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proportioning)
Spring 2007
3-1
U.C. Berkeley
Spring 2007
UC Regents
3-2
Deform.
Elastic Approach
Make stronger & stiffer
What is maximum load?
Energy Dissipation
Plastic Hinges
Seismic Isolation
Device demands?
Hinge Demands?
Isolator Deformations?
Structure Strength? Structure Deformations? Structure Deformations?
Energy Dissipation
Plastic Hinges
Seismic Isolation
Device demands?
Hinge Demands?
Isolator Deformations?
Structure Strength? Structure Deformations? Structure Deformations?
Displ.
Structure properties
Spring 2007
3-3
U.C. Berkeley
Spring 2007
UC Regents
3-4
Force Limit
Displ.
all members
foundations
!Make all other
locations stronger to
control damage
distribution!
Energy Dissipation
Plastic Hinges
Seismic Isolation
Device demands?
Hinge Demands?
Isolator Deformations?
Structure Strength? Structure Deformations? Structure Deformations?
Displ.
Spring 2007
3-5
U.C. Berkeley
Spring 2007
UC Regents
Force
Force
Force Limit
Force Limit
Displ.
Displ.
Energy Dissipation
Plastic Hinges
Seismic Isolation
Device demands?
Hinge Demands?
Isolator Deformations?
Structure Strength? Structure Deformations? Structure Deformations?
Plastic Hinge
Energy Dissipation
Plastic Hinges
Seismic Isolation
Device demands?
Hinge Demands?
Isolator Deformations?
Structure Strength? Structure Deformations? Structure Deformations?
Fy = Mp/H
Ma + FD + FS = -Mag
FS = -M(ag+a) = -Matotal
Spring 2007
3-6
Fy
Plastic Hinge
Mp
atotal<Fy/M
3-7
U.C. Berkeley
Spring 2007
UC Regents
3-8
So...What displacements do we
design for?
demands (empirical
relationships)
! Nonlinear analysis (static for
local, dynamic for global and
residual deformations)
Spring 2007
W=20
H=12
UC Regents
3-9
Piles
Design Loads
and Dimensions
Spring 2007
Vp= 6
Mp= 78
Vp,p=4
Vpile = 2.5
Tp = 0
Cp=30
P = 20/2 + 5*12/6 = 20
P=20/2 - 5*12/6 = 0
Provided Capacity
Design Internal Forces
C!D
U.C. Berkeley
Spring 2007
UC Regents
3-10
Qy=5
Mmax = 5*12 = 60
Element
Load Q to Reach
Element Capacity
Column shear
Column
Moment
Pile
Compression
Pile Tension
Pile shear
6
78/12=6.5
Q=?
Element
Overcapacity
Vp= 6
Mp= 78
1.2
1.3
(30-10)*6/12=10
(0+10)*6/12 = 5
2*4 = 8
1.0
1.6
Tp = 0
Vp,p=4
Cp=30
Provided Capacity
C!D
3-11
U.C. Berkeley
Spring 2007
UC Regents
3-12
Force in element
Element
when column
Overcapacity
plastic hinge forms
Column shear
(78/12=6.5)*1.25
= 8.1
Column Moment 78
Pile Compression 20/2+
1.25[(6.5)12/6] =
26.3
Pile Tension
20/2 1.25[(6.5)12/6] =
-6.3
Pile shear
1.25*6.5/2= 4.1
Q=?
1.25
FIXED
! Ductile regions
! Distribution leads to complete Energy
Mp= 78
1.0
1.25
Target Behavior
1.25
Tp = -6.3
1.25
Vp,p=1.6
Cp=26.3
Minimum Capacities
beyond Plastic Hinge
Dissipation mechanism
Vp= 8.1
Mp= 78
Assumed Structure
Spring 2007
UC Regents
3-13
U.C. Berkeley
Spring 2007
UC Regents
3-14
Plastic
Hinges
Moment
Shear
Plastic
Hinges
Design for these
moments and shears
Assumed Structure
Assumed Structure
Spring 2007
Mp
Mp
Column Moment
3-15
U.C. Berkeley
Spring 2007
UC Regents
3-16
Plastic
Hinges
Assumed Structure
Assumed Structure
Spring 2007
UC Regents
3-17
Plastic
Hinges
Median
Values
Column Moment
Column Moment
U.C. Berkeley
Spring 2007
UC Regents
3-18
Perform nonlinear
dynamic analyses for
ensemble of relevant
records, and get
statistical information
on demands in strength
protected components.
Elastic
Regions
U.C. Berkeley
But if distribution of
lateral load changes (or
is uncertain), column
moments change
Assumed Structure
Plastic
Hinges
But if distribution of
lateral load changes (or
is uncertain), column
moments change
Column Moment
Poor quality
workmanship,
poor theory,
bomb blast, or
soil failure
reduces element
capacity
Planned Structure
Actual Structure
3-19
U.C. Berkeley
Spring 2007
UC Regents
3-20
Spring 2007
U.C. Berkeley
3-21
Increasing concerns:
!
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!
!
Faster construction
Less expensive
Simpler and faster to design
Reduced disruption of neighborhoods
or sensitive environments
Safety of workers
Reduced maintenance
Reduced earthquake damage
Reduced inspection following
abnormal events
Rapid restoration of service following
earthquakes and other hazardous
events
Spring 2007
UC Regents
3-22
Sustainable development
UN Brundtland Commission
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In Earthquake Engineering,
challenge is to develop new or
improved bridge systems that:
protect public safety,
are economical,
can be constructed quickly with
minimal disruption to the public and
to the environment, and
can withstand strong earthquake
ground shaking (and other hazards)
safely but also with little disruption
or cost associated with postearthquake inspections and repairs.
Seismic Isolation
Seismic Isolators
Origin
Rocking Foundation
Prestressed column
Summary
Design Process
! Many steps
! Multiple objectives require tradeoffs
! Iterative
Spring 2007
UC Regents
3-28