Skeleton - Bones

External occipital protuberance

Superior border of the trapezius muscle
Spinous process of the 7th cervical vertebra (vertebra prominens)
Spine of the scapula
Acromion of the scapula
Medial (vertebra) border of the scapula
Inferior angle of the scapula
Spinous process of the thoracic vertebrae
Erector spinae muscle
Midean furrow
Lateral border of the latissimus dose muscle (posterior axillary fold)
Iliac crest
Posterior superior iliac spine
Scapula
Acromioin
Spine
Superior angle
Medial (vertebral) border
Inferior angle
Ilium
Iliac crest
Posterior superior iliac spine
Occipital bone
External occipital protubetrence (inion)
Superior nuchal line
Temporal bone
Mastoid process
Vertebral column
Thoracic vertebra
Body
Vertebral arch
Pedicle
Lamina
Vertebral foramen
Transverse process
Trans erse costal facet
Spinious process
Articular processes
Vertebral noches

Costal fcests
Intervertebral disk
Inververtebral foramen
Cervical vertebrae
Foramen transversarium
Atlas
Axis
Vertebra prominens
Lumbar
Sacrum
Median sacral crest
Posterior (dorsal) sacral foramina
Sacral hiatus
Coccyx

Superficial & Intermediate Muscles

Superficial fascia
Occiptial artery
Greater occipital nerve
Trapezius muscle
External occipital protuberance
Dorsal primary ramus of a spinal nerve
Posterior cutaneous branches pierce trapezius or latissmus to enter superficial fascia
Posterior thoracoappendicular muscles aka superficial muscles of back
Trapezius
Superior part
Middle part
Inferior part
Accessory nerve
Brances of the ventral primary rami of spinal nerves C3 and C4
Transverse cervical artery
Latissimus dorsi
Thoracodorsal nerve
Thoracodorsal artery
Rhomboid major
Dorsal scapular nerve
Dorsal scapular vessels/arteries
Rhomboid minor
Levator scapulae
Dorsal scapular nerve
Dorsal scapular artery
Triangle of auscultation
Trapezius
Latssimus dorsi

Rhomboid Major/medial border of the scapula

Lumbar Triangle
Latissimus dorsi
External Oblique
Iliac crest
Intermediate muscles
Serratus posterior superior
Intercostal nerve and arteries
Seratus posterior inferior
Deep Muscles
Splenius
Capitis
Services
Semispinalis capitis
Erector spinae
Spinalis
Longissimus
Iliocostalis
Transversospinal group
Semispinalis
Multifidus
Rotatores
Subocciptial Region
Skull
Superior nuchal line
Inferior nuchal line
External occiptial protuberence
Foramen magnum
Atlas
Posterior tubercle
Posterior arch
Groove for the vertebral artery
Semispinalis capitis
Greater occipital nerve
Obiquus capitis inferior
Boundaries of the suboccipital triangle
Obliquus capitis inferior
Rectus capitis posterior major
Obliquus capitis superior

Contents of the Subocciptial triangle

Suboccipital nerve
Vertebral artery
Spinal Cord
Vertebral canal
Vertebral foramina
Cervical vertebrae
Thoracic vertebrae
Lumbar vertebrae
Sacral canal
Spinal cord
Spinal meninges
Cervical enlargement C4 - T1
Lumbar enlargement L2 - S3
Spinal nerves
Laminae
Ligamenta flava
Epidural (extradural) space
Posterior internal vertebral venous plexus
Dural sac
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Subarachnoid space
Spinal cord
Pia mater
Conus medullaris (medullary cone)
Cauda equina
Filum terminale internum
Filum terminale externum (coccygeal ligament)
Denticulate ligaments
Dorsal roots
Ventral roots
Intervertebral foramen
Blood vessels
Spinal nerve
Spinal ganglion
Dorsal primary ramus
Ventral primary ramus
Shoulder & Posterior Axilla
Surface anatomy
Shoulder
Arm (brachium)

Forearm (antebrachium)
Hand (manus)
Anterior axillary fold
Posterior axillary fold
Deltoid
Bisceps brachii
Triceps branchii
Cubital fossa
Medial epicondyle
Lateral epicondyle
Olecranon
Flexor muscle mass
Extensor muscle mass
Carpal bones (on the dorsum of the wrist)
Styloid process of the radius
Styloid process of the ulna
Thenar eminence
Hypothenar eminence
Superficial veins and cutanious nerves
Superficial fascia
Superficial veins
Dorsal venous arch
Basilica vein
Cephalic vein
Median cubital vein
Deltopectoral grove
Deltopectoral triangle
Perforating veins
Cutaneous nerves
Superior lateral cutaneous nerve of the arm
Inferior later cutaneous nerve of the arm
Posterior cutaneious nerove of the arm
Intercostobrachial nerve
Medial cutaneous nerve of the arm
Medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm
Lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm
Posterior cutaneous nerve of the forearm
Superficial branch of the radial nerve
Dorsal branch of the ulnar nerve
Deep fascia
Brachial fascia
Antebrachial fascia
Palmar fascia
Dorsal fascia of the hand

Superfical group back muscles

Deltoid
Axillary nerve
Posterior circumflex humeral artery
Posterior circumflex humeral vein
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Axillary nerve
Teres major
Subscapularis
Quadrangular space
Superior border - Inferior border of the teres minor
Lateral border surgical neck of the humerous
Medial border long head of the triceps brachii
Inferior border superor border of the teres major
Long head of the tricepts brachii
Teres minor
Teres major
Supraspinatus
Suprascapular artery
Suprascapular nerve
Superior transverse scapular ligament
Scapular anastomosis
Infraspinatus
Rotator cuff
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
subscapularis
For the Skeleton
Scapula
Acromion
Suprascapular notch
Supraspinous fossa
Spine
Infraspinous fossa
Supraglenoid tubercle
Glenoid cavity
Infraglenoid tubercle
Coracoid process
Humerous
Head

Anatomical neck
Greater tubercle
Lesser tubercle
Intertuberclar sulcus (bicipital grove)
Surgical neck
Deltoid tuberosity
Radial groove
Axilla
Axillary sheath
Brachial plexus
Axillary vessles and their branches, lymph nodes and lymphatic vessles
Bounderies of the Axilla
Apex of the axilla bounded by the clavicle anteriorly, the upper border of the
scapula posteriorly and the first rib medially.
Base of the Axilla Skin and fascia of the armpit
Anterior wall pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, and clavipectoral fascia
Posterior wall posterior axillary fold (teres major and latismus dorsi muscles)
and the subscapularis that covers the anterior surface of the scapula
Medial wall upper protion of the thoracic wall and the serratus anterior
Lateral wall intertubercular sulcus of the humerus
Axillary vein
Axillary artery
First Part
Second part
Third part
Sublcavian artery
Brachial artery
Superior thoracic artery
Thoraco-acromial artery
Acromial branch
Deltoid branch
Pectoral branch
Pectoral branch
Clavicular branch
Lateral thoracic artery
Subscapular artery
Circumflex scapular artery
Thoracodorsal artery
Posterior circumflex humeral artery
Anterior circumflex humeral artery
Brachial plexus
Terminal branches
Musculocutaneous nerve, median nerve, ulnar nerve

Infraclavicular part of the brachial plexus

Supraclavicular part
Three cords of the brachial plexus
Musculocutaneous nerve
Lateral cord
Lateral root of the median nerve
Median nerve
Medial cord
Medial root of the median nerve
Ulnar nerve
terminal branches
medial pectoral nerve
lateral pectoral nerve
medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm
medal cutaneous nerve of the arm
posterior cord
axillary nerve
radial nerve
upper subscapular nerve
thoracodorsal nerve
lower subscapular nerve
Pectoral wall of the Axilla
Latissimus dorsi
Teres major
Subscapularis
Rotator cuff group of muscles
Medial wall of the axilla
Serratus anterior muscle
Long thoracic nerve
Arm and Cubital Fossa
Brachial fascia
Pectoral fascia
Axillary fascia
Antebrachial fascia
Anterior (flexor) comartment
Posterior (extensor) compartment
Humerous
Medial epicondyle
Later epicondyl
Olecranon fossa
Lateral intermuscular septum
Medial intermuscular septum
Coracobrachialis
Brachialis

Biceps brachii
Short head of the biceps brachii
Long head of the biceps brachii
Transverse humeral ligament
Beceps brachii tendon
Bicipital aponeurosis
Musculocutaneous nerve
Coracobrachialis muscle
Brachialis muscle
Musculocutaneous nerve
Lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm

Regions of the Forearm

Anterior (flexor) compartment
Posterior (ext) compartment
Extersor retinaculums
Humerus
Medial epicondyle
Lateral epicondyle
Olecranon fossa
Trochlea
Capitulum
Medial supracondylar ridge
Lateral supracondylar ridge
Radius
Head
Neck
Tuberosity
Anterior oblique line
Ulnar notch
Styloid process
Intersosseous border for attachment of the interosseous membrane
Ulna
Olecranon
Head
Coronoid process
Radial notch
Interosseous border
Flexors: superficial
Pronator teres
Abductor pollicis longus

Flexor carpi radialis

Palmaris longus
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexor digitorum superficialis
Flexors: deep
Flexor digit rum profundus
Flexor pollicis longus
Pronator quadratus
Hand (skeletal)
8 Carpel bones
5 metacarpal bones
14 phalanges
Pisiform
Hamate
Scaphoid
Trapezium
Flexor retinaculum
Carpal Tunnel
Palm (superficial)
Palmer aponeurosis
Longitudinal fibers
Thenar muscles
Palmar brevis
Palmar longus muscle
Fibrous digital sheath
Ulnar Nerve
Carpal Tunnel
Flexor retinaculum
Lumbrical muscles 1,2
Superficial palmar arch
Flexor digitorum superficialis
Flexor digitorum profundus
Flexor Pollicis Longus
Thenar muscles
Abductor pollicis brevis
Flexor pollicis brevis
Opponens pollicis
Hypothenar muscles

Abductor digiti minimi

Flexor digiti minimi
Opponens digiti minimi
Deep Palm
Adductor pollicis
Oblique
Transverse
Palmar interosseous
Dorsal interosseous
Foreman Extensors: superficial
Brachioradialis
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor digitorum
Extensor digit minimi
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Extensors: deep
Abductor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis brevis
Extensor pollicis longus
Extensor indicis
Supinator
Thorax
Sternum (skeletal)
Jugular notch (suprasternal notch)
Manubrium
Sternal Angle
Body of sternum
Xiphisternal junction
Xiphoid process
Seventh costal cartilage
Costal margin
Anterior axillary fold (lateral border of pec major muscle)
Rib (skeletal)
Head
Neck
Tubercle
Angle
Shaft (body)
Costal groove

True ribs (ribs 1-7)

False ribs (ribs 8-10
Floating ribs (11-12)
Muscles
Platysma
Pectoralis major
-clavicular head
-sternocostal head
Pectoralis minor
Subclavius
Serratus anterior
External Intercostals
Internal intercostals
Innermost intercostals
-transversus thoracis
-innermost layer
-subcostals
Costal cartilage
Deltopectoral Triangle
Clavicular head of pectoralis major
Deltoid muscle
Cephalic vein
Fascia
Pectoral fascia
Axillary fascia
Clavipectoral fascia
-Costocoracoid membrane
Nerves/Blood Supply
Cephalic vein
Medial and lateral pectoral nerves and vessels
Branches of Thoraco-acromial artery
-acromial branch
-deltoid branch (in deltopectoral groove)
-pectoral branch
-clavicular branch
Lateral thoracic artery
Internal thoracic artery
Fourth intercostal nerve

Fourth posterior intercostal artery and vein

Right and left internal thoracic vessels
Anterior thoracic vessels
Superior epigastric artery
Musculophrenic artery
Pleural Cavities
Superior thoracic aperture (thoracic inlet)
Bounded by
-manubrium of sternum
-right and left first ribs
-body of first thoracic vertebra
Inferior thoracic aperture (thoracic outlet)
Bounded by:
-xiphisternal joint
-costal margin
-ribs 11 and 12
-body of vertebra T12
Diaphragm
Right and Left Pleural Cavities
Lined by:
-costal parietal pleura
-mediastinal parietal pleura
-diaphragmatic parietal pleura
-cervical parietal pleura (cupula)
Lines of pleural reflection
Pleural recesses
-costomediastinal recesses (left and right)
-costodiaphragmatic recesses (left and right)
Endothoracic fascia
Visceral pleura
Pulmonary ligament
Lungs
Right and left lung
Surfaces of lung
-costal
-mediastinal
-diaphragmatic
Oblique fissure (major fissure)
Horizontal fissure (minor or transverse fissure)

Lobes of lung
-superior
-middle
-inferior
Cardiac notch
Apex of lung
Borders of lung
-anterior
-posterior
-inferior
Pericardium
Root of lung
Lingula of left lung
Hilum of lung
Main bronchus
Pulmonary artery and veins
Segmental bronchi (10)
Bronchopulmonary segment
Bronchial arteries
Right Lung
Secondary (lobar) bronchi
-superior (eparterial bronchus)
-middle
-inferior
On mediastinal surface of RIGHT lung:
Contact impression
Groove for esophagus
Groove for arch of the azygous vein
Groove for superior vena cava
Left lung
Secondary bronchi (lobar)
-superior
-middle
-inferior
On mediastinal surface of LEFT lung:
Cardiac impression
Groove for aortic arch
Groove for thoracic aorta
Phrenic nerve

Pericardiacophrenic vessels
Vagus nerve
Mediastinum
Boundaries:
Superior superior thoracic aperture
Inferior diaphragm
Anterior sternum
Posterior bodies of vertebrae T1 to T12
Lateral mediastinal parietal pleura
Plane of sternal angle
-intersects intervertebal disc b/w vertebrae T4 and T5
-separates superior from inferior mediastinum
-marks level of superior border of pericardium, bifurcation of trachea, beginning and
ending of arch of the aorta
Pericardium
Pericardium divides inferior mediastinum into:
Anterior b/w sternum and pericardium
Middle contains pericardium, heart and roots of great vessels
Posterior posterior to pericardium and anterior to bodies of T5-T12
Middle Mediastinum
Pericardium
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Four pulmonary veins
Ascending aorta
Arch of aorta
Pulmonary trunk
Ligamentum arteriosum connects left pulmonary artery to arch of aorta
Left vagus nerve
Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
Heart
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
Borders of heart
Right formed by right atrium
Inferior formed by right ventricle and small part of left ventricle
Left formed by left ventricle
Superior formed by right and left atria and auricles

Apex of heart
Base of heart
Parietal layer of serous pericardium
Visceral layer of serous pericardium (epicardium)
Pericardial cavity
Oblique pericardial sinus
Transverse pericardial sinus
External Features of Heart
Coronary (atrioventricular) groove or sulcus
Anterior interventricular groove
Posterior interventricular groove
Surfaces of Heart
Sternocostal (anterior) surface formed mainly by right ventricle
Diaphragmatic (inferior) surface mainly by left and small part of right ventricle
Pulmonary (left) surface mainly by left ventricle
Right atrium and auricle
Right atrium:
-anterior wall of right atrium
-pectinate muscles
-crista terminalis
-posterior wall of right atrium
-opening of superior vena cava
-opening and valve of the inferior vena cava
-opening and valve of coronary sinus
-fossa ovalis
-limbus fossa ovalis
-foramen ovale
-conducting system of the heart
-sinuatrial node (SA node)
-atrioventricular node (AV node)
-right AV valve
Right ventricle
-pulmonary valve
-anterior wall of right ventricle
-interventricular septum
-chordae tendineae
-opening of right AV valve (tricuspid valve)
-anterior, septal, posterior cusps of right AV valve
-papillary muscles (anterior, septal and posterior)
-trabeculae carneae

-septomarginal trabecula (moderator band)

-opening of pulmonary trunk
-conus arteriosus (infundibulum)
Left ventricle
-aortic valve
-semilunar valve cusps (right, left, posterior)
-left AV valve (biscuspid valve, mitral valve)
-anterior and posterior cusp
-anterior papillary muscle
-posterior papillary muscle
-chordae tendineae
-trabeculae carneae
-aortic valve (right, left and posterior semilunar cusps)
-muscular part of interventricular septum
-membranous part of the interventricular septum
Left atrium and auricle
Left atrium
-four pulmonary veins
-valve of the foramen ovale on the interatrial septum
-opening into left auricle
-opening of left atrioventricular valve
Aorta
Aortic valve
Pulmonary trunk and pulmonary valve
Superior vena cava
Cardiac Veins
Coronary sinus
Great cardiac vein
Middle cardiac vein
Small cardiac vein
Anterior cardiac veins
Coronary Arteries
Aortic valve
Semilunar cusps of aortic valve
-right
-left
-posterior
Aortic sinus (right, left and posterior)
Opening of left coronary artery
-Anterior interventricular branch (left ascending descending artery)

-Circumflex branch
Right coronary artery and branches:
-Marginal branch of right coronary artery
-Anterior right atrial branch
-Sinuatrial nodal branch
-Posterior interventricular branch
-Artery to atrioventricular node
Superior Mediastinum
Boundaries:
Superior superior thoracic aperture
Posterior bodies of T1-T4
Anterior manubrium of sternum
Lateral mediastinal pleurae (left and right)
Inferior plane of sternal angle
Thymus
Left brachiocephalic vein
Right brachiocephalic vein
Superior vena cava (joining of the two brachiocephalic veins)
Azygous vein
Arch of azygous vein
Right phrenic nerve
Left phrenic nerve
Arch of aorta, branch into:
-brachiocephalic trunk
-left common carotid artery
-left subclavian artery
Ligamentum arteriosum
Left vagus nerve and left recurrent laryngeal nerve
Right vagus nerve
Right recurrent laryngeal nerve
Trachea
Tracheobronchial lymph nodes
Bifurcation of trachea
Right and left main bronchi
Tracheal rings
Carina
Posterior Mediastinum
Posterior wall of mediastinum
Boundaries of posterior mediastinum
Superior plane of sternal angle

Posterior bodies of vertebrae T5 to T12

Anterior pericardium
Lateral mediastinal pleurae (left and right)
Inferior diaphragm
Oblique pericardial sinus
Esophagus
Thoracic aorta
Esophageal plexus of nerves
Right vagus nerves
Left vagus nerves
Anterior vagal trunk
Posterior vagal trunk
Azygous system of veins
Azygous vein
Posterior intercostal veins
Hemiazygous vein
Accessory hemiazygous vein
Thoracic duct
Right posterior intercostal arteries
Intercostal nerve
Sympathetic trunk
Sympathetic ganglion for each thoracic segment
Rami communicans (white and gray)
Greater splanchnic nerve
Lesser splanchnic nerve
Least splanchnic nerve
Innermost intercostal muscle