A Methodology to Measure Indicators of

Urban Sustainable Development in India:

Case Study Bangalore

By Dr. Keya Chakraborty

Centre for Infrastructure, Sustainable, Transportation, and Urban Planning, IISc Bangalore

Structure
Preamble
Research area
Motivations
Objectives
Research methodology
Case study: Result & Analyses
Critical Reviews on conclusions

Centre for Infrastructure, Sustainable, Transportation, and Urban Planning, IISc Bangalore

Preamble
Sustainable development is one that satisfies 3 basic conditions, rates of use of
i) renewable resources do not exceed their rates of regeneration
ii)non-renewable resources do not exceed the rate at which sustainable renewable substitutes
are developed, and
iii) rates of pollution do not exceed the assimilative capacity of the environment

Urban sustainability takes all aspects of human society as: environmental, material,
ecological, social, legal, cultural, political & physiological dimension

On this ground UNCHS and World Bank have derived a number of indicators like
socio-economic development, infrastructure, transport, environmental
management, local government, affordable and adequate housing and housing
provision as a measure of urban sustainability
Therefore, sustainability assessment can be simply defined as any process that
directs decision-making towards sustainability
Centre for Infrastructure, Sustainable, Transportation, and Urban Planning, IISc Bangalore

Research area

Centre for Infrastructure, Sustainable, Transportation, and Urban Planning, IISc Bangalore

Research Area
One of the most commonly cited definitions sustainable development is
economic development that meets the needs of the present generation without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (WCED, 1987)
Off late global development regards sustainability as an explicit goal of any
human society which should encompass: environmental, material, ecological, social,
legal, cultural, political and psychological dimensions that require serious attentions
Sustainable urban development means achieving a balance between development

of the urban areas and protection of the environment with an eye to equity in:
employment, shelter, basic services, social infrastructure and transportation in the urban area

Source: Bossel, 1999; Fujiwara and Zhang, 2010; Sengupta and Barawal, 2012; Buhliarello, 2003

Centre for Infrastructure, Sustainable, Transportation, and Urban Planning, IISc Bangalore

Research Area
Among the indicators of sustainable development most significant are
Economic (include good jobs, good wages, stable business)
Environmental (include protecting human and environmental health)
Social issues (include education, crime equity, inner city problem)

Sustainable indicators should be:

i)

primarily national in scope

ii) relevant to assessing sustainable development progress

iii) understandable, clear, and unambiguous, to the extent possible
iv) within the capabilities of national governments to develop
v)

limited in number, but remaining open -ended and adaptable to future needs

vi) representative of an international consensus to the extent possible and

vii) dependent on cost effective data of known quality

Additionally, the success of urban sustainability depends on good governance

and inclusive development with appropriate funding mechanism Source: Lachman, 1997
Centre for Infrastructure, Sustainable, Transportation, and Urban Planning, IISc Bangalore

Research Area
In Indian context while planning for an urban sustainable city, urban planner
should consider several dimensions of sustainable development: migration, waste
management, mobility, health, education, sanitation that are connected to each other

It is also important to initiate good practices and replicate through integrated

mechanism to create sustainable cities at local level
A joint effort by governments, civil society and private sectors and an impartial
political interest with a national vision only can save the urban centers of India
from the challenges associated with sustainable development
Source: Ravindra and Madalasa ,1992

Centre for Infrastructure, Sustainable, Transportation, and Urban Planning, IISc Bangalore

Motivations & Objectives

Centre for Infrastructure, Sustainable, Transportation, and Urban Planning, IISc Bangalore

Motivations
As Indian cities are in the phase of reconstruction

(both use and form)

it is very

important to
address various complex urban issues related to present pattern of urban development
meet the growth patterns of cities: need to develop a well defined form of sustainable urban development

Attaining sustainable urban development is a serious challenge as it

encompasses various issues viz: economic, social, and environmental aspects
Off late, a sense of urgency has emerged to improve the QoL for the benefits of
future generation due to: increasing urban sprawl, poor infrastructure facilities, and
inefficient institutional structures

Thus development of a city needs to be planned, guided and monitored in order

to achieve an optimum utilization of resources which will leads to attain
sustainable living, socially habitable, economically efficient and administratively manageable

Centre for Infrastructure, Sustainable, Transportation, and Urban Planning, IISc Bangalore

Objectives

1. To identify public service indicators of sustainability at micro level

2. What is the extent of inequality of public service indicators within a society
world scenario versus a particular Indian City comparison
3. A critical review on different methodologies on selecting indicators of
sustainability index

Centre for Infrastructure, Sustainable, Transportation, and Urban Planning, IISc Bangalore

Methodology

Centre for Infrastructure, Sustainable, Transportation, and Urban Planning, IISc Bangalore

Methodology
Household
Pre-fieldsurvey
visit
1.Literature review

Survey

2.Identifying indicators at
World,India,Bangalore
Pre-field visitand
Micro level

Data analysis and

Comparison- visit

Pre-field visit
Post-Survey

3.Collection of secondary data

Conclusions
Pre-field
visit
.

Secondary Data: District Census Handbook, Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board
Primary Data: Household Survey done in 60 house-holds within Malleshwaram ward
Formula Used:
Any Parameter value=Actual-Minimum/Maximum-Minimum
Indicator Sustainability index=1/3(Parametric value)+1/3(Parametric value)

Centre for Infrastructure, Sustainable, Transportation, and Urban Planning, IISc Bangalore

Methodology
Why Bangalore ?
Bangalore is one such
Indian city with global
importance in
Information
technology and Bio
Tech capital
The city is experiencing problems of inefficient infrastructural and socio
economic planning drawbacks

Hence, needs a proper course of action in order to attain sustainability in a long

run starting from a micro level
Centre for Infrastructure, Sustainable, Transportation, and Urban Planning, IISc Bangalore

Result and Analyses

Centre for Infrastructure, Sustainable, Transportation, and Urban Planning, IISc Bangalore

Objective:1 deduction of indicators

World level broad indicators of sustainable development
Indicators
1.Urban Quality

Parameters
a. Environmental Quality, b. Human Health, c. Efficiency, d. Diversity and
flexibility, e. Accessibility and control, f. Learning

2.Urban Patterns

1. Community: a. Population, b. Ecology, c. Society

2. Structure: a. Form, b. Density, c. Differentiation, d. Connectivity
3. Function/Economy: a. Housing, b. Industries, c. Services, d.
Transportation

3.Urban Flows

Natural Resources: a. Energy, b. Water, c. Material

4.Transportation and Land-use

a. Density, b. Mobility, c. Land-Use

5.Energy Consumption

a. Per Capita, b. Per Sector, c. By Fuel, d. By Area

6.Air Pollution

a. Sulphur Dioxide, b. Particulate Material, c.Carbon Monoxide, d. Carbon

Dioxide, e .Nitrogen dioxide

7.Tenure

Type of Tenure

8.Household Connections

a. Electricity, b. Water Supply, c. Telephone

9.Environmental Management

A. Waste Water Generated, B. Solid Waste Generated, c. Disposal of Solid

Waste, d. Collection of Solid Waste

Centre for Infrastructure, Sustainable, Transportation, and Urban Planning, IISc Bangalore

Objective:1 deduction of indicators

Indicators of sustainable development at India Level
Indicators
1. Demography
2. Education

Details of indicators
Population
Migration population
Education level

Literacy
Mortality
Health care delivery
Health status and risk
Socio- economic parameters
4. Poverty
Living condition
Sanitation
Drinking water
Income inequality
5. Economic
Employment dependency
3. Health

Physical and environmental infrastructure

6. Environmental Land use and status
Agriculture
Forest
water
Air
Climatic change
Waste management
7. Infrastructure Transportation
Efficiency use of energy, power and water
Sanitation

Parameters
Population growth rate, Dependency ratio, Total fertility rate
Ratio of local residents to migrants in major areas
Gross intake ratio to last grade of primary education., Net enrollment rate
in primary education
Adult literacy rate
Under five mortality rate, Life expectancy at birth
% of population with access to primary health care facilities.
Morbidity of major diseases, such as malaria, tuberculosis
Proportion of urban population living in slum
Proportion of population using an improved sanitation facilities
Improved water source
Ratio of share in national income of highest to lowest.
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary;
Consumption and production pattern.
GDP, NI, GNP
Land use change, Land degradation, Desertification
Arable and permanent crop land.
Proportion of land area covered by forest
Fresh water, Ground water depth
% of air pollutants
Temperature, Rainfall, Emission of greenhouse gases
Domestic waste/capita
Transit oriented development/connectivity
Power(total electricity consumption), Demand of water in industrial sectors
Storm water drainage, Sewage system, Solid waste

Centre for Infrastructure, Sustainable, Transportation, and Urban Planning, IISc Bangalore

Objective:1 deduction of indicators

Indicators of sustainable development at Bangalore & micro level
Indicator

Parameter

Demography

Growth rate (%); Sex ratio (number); Population

Education

Density
Decadal growth rate (%); Share of urban literacy rate
(%);

Health

Indicator

Socio-Economic
Education

Level of Education

Health

Access to health care facilities

Economy

Income, Expenditure and Savings

Access to health care facilities

Socio-Economic Parameter
Work participation ratio (%); Share of worker in
primary sectors (%); Share of worker in secondary
sectors (%); Share of worker in tertiary sectors (%);
Share of urban WPR in context to India (%); Income,
Expenditure and Savings.

Economy

Slum

Physical and Environmental

Physical

Physical

Solid Waste
Electricity
Energy Sources
Transport

Environmental

Walking trips made

Ownership of the vehicles

Water Supply: a. Source, b. Usage

Sewage and drainage: a. Nature, b. Type
Solid Waste: a. Nature of Collection, b. Nature of
Disposal

Water Supply
Sewage and drainage

Growth rate (%); Share of slum population (%)

Physical and Environmental Infrastructure

Parameter

Safety on the road.

Distance travelled in a day
Environmental

Air Pollution

Electricity: a. Types, b. Bill Paid

Water Pollution

Energy Sources: a. Types, b. Nature of Consumption

Air Pollution; Water Pollution; Noise Pollution; Solid
waste Management; Aesthetic Beauty Loss.

Noise Pollution
Solid waste Management
Aesthetic Beauty Loss

Centre for Infrastructure, Sustainable, Transportation, and Urban Planning, IISc Bangalore

Population in (%)

Objective:2 Secondary data analyses (Demographic)

Share of literate population

Share of urban population of cities

POPULATION IN(%)

Share of urban population

Share of decadal growth rate

Work participation rate

Share of slum population in respect to Indian cities

Centre for Infrastructure, Sustainable, Transportation, and Urban Planning, IISc Bangalore

Objective:2 Secondary data analyses (Infrastructure)

Year
1991
2001
2011
2021
2031

Urban
Population
4334483
5759987
8749944
13458922
20702142

Average water
Supply per Capita Average Water Percentage
per day
Supply in Litres Increase
120
520137960
120
691198440
32.88
120
1049993280
51.91
120
1615070640
53.82
120
2484257040
53.82

Source: Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board

Zones of BBMP

Surface Water ((MLD)

Groundwater(MLD)

Central

67.10

38.91

North

210.46

87.08

West

184.89

149.45

East

168.19

50.46

South

133.106

176.00

South-East

104.79

67.80

Source: Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board

Figure indicates that Bangalore urban area is facing

problem of decline in water quality, inadequate and
poor water supply
Centre for Infrastructure, Sustainable, Transportation, and Urban Planning, IISc Bangalore

Objective:2 Secondary data analyses (Infrastructure)

Sewage Generation
Urban

Sewage

Percentage

Years

Population

Generation

Increase

1991

4334483

416110368

2001

5759987

552958752

32.88752084

2011

8749944

839994624

51.90909285

2021

13458922

107671376

52.181897

2031

20702142

165617136

53.81723737

Source: District Census Handbook

Household getting water

from treated source (%)

80
70

68.38

70.09

Karnataka

Bangalore

60
50
40
30
20
10
0

Source: District Census Handbook

Centre for Infrastructure, Sustainable, Transportation, and Urban Planning, IISc Bangalore

Case Study

Malleshwaram lies in the north-western

district of Bangalore
Area=1.81 square km
Population=36321
Density=20067 persons per square km
Centre for Infrastructure, Sustainable, Transportation, and Urban Planning, IISc Bangalore

Objective 2:Primary data analyses

Socio-economic

Infrastructure
a

Sources of water
BWSSB

Number
45

Private Water Supply

Community Water
tap

d
e

Rain Water
Harvesting
Borewell

12
4

Formula used for any parametric

value = actual
minimum/maximum-minimum
The value obtained after using
the above formula is 0.268
Infrastructure Sustainability index=1/3(parametric value of source of water)+1/3(parametric value of Quality of
water)+1/3(Parametric value of nature of toilet connection )+1/3(Parametric value of nature of solid waste
disposal)+1/3(Parametric value of type of electricity connection)+1/3(Parametric value of electricity bill paid).

Centre for Infrastructure, Sustainable, Transportation, and Urban Planning, IISc Bangalore

Objective 2:Primary data analyses

Education and Economy
Sustainability Index

Parameter

Param
etric
Value

Sustainability Values for

index
comparison
Education=
0.42

Education
Occupati
on

Income

Zimbabwe
= 0.77
Libya=
0.43
Norway=
0.99

0.42
Economy=
0.43
0.50

0.48

Sweden =
0.55
Poland =
0.02
Greece is =
0.93

Infrastructure Sustainability Index

Parameter

Parametric Sustainability
index
Value

Values for
Comparison

Source

USA=0.39

Source of
Water

0.268

Quality of
Water

0.43

Nature of
Toilet
Connection

0.3

Solid Waste
Collection
Nature of
Solid Waste
Disposal
Type of
electricity
Connection
Amount of
electricity
bill

Infrastructure Development
and economic growth in
China, 2010.
South
Infrastructure Development
Asia=0.18 to and economic growth in
0.22
China, 2010.
South Africa=- Infrastructure Development
0.06 to 0.20 and economic growth in
China, 2010.
China=0.20 to Infrastructure Development
0.41
and economic growth in
China, 2010.

0.255

0.235
Infrastructure
1
=1.95

Centre for Infrastructure, Sustainable, Transportation, and Urban Planning, IISc Bangalore

Objective 2:Primary data analyses

Pollution and Health Sustainability index
Parame
teric
Value

Sustainabilit
y index

Values for
comparison

Source

Parameter
Norway=7.0 A
Switzerland comprehensive
index for a
= 6.9

Pollution
levels

Pollution =
0.096 0.096

Access to
health care
facilities

0.5

Status of
health care
and risk

Health =
0.5 0.32

Transport Sustainability Index

sustainable
society:
The SSI the
Sustainable
Society Index
by Geurt(2009)
China = 0.60 Infrastructure
Development
and economic
growth in China,
2010.

Parameter
Walking
Trips made
by the
people
Walking on
road safety

Preference
for walking
trips.
Ownership
of vehicles
Distance
travelled in
a day
Mode

Parametr
ic value

Sustainability
Index

Values for
Comparis
on

Source

China =
5.2

Infrastructure
Development
and economic
growth in

0.405
0.530

0.400

Transport=
0.155

0.371

0.428
0.470

Choice
Preference

Centre for Infrastructure, Sustainable, Transportation, and Urban Planning, IISc Bangalore

China, 2010.

Primary data analyses: Conclusions

Socio economic Indicators
Education and economic indicators are to some extent in better condition
comparing developed cities in the world

Infrastructural Indicators
Surprisingly it is very high even from USA (causes may be of overlapping
definition of a particular indicators, comparing micro level study with an average
value

Other Indicators
In terms of health, air pollution and transport scenario is not good even worst

Centre for Infrastructure, Sustainable, Transportation, and Urban Planning, IISc Bangalore

Policy recommendation
Policy makers should conceive the concept of urban sustainable development as
a integral part of urban development starting from grass root level to national
level
Instead of considering urban sustainable development as an aggregated
concept, it is time to look for improvement of each indicator within communities
For this, there is a need to develop joint venture between public-private with
dwellers of each community
Finally there is need to take a holistic approach towards education, training and
campaigning for the same within each and every community to improve daily
standard of life of each dweller

Centre for Infrastructure, Sustainable, Transportation, and Urban Planning, IISc Bangalore

Objective 3: Critical reviews of the methodology

Across the world each region has a specific environment and history based on
which: wide range of tools has been developed that employ differing techniques to measure
sustainability

The scale of application varies from global to local levels, e.g: In the southwest
region of Victoria, Australia, a sustainability index called AIRS (An Index of Regional
Sustainability), developed stakeholders and consider relationships between the indicators

The lack of clarity in definition due to the contextual nature of the concept:
Sustainability is a value judgment that will inherently mean different things to different
people
Definitions for indicators are sometimes overlapping from one country to another
Despite efforts being made, an agreed generic tool has yet to be developed

Source: De Vellis 1991; Parris and Kates 2003; Mazurov and Tikunov 2006; Bo hringer and Jochem 2007.

Centre for Infrastructure, Sustainable, Transportation, and Urban Planning, IISc Bangalore

Thank you !