2.

4 FOUNDATION DESIGN
NP 112-2014

2.4.1 Borehole Record

The borehole record it has been done in order to establish the imposed conditions by the
ground. This data are used for the design, execution and service of the studied construction
which is built on a site located in city Suceava county Suceava.
2.4.1.1 The research target
The borehole record determine the following information:
- identification of the ground stratification and of the physical and geological
characteristics of the layers which compose the foundation ground in the active zone of
the foundation;
- establishment of the bearing capacity of the foundation ground;
- determination of the possible effects in time of the underground water which affects
the foundation ground;
- classification of the site according to P100-1-2013 design code;
- determination of the frost depth of the site according to NP 112-2014;
- establishment of the geotechnical category of the ground according to NP 074-2014;
- classification of the natural grounds in the classes provided by the cost estimating work
norms for the excavations and embankments works.

39

2.4.1.2 The condition and amount of the research:

The borehole record has been done according to NP 074/2014 and is composed with
the lithological observations correlated with the previous researches and with the execution of
2 boreholes in the active zone of the foundations which provided samples which have been
analyzed in the laboratory.
2.4.1.3 The building characteristics:
- block of flats used for dwelling with height P+4E;
- reinforced concrete frame structure;
- continuous beam foundations under columns;
- the building do not have special service conditions like thermic processes, chemical
processes or dynamical ones which can influence the foundation ground.
2.4.1.4 The ground stratification:
After the analyzing of the layering files and based on the observations from the site the
following specifications return :
- the foundation will reach a layer of gray-brown silty clay with medium plasticity,
plastic hard.
2.4.1.5 Underground water, flooding:
The underground water has not been reached when the boreholes were made, so that
the water level is supposed to be around 10 meter depth.
The site is not sensitive to flooding and does not allow the accumulation and
stagnation of water after heavy rainfall periods having a slight slope.

40

2.4.1.6 Ground characteristics:

The physical and mechanical characteristics for the direct foundation layer, are given
in the following table, according to NP 124-2010:
gray-brown silty clay with medium plasticity
Nr.Crt.

Name

1.

Inferior plasticity limit

2.

UM

Design values

30,00 35,7

Superior plasticity limit

WL

17,5 17,7

3.

Plasticity index

IP

12,3 18,2

4.

Moisture

23,0 18,2

5.

Consistency index

IC

0,75 0,89

6.

Clay

21 33

7.

Silt

54 56

8.

Sand

13 23

9.

Normal unit weight

kN/m 3

18,55

10.

Dry state unit weight

kN/m 3

14,97

11.

Porosity

43,44

12.

Void ratio

0,75

13.

Moisture degree

Sr

0,77

kPa

14262

kPa

13335

14.

15.

Linear deformation
modulusnatural moisture
Linear deformation
modulus submerged

Symbol
W

16.

Internal friction angle

Grade

14,76 13,56

17.

Cohesion

kPa

20,8 16,08

Table 2.4.1 Physical and mechanical characteristics of the soil

41

2.4.2 Transversal Section Preliminary Design

For this building it has been adopted the continuous beam footing system designed at service
limit state according NP 112-2014 in drained condition.
The verification condition is :
pef,med ppl
where:

pef,med is the medium effective pressure at the foundation base;

ppl

is the plastic pressure.

The partial resistance coefficients of the soil materials are M = 1,00.

The structure is loaded in the fundamental group:
SLU1: 1.35DL + 1.5LL+ 1.05SL
2.4.2.1 Preliminary design of the transversal cross-section:

hc 0,6m 60cm
pef

N p
BL

ter

1,2 p pl

p pl me ( B N1 q N2 c N3 )

me - work conditions coefficient;

- natural volumetric weight;
B foundation width;
q design overload at the level of the foundation footing, lateral to foundation (kPa)
c- cohesion;

N1; N2 ; N3 - coefficients used to determine the plastic pressure p pl

42

(2.4.1)

 = 13,56 = interpolation :

0 , 27

N 2 2,12
N 3 4,63

18,55kN / m3 ;
2
q = D f 18,551,10 20,97kN / m ;

D f - the foundation depth will be establish taken in account the following criteria:
- the foundation depth to be larger with minimum 20 cm than the frost depth:
- the foundation footing to enter with at least 20 cm in the good foundation soil:
Frost depth for Suceava = 100 cm;
- the foundation depth will be D f 1,10m;
Longitudinal foundation beam B-B:
B will be neglected in the design relation of the plastic pressure.
B = 1,00 m

p pl me ( N1 q N 2 c N3 )
1,4 (18,55 0,27 20,97 2,12 16,08 4,63) 173,32kN / m2

Axial efforts for the pre-dimensioning will be the reactions for the fundamental group:

N N max N 23,max 1795kN

43

Due to the symmetry of the structure the effects of the bending moments will not
be taken in consideration.

B
-

N
L 1, 2 p pl

L Lx Ly 5.55 (

3,5 6,0
) 10,3m
2 2

N
1795

0 ,83 m
1, 2 p pl L 1, 2 173 ,32 10 ,3

It is recommended to rise the value of the foundation width up to 20% due to the
interaction between the statically undetermined beam and the foundation ground,
the contact pressure diagram have a nonlinear distribution, with efforts
concentrations in the higher rigidity zones, commonly under columns.

B 0,831,2 1,00m The value of foundation width will be B = 1.30 m

Hc (1/ 3......1/ 6) 6,0 (2,0.....1,0)m

The height of the cross-section of the foundation height:

Ht 30cm0,50m;

Hc 1,60m

b hc (50.....100)mm 0.60 0.10 0.70m

HC Ht 1.600.501.10m

44

2.4.2.2 Checking:
Checking ppl without bending moments :

pef

N
pter 1,2 p pl
B L

pef

1795
142,93kN / m2
1,3 10,3

p pl m e ( B N 1 q N 2 c N 3 )
1, 4 (18 ,55 1,30 0, 27 25 ,97 2,12 16 ,08 4,63 ) 190 , 42 kN / m 2
p pl 198 . 42 kN / m 2

142,93 < 228.5 kN/m 2

45

Checking with the bending moments due to earthquaqe forces:

p ef

p ef

N
6 Mx
6 My

pter 1,2 p pl
2
B L B L y B L2x

1795
6 200
6 167

199.99kN / m 2
2
1,3 10,3 1,3 4.75 1,3 5.55 2

p pl 228.50kN / m2
199.99 kPa < 228.5 kPa

46

Checking - pconv

p ef

N
6 Mx
6 My

p conv
2
B L B L y B L2x

pef = 199.99 kN/m2

p conv p conv C B C D [kPa ]

p conv 256 [ kPa ] ; for e = 0.75 ; I c 0.75 ; Ip = 12.3 %

pconv- conventional pressure characteristic value

C B - width correction kPa;
C

- depth correction kPa;

For B 5m width correction is determined with the following relation:

CB pconv K1 ( B 1)[kPa]
K 1 - coefficient for cohesive soils K 1 0 , 05
C B 256 0 , 05 (1, 2 1) 2 , 56 [ kPa ]

Depth correction is determined with the following relation:

For D f 2m :

CD pconv

Df 2
4

1.40 2
256
38,4[kPa]
4

pconv pconv CB CD 256 2.56 38.4 220.16[kPa]

199.99 kPa < 220.16 kPa

47

2.4.3 Reinforcement design

NP 112-2014 and SR EN 1992-1-1-2004
The Design Efforts will be computed in Axis VM.
The ground which sustain the foundation is a cohesive soil with the following elastic
ground coefficient ks :

Ic consistency index ; Ic = 0.75 it results ks = 63000 (kN/m3)

kz = k x B =63000 x 1.2 = 75600 kPa
2.4.3.1 The static scheme overvie:

The studied foundation beam :

AXIS 1-1

48

2.4.3.2 Loads acting on foundation (Robot to AxisVM):

Axes

A-A

B-B

C-C

D-D

E-E

1-A
2-A
3-A
4-A
5-A
6-A
7-A
1-B
2-B
3-B
4-B
5-B
6-B

Fz (kN)
max (-)
695
977
978
1292
979
976
697
949
1324
1450
1770
1449
1324

7-8

951

177

189

1-C
2-C
3-C
4-C
5-C
6-C
7-C
1-D
2-D
3-D
4-D
5-D
6-D
7-D
1-E
2-E
3-E
4-E
5-E
6-E
7-E

737
1014
1111
1317
1085
1013
741
947
1324
1492
1795
1450
1321
951
693
975
978
1292
978
973
696

191
194
195
195
193
193
190
191
196
197
200
197
195
190
151
150
89
147
88
149
150

191
194
195
195
193
192
190
177
178
178
173
176
177
176
174
181
119
187
118
180
173

Nr

Mx (kNm)
max (+)
min (-)
151
174
150
181
89
119
147
187
88
118
149
181
150
173
190
178
196
178
198
178
200
177
197
177
195
177

My (kNm)
max (+)
min (-)
171
155
180
187
124
112
174
174
112
124
186
181
155
171
173
152
179
188
190
172
174
174
172
190
187
178
151
173
152
185
175
171
185
177
169
149
185
177
167
185
175
170
146
177
106
165
117
170
162

169
178
190
169
171
184
151
171
176
199
160
168
184
148
163
171
118
165
105
176
146

For the efforts maximum design computation the min values where taken in account.
49

2.4.3.3 Efforts diagrams and design values:

The bending moment diagram :

The shear force diagram :

The Design Bending Moment and Shear Force values:

VEd,max = 395 kN

MEd,max,span = 537 kNm in span, superior part

MEd,max,sup = 336 kNm in support, inferior part
50

2.4.3.4 Foundation beam reinforcement:

Materials:
Concrete strength class C16/20

f ck 16N / mm2 ;
f ck f cd / b 16/1,5 10.66N / mm2
Reinforcement strength class:
2
PC 52; f yd f yk / s 345/ 1,15 300N / mm ;
2
OB 37; f ywd 0,8 f ywk 0,8 255 204N / mm ;

i)

Longitudinal reinforcement
NP 112-2014 General rules for foundation beam transversal and
longitudinal reinforcement

- the minimum reinforcement coefficient for all sections (superior/inferior) is

= 0.50

for foundation beams designed for seismic action, but not less than 0.002.

- minimum diameter of the longitudinal reinforcement is 14 mm;

- on the lateral faces of the beam are mounted reinforcement with 10/300 mm OB37;
- the stirrups are designed at shear force and twisting moment;
- minimum transversal reinforcement percent is 0,1 % , but not less than

= 0.08

- minimum stirrups diameter is 8 mm. If the width of the beam (b) is greater than 400 mm,
there are mounted double stirrups (4 legged).
- the longitudinal reinforcement from the inferior part can be mounted on all the width of the
beams footing

51

Longitudinal reinforcement computation in support (inferior part) As1 :

bw

d-0.5x

hw

beff x fcd
MEd

hf

As1 fyd
As1

beff

fcd = 16.66 N/mm2

fyk = 345 N/mm2
fyd = fyk/s = 300 N/mm2
s = 1.15
fctm = 1.9 N/mm2
= 0.27 %
Asmin = 2135 mm2
MEd = 336 kNm

hf = hc = 500 mm
bw = b = 700 mm
hw = 1600 mm
beff = B = 1300 mm
a = 50 mm
d = hw a = 1550 mm

=
=

= 0.035

1 (1 2 ) = 40.26

= 1001

= 0.50
=

= 0.27%

= 2929

= 21.59 mm2

As1 = 2929 mm2

dl =

dl = 22 mm
As1r = 8dl2 /4 = 3041 mm2

The longitudinal reinforcement in the support in the superior part is composed of :

8 bars of 22
52

Longitudinal reinforcement computation in span (superior part) As2 :

As2

bw

d-0.5x

MEd

hf

hw

As2 fyd

beff x fcd

beff

fcd = 10.66 N/mm2

fyk = 345 N/mm2
fyd = fyk/s = 300 N/mm2
s = 1.15
fctm = 1.9 N/mm2
= 0.27 %
Asmin = 2156 mm2
MEd = 537 kNm

hf = ht = 500 mm
bw = b = 700 mm
hw = 1600 mm
beff = B = 1300 mm
a = 50 mm
d = hw a = 1550 mm

=
=

= 0.056

1 (1 2 ) = 66.31

= 0.50

= 1649

= 0.27%

= 2929

= 21.59 mm2

As2 = 1649 mm2

dl =

dl = 22 mm
As2r = 8dl2 /4 = 3041 mm2

The longitudinal reinforcement in the support in the superior part is composed of :

8 bars of 22

53

ii)

Transversal reinforcement dimensioning :

hf = ht = 500 mm
bw = 700 mm
hw = 1600 mm
beff = b = 1300 mm
a = 40 mm
d = hw a = 1560 mm

fcd = 10.66 N/mm2

fyk = 255 N/mm2
fyd = 204 N/mm2
fctm = 1.9 N/mm2
VEd = 395 kN

VRd,max =
acw = 1

cw bw zv 1fcd
max
VEd
(kN)
(ctg+tg)

coefficient considering the effort in the compressed area

z = 0.9d = 990 mm

v1 = 0,6

cracked concrete strength reduction coefficient at shear force

max(ctg1; ctg2) 1 if the condition is not fulfilled the cross-section dimensions must
be modified
ctg 2.5

if it results a higher value in the computation will be considered

ctg = 2.5

s = 100 mm

distance between stirrups

fywk = 255 N/mm2

the yielding strength of OB37

fywd = 0.8 fywk = 204 N/mm2
,

= 0.001

1 700 990 0.6 16.66

345 10
1
+
+1/

VRd,s =
Asw =

49.80

= .

A SW
max
(kN)
zf ywd ctg VEd
s

= 4

= 201.06 mm2

VRd,s = 201.06/100x990x204x2.5 = 1015 kN > VEd,max = 345 kN

54

100 = 0.28 %

The stirrups will have a diameter of 8 and will be mounted at 100 mm distance
stirrups OB37 8/10cm/20cm
The stirrups will be mounted on first quarter of the span of the beam at 100 mm distance and
on the rest of the span at 200 mm.
There will be mounted 4 legged stirrups (double stirrups b > 400 mm)
iii) Anchorage lengths :
Support :
lbd = 1 2 3 4 5 lbdr = 825 mm
1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = 5 = 1
=

= 825

= 300 /

= 22

= 2.25

= 2.00 /

h1 = 1 , h2 = 1

, .
, .

= 0.9 /

= 1.3 /

lbd = 850 mm

iv) Overlapping lengths :

lbd = 850
l0 = 6 lbd = 1.275 m
6 = 1.5
l0 = 1.30 m

55