Cyril Connolly

Cyril Vernon Connolly (10 September 1903 26

November 1974) was a literary critic and writer. He
was the editor of the inuential literary magazine Horizon
(194049) and wrote Enemies of Promise (1938), which
combined literary criticism with an autobiographical exploration of why he failed to become the successful author
of ction that he had aspired to be in his youth.

lar circle included Denis Dannreuther, Bobbie Longden

and Roger Mynors. In summer 1921 his father took
him on a holiday to France, initiating Connollys love of
travel. The following winter he went with his mother to
Mrren, where he became friends with Anthony Knebworth. By this time his parents were living separate
lives, his mother having established a relationship with
another army ocer, and his father becoming an increasingly heavy drinker and absorbed in his study of slugs
and snails. In 1922 Connolly achieved academic success
winning the Rosebery History Prize, and followed this
up with the Brackenbury History scholarship to Balliol
College, Oxford. In the spring he visited St Cyprians to
report his achievement to his old headmaster, before setting o on a trip to Spain with a school friend. Returning
moneyless, he spent the night in a kip at St Martins, London. In his last term at Eton he was elected to Pop, which
brought him into contact with others he respected, including Nico Davies, Teddy Jessel and Lord Dunglass.[2]
He established rapport with Brian Howard, but, he concluded, moral cowardice and academic outlook debarred
him from making friends with Harold Acton, Oliver Messel, Robert Byron, Henry Green and Anthony Powell".
Connolly was for years afterwards nostalgic about his
time at Eton.[4]

Early life

Cyril Connolly was born in Coventry, Warwickshire, the

only child of Major Matthew William Kemble Connolly
(18721947), an ocer in the Kings Own Yorkshire
Light Infantry, by his Anglo-Irish wife, Muriel Maud Vernon, daughter of Colonel Edward Vernon (18381913)
J.P., D.L., of Clontarf Castle, Co. Dublin. His parents
had met while his father was serving in Ireland, and his
fathers next posting was to South Africa.[2] Connollys
father was also a malacologist and mineral collector of
some reputation and collected many samples in Africa.[3]
Cyril Connollys childhood days were spent with his father in South Africa, with his mothers family at Clontarf
Castle, and with his paternal grandmother in Bath and
other parts of England.[4]
Connolly was educated at St Cyprians School,
Eastbourne, where he enjoyed the company of George
Orwell and Cecil Beaton. He was a favourite of the
formidable Mrs Wilkes but was later to criticise the
character-building ethos of the school. He wrote
Orwell proved to me that there existed an alternative
to character, Intelligence. Beaton showed me another,
Sensibility.[4] Connolly won the Harrow History Prize,
pushing Orwell into second place, and the English
prize leaving Orwell with Classics.[5] He then won a
scholarship to Eton a year after Orwell.

3 Oxford
Connolly undertook a tour of Germany, Austria and
Hungary before starting at Oxford University. After his
cloistered existence as a Kings Scholar at Eton, Connolly
felt uncomfortable with the hearty beer-drinking rugby
and rowing types at Oxford. His own circle included his
Eton friends Mynors and Dannruthers, who were at Balliol with him, and Kenneth Clark, whom he met through
Bobbie Longden at Kings.[2] He wrote: The only exercise we took was running up bills.[6] His intellectual
mentors were the Dean of Balliol, Sligger Urquhart,
who organised reading parties on the continent, and the
Dean of Wadham, Maurice Bowra. Connollys academic
career languished while his Oxford years were characterised by his travel adventures. In January 1923 he went
with Urquhart and other collegers to Italy. In March he
undertook his annual visit to Spain and in September went
on the annual trip with the college group to Urquharts
chalet in French Alps. On his return he visited his father
now in a hotel in South Kensington close to the Natural
History Museum. At the end of the year he went to Italy
and Tunis. At Oxford in 1924 he made a new friend

Eton

At Eton, after a traumatic rst few terms, he settled into

a comfortable routine. He won over his early tormentor
Godfrey Meynell and became a popular wit. In 1919 his
parents moved to The Lock House on the Basingstoke
Canal at Frimley Green. At Eton Connolly was involved
in romantic intrigues and school politics which he described in Enemies of Promise.[4] He established a reputation as an intellectual and earned the respect of Dadie
Rylands and Denis King-Farlow. Connollys particu1

Patrick Balfour, in the spring he went to Spain and in the

summer of 1924 went successively to Greece and Crete,
Urquharts chalet in the Alps and Naples. Christmas he
spent with his parents in a rare get-together at the Lock
House in Hampshire and at the beginning of 1925 went
with the college group to Minehead with Urquhart. In
his last year at Oxford he was cultivating friendships with
younger students Anthony Powell, Henry Yorke and Peter
Quennell. In spring he was back in Spain, before returning to Oxford to take his nal exams.[2]

Drifting

Connolly left Balliol in 1925 with a third class degree

in history. He struggled to nd employment, while
his friends and family sought to pay o his extensive
debts. In summer he went for his annual stay at Sligger
Urquharts chalet in the French Alps, and in the autumn
went to Spain and Portugal. He obtained a post tutoring a
boy in Jamaica and set sail for the Caribbean in November 1925. He returned to England in April 1926 on a
banana boat in the company of Alwyn Williams, headmaster of Winchester College. He enrolled as a special
constable in the General Strike,[7] but it was over before
he was actively involved. He responded to an advertisement to work as a secretary for Montague Summers but
was warned o by his friends. Then in June 1926 he
found a post as a secretary/companion to Logan Pearsall
Smith. Pearsall Smith was based in Chelsea and also had
a house called Big Chilling in Hampshire overlooking
the Solent. Pearsall Smith was to give Connolly an important introduction to literary life, and he inuenced his
ideas on the role of a writer with a distaste for journalism. Pearsall Smith gave Connolly 8 a week, whether
he was around or not, and moreover gave him the run of
Big Chilling.[2]

Beginning of literary career

BEGINNING OF LITERARY CAREER

with his mother and then for his last stay at the chalet in
the Alps. In August 1927, he was invited to become a
regular reviewer and joined the sta of the New Statesman. His rst review in September was of The Hotel by
Elizabeth Bowen. Also in September, Connolly moved
into a at at Yeomans Row with Patrick Balfour. He was
working on various works that never saw the light of day
a novel Green Endings, a travel book on Spain, his diary and A Partial Guide to the Balkans. He approached
Cecil Beaton to draw the cover design for the last and he
received an advance for the work although it was eventually lost. However, he did start contributing pieces to
various publications that appeared under his own name
and various pen-names. At this time he developed a fascination with low-life and prostitution and spent time in
the poorer parts of London seeking them out (while other
contemporaries were seeking out tramps). At the same
time he had developed an infatuation with Alix Kilroy
whom he had met on a train back from the continent and
used to wait outside her oce for a sight of her. He
then made a more positive romantic approach to Racy
Fisher, one of a pair of nieces of Desmond MacCarthys
wife Molly. However, their father Admiral Fisher wanted
them to have nothing to do with a penniless writer and in
February 1928 forbade further contact.[2]
Sharing a at with Balfour, Connollys social circle expanded with new friends like Bob Boothby and Gladwyn
Jebb. However, he was ill at ease and in April 1928 set o
for Paris, where he met Pearsall Smith and Cecil Beaton
and visited brothels posing as a journalist. He went on
to Italy, where he stayed with Berenson and Mrs Keppel where he was taken with her daughter Violet Trefusis. Then via Venice and East European cities he made
his way to Berlin to meet up with Jebb. Jebb and Connolly stayed with Harold Nicolson in the company of Ivor
Novello and Christopher Sykes and then made a tour of
Germany. Connolly returned to Paris in May, borrowing money o Pearsall Smith so he could live cheaply in
the rue Delambre. In Paris he met Mara Andrews, a poetic lesbian who was in love with an absent American girl
called Jean Bakewell. On the way back to London, Connolly stayed with Nicolson and his wife Vita SackvilleWest at Sissinghurst. In August Connolly set o on his
travels again to Germany, this time with Bobbie Longden and Raymond Mortimer and the experience gave rise
to the essay Conversations in Berlin which MacCarthy
published in his new magazine Life and Letters. Connolly
travelled separately to Villefranche and spent ve weeks
in Barcelona with Longden before returning to London.
Boothby lent him his London at and he shared Gerald
Brenan's fascination with working-class prostitutes with
experiences that appeared in his fragment for a novel The
English Malady. He spent Christmas at Sledmere with
the Sykes family.[2]

In August 1926 Connolly met Desmond MacCarthy, who

had come to stay at Big Chilling. MacCarthy was literary editor of the New Statesman and was to be another
major inuence on Connollys development. MacCarthy
invited Connolly to write book reviews for the New Statesman. Later that year Connolly made a trip to Budapest
and Eastern Europe and then spent the winter of 1926/27
in London. Pearsall Smith took Connolly with him to
Spain in the spring, and Connolly then set o on his own
to North Africa and Italy. They met up again in Florence,
where Kenneth Clark was working with Bernard Berenson who had married Pearsall Smiths sister. Connolly
then departed for Sicily and then returned to England At the beginning of 1929 Connolly went briey to Paris
via Vienna, Prague and Dresden. Connollys rst signed and just before returning to London met Jean Bakewell
work in the New Statesman, a review of Lawrence Sterne, and stayed an extra night to get to know her. After a while
appeared in June 1927. In July he set o to Normandy

3
he was drawn to Paris again and through Jean and Mara
became acquainted with the bohemian Montparnasse set,
including Alfred Perles and Gregor Michonze who was to
become the basis for Rascasse in The Rock Pool. He also
met James Joyce about whom he wrote The Position of
Joyce which appeared in Life and Letters. Connolly and
Bakewell went to Spain together where they met up with
Peter Quennell.[2] Connolly then went to Berlin to stay
with Nicolson until the latter managed to remove him as
not perhaps the ideal guest[8] Unable to return to Big
Chilling, he was stuck in Berlin for a month before returning to London. John Betjeman had moved into his
room at Yeomans Row, so he went to stay with Enid Bagnold at Rottingdean before visiting Dorset with Quennell.
Bakewell had returned to America in the summer and was
planning to return to Paris in the autumn to start a course
at the Sorbonne. She had agreed before her departure to
marry Connolly and Connolly established himself in Paris
in September. They spent most of the rest of the year in
Paris, and started their collection of exotic pets rst ferrets and then lemurs. Connolly spent Christmas again at
Sledmere.[2]

Marriage

In February 1930, Connolly and Bakewell set o for

America. They married in New York on 5 April
1930. Jean Bakewell was to prove one of the more
liberating forces in his life... an uncomplicated hedonist, independent, adventurous, celebrating the moment...an attractive personality: warm, generous, witty
and approachable....[9] She provided modest nancial
support that enabled him to enjoy travels, particularly
around the Mediterranean, hospitality and good food and
drink.[10] The newly married couple lived in various spots
in England including the Cavendish Hotel, Bury Street,
Bath and Big Chilling before settling in July 1930 at
Sanary near Toulon in France. There their close neighbours were Edith Wharton and Aldous Huxley. Although Connolly admired Huxley, the two men failed
to establish a rapport, and the wives fell out. Connollys bohemian home with the disorder of the lemurs
was shunned and with debts rising they were forced to
scrounge o Jeans mother. Some time in 1931 they
left Sanary and toured Provence, Normandy, Brittany,
Spain, Morocco and Majorca, before returning to Chagfor, Devon. In November they found a at near Belgrave
Square, and Connolly made his rst contribution to the
New Statesman for two years. Connolly was also approached by John Betjeman of the Architectural Review
to act as an art critic.[2]

end of the year, Jean had to undergo a gynaecological

operation. As a result, she could not have a child, and it
was hard for her to control her weight.[2]
In February 1933 Connolly took Jean to Greece to recover, where they met Brian Howard. While they were in
Athens there was an attempted coup d'tat, which Connolly later reported in the New Statesman as Spring Revolution. The Connollys then went with Howard and
his boyfriend to Spain and the Algarve. After a row in
a bar they were incarcerated in a police cell and were
sent back to England with the help of the British Embassy. In June, encouraged by Enid Bagnold, they rented
a house at Rottingdean. Writing to Bagnold from Cannes
in September, Jean complained that their cheques were
being bounced and she asked Bagnold to appeal to her
husband Sir fr:Roderick Jones of Reuters for help in
work. This was dismissed and in November the letting
agents for the Rottingdean property wrote an appalling
report on the state in which the Connollys had left the
place.[2]
Early in 1934 the Connollys took a at at 312A Kings
Road, where they entertained their friends, including
Waugh and Quennell. Elizabeth Bowen arranged a dinner with Virginia Woolf and her husband when Connolly
and Virginia Woolf took an instant dislike to each other.
During the year the Connollys went to Mallow and Cork
in Ireland. At the end of the year Connolly met Dylan
Thomas at a party and early in 1935 invited him in the
company of Anthony Powell, Waugh, Robert Byron and
Desmond and Mollie McCarthy. By this time Connollys
father was nding himself short of funds and was no
longer prepared to bail out his son. However Mrs Warner,
Jeans mother, funded an expedition to Paris, Juan-lesPins, Venice, Yugoslavia and Budapest. In Paris, Connolly spent some time with Jack Kahane, the avant garde
publisher, and Henry Miller, with whom he established
a strong rapport after an initial unsuccessful meeting.
In Budapest they found themselves in the same hotel as
Edward, Prince of Wales and Mrs Simpson. In 1934 Connolly was working on a trilogy: Humane Killer, The English Malady and The Rock Pool. Only The Rock Pool was
completed, the others remaining as fragments.[2]

7 First books

Connollys only novel, The Rock Pool (1936), is a satirical work describing a covey of dissolute drifters at an end
of season French seaside resort, which was based on his
experiences in the south of France. It was initially accepted by a London publishing house but they changed
Connollys art critiques appeared in the magazine in 1932 their minds. Faber and Faber was one of the publishers
it to Jack Kahane,
and he visited Betjeman at his home at Ungton. There who rejected it, and so Connolly took
[2]
who
published
it
in
Paris
in
1936.
he would meet Evelyn Waugh, who delighted in teasing
Connolly. The Connollys enjoyed being part of a sophis- Connolly followed this up with a book of non-ction,
ticated literary social scene in London, but towards the Enemies of Promise (1938), the second half of which is

11 REFERENCES IN POPULAR CULTURE

autobiographical. In it he attempted to explain his fail- 10 Assessment

ure to produce the literary masterpiece that he and others
believed he should have been capable of writing.
Connolly did his best work as a critic. Like Edmund Wilson in the United States, he wielded enormous inuence.
An astute and often witty commentator, with great gifts
for often cruel mimicry, Connolly informed the thinking and attitudes of a generation. In The Unquiet Grave
8 Horizon
he writes: Approaching forty, sense of total failure: ...
Never will I make that extra eort to live according to
In 1940 Connolly founded the inuential literary maga- reality which alone makes good writing possible: hence
zine Horizon, with Peter Watson, its nancial backer and the manic-depressiveness of my style,which is either
de facto art editor. He edited Horizon until 1950, with bright, cruel and supercial; or pessimistic; moth-eaten
Stephen Spender as an uncredited associate editor until with self-pity.
early 1941. He was briey (194243) the literary editor
for The Observer, until a disagreement with David Astor.
During World War II he wrote The Unquiet Grave under the pseudonym 'Palinurus', which is a noteworthy collection of observations and quotes. From 1952 until his
death, he was joint chief book reviewer (with Raymond
Mortimer) for the Sunday Times.
In 1962 Connolly wrote Bond Strikes Camp, a spoof account of Ian Fleming's character engaged in heroic escapades of dubious propriety as suggested by the title, and
written with Flemings support. It appeared in the London
Magazine and in an expensive limited edition printed by
the Shenval Press, Frith Street, London. It later appeared
in Previous Convictions.[2] Connolly had previously collaborated with Ian Fleming in 1952, writing an account of
the Cambridge Spies Guy Burgess and Donald MacLean
entitled The Missing Diplomats, which was an early publication for Flemings Queen Anne Press.

Personal life

Connolly was married three times. His rst wife Jean

Bakewell (19101950) left him in 1939, moving back
to the United States. She later became the wife of Laurence Vail (former husband of Peggy Guggenheim and
Kay Boyle) but, following years of health problems, died
of a stroke while on a trip to Paris at the age of 39. Connolly married his second wife, Barbara Skelton, in 1950.
His third wife, whom he married in 1959, was Deirdre
Craven, a granddaughter of James Craig, 1st Viscount
Craigavon, by whom he had two children later in life. After Connollys death in 1974 she married Peter Levi.
In 1967 Connolly settled in Eastbourne, to the amusement of Beaton who suggested he was lured back by the
cakes they had enjoyed in school outings to the town.[11]
He died suddenly in 1974, having continued to the end as
a Sunday Times journalist.
Since 1976, Connollys papers and personal library of
over 8,000 books have been housed at the University of
Tulsa.

As editor of Horizon, Connolly gave a platform to a

wide range of distinguished and emerging writers. He
was robust in his criticism of the decline of the Mandarin and perhaps too eusive in his welcome of the
New Vernacular.[12] Kenneth Tynan, writing in the March
1954 Harpers Bazaar, praised Connollys style as 'one of
the most glittering of English literary possessions.'

11 References in popular culture

Cyril Connollys name appears in a coda to the
Monty Python song "Eric the Half-a-Bee", as a mishearing of the words semi-carnally. Despite being corrected, the backing vocalists then sing Cyril
Connolly to the melody of the song.[13] The same
comedians made another reference to Connolly in
The Brand New Monty Python Bok, which includes a
facsimile Penguin paperback, Norman Hendersons
Diary, complete with (invented) praise from Connolly.
The critic and publisher Everard Spruce in Evelyn
Waughs Sword of Honour trilogy is a satire of Connolly.
Ed Spain, the Captain in Nancy Mitfords 1951
novel The Blessing is a satire of Connolly.
Michael Nelsons novel A Room in Chelsea Square
(1958) is a thinly disguised homosexualised account
about Connollys time editing Horizon.
Elaine Dundys novel The Old Man and Me (1964)
is based on her aair with Connolly.
A lm producer in Julian MacLaren-Rosss 1964
thriller My Name is Love is based on Connolly.
MacLaren-Ross repeated many of the descriptions
verbatim in his later memoir of Connolly.
Connolly is quoted as saying Better to write for
yourself and have no public than to write for the
public and have no self in Season 5, Episode 7 of
Criminal Minds.

5
Since the lm A Business Aair (1994) is adapted
from Barbara Skeltons memoirs of her marriage
to Cyril Connolly, Jonathan Pryces character Alec
Bolton in the lm is based on Cyril Connolly
Connolly is also ctionalised in Ian McEwans novel
Atonement. The principal character, eighteen-yearold Briony Tallis, sends the draft of a novella she
has written to Horizon magazine and Cyril Connolly
is shown as replying at length as to why the novella
had to be rejected, apart from explaining to Briony
her strong and weak points and also mentioning Elizabeth Bowen.
Michael Lewiss book Moneyball: The Art of Winning an Unfair Game cites Connolly at the top of the
rst chapter - Whom the gods wish to destroy they
rst call promising. (Enemies of Promise)
Donna Tartts novel The Secret History references
Cyril Connolly in Chapter 5-"...Cyril Connolly, who
was notorious for being a hard guest to please....[14]
In William Boyds James Bond novel Solo Bond recalls Connollys description of Chelsea as that tranquil cultivated spielraum... where I worked and wandered (Connolly, Boyd - and the ctional Bond - all
lived in Chelsea), although Bond can not remember
the author of the quote.
An Englishman Abroad (by Alan Bennett) Guy Burgess
keeps asking Coral Brown How is Cyril Connolly ?"

12

Quotes

Connolly coined many witty epithets and insightful observations, which have been extensively quoted. A few
of his best known quotes are listed:
Better to write for yourself and have no public, than
to write for the public and have no self.
Slums may well be breeding grounds of crime, but
the middle-class suburbs are incubators of apathy
and delirium.
No city should be so large that a man cannot walk
out of it in a morning.
Imprisoned in every fat man a thin one is wildly
signalling to be let out.
We must select the illusion which appeals to our
temperament, and embrace it with passion, if we
want to be happy.
Truth is a river that is always splitting up into arms
that reunite. Islanded between the arms, the inhabitants argue for a lifetime as to which is the main
river.

There is no more sombre enemy of good art than

the pram in the hall.
A lazy person, whatever the talents with which he
starts forth, will have condemned himself to secondhand thoughts, and to second-rate friends.
Perfect taste always implies an insolent dismissal of
other peoples.
We are all serving a life sentence in the dungeon of
the self.
Life is a maze in which we take the wrong turn before we have learnt to walk.

13 Works
The Rock Pool, 1935 (novel)
Enemies of Promise, 1938
The Unquiet Grave, 1944
The Condemned Playground, 1945 (collection)
The Missing Diplomats, 1952
The Golden Horizon, 1953 (editor; compilation from
Horizon)
Ideas and Places, 1953 (collection)
Les Pavillons: French Pavilions of the Eighteenth
Century, 1962 (with Jerome Zerbe)
Previous Convictions, 1963 (collection)
The Modern Movement: 100 Key Books From England, France, and America, 18801950, 1965
The Evening Colonnade 1973 (collection)
A Romantic Friendship, 1975 (letters to Noel Blakiston)
Cyril Connolly: Journal and Memoir, 1983 (edited
by D. Pryce-Jones)
Shade Those Laurels, 1990 (ction, completed by
Peter Levi)
The Selected Works of Cyril Connolly, 2002 (edited
by Matthew Connolly), Volume One: The Modern
Movement; Volume Two: The Two Natures

16

14

Notes

[1] Cyril Connolly at Britannica Online Encyclopedia

[2] Jeremy Lewis, Cyril Connolly: A Life, Jonathan Cape,
1997.
[3] Obituary Matthew William Kemble Connolly 1872
1947, Journal of Molluscan Studies, Volume 28, Number
1.
[4] Cyril Connolly, Enemies of Promise, Routledge & Kegan
Paul, 1938.
[5] St Cyprians Chronicle, 1916.
[6] Cyril Connolly, Oxford in our Twenties, Harpers &
Queen, 1973.
[7] Ferrall, C., & McNeill, D., Writing the 1926 General
Strike, p. 11. New York: Cambridge University Press,
2015.
[8] Nigel Nicolson (ed.), Vita and Harold: The Letters of Vita
Sackville West and Harold Nicolson, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1992.
[9] Clive Fisher, Cyril Connolly: A Nostalgic Life.
[10] Peter Quennell, Introduction to The Rock Pool, 1981.
Persea Books. ISBN 978-0-89255-059-3
[11] Cecil Beaton Beaton in the Sixties: More unexpurgated diaries Weideneld & Nicholson 2003
[12] Michael Shelden (1989): Friends of Promise: Cyril Connolly and the World of Horizon, Hamish Hamilton /
Harper & Row, ISBN 0-06-016138-8
[13] Cleese, Idle, Jones: Eric the Half a Bee, Monty Pythons
Previous Record, 1972, Charisma Records.
[14] Donna Tartt (2 May 2013). The Secret History. Little,
Brown Book Group. pp. 237. ISBN 978-1-4055-29631. Retrieved 24 August 2013. This was, in fact, the basis
of his acquaintance with most of the famous people in his
life. ... Laughton to the Duchess of Windsor to Gertrude
Stein; Cyril Connolly, who was notorious for being a hard
guest to please, told Harold Acton that Julian ...

15

References

Clive Fisher (1995): Cyril Connolly, New York: St

Martins Press, ISBN 0-312-13953-5
Jeremy Lewis (1995): Cyril Connolly, A Life, London: Jonathan Cape, ISBN 0-224-03710-2

EXTERNAL LINKS

16 External links
100 key books
Bibliography and critical checklist
University of Tulsa McFarlin Librarys inventory
of the Cyril Vernon Connolly papers and library
housed in their special collections department
Guardian prole of Connolly by William Boyd
(writer)
Cyril Connolly at Find a Grave

17
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