoriales / Pleurocapsales / Stigonematales;
families: Prochloraceae / Prochlorotrichaceae;
genera: Halospirulina / Planktothricoides / Prochlorococcus /
Prochloron / Prochlorothrix;
Chemoautotroph
IB Questionbank Biology
54
(b)
5 max
N
D e n itrific a tio n
F ix a tio n
(lig h tn in g )
F e rtiliz e r F a c to ry
B a c te ria in
n o d u le s
N fix in g b a c te ria
N itra te B a c te ria
N O
N O
p la n ts
A n im a ls
D e c a y a n d w a s te
N itra te B a c te ria
N H
+
4
D e c o m p o se rs
Award [1] for any two correctly labelled and connected boxes
[6]
122. (a)
1991
(b)
(c)
trend for egg laying being earlier over study period (in figure A);
higher temperatures lead to earlier egg laying;
egg laying correlated with warmer temperature;
data highly variable / evidence is indirect;
(d)
(i)
(ii)
2 max
earlier egg laying date means that parents may compete for food / nesting
materials / nesting sites with other species or any example of how change
may cause niche to overlap;
tree swallow may expand range northward to hatch on the same day / tree;
tree swallow may cause a decline in population of species that now
overlaps niche / tree swallow may decline in population because of
overlapping niche or any example which shows the consequence of
overlapping niche;
2 max
[7]
IB Questionbank Biology
55
123. (a)
(b)
1 max
3 max
[4]
124. (a)
(b)
5 max
4 max
[9]
IB Questionbank Biology
56