JOINT SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM

AND ONE DAY SEMINAR ON:

ECOSYSTEM BASED
DISASTER RISK REDUCTION
Yogyakarta, Indonesia: 8 December 2012

Editors : Junun Sartohadi, Jiba Raj Pokarel, Udo Michael Nehren,

Guilherme Fernandez, Simone Sandholz

ISBN: 978-602-14856-1-5

PROCEEDINGS
MASTER ROGRAM ON PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
OF COASTAL AREA AND WATERSHED (MPPDAS)
FACULTY OF GEOGRAPHY - UNIVERSITAS GADJAH MADA
IN COOPERATION WITH:
CENTER FOR NATURAL RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT (CNRD)
2013

Ecosystem Based Disaster Risk Reduction 2013, Yogyakarta-INDONESIA

STUDY OF LANDSLIDE DYNAMIC WITH SPATIAL-TEMPORAL

APPROACH AND ITS RELATION TO THE EXISTING ECO-DRR
PROGRAM ON A PART OF DIENG AREA, INDONESIA
Fredi Satya Candra Rosaji1,Arief Darmawan1, Danang Sri Hadmoko1, Diana Paola Ordonez
Coboz2, Johannes Husener2, Udo Michael Nehren2, Nirmal Raj Harma3, Ghanashyam
Sapkota3, Shreema Rana3, Ajay Chandra Lal3
1

Master Program on Planning and Management of Coastal Area and Watershed, Faculty of Geography,
Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
Email: fredi8satya7@gmail.com, areefd@gmail.com, danang@gadjahmada.edu
2
Cologne University of Applied Sciences, Institute for Technology and ResourceManagement in the
Tropics and Subtropics, Germany
3
Master Program on Disaster Risk Management, Department of Civil Engineering, Tribhuvan University,
Kathmandu, Nepal

Abstract
Landslide in Dieng complex is one of disaster that has caused damages and casualties in recent
years. Comprehensive approach to see phenomena in wider perspective is needed for studying
the landslides. Spatial-temporal approach combined with Eco-DRR perspective becomes a
beneficial approach in analyzing the occurring landslide in a certain area. This research tried to
answer the dynamic of landslide in Dieng Area from environment-human aspect, and also its
relation to the existing Eco-DRR program. GIS, in this research, became a powerful tool
during the application of spatial and temporal approach and Focus Group Discussion (FGD).
Survey using questionnaire was conducted to get the figure of existing Eco-DRR program
applied in the study area. The results give important information that landslide in Dieng area
has been more intense in these years because its triggered by human factor. Furthermore, it
can be highlighted that deforestation or land conversion is the most influencing factor that
contributes to vulnerability of landslides. There is already an Eco-DRR Program in Dieng area
but it still needs to be improved for wider coverage and affectivity.
Keywords: landslides, spatial-temporal approach, Eco-DRR program.
I. Introductions
Landslide is one of the most common natural disasters in hilly/mountainous regions.
Itis a phenomenon of downward and outward movement of slope formed by materials
composed of rocks, soils, artificial fills and also combination of all these materials along
surfaces of separation by falling, sliding and flowing, either slowly or quickly, from one place
to another (Highland and Bobrowsky 2008).
The major factors that cause landslides can be broadly classified into two types,
natural factors and anthropogenic factors. The natural factors can be due to by gravity,
geological factors, heavy and prolonged rainfall, earthquakes, forest fire, volcanoes and waves.
Anthropogenic factors include inappropriate drainage system, cutting and deep excavations of
slopes for constructing buildings, roads, canals and mining, and change in slope/land use
pattern, deforestation and agricultural practices on steep slopes.
During the period of 1981-2007, landslide caused an estimated 2,095 casualties and
552 wounded people in Java. Nowadays, the increasing of population growth and urbanization
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Ecosystem Based Disaster Risk Reduction 2013, Yogyakarta-INDONESIA

at hazardous area causes such damage and casualties tend to increase (Hadmoko et al. 2009).
In Dieng area, the worst landslide happened in 2010 and 2011 at Tieng Village, and as
reported in 2010, 12 houses were damaged and 6 people died. At 2011, landslide followed by
flash flood caused 13 damaged houses and 11 people died (Wiyoko 2011).
II.

Objectives
This paper aimed to: 1) find a relation of the worst landslide in 2010 and 2011 and
define its linkage to a series of data that has been recorded since years ago; and 2) figure out
the linkage between existing Eco-DRR program in Dieng Area, which is applied by the
Government and community, and its result to reduce the disaster risk.
III. Methodology
3.1. Data
Data were prepared to analyze spatial-temporal landslide as well as 2010 and 2011
landslide reconstruction, to make landslide susceptibility map and to investigate Eco-DRR
program in that area. Data used in this research are as followed:
1. Topographical map, used to build a DEM from its contour line, and other map properties
such as toponimi, road network, stream /drainage network, etc.
2. DEM derived from contour lines, used to create slope steepness map, line profile and
Hillshade model to support the GIS analysis.
3. Temporal imagery data, included B/W panchromatic aerial photograph in 1970and hi-res
satellite imagery SPOT with 5m spatial resolution downloaded from GoogleEarth, used
to investigate landuse/landcover (LULC) changes.
4. Landslide Historical Data from Wonosobo governance agency and other historical data
about landslide.
3.2. Methods
Methods used in this study, in order to gain broader perspective in understanding
landslide dynamic in Dieng Area, involved both physical and socio-economic aspects. This is
due to the need to combine both aspects especially in sustainable development and planning.
Methods used in this study are as followed:
1. Focus group discussion
FGD was conducted to understand the human and environmental system composed by the
abiotic (land and water), biotic (forest, vegetations, crops) and socio-culture around the
area. It produced a description of agricultural factors as important components in this
context and, also, socio-economic interest that may cause landslide. The agricultural
activity in Dieng includes: cropping pattern, fertilizer, terrace farming etc. On the other
hand, the physical condition of that area, for instance, slope, is vulnerable to landslide
disaster.
2. Site visit
In order to find the root causes of the landslide, a general observation of the study area was
done. It was conducted to see the direct impact of landslides in Tieng and Surengede that
were happened in 2011 and 2010. Slope and topography condition after landslide disaster
were investigated. Pictures and interview of victims were taken during site visit.

Ecosystem Based Disaster Risk Reduction 2013, Yogyakarta-INDONESIA

3. Surveying using questionnaire

Two villages (Tieng and Surengede) in Sub-District of Kejajar had been visited and Local
farmers were interviewed using the questionnaire regarding landslide in the past, their
preparedness level, DRR program that has been conducted by government etc.
4. GIS analyses
GIS analyses are used to see spatial and temporal landslide in the area, re-construct
landslide 2010 and 2011 from spatial approach, and to view landuse change.
Landslide Susceptibility map is one of important things in understanding physical
factors in the study area toward landslide. It was prepared by overlaying several factors that
are possibly prone to landslide with a method of scoring and weighted for each individual
maps according to their properties. Here are the parameters used in simple landslide
susceptibility map.
1. Landform unit
Landform unit gives information of where landslide possibly occurs. For instance,
denudational landform is susceptible to landslide than inactive crater (maar). We used
binary score for that data, 1 for landslide-prone unit and 0 (restricted) for the opposite i.e.
no landslide possibly occurs. We used combination of DEM, hillshade model, and imagery
for the landform interpretations with 3D Analyst on ArcGIS.
2. Landuse/Landcover (LULC)
LULC was derived from SPOT 5m imagery interpretation. We classified LULC into 6
classes: brush, cropland, lake, openland, settlement, and woodland/forest. For each class
were scored toward their susceptibility for landslide.
3. Slope steepness
Slope steepness was divided into 7 classes: 0 2 %, 2 8%, 8 13%, 13 20%, 20 55
%, 55 140% and > 140 %. The higher slope steepness assumed more susceptible toward
landslide, so the scoring will be higher for the high slope than flat/almost flat area.
4. Drainage density (Dd)
The drainage density was derived from
topographical map (river network).
Kernel Density as one of density analysis
method was used for the data to get
drainage density. The drainage density is
an important factor as rain water
percolates in area with low drainage
density. Low Dd is assumed to be more
susceptible to landslide than high Dd.
IV. Results and Discussion
4.1. Study Area
This study took place on a part of
the Dieng complex, as shown in Figure 1.
Dieng complex is located administratively in
Central Java Province and covers 6
Regencies,
Wonosobo,
Banjarnegara,
Temanggung, Kendal, Pekalongan and
Batang. This area is situated on about 2093
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Figure 1. Map of study area

Ecosystem Based Disaster Risk Reduction 2013, Yogyakarta-INDONESIA

meters (above msl) with receives the high annual rainfall that can reach for about 2400-4000
mm/year (Setiawan et al. 2012). Almost all of local people are farmers. The more benefit from
fertile volcanic environment have been triggering local people to deforest this area as an
intensive dry farming land.
4.2. Landslide Historical Data
Landslide was not a new phenomenon in Dieng Area. It has been happening since
years ago, which is aligned with Zuidam (1978), as shown in aerial photogra ph interpretation
(Figure 2-left). This means that disaster happening intensively in the Dieng Complex since
1970. Case of landslides in Java Island, as summarized by Hadmoko (2007), tended to increase
year-by-year. In addition, according to National Unity and Community Protection Office in
Wonosobo District (Kesbanglinmas), landslides in sub-districts around Dieng Area during
2004-2008 tended to increase (Figure 2-right)

Figure 2. Aerial photo landform interpretation (Van Zuidam 1978)-red box marks landslide
events (left); Number of landslides occurring in Wonosobo in 2000-2008 (Kesbanglinmas
Wonosobo, 2008) (right)
Based on information and map shown in Figure 3, in fact, landslides occur more
frequently in the latest decade. Locations of the landslide were quite similar year by year. It is
indicating that landslide potentially happens in Dieng Area.
4.3. Landslide Susceptibility Map
Landform unit in the area is dominated by volcanic, denudation and fluvial process.
That is why many of lava flow (block lava), fluvio-volcanic flow, crater and denudation
features can be found in the area. Landforms that especially formed from lava flow and
denudational process are not stable. They are fragile and can easily drop because of the slope
factor. Flat area is shown by green color on the map shown in Figure 4. Hilly area is shown in
yellow to light brown. This map, then, inform the degree of dissected land unit in the area.
Based on information shown in the slope map (Figure 5), slope condition of the area
is dominated by class 20 55 % to > 140 %. It is shown by color light brown to dark brown on
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Ecosystem Based Disaster Risk Reduction 2013, Yogyakarta-INDONESIA

Figure 3.Distribution map of landslide per sub district of Wonosobo Regency

the map. The area is in the range of steep to very steep condition. Naturally, with very steep
condition, the area becomes prone to landslide. If it is combined with landform situation as
explained above, vulnerability to landslide gets higher.
Moreover, drainage density (Figure 6) also has important role in term of relation to
landslide vulnerability. Drainage density and pattern are naturally arranged by landform and
geological condition. At the flat area, the density is dense in contrast with the hilly area. With
dense drainage density, theoretically it tends to have good drainage. When rain falls to the area
with good drainage, water will flow and not accumulate in the soil mass. And then soil mass
will not be burdened, so although the slope is steep, it will not be easily triggered to fall as
landslide.
Landuse/landcover (Figure 7) has contributed directly to the size of the surface
runoff. Bare land/ open land is tend to have bigger surface runoff if compared with forest land.
Leaves of the tree can reduce amount of water to fall directly to the soil and flow away as
surface runoff, so in the forested/wood land susceptibility theoretically can be low.
Unfortunately, the area is covered mainly with cropland where more susceptible to the
landslide than other land cover.
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Ecosystem Based Disaster Risk Reduction 2013, Yogyakarta-INDONESIA

Figure 4. Landform unit interpretation of study

area

Figure 5. Slope-steepness map of study area

Figure 6. Drainage density map of study area

(km/km2)
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Figure 7. Landuse/landcover in 2010 in the study

area, based on interpretation.

Ecosystem Based Disaster Risk Reduction 2013, Yogyakarta-INDONESIA

Landslide susceptibility map in the

study area, as seen in Figure 8, showed that
more than 60% of the area is prone to
landslide (moderate to high susceptibility).
They consist of several factors where the
land can be failure, such as block of lava
flow landform unit with high degree of
slope, cropland and low drainage density.
Based on the Eco-DRR perspective about
the environment aspect, beside Van Zuidam
interpretation of aerial photograph and
landslide distribution/historical data, the
result of landslide susceptibility map gave
other evidence that the area is physically
prone to landslide.
4.4. Understanding the 2010 Landslide
and 2011 Flash Flood in Tieng Villages
The previous discussion led to a
conclusion that physical condition as the
Figure 8. Landslide Susceptibility map of the
influencing factors in landslides is true.
study area
Landslide repeatedly occurs from years to
years, but the one occurring in 2010 and
2011 caused the greatest damage and casualties. By using spatial-temporal approach, it is true
that population growth is one of the main influencing factors from human aspect. The
increasing of population has positive correlation with land needed for settlement and also for
agricultural. Agricultural sector is still a main livelihood for people in the village. In fact,
population increase tends to speed up the land cover change in the area (Figure 9).
Unfortunately, land cover change is not aligned with regulation (spatial plan), and at
the same time, enforcement from the Government related to this problem is relatively low.
Conversion of land that supposed to be protected area is very intensive. It has been
significantly reducing the extent of protected area. Comparison between land cover map in
1970 and land cover map 2010 results in an evidence of two types of land conversion (Figure

Figure 9. Graph of population growth

in middle of Java province during
1964 2010 (Central Bureau Statistics
of Central Java Province 2011)
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Ecosystem Based Disaster Risk Reduction 2013, Yogyakarta-INDONESIA

(a)

(b)

Figure 10. Land use changes in 1970-2010

Figure 11. (a) Screenshot of the location of

landslide in Tieng Village, overlaid on landslide
susceptibility map (b) Photo documentation of
landslide 2010 in Tieng villages (Afif 2010)

Tieng is one of the villages that grew up in the wrong direction. The new settlement is
located in the footslope of Mt. Pakuwadja with high degree of slope-steepness and has high
landslide susceptibility on that slope. It is one of the evidence of low enforcement in spatial
planning from our government. From the screenshot shown in Figure 11a, the 2010 landslide
and 2011 flash flood occurred in Tieng Village, overlaid on landslide susceptibility map. So, it
is acceptable that landslides happening in this area may lead to significant damages and
casualties (Figure 11b).
High precipitation and duration will be the triggering factor for the slope above Tieng
to be failure. The secondary of triggering factor is collector road that overlaying on the high
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Ecosystem Based Disaster Risk Reduction 2013, Yogyakarta-INDONESIA

slope above Tieng Village. Heavy vehicles such as truck and bus shake the ground and may
trigger landslide.
Spatial reconstruction of flash flood in 2011 was built in 3D Analysis using 3D
modeled DEM (Figure 12). Flash flood began from landslide that occurred in the upper part of
Mt. Pakuwadja (a). The materials closed a river channels (b) like a temporary dam. Due to the
long durations of heavy rain, lot of waters from surface run-off cannot pass over the dam.
Suddenly, the temporary dam was broken and the big amount of water mixed up with materials
moved downward very fast (Figure 13).

Figure 12. 3D realistic view of flash flood 2011 reconstruction (left); 3D profile of river
channel (right)
The 3D profile of channel shows that Tieng is located in Mt. Pakuwadja foot slope
with changing of slope gradient, so the big water and materials was spread out and hit several
buildings and houses. Considering the physical factors, it is highly probably that flash flood
happens repeatedly. Relocating people becomes the best solutions to prevent more casualties.

Figure 13. Photo documentation of after flash flood 2011 in Tieng villages (Wiyoko 2011)
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Ecosystem Based Disaster Risk Reduction 2013, Yogyakarta-INDONESIA

4.5. Eco-DRR Program in Dieng Complex

Related to the second objective of this research, FGD was conducted in order to
figure out the linkage between Eco-DRR program that has been applied in Dieng Area by the
Government and community. Some important information was derived from local authorities
and local people perspectives toward landslides, as summarized in Figure 14.

Figure 14. Risk management cycle diagram, red dashed box is the weaknesses of DRR in the
study area (Kienholz et al. 2004)
Almost all of farmers in Tieng village are not land-owners but labors. They were
shifted the crop from tobacco to potato as it is the more benefit activity. Livelihood of people
in the study area depends on the agriculture. There was lack of coordination between the local
people and the governmental institutions. Similarly, there is lack of coordination among people
at the upper and lower stream. There is no women participation in disaster related topics.
Almost all of the farmers are ignorant about the disasters and their mitigation measures. The
role of local government is found to be not efficient for pre- and during disaster.
Based on the FGD results listed above and its linkage to Common Procedure of Risk
Management Cycle, as shown in Figure 15, there are lack of condition on risk assessment and
risk prevention. DRR program applied by Government does not completely reach the target. It
is indicated by less knowledge of mitigation and risk preparedness owned by almost of all
people interviewed during FGD.
As the evidence, from questionnaire also shown that people were not had any good
preparation regarding to the disaster, for example they have no allocation of money to disaster
preparedness, no plan for evacuation routes, etc. It seems like Risk Prevention step as shown in
Common Procedure of Risk Management Cycle were low. People need to pay much more
attention on the disaster and what-to-prepare.
It is also found that the program for DRR still doesnt reach women in the
community. Although women mostly are housewives, they have significant role in the
community so that an understanding of disaster and how to reduce it is possibly introduced. At
the last, it is also found that the program does not reach the landowner. Landowner is a group
of people who have ownership and legal authority of the piece of land.
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Ecosystem Based Disaster Risk Reduction 2013, Yogyakarta-INDONESIA

It seems to be a good opportunity to include DRR program into primary of secondary school.
The subject can be a part of local content or as extra information for the students. Hopefully
this can increase disaster awareness from early ages. In the future, new generation will
understand and aware more about their environment condition and environmental problems
around them.
V.

Conclusion
Spatial-temporal approach is powerful to help understanding landslide dynamics
crossing time and space. Of course it is with the support of GIS as spatial analysis tool. With
series of data and information that can be combined and analyzed during the study, it is
understood that landslide disaster in Dieng Area is not a new phenomenon. It occurs
repeatedly.
Landslide in Dieng area was more intense during recent years because was triggered
by human factor. People in the area tempted to deforest in order to have wider farming area
and economic profit. From this study, it can be highlighted that deforestation or land
conversion contributes to vulnerability of landslide. Eco-DRR Program in part of Dieng Area
exists in the area of study. But, it still needs to be improved for better coverage and reach,
especially to include woman/housewife and landowner to the Eco-DRR Program. Moreover,
including DRR program into primary or secondary schools is also a good opportunity in
increasing disaster awareness from early ages.

VI. Acknowledgement
We would like to express our gratitude to all those who gave us the possibility to
complete this paper. Firstly, we are deeply indebted to CNRD (Center for Natural Resources
and Development) for supporting Join Student Project in Dieng area December 2 7, 2012.
Secondly, we also would like to thank Mr. Aris Fathoni as our local facilitator during the
research.
VII. References
Afif. W (2010) Mengingat Bencana Di Awal Tahun 2010. September 2010 19:19 WIB,
www.diengplateau.com
Central Bureau Statistics of Central Java Province (2011) Perhitungan TFR dari Sensus
Penduduk [PowerPoint presentation]. RAKERDA Pembangunan Kependudukan dan
Keluarga Berencana, 7 Februari 2011, Semarang.
Hadmoko DS (2007) Toward GIS-based integrated landslide hazard assessment: a critical
overview. Indones J Geogr (in press)
Hadmoko DS, J. Sartohadi, G. Samodra, N. Christanto, F. Lavigne (2009) GIS application for
comprehensive spatial landslides analysis in Kayangan Catchment, Menoreh
Mountain, Java, Indonesia
Highland LM and Bobrowsky P (2008)The Landslide Handbook.US Geological Survey,
Virginia, US
Kienholz H, Krummenacher B, Kifper A, and Perret S (2004). Aspects of Integral Risk
Management in Practice - Considerations with Respect to Mountain Hazards in
Switzerland.sterreichischeWasser- und Abfallwirtschaft, 56. Jg.(3-4), 43-50.
Kesbanglinmas Wonosobo (2008) Landslide Historical Data in Wonosobo 2004 2008.
Setiawan A et al. (2012) Practical Guide Joint Student Project on Ecosystem-Based Disaster
Risk Reduction. UGM, Yogyakarta.
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Ecosystem Based Disaster Risk Reduction 2013, Yogyakarta-INDONESIA

Van Zuidam (1978) ITC Textbook of Photo-Interpretation, Volume II for use of aerial
detection in geomorphology and geophysical landscape analysis. Enschede, The
Netherlands
Wiyoko H (2011) Kerusakan Lingkungan Penyebab Longsor Gunung Pakuwojo, Tribun
Jateng - Rabu, 21 Desember 2011 08:38 WIB, www.tribunjateng.com

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