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I. INTRODUCTION
The distance function uses a polygonal measurement characteristic with a reactance line slightly inclined
B. Static Protections LZ96
The distance protection LZ96 is a solid state technology relay; that use the phase comparison principle for the measurement of the fault impedance.
It has two measurement units with a MHO type dynamic
characteristic that is adapted to the power system conditions.
V. RESULTS ANALYSIS
In the period for which was made the comparative statistic,
a total of forty-four (44) trips take place in the 765 kV lines,
where forty-one (41) trips were due to faults in the power system and the rest three (3) ones where by human cause.
The protections for potential transformer fault was commissioning in the first semester of year 2002, therefore in that
year six (6) trips appeared where the protection was not even
commissioned, where in two (2) of these correspond to human
cause, plus another one (1) where the required information
was not obtained, which takes to a total of thirty six (36) effective trips with the presence of both issue protections.
In order to measure the protection reliability there where
consider the percentage of operation in from the analyzed
events, therefore thirty-six (36) events were registered, that
means, taking into account to each line end as independent,
which result in seventy-two (72) protection operation.
The events associated with the terminals of Guri "B" substation were not taken into account because it did not have the
necessary information, therefore five (5) events in 2002 and
one (1) in 2005 in these lines take place, which implies that
the total of reference operation is the sixty-six (66), see Fig. 4.
Distribution of Events in the Time.
A. Reliability
The reliability of a protection is related to the capacity of
the equipment to detect the presence of faults.
For this evaluation the LZ96 protection displayed sixty-five
(65) operations, and only one (1) event the protection did not
operated in line end which represents 1,5 %, due to a high
impedance fault which was cleared by the directional earth
faults protection PPX- 401-1, see Fig. 5. Reliability of the
LZ96 Protection.
In order to calculate the reliability of the REL 316*4 distance functions should be to considered that the outside first
zone faults have been included within the reliability percentage because the distance function have not teleproteccin
channel, the consequence is that the reliability of the REL
316*4 distances function is in a 95,5%.
It is important to emphasize that in the event of high impedance faults the REL 316*4 distance function took operated in
the source line end, in the first case (La ArenosaLa Horqueta
line, 03/02/2003) in a time of 47 ms, where the fault was
cleared by the directional earth fault protection PPX 401-1 and
second case (La Arenosa-Yaracuy line, 15/02/2003) operating
in 87 ms, while the LZ96 protection took action in 127 and
144 ms by the overreach (POTT) and weak infeed schemes
respectively, which indicates that the resistive reach of the
REL 316*4 protection is greater than LZ96 protection for this
type of faults.
B. Selectivity
The selectivity is related to the capacity of the equipment to
discriminate the fault in the protected zone, see (1). In the analyzed period was determined that the selectivity percentage for
the distance protection type LZ96 is of 100%, which implies
that any nonselective trips for the different faults in the power
system did not take place. Similarly it calculated the selectivity percentage for the distances function of the REL 316*4
protections obtaining a value of 100%.
Selectivity =
(# FaultClear.# NoFaultClear.)
# FaultClear
(1)
Where #FaultClear. is the number of cleared faults and #NoFaultClear. is the number of non-cleared faults on the analyzed period
C. Operation Time
The operation time is related to the operation speed of the
protective equipment in from of fault conditions in the power
system. The operation time was obtained from the analysis of
the fault recorder, in order to calculate the time averages were
taken into account some premises, name next:
- The operation times for high impedance faults were not
taken into account.
- The maximum and the minimum operation time for both
protections were not taken into account.
- Single the times related to the thirty-six (36) events at issue
for both protections were taken.
- For LZ96 protection was considered in each event and line
end, the operation time average to the primary and secondary
protection and select the minor of both ends for the calculation
of the global time average.
- For REL 316*4 protections were selected in each event the
minimum operation time of both line ends for the calculation
of the global time average.
D. Operation Times Results
With the times taken from the fault recorders for each event
and taking into account the previous premises obtained a set of
results which appear in the following tables.
According to the results obtained in the LZ96 protection
there was that the operation average time was 28.38 ms (1,7
cycles), while the distance function of the REL 316*4 protection displayed a operation average time of 35.09 ms (2,1 cycles). These values show that the LZ96 static technology protection is 6.71 ms (0.4 cycles) faster than the numerical protection REL 316*4, see Table I The Protections Operation
Average Times.
TABLE IV
MINIMUM VALUES OF OPERATION
TABLE I
THE PROTECTIONS OPERATION AVERAGE TIMES
It is possible to infer that the cause of the slowest performance of the distances function of the numerical protection type
5
TABLE V
AVERAGE TIMES TO FAULT CLEARANCE AND CIRCUIT BREAKER OPENING IN
THE 765 KV SYSTEM
VII. RECOMMENDATIONS
Evaluate the feasibility to implement a teleprotection channel to the distance function of the REL 316*4 in the 765
kV system, in order to make following to the overreach
and weak infeed schemes which is unable at this time.
Continue with the following, in order to enrich our expertise and to count with practical elements of evaluation, in
case of new acquisitions or future protection replacement
projects.
VIII. REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
TABLE VI
STANDARD DEVIATION OF THE AVERAGE TIMES TO FAULT CLEARS AND
CIRCUIT B REAKER OPENING IN THE 765 KV SYSTEM
[3]
IX. BIOGRAPHIES
VI. CONCLUSIONS
Numerical protection REL 316*4 has presented an equal
behavior respect to the selectivity parameter with the static
protection LZ96 during the considered period.
Numerical protection REL 316*4 has presented a slightly
inferior behavior respect to the reliability parameter with
the static protection LZ96 during the considered period.
Numerical protection REL 316*4 has presented a operation average time larger than static protection LZ96 in 6,71
ms(0,4 cycles) during the considered period.
Numerical protection REL 316*4 has presented a better
resistive reach with respect to static protection LZ96 during the considered period, demonstrated in the events of
the lines Arenosa-La Horqueta 03/02/2003 and La
Arenosa-Yaracuy 15/02/2003.
Finally it is considered that numerical protection REL
316*4 has presented a general performance, very similar
with respect to static protection LZ96 during the evaluated
period, considering it satisfactory for the awaited expectations.