Introduction - Design Approaches

Approaches to Seismic Design

For immediate occupancy

and similar performance
goals, we generally will
want to:
! Limit drifts (stiffness)
! Limit accelerations (strength)
! Limit yielding (strength and

Some Issues to Consider:

General types of engineering demand
parameters to be employed?
What design characteristics control them?
Can we use inelastic behavior to our advantage?

For collapse prevention limit

states, we need to
! limit drifts to prevent static and
dynamic instability (stiffness)

! Prevent brittle failure modes

(limit forces)

! Insure adequate deformation

capacity in ductile failure modes

(detailing)
! Limit deformation demands
(stiffness)

proportioning)

Elastic design approaches

generally suffice

What are good (SIMPLE) design methods to

target specified EDPs (formats that address
seismic design issues best)?

Inelastic approaches needed

Sustainable Design Issues

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering
U.C. Berkeley

Spring 2007

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Some Approaches for Rare Events

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Nonlinear systems limit forces

Load

Nonlinear Fuse Concepts

Deform.

Device or member properties

Force

Elastic Approach
Make stronger & stiffer
What is maximum load?

Energy Dissipation
Plastic Hinges
Seismic Isolation
Device demands?
Hinge Demands?
Isolator Deformations?
Structure Strength? Structure Deformations? Structure Deformations?

Energy Dissipation
Plastic Hinges
Seismic Isolation
Device demands?
Hinge Demands?
Isolator Deformations?
Structure Strength? Structure Deformations? Structure Deformations?

Displ.

Structure properties

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Nonlinear systems limit forces - 2

Force

These systems allow us to control

damage distribution
Except for the isolated
system, these systems
are statically
determinant nearcollapse:
!Know forces in:

Force Limit
Displ.

Nonlinear Structures Properties

Force
Energy Dissipation
Plastic Hinges
Seismic Isolation
Device demands?
Hinge Demands?
Isolator Deformations?
Structure Strength? Structure Deformations? Structure Deformations?

all members
foundations
!Make all other
locations stronger to
control damage
distribution!

Energy Dissipation
Plastic Hinges
Seismic Isolation
Device demands?
Hinge Demands?
Isolator Deformations?
Structure Strength? Structure Deformations? Structure Deformations?

Displ.

Force & Displacement Limited Only by Input

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering
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Spring 2007

Pick locations where local

damage is acceptable

Elastic Structures Properties

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Nonlinear systems limit forces - 3

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Nonlinear systems limit accelerations

Force

Force

Force Limit

Force Limit
Displ.

Displ.

Nonlinear Structures Properties

Energy Dissipation
Plastic Hinges
Seismic Isolation
Device demands?
Hinge Demands?
Isolator Deformations?
Structure Strength? Structure Deformations? Structure Deformations?

Plastic Hinge

Yielding Limits Loads on Foundation

Nonlinear Structures Properties

Energy Dissipation
Plastic Hinges
Seismic Isolation
Device demands?
Hinge Demands?
Isolator Deformations?
Structure Strength? Structure Deformations? Structure Deformations?

Fy = Mp/H

Ma + FD + FS = -Mag
FS = -M(ag+a) = -Matotal

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Fy
Plastic Hinge

Mp

atotal<Fy/M

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So...What displacements do we
design for?

Common Design Methods

" Allowable Stress/Elastic Methods
! older codes
" Capacity design methods
! New Zealand code since 1960s
! various parts of concrete sections of UBC and hidden in some

This is the big question?

! Simple nonlinear spectral
displacement estimates

parts of steel UBC provisions

! Estimates based on elastic

demands (empirical
relationships)
! Nonlinear analysis (static for
local, dynamic for global and
residual deformations)

A big part of this course

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

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Spring 2007

W=20

H=12

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Piles

Design Loads
and Dimensions

Spring 2007

Load structure until something fails.

Assuming we are looking for first
damage, structure is elastic
Vcol = 5

Vp= 6
Mp= 78
Vp,p=4

Vpile = 2.5

Tp = 0

Cp=30

P = 20/2 + 5*12/6 = 20
P=20/2 - 5*12/6 = 0
Provided Capacity
Design Internal Forces
C!D

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Response of Strength Designed Structure

Qy=5

Mmax = 5*12 = 60

considerations. European and Japanese building practice.

" Plastic Design

! Very useful, but often too complex for hand calculations.
" Displacement-based Design
" Protective Systems/Response Modification Systems
CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

Allowable Stress / Elastic Methods

Qy=5

" Damage Tolerant Design

! Coming from blast and progressive collapse limit state

Element

Load Q to Reach
Element Capacity

Column shear
Column
Moment
Pile
Compression
Pile Tension
Pile shear

6
78/12=6.5

Q=?

Element
Overcapacity

Vp= 6
Mp= 78

1.2
1.3

(30-10)*6/12=10

(0+10)*6/12 = 5
2*4 = 8

1.0
1.6

Tp = 0

Vp,p=4
Cp=30

Provided Capacity
C!D

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Capacity Design Concept

Capacity Design Approach

Simple application of plastic analysis on an element-wise basis

Element

Force in element
Element
when column
Overcapacity
plastic hinge forms

Column shear

(78/12=6.5)*1.25
= 8.1
Column Moment 78
Pile Compression 20/2+
1.25[(6.5)12/6] =
26.3
Pile Tension
20/2 1.25[(6.5)12/6] =
-6.3
Pile shear
1.25*6.5/2= 4.1

Q=?

1.25

" Select specific locations were seismic

damage is permitted

FIXED

! Ductile regions
! Distribution leads to complete Energy

Mp= 78

1.0
1.25

Target Behavior
1.25

Tp = -6.3

1.25

1.25 factor used here to provide margin of safety against other

elements reaching capacity prior to column plastic hinge

" Use simple plastic analysis to compute

forces in elements intended to be
protected from yielding.

Vp,p=1.6
Cp=26.3

Minimum Capacities
beyond Plastic Hinge

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

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Dissipation mechanism

! Displacement Controlled Regions (!p)

Vp= 8.1
Mp= 78

! Earthquake forces arbitrarily large

! Easy since structure statically determinant

Assumed Structure

" Design force protected regions for

computed forces times a factor of safety

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Capacity Design Concept

Capacity Design Concept

Simple application of plastic analysis on an element-wise basis

Forces in component extending across several yielding regions ??

Plastic
Hinges

Moment

Shear

Plastic
Hinges
Design for these
moments and shears

Assumed Structure

Assumed Structure

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

U.C. Berkeley

Spring 2007

Moments in column can

be approximated, or
since system is statically
determinant, computed
exactly

Mp

Mp

Column Moment

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Capacity Design Concept

Capacity Design Concept

Forces in component extending across several yielding regions ??

Forces in component extending across several yielding regions ??

Moments in column can

be approximated, or
since system is statically
determinant, computed
exactly

Plastic
Hinges

Assumed Structure

Assumed Structure

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

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Spring 2007

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Analyze structure with strength protected elements infinitely strong

Plastic
Hinges
Median
Values

Column Moment

Add factor of safety

(median plus "
standard deviations)
depending on
consequence of
exceedence

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Spring 2007

Column Moment

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Damage Tolerant Design

Explicit redistribution of load path possible in redundant system

Perform nonlinear
dynamic analyses for
ensemble of relevant
records, and get
statistical information
on demands in strength
protected components.

Elastic
Regions

U.C. Berkeley

But if distribution of
lateral load changes (or
is uncertain), column
moments change

CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering

Dynamic Capacity Design Concept

Assumed Structure

Plastic
Hinges

But if distribution of
lateral load changes (or
is uncertain), column
moments change

Column Moment

Moments in column can

be approximated, or
since system is statically
determinant, computed
exactly

Poor quality
workmanship,
poor theory,
bomb blast, or
soil failure
reduces element
capacity

Planned Structure

Actual Structure

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Damage Tolerant Design

Plastic and Displacement-Based Design

" Many codes have incorporated Redundancy Factor

Gradually being removed, as it is difficult to quantify benefit unless

one removes (fails) elements from an analytical model

Focus of this course

Need to have a near optimal starting design

" FEMA 365 (NEHRP New Building Requirements)

The design of a structure shall consider the potentially
adverse effect that the failure of a single member,
connection or component of the seismic-force-resisting
system would have on the stability of the structure
(Section 5.2.6.2.4)
CEE 227 - Earthquake Engineering
U.C. Berkeley

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Push towards Protective Systems Sustainable Earthquake Resistant Design

Estimation of
probabilistic loss
functions related to:
! Physical damage and
cost of repair
! Reduction in
functionality
! Injuries and casualties
! Down time needed for
inspection and repair
! Indirect losses
! Etc.

Increasing concerns:
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!

Faster construction
Less expensive
Simpler and faster to design
Reduced disruption of neighborhoods
or sensitive environments
Safety of workers
Reduced maintenance
Reduced earthquake damage
Reduced inspection following
abnormal events
Rapid restoration of service following
earthquakes and other hazardous
events

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Sustainable development
UN Brundtland Commission

"
"
"

"
"
"
"

"

"

"

meet needs of present generations without

compromising the ability of future generations
to meet their needs
Selection of materials;
Use of recycled materials;
Consideration of material re-use and
disassembly for reuse;
Energy efficiency
Durability and longevity
Reparability
More efficient and lower impact
construction;
More efficient design methods, and more
efficient structural systems and layouts;
Integration of structural forms to help
achieve the needs of other disciplines;
Reducing the impacts of abnormal events
such earthquakes by minimizing the need
for repair and disruption of service.

In Earthquake Engineering,
challenge is to develop new or
improved bridge systems that:
protect public safety,
are economical,
can be constructed quickly with
minimal disruption to the public and
to the environment, and
can withstand strong earthquake
ground shaking (and other hazards)
safely but also with little disruption
or cost associated with postearthquake inspections and repairs.

Such approaches are consistent

with, and supportive of, emerging
trends related to sustainable
development and design.

Work underway worldwide to achieve

sustainable structures subjected to earthquakes
Increased use of fly
ash, slag, recycled
materials, etc.
High performance
materials for reduced
maintenance,
improved behavior
and reduced costs
Precast/prefabricated
construction
Stronger systems

Design for repair

ease, e.g., shoring
points, replaceable
plastic hinge regions
Seismic Isolation
Rocking
Foundations
Partially Prestressed
(Self-Centering)
Columns and
Systems

Recent Shaking Table Research

Seismic Isolation

Seismic Isolators

Origin-oriented hysteretic loops

# Rocking of foundations
# Partially prestressed RC columns
Stressed
Re-centering
Cable

Origin
Rocking Foundation

Response During Maximum Level Tests

100% of Los Gatos

Response Ductility = 13-14

Conventional RC Column Partially Prestressed RC Column

Prestressed column

Summary
Design Process
! Many steps
! Multiple objectives require tradeoffs
! Iterative

Tools and methodologies

! Trend is toward more quantitative approaches
! Various formats and concepts to help us achieve a
structure likely to achieve performance objectives
! Trend is towards explicit reliability assessment
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Spring 2007

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