Mse20029 - Differential 87

DATE 02/04/2014
DOC. MSE20029
REV.6.5.3
DIFF-87
AUTOMATIC PROGRAM FOR THE TEST OF

DIFFERENTIAL RELAYS ANSI-IEC 87
USER MANUAL
Doc. MSE20029
Rev. 6.5.3
REVISIONS
N.
PAG.
4.0.0 All
5.2.0 7, 36-37
SUMMARY
Page 2/101
VISA
DATE
30/03/2006 Issued revision 4.0.0
17/11/2008
Morandi
Added Save in TDMS men voice and the link Rossoni

with the same print report as TDMS
5.3.0 All
04/08/2009 Added description of latest addition to correct

problems in relay testing. Updated images.
Morandi
6.5.2 All
06/07/2013 Updated to 6.5.2
Lodi
6.5.3 14-15
2/4/2014
Lodi
Updated to 6.5.3: new relays in the Library.
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Rev. 6.5.3
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PREFACE ............................................................................................................................................................ 6
1 TEST OF THE POWER TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION ................................................... 7
1.1
Menu bar description ............................................................................................................................................... 7

1.1.1
Menu file ......................................................................................................................................................... 7
1.1.1.1
Open
.................................................................................................................................................... 7
1.1.1.2
Save Results
1.1.1.3
1.1.1.4
Save in TDMS
.................................................................................................................................... 8
Notes to the test........................................................................................................................................... 8
........................................................................................................................................ 8
1.1.1.5 Print results

......................................................................................................................................... 8
1.1.1.6 Exit .............................................................................................................................................................. 9
1.1.2
Menu options .................................................................................................................................................. 9
1.1.2.1
Header
................................................................................................................................................. 9
1.1.2.2 Preferences
.......................................................................................................................................... 9
1.1.3
System information ....................................................................................................................................... 11
1.1.4
Languages ..................................................................................................................................................... 12
1.1.5
Type of protection ......................................................................................................................................... 12
1.1.6
Differential Library ....................................................................................................................................... 14
1.1.7
Other icons .................................................................................................................................................... 15
1.2
Program Description .............................................................................................................................................. 18
1.3
The SYSTEM tab.................................................................................................................................................... 19

1.3.1
The Transformer selection tab ...................................................................................................................... 19
1.3.1.1 Transformer connection ............................................................................................................................ 19
1.3.1.2 The Transformer tap ................................................................................................................................. 22
1.3.1.3 The nominal values ................................................................................................................................... 23
The ........................................................................................................................................................................ 23
1.3.2
Relay characteristic tab ................................................................................................................................. 23
1.3.2.1 Nominal characteristic .............................................................................................................................. 24
1.3.2.2 Transformation method ............................................................................................................................. 30
1.3.2.3 The Monitored Contact ............................................................................................................................. 31
1.3.2.4 The I Bias formula .................................................................................................................................... 31
1.4
The Test Selection tab............................................................................................................................................. 33

1.4.1
Click and test ................................................................................................................................................ 33
1.4.2
Verify curve .................................................................................................................................................. 34
1.4.3
Harmonic Restraint ....................................................................................................................................... 35
1.4.4
Tripping time test .......................................................................................................................................... 36
1.4.5
Stability test .................................................................................................................................................. 38
1.5
The TEST tab .......................................................................................................................................................... 40

1.5.1
Fault type and side ........................................................................................................................................ 40
1.5.2
IR [pu] and Id [pu] ........................................................................................................................................ 41
1.5.3
Timer and input contacts ............................................................................................................................... 42
1.6
The RESULT tab ................................................................................................................................................... 44
1.7
Actions ..................................................................................................................................................................... 45
1.7.1
Change colors ............................................................................................................................................... 45
1.7.2
Perform table functions ................................................................................................................................. 45
2 POWER GENERATOR DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION .............................................................................. 47
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3 AUTOMATIC TEST OF THE LINE DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION............................................................. 48

3.1 The line differential relay: principle of operation .................................................................................................... 48
3.2 The line differential relay: how to test it ................................................................................................................... 49
3.3 The line differential relay: line setting parameters .................................................................................................. 50
3.3.1 Alpha plane characteristic; one protection test .................................................................................................... 50
3.3.1.1 Line parameters............................................................................................................................................. 50
3.3.1.2 Relay characteristic ....................................................................................................................................... 52
3.3.1.3 Test selection ................................................................................................................................................ 55
3.3.2 Alpha plane characteristic; two protections test................................................................................................... 57
3.3.2.1 Line parameters............................................................................................................................................. 57
3.3.2.3 Test selection ................................................................................................................................................ 60
3.3.3 IR versus Id characteristic, one protection test .................................................................................................... 64
3.3.3.1 Line parameters............................................................................................................................................. 64
3.3.3.3 Test selection ................................................................................................................................................ 66
3.3.4 IR versus Id characteristic, two protections test ................................................................................................... 68
3.3.4.1 Line parameters............................................................................................................................................. 68
3.3.4.3 Test selection ................................................................................................................................................ 69
4 PRINT RESULTS ........................................................................................................................................... 71
5 IMPORT RESULTS TO EXCEL ..................................................................................................................... 73
APPENDIX 1: POWER TRANSFORMERS CONNECTIONS .......................................................................... 75
A1.1 Power transformer: connection YY0 ..................................................................................................................... 75
A1.2 Power transformer: connection YY6...................................................................................................................... 75
A1.3 Power transformer: connection Y 1 ..................................................................................................................... 76
A1.4 Power transformer: connection Y 11 ................................................................................................................... 76
A1.5 Power transformer: connection Y 7 ...................................................................................................................... 77
A1.6 Power transformer: connection Y 5 ...................................................................................................................... 77
A1.7 Power transformer: connection Y 1..................................................................................................................... 78
A1.8 Power transformer: connection Y 11................................................................................................................... 78
A1.9 Power transformer: connection Y 7..................................................................................................................... 79
A1.10 Power transformer: connection Y 5................................................................................................................... 79
A1.11 Power transformer: connection 0 ................................................................................................................... 80
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A1.15 Power transformer: connection 10 ................................................................................................................. 82
APPENDIX 2: IEC61850-8 ................................................................................................................................ 83
A2.1 Relay connection ...................................................................................................................................................... 83
A2.2 File Menu .................................................................................................................................................................. 84
A2.3 Main Area ................................................................................................................................................................. 85
A2.3.1 Exploring Goose ............................................................................................................................................... 85
A2.3.2 Filters ................................................................................................................................................................ 87
A2.3.3 Virtual Contacts ................................................................................................................................................ 88
A2.3.4 Substation files (SCD) ...................................................................................................................................... 90
A2.3.5 Virtual contact test example .............................................................................................................................. 91
A2.3.6 Publishing Gooses ............................................................................................................................................. 92
APPENDIX 3: IEC61850-9 ................................................................................................................................ 98
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Preface
The program DIFF-87 has been designed as an interactive test software for all ISA Automatic test
sets, to test Differential relays coping with the standard ANSI-IEC 87.
Theoretically, from the beginning the user is driven throughout all steps in simple way, so that he has
the feeling that everything is under control.
It is like playing with a fully manual test equipment with very powerful tools. The following are the
features available in the program:
Capability to load/save the results created as a Microsoft Access file (*MDB;*.87);
Manual and automatic test of any type of differential relays;
Capability to load a result and repeat all the tests included.
With the revision 6.5.2, and with DRTS XX test sets, the following features are available.
Preliminary selection of the type of differential relay: Transformer, Generator, Line
differential.
Possibility to synchronize two devices in line differential tests with the internal IRIG-B or
GPS synchronization.
Possibility to perform tests using the IEC61850-8 communication messages.
Possibility to perform tests using the IEC61850-9 protocol.
Handling of the TRANSCOPE option.
The program starts going to TDMS and selecting the type of differential relay to be tested.
This manual deals with the test of: transformer differential relays (two and three windings), generator
differential relay, and automatic test of line differential relays. The manual for the manual test of the
line differential relay is in another document, named MSE20081.
We discuss first the test of transformer differential relays; the test of the other two types is described
taking reference to the first one.
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1 Test of the power transformer differential protection

Once the transformer test has been selected, the following window is displayed.
On the top, there are two bars: the menu bar and the toolbar.
1.1
Menu bar description

1.1.1 Menu file
1.1.1.1 Open
This menu item allows loading a result file that contains all the tests performed and the relative relay
settings (graphics included). Results are stored into a database file (Microsoft Access file).
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1.1.1.2 Save Results

This menu item allows saving a result file containing all the tests performed and the relative relay
settings. The standard dialog window appears, to allow the user select the name of the file to be saved.
1.1.1.3 Save in TDMS
This menu item allows exporting the result file into the database of TDMS program. When you click
this selection, a window with the network topology defined inside TDMS will appear. Prior to saving,
in the TDMS database you must have created this relay. This window allows you to select the relay in
the database, and to assign a name to the result file. By pressing the Cancel button, the result will
not be saved.
1.1.1.4 Notes to the test
By selecting this menu, it is possible to add comments regarding the tests performed. These notes will
be included in the results file, and can be printed.
1.1.1.5 Print results

This menu item is discussed in the relative chapter about printing.
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1.1.1.6 Exit
Closes the application.
1.1.2 Menu options
1.1.2.1 Header
By choosing this menu item, the user is asked to fill data that identifies the conditions of the test. They
will be printed on the results, allowing the traceability of the test performed. In detail, please insert the
Substation name (Plant name), the Line name (Feeder), data regarding the relay such as Relay
Manufacturer, Relay Model and Serial Number. Also fill the Operator and Instrument Serial
Number fields. The other fields are to be considered optional.
Click on Load logo to change the logo to be printed on the test report, or if the program is not able to
find the predefined logo. Reasons could be that the file no longer exists or the .INI file is corrupted.
1.1.2.2 Preferences
This menu item loads a window where the operator can specify general parameters that will influence
the way test are carried out or results are displayed
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The frame CT Ratio allows using appropriately a CT on the current outputs (specifically
designed for the options IN1-CDG and HPB400). It allows therefore selecting which is the
CT ratio, by selecting the primary side and secondary side currents. The selection is
performed by choosing the appropriate Primary/Secondary side values from the menu. The
last selection allows choosing on which current outputs the CT is connected. NOTE: once
input the ratio, the test set will generate the primary current, and the screen will display the
secondary current, which is the one actually applied to the relay. In addition, test results are
saved with secondary side data.
In some instances, you want to test a converter, such as a clamp, converting high current into
low current or high current into low voltage. The frame Measure Conversion constants
allows inputting the converter ratio; as a result, measurements displayed on the measuring
board are displayed as primary side values, instead of secondary side values.
The test set optionally has the capability of generating low-level voltages (called zero power
outputs), which are proportional to the current and to the voltage to be generated. The frame
Zero Power allows defining the parameters of these outputs; it is be enabled only if the
option is available, if the instrument is connected and if the round cable carrying these signals
is fit: this is because the test set detects the presence of the cable.
The programming of the output extends the test set current and voltage ranges: for instance,
you can program for the current a ratio of 100 A on the primary side. The important thing is
that, when you use the program, you can input the primary current and voltages, while the test
set generates the low voltages on the zero power outputs.
The frame Time delay allows the user to display trip times and delays in seconds or in
cycles. In the latter case, it must be indicated the reference frequency to be used for the cycle
calculation.
The frame Power Line Synchronization allows generating the current and voltage outputs in
phase with the mains. This can be very useful if you want to leave, for instance, voltage
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connections, and to generate currents in phase with them. The selection is not available on the
DRTSXX series.
The frame Output Colors is disabled on this page. The access to the color selection is
performed going to the graphic part of the winding, and right clicking on it: the following
window shows up.
Tested points 1, 2 and 3 refer to tests L1, L2 and L3. Left click on a color to access the color
selection.
The frame GPS & IRIG-B Injection delay allows delaying the signal generation, when the
test set is synchronized with the optional internal GPS or IRIG-B. The purpose of this delay
is to compensate a different time delay with respect to the other test set used for the test. The
selection is not used for the test of differential transformer protections.
The last two selections, Impedance and V Supply, refer to the DRTS 66 series. In these test
sets, when the test starts, the test set measures the burden impedance and computes the
corresponding supply voltage. If checked, you can input these parameters; however, take care
to verify that the current output is not distorted.
By pressing OK, the parameters are saved, while with Cancel any change is discarded.
1.1.3 System information
Its a panel showing information regarding the connected instrument, (RAM, Flash EPROM etc.).
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A picture of the connected instrument appears (in the example, DRTS.64), and the booster, if
connected. It also shows ISA contact details. The important information is the firmware revision
number, to be compared to the latest available in the WEB site: if the version is not the last one, please
upgrade it.
1.1.4 Languages
This menu gives the capability to change the language of the software without closing the program.
The active language will be saved by quitting the program.
1.1.5 Type of protection
It is possible to change the selection performed on TDMS; for the transformer protection, it is
possible to select the type of transformer.
2 winding transformer
The transformer has two windings: primary and secondary.
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The manual refers generally to this type of protection

3 winding transformer
The transformer has three windings: primary and two secondary.

A menu appears beside the connection menus to let the user choose the 3rd winding type, Y or
D.
Generator protection
For this kind of protection, setting parameters are very few.

Line differential protection
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A picture appears together with a description of warnings to consider when testing such a
protection. The description of this test is given in the manual named MSE20081.
1.1.6 Differential Library

This menu item opens the Differential Library. The Library is a list of special programs that ease the
configuration of the relays according to the diff-87 Automatic program parameters.
When pressing the Differential Library menu, the following window appears:
The window displays the list of the Special Differential Programs that are available; they are the
followings.
SIEMENS type 7UT512: differential 87T transformer protection, two windings.

AREVA MICOM P546: differential 87L line protection.
ABB RED670: differential 87L line protection.
ABB REG670: differential 87G generator protection.
ABB RET670: differential 87T 2 or 3 windings transformer protection.
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SCHWEITZER SEL 387: differential 87T 2 or 3 windings transformer protection.

ABB SPAD346: differential 87T 2 windings transformer protection.
To run a special program, select it and the press the button Open. The relative window will open and
allow the user to insert the parameters of the relay under test.
Purpose of the selection is to input the relay settings in the format foreseen by the particular relay, and
to transform these data into the settings requested by the Differential program. For example, when
selecting the Sel387.exe program, the following window opens.
The program shows the parameters, as they appear in the Sel387 User Manual, so the user can read the
settings from the relay, and insert them in this window. Once the data input is completed, press the
button: you come back to the test program, but all the relevant settings have been input;
so, do not modify the settings that you find in System: Transformer and Relay characteristic.
.
1.1.7 Other icons
The complete set of icons is the following one.
We have already explained the first six icons; let us study the other ones.
Connect
. Press this icon when the test set is ready for the connection to the PC: a
communication icon is displayed; then, the icon is shown as pressed. With this command, the
test set communicates to the test program its configuration in terms of available options. In
our instance, the test set is fully optional.
Digital input types
. Pressing this
icon, the following selection window is accessible.
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Digital inputs are divided into groups with the same common ground: for instance, two groups for the
DRTS X series, and six groups for the DRTS XX series. It is possible to apply different selection to
the groups, or the same selection to all inputs.
Selections are:
Contacts: pressing the down arrow, the following is displayed.
This window refers to DRTS XX; for other test sets, there are two groups of isolated contacts.
The other two selections, Threshold and Debounce, can be programmed with separate values
for each input group, or the same for all inputs (all contacts).
Threshold. There are three type of selections.
o Dry contact: there is no voltage on the contact, which is polarized by the test set;
o Voltages, from 5 V to 100 V. In this case, it is possible to select the threshold, i.e. the
voltage below which the input will be considered zero.
o Type of wetting voltage, DC or AC. With an AC voltage input, the accuracy of the
measurement decreases, because the program must ignore the zero crossings caused
by the AC voltage itself. To solve the problem, the program takes the value of the
debounce equal to 2 ms (see here after).
Debounce. This field allows to program the time duration of bounces, in s: any change
beyond this time is taken as an actual change of the input.
At the end of programming, press OK. These parameters will be applied to all tests: they
cannot be changed from a test to another one.
Apply VDC only

. Pressing this icon the test set generates the auxiliary DC voltage.
NOTE: with the DRTS XX series, it is possible to generate the DC voltage supply acting on
the local control: see the corresponding manual.
Generate pre-fault values

. Pressing this icon the test set generates all the pre-fault
values. NOTE: the program requests to press this icon before the first test execution.
Start
. Pressinng this
icon the test is started.
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Stop
. Pressinng this icon the test is stopped, and outputs return to the pre-fault values
(not to zero).
Reset
. Pressinng this icon the test is stopped, and outputs return to zero. NOTE: this
includes the auxiliary DC voltage supply. NOTE: with the DRTS XX series, it is possible to
avoid resetting the DC voltage supply, even when the reset icon is pressed: see the
corresponding manual.
IEC 61850-8
. This selection allows testing the GOOSE messages exchanged between the
relay and the system. For more details, please refer to the corresponding Appendix.
IEC61850-9
. This selection allows testing the relay without generating currents and
voltages, but sending instead digital data on the optical fibre link. For more details, please
refer to the corresponding Appendix.
TRANSCOPE
. This selection is available only with the DRTS66 series test sets, when
the option is available. As pressed, the TRANSCOPE program is opened, while THE
Overcurrent test program stays active. This allows monitoring and recording test currents
generated by the program, and the corresponding relay response.
For more details, please refer to the TRANSCOPE software manual.
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1.2 Program Description

Let us start now the study of how tests are performed.
As usual in ISA test programs, there are two sides, left and right, to control the test and to display
results in graphical format. In the left side, there are 4 tabs:
1. Test:
It is selected during the test;
2. System:
Allows inputting all transformer and relay settings;
3. Test selection:
Allow to choose the type of test to be performed;
4. Results:
At the end of the test, here you store all results.
The System tab is the one open at the beginning; it allows inputting the relay settings:
Transformer connection;
Nominal relay characteristic ;
Nominal parameters (Vnom, Fnom, etc).
Without these parameters, there is no way to perform the test!
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The SYSTEM tab

1.3.1 The Transformer selection tab
1.3.1.1 Transformer connection

The selection is performed in the following part of the window.
Before starting, we recall that the vector group of the transformer is defined as follows.
A
IA is the primary current phase 1

Ia is the secondary current phase 1
Ia
IA
30
I I
A
30
30
1
30
All differential transformer connections can be set according to:

The type of connection for windings 1 and 2 (primary and secondary);
The polarity (the red circle in the figure);
The sequence of phase connections.
Transformer connections for Windings 1 and 2 can be: Y, DAB or DAC. This selection, plus the
polarity, sets the transformer groups, as follows.
Yy 0, 2, 4, 8, 8, 10;
Dy 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11;
Yd 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11;
Dd 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10.
Connection DAB means:
positive terminal A connected to
negative terminal B
Connection DAC means:

positive terminal A connected to
negative terminal C
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Enter the connection Y, DAB, DAC in the Connection input field: left for the primary, right for the
secondary.
On both sides, you have the three choices, which are independent between them.
As you change the Connections, the corresponding vector group is displayed.
The selection of the polarity is performed left clicking on the dots by the side of the transformer
schematic. For instance, the following polarity selection corresponds to the vector group Yd7.
If you left click on the white spot to the right of the primary side winding, you change your selection
to Yd1.
You select the same vector group if you left click on the white spot to the right of the secondary side
winding.
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Last, the selection of phases is performed by left clicking on the letters telling the phase. For instance,
we have now the selection Yd1.
If the primary side phase sequence is not the right one, left click on A: the sequence is changed as
follows (BCA).
If you click again, you get the sequence CAB; pressing again, you come back to ABC. In a similar
way, you can change the phase sequence on the secondary side: abc, bca, cab.
The program will automatically check if the connection is correct (for instance, you cannot enter a
Yd2 connection).
Summarising, vector groups are selected as follows:
If the transformer has three windings, the corresponding selection window allows setting the type of
winding: Y or D.
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The reason of the reduced number of selections is that the second secondary is dedicated to serving
the substation itself; so, there is no need of phase rotation compensation.
1.3.1.2 The Transformer tap
The selection of the tap is performed in this part of the window.
The starting principle of the differential relay transformer is that the power on the primary side is
(almost) equal to the power on the secondary side; the difference being some percent. Assuming that,
during a fault, the voltage does not change very much, the power difference is a function of the current
difference. However, it is clear that the two currents, primary and secondary, as measured by the
relay, are not equal, because:
The power at both windings is the same; so, the current is inversely proportional to the
voltage;
The two CTs on the two sides do not have the same ratio.
In the differential relays, by TAP we mean a parameter, which accommodates for these differences.
There are two TAPs: one on the primary side, the other one on the secondary side. They are
calculated so that:
I primary(CT) * TAP primary = I secondary(CT) * TAP secondary,
Where by I primary (CT) we mean the primary current after the CT.
In our program, you can either input the two TAPs directly (typical for older relays), or the program
can calculate them.
In the first instance, check the two taps and input their values, after having checked
In the second instance, TAPs are computed according to the nominal power Pn, primary and
secondary voltages V1n and V2n, the CTRatio, the nominal CT secondary current In:
Pn
Pn
Tap1
Tap2
3 * V1 * CTR1 * I n
3 *V2 * CTR 2 * I n
These values are the p.u. nominal currents, at relay level after CTs. They are fundamental when
calculating the test currents to apply to the relay.
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Rev. 6.5.3
I1
I "1
Pn
3 * V1
I1
CTR1
Page 23/101
I2
I "2
Pn
3 *V2
I2
CTR 2
As these parameters are input, the corresponding computed TAPs are displayed.
Note:
In some relays, such as SEL-387, the transformer TAPs take into account the connection style of the
relay. If the relay is Y-connected, the formula is the one above. If it is-connected, the TAPs will be
the above, multiplied by 3 . Therefore, for a correct calculation of the taps, the program provides the
box
. By selecting it, the calculated tap is also multiplied accordingly.
1.3.1.3 The nominal values
Vnom [V]: This is the nominal PT secondary voltage. It is important in case the relay has a
voltage restraint characteristic, and it might be interesting to see how the characteristic
changes as a function of the nominal voltage.
Fn [Hz]:
The nominal frequency.
Imax [A]:
The maximum current, not to be exceeded during the test.
Max Err %: If the current error is more than specified, the test result is fail; else, it is pass.
Test @ 2x 45A With DRTS.6 or DRTS 66, if the test is performed with two currents, it is
possible to put in parallel the currents I1-I2-I3 and I4-I5-I6, so that the maximum test current
is increased.
Vdc [V]:
With the auxiliary DC voltage output it is possible to energize the relay.
Ramp Vdc: The relay DC supply voltage is filtered by a capacitor. If the step application of
the voltage produces an overload on the Vdc generator, it is possible to ramp it.
1.3.2 The Relay characteristic tab

When selecting this tab, the following window becomes accessible.
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In this window it is possible to define the characteristic of the relay we will test.
1.3.2.1 Nominal characteristic
There are many types of relay characteristics. To ease the test, the following icons allow an easy input
of the settings of a given characteristic.
Six choices are available; of these, the first one allows drawing any characteristic, with a point-bypoint approach.
Point-by-point.
After this selection, you access the following table.
To the right, the window displays the characteristic diagram, which matches the selections of the
table.
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5
4
3
1
The characteristic curve can be defined by entering the coordinates of each point, one by one, in the
setting table. The operation is the following.
o You can modify any value by entering it;
o You can Delete a point by selecting it, and then pressing the relative button.
o You can Add a point by pressing the relative button. The point is added after the
programmed ones: if you want to insert a point, clear all points after the desired one.
o For each point you enter the coordinates IR and the Slope (in percent): they define a
line passing through IR with a specific Slope. Id is computed as a consequence of the
other two parameters; the cell background is gray. By definition, Slope = 0 is an
horizontal line, while Slope = 999 is a vertical line.
o You can Clear all points, and start from scratch.
o The Redraw button is not necessary: the diagram is refreshed as soon as you modify a
parameter.
Let us consider the example in the figure, in order to understand how to edit a characteristic.
Point n. 1
Point n. 2
Point n. 3
The characteristic always starts from IR1=0, so that you cannot edit IR1 for this
point.
Id can be any value providing it is positive here Id1 = 0.3.
Slope1 = 0: horizontal line.
The first is a horizontal line that goes from IR1 = 0, with a slope of 0, to IR2.
Id2 cannot be edited, as it is function of IR2 and of the slope; it is:
Slope1
Id 2 Id 1
* ( IR2 IR1 ) 0.3
100
Then the characteristic will continue with a Slope2 = 25%
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The second line goes from IR2 up to IR3 = 2,5

Id3 cannot be edited, as it is function of IR3: it is:
Slope2
Id 3 Id 2
* ( IR3 IR2 ) 0.675
100
Then the characteristic will continue with a Slope = 200%
And so on for all points. Just remember that: NP = NL + 1; where:

NP is number of points;
NL is the number of lines.
Other selections.
After the point-by-point definition, there are 5 types of macros, corresponding to 5 different
types of characteristic. Click on the relative icon to display a frame where you can enter the
setting values:
Bias restraint characteristic: the most common characteristic, for static relays.
Two bias restraint characteristic: the most common, for new digital relays.
Two bias with knee point: not very common, but to be taken into account.
Duobias characteristic: specific curve for VA-Teck Duobias Relay.
GET60 Universal relay: specific curve for GE T60 relays.

Bias Restraint Characteristic
The user must define the differential current pick-up and the slope.
Input parameters are:
PkUp:
it is the differential pick-up current
SL1%:
Slope of the restraint differential current
OS:
Offset at origin: the slope is a straight line, starting from the IR offset; this is
normally zero, but for some Alstom relay is a positive or negative value (see the drawing).
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Id
IR
OS
Max IR: Maximum Restraint current.

Max Id:
Maximum allowed Differential current (or unrestrained current).
Enable Max Id for: enables the maximum differential current for the specified phases.
Two Bias Restraint Characteristic
PkUp:
It is the differential pick-up current.
SL1%:
Slope of the 1st current differential restraint.
SL2%:
Slope of the 2nd current differential restraint.
Base point: Starting point of the 2nd current restraint characteristic.
OS:
Offset at origin: the slope is a straight line starting from the offset; this is normally
zero, but for some Alstom relay is a positive or negative value
Max Id:
NOTE: there are two more definitions for the second slope starting point; they are:
The intersection of the second slope with the axis IR, whose value is IR1;
The intersection of the second slope with the axis Id, whose value is Id2.
Id
OS
IR1
Id2
Base point
IR
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So, if you know the value of IR1 or of Id2, you have to compute the corresponding value of IB
before proceeding. The computation formulas are the following ones.
Given:
OS = Offset; pu;
S1 = first slope, in percent;
S2 = second slope, in percent;
IR1, in pu,
Id2, in pu,
It is possible to compute the corresponding IB, as follows:
If you want, you can also compute IR1 and Id2 from IB:
(
Two Bias Restraint Characteristic with a Knee Point

PkUp:
it is the differential pick-up current.
SL1%:
SL2%:
Base point: Starting point of the 2nd current restraint characteristic.
OS:
Offset at origin: the slope is a straight line starting from the offset; this is normally
zero, but for some Alstom relay is a positive or negative value.
Max IR: Maximum Restraint current
Max Id:
Maximum allowed Differential current (or unrestrained current)
DuoBias Characteristic
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PkUp:
Differential pick-up current.
SL1%:
B:
Base point of the 2nd current restraint characteristic.
OS:
Offset at origin: the slope is a straight line starting from the offset; it is normally
zero.
Max IR: Maximum Restraint current
Max Id:
Maximum allowed Differential current (or unrestrained current)
The curve above point B follows this formula:
Trip if :
I diff
1 2
X K2
2
Where :
( I 1 I 2)
I Bias
2
K 2 B 2 2M 2 B 2
X
B Bias slope limit

M Bias slope
GE T60 Universal relay

PkUp:
It is the differential pick-up current.
SL1%:
SL2%:
Break1:
End point of the 1st current restraint characteristic.
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Break2:
Starting point of the 2nd current restraint characteristic
OS:
Offset at origin: the slope is a straight line starting from the offset; it is normally
zero.
Max Id:
For all types of curve, the following selection serves to choose the transformation method and the I
bias formula.
We have not yet considered the fact that the primary and secondary currents are phase shifted
according to the transformer power group. Now we have to consider it, because the differential relay
operates correctly only if the two currents are in phase.
The conventional electromechanical or static electronic devices of the differential protection were
electromechanical devices, which compensated the vector shift, with appropriate connection of the
current transformer secondary coils.
The principle is that the Y connected current transformers on the delta side of the transformer do not
shift the currents flowing out of the transformer. Instead, the delta connected current transformers on
the Y side of the transformer cause a phase shift. Additionally, the delta connection of the current
transformers eliminates the zero sequence current component flowing on the grounded Y side of the
transformer. As on the delta side no zero sequence current can be detected, this compensation is
unavoidable for the correct operation of the differential protection.
If a phase-to-ground fault occurs at the Y side of the transformer, then a zero sequence current flows
on the grounded Y side, but, on the delta side, no out-flowing zero sequence current can be detected.
Without the elimination of the zero sequence current component, the differential protection generates
a trip command in case of an external ground fault. However, if the connection group of the current
transformers on the Y side is delta, then no zero sequence current flows out of the group. So the
problem of zero sequence current elimination, in case of external ground fault, is solved.
1.3.2.2 Transformation method
The numerical differential protection devices (e.g. ABB RET or PROTECTA DTD) apply a numerical
matrix transformation for modeling the delta connection of the current transformers. In the practice, it
means cyclical subtraction of the phase currents. We define these type of relays as performing
Transformation Method .
The numerical protective differential algorithms offer also the possibility to eliminate the zero
sequence current from the Y side of the transformer. In this transformation, the Y side is the reference
side, which means that the reference currents are the real currents flowing in the phase coils.
Consequently, the currents flowing out on the delta side must be transformed to real coil currents.
We define these type of relays as performing Transformation Method Y.
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It is therefore important to select the appropriate method, depending on the algorithms performed by
the relay under test. The box Transformation Method
has two options: Y and . Select the one applicable. With the Y type, a further selection is available.
The information can be found in the Relay User manual.

1.3.2.3 The Monitored Contact
A differential relay normally operates with three differential elements, corresponding to phases A,B,C.
This means that, for each type of fault, three elements are stimulated and contribute to define the trip
of the relay. On a variety of relays, it is also possible to monitor separately the differential elements,
and therefore have 4 trip commands: one for each individual differential element, and one that
represents the OR function of the three individual commands.
Normally the trip command 1+2+3 (general trip, OR of the individual commands) is the one
monitored, but if the user connects an individual trip output of the relay to the instrument trip contact,
it is possible to verify its characteristic and not the general tripping characteristic by selecting the
monitored element from the menu.
1.3.2.4 The I Bias formula
We define IR as the Restraint current, and it is normally computed as the average between currents I1
and I2, where:
I1: transformer primary side pu current;
I2: transformer secondary side pu current.
Depending on the relay manufacturer, the Restraint current is calculated as:

I R I1 I 2 : this formula is used by Siemens relays
IR
I1 I 2
2
: this is the standard formula.
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IR
Rev. 6.5.3
I1 I 2
: this is used by some of GE relays for three windings transformer.

3
I R I1 I 2 : this is used on Ret316 relays.
Some more formulas are available.
The differential current is always defined as: I d I1 I 2
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1.4 The Test Selection tab

These are the possible selections.
1.4.1 Click and test

This means that you can select a test point by clicking on the graph with the mouse.
Press OK to confirm the selection;

Select a test point on the graph and left click with the mouse;
Test currents are injected immediately after clicking.
3: Select the test point

and click
1: Select the fault type
2: Select the maximum

time Tmax
Internal fault:
If you click here only Id
will be generated
Note
Stability test:
If you click here only IR will
be generated
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The results will be displayed in different colors (according to Color Setups) depending whether the
relay tripped or not within the selected maximum time.
1.4.2 Verify curve
The nominal differential current Id is verified as function of IR.
The test is performed from IRstart to Irstop. The number of points is defined by Step. The nominal
Id value is automatically calculated as
Id = f ( IR )
To help you see where the test points will fall over the curve, the relative points are displayed.
By pressing OK, the test points are added to the test table, and displayed on the diagram. For instance,
with the above settings, the diagram would look like the following one.
Press the Start button to initiate the test.

A binary search method is applied in order to find the Id threshold.
The measured Id value is placed into the column ID of the test table.
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The trip time is measured and placed in the T (s) column.

The Error is calculated in % of ID nom and placed into Err% column.
Pass / Fail indication is then written into the relative column.
The Monitored Contact allows to decide which differential element is being monitored and
connected to the trip contact of the instrument. It can be any individual differential element trip
command of the relay or the general trip command (OR of the individual elements).
For instance, with the above settings, the test result could be the following one.
1.4.3 Harmonic Restraint
The differential transformer relay is restrained from tripping if the harmonic content of the currents
exceeds the programmed limits. This function serves to ignora the huge transient differential current
which is generated when the transformer is powered on, and which is caused by the magnetization
currents.
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The programming window allows you to program the harmonic you want to restrain, and the
corresponding threshold.
Enable the harmonic to be restrained;
Enter the harmonic restraint value in %;
Press OK to write the relative lines into the test table.
The output waveform is made of the fundamental plus the harmonic to be tested. At each injection the
amount of the distortion is modified; the search ends when the criteria described here below is met.
If we indicate:
If :
the RMS value of the fundamental at 50 or 60 Hz;
Ih:
the RMS value of the harmonic;
h:
harmonic order, we have:
IRMS: the total RMS value of the injected current is I RMS I h2 I 2f
H%: the harmonic percentage distortion is H %
Ih
I I 2f
2
h
*100
The search method is the following one.

1. Set IR =0 and calculate the relative Id current;
2. Set Id output = 2 * Id (to be sure the relay will trip) at nominal frequency;
3. Calculate the output current I1, I2, and I3;
4. Set If as the maximum between I1, I2, and I3;
5. Inject If: the relay should trip, otherwise the current is increased until the relay trips;
6. Set the harmonic % value to be added to the nominal frequency;
H% * I f
7. Calculate the rms value of the harmonic component I h
;
1002 H %2
8. Calculate the total RMS value as defined above, I RMS I h2 I 2f ;
9. Update the waveform according to this formula:
10. i (t ) 2 * ( I f * sin(2 * * f ) I h * sin(2 * * f * h))
well we actually use the harmonic module to calculate everything
Should the relay trip, the harmonic % is not sufficient to lock the operation: H% is
increased and the test start from point #6 again;
Shouldnt the relay trip, the harmonic % is sufficient to lock the operation: H% is
decreased and the test start from point #6 again.
11. Interactions continue until the harmonic % threshold is found with the desired accuracy.
1.4.4 Tripping time test
This allows measuring the tripping time for different values of Id, and to verify that they do not
change with ID (this is the nominal behaviour). The value of IR is computed accordingly. The
programming window is the following one.
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In this test, the diagram has coordinates time versus Id, instead of the usual Id versus IR. For instance,
with the above programming values, the following is the corresponding t Id diagram.
With the same settings, if you press OK, the following is the tests table.
Pressing Start, the following is a possible test result.
Note that if you select the standard representation on the Id versus IR diagram you get this result.
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You may appreciate that the trip delay is not visible here.
1.4.5 Stability test
This test allows verifying that the relay is stable in case of a through fault. In this event, both the
transformer and the relay are interested by a high through current, theoretically without producing
differential current. However, due to the CT errors, the transformer taps, and many other reasons, the
relay may sense some differential current. Nevertheless, the relay should remain stable and block any
possible trip.
To perform such test it is enough performing a shot test at Idiff = 0. However, a specific test has been
defined in order to make it clear from the result handling point of view.
The Monitored Contact allows to decide which differential element is being monitored and
connected to the trip contact of the instrument. It can be any individual differential element trip
command of the relay or the general trip command (OR of the individual elements).
For instance, with the above settings, the diagram would be the following one.
You may note that all tests do not have any Id component. The following is the corresponding test
result.
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The nominal trip delay is the timeout: the relay should not trip. On the diagram, this is shown with
black dots.
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1.5 The TEST tab

After having programmed all tests, the TEST window is the following one.
1.5.1 Fault type and side
The fault type selection (single phase, phase to phase, three-phase) depends on the type of instrument
and the transformer connection. Look at this table for reference.
Nr of currents
available in the test
instrument
3
3
3
3
6
Transformer
connection
Type of fault selectable
On which winding
YY
YD
DY
DD
YY-YD-DY-DD
L1 or L2 or L3
Not possible
Not possible
Not possible
L1 or L2 or L3
L12 or L23 or L31
L123
Winding 1
Winding 1 and / or Winding 2
If the test equipment only has three output currents, the relay must be tested phase by phase. In this
case, only 2 out of 3 currents are used. So that:
For a YY connection, we perform a single phase test on Winding 1;
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For other types of connection or type of faults, a six currents instrument must be used;
The only exception is the single-phase test of an YD transformer on the Y side, because actually
three currents are used. However, it would be necessary to perform connections as follows.
Fault L1: I1, I2 and I3 are to be connected to IA, Ia, Ic;
Fault L2: I1, I2 and I3 are to be connected to IB, Ia, Ib;
Fault L3: I1, I2 and I3 are to be connected to IC, Ib, Ic.
Whatever the selected test type (see the Test Selection tab chapter), before starting any test we get the
following dialog windows, describing how to connect the test equipment to the relay under test:
For 3-phase equipment:
UTB UTS
DRTS DRTS-3
ART-3
For 6-phase equipment:

DRTS + AMI-3 or AMIV-3
DRTS-3 + AMI-33 or AMIV-33
DRTS-6
DRTS 64, 66
The 1st dialog shows how to connect an instrument with only 3 output currents.
The red dot represents the positive terminal of the generator, either 1 or 2;
The brown dot represents the neutral IN of the generator: the two points are joined together.
The 2nd dialog shows how to connect a 3-phase instrument and booster (6 output currents).
BOOSTER on Winding 1:
o The red dot represents the positive terminal of the generators 1, 2 and 3;
o The brown dot represents the neutral IN.
DRTS on Winding 2:
o The red dot represents the positive terminal of the generators 1, 2 and 3;
o The brown dot represents the neutral IN.
The 3rd dialog shows how to connect a 6-phase instrument.
The red dot represents the positive terminal of the generators 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6
The brown dot represents the neutral IN: the two points are joined together.
1.5.2 IR [pu] and Id [pu]
These two fields just copy the mouse position in the graph. The restraint current IR (X axis) and the
differential current Id (Y axis) can be edited and then added to the test list to be injected. We give this
option in order to set specific test points: they cannot be reached with the mouse.
The values of IR and Id define the values of the currents to be injected, according to the following
information:
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Transformer connection;
Transformer taps;
Fault type;
Fault side.
Currents to be injected in the various outputs, both amplitude and argument, are displayed as vectors
and are shown in the following table.
1.5.3 Timer and input contacts
In this frame youll define:

The input contact to be used: C1 to C8 (DRTS X) or C1 to C12 (DRTS XX);
The status: normally open or closed (NO or NC);
The digital input type: dry or wet. The contacts group change with the different type of test
sets: two groups with DRTS X series; six groups, with DRTS XX series.
The prefault time T pre: it can be used to insert a time delay between one test and the other, and
therefore to slow down the pace of testing.
The maximum injection time T max this must be greater than the nominal tripping time of
the relay (for instance, twice, with a minimum of 0.5 s).
By clicking on the square box in the centre, it is possible to define the hardware status of the
contacts. This section applies to DRTS ,DRTS3, DRTS6, DRTS 66 and ART100. The following
window appears:
Debounce.
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The debounce is the time during which the instrument waits for the input to become stable: this
serves to avoid stopping the test because of noise, and also to ignore contact bounces. When a
transition is sensed the debounce counter starts: any opposite transition before the debounce expires
resets the counter. Only if the input does not change for the programmed duration the input is
accepted, and the timer stopped. Default value: 500 us. With electronic inputs the value can be
programmed to 0; with heavy contacts the debounce is better programmed to 2000 us (maximum).
The time measurement is not affected by this selection.
Type
There are three selections about the type of contact: Dry; Polarized by a d.c. voltage; Polarized by an
a.c. voltage. With selection dry, next selection is not applicable. With selection a.c. voltage, the
debounce is forced to 2000 us to overcome the zero crossings of the input.
Threshold
When the contact is selected Polarized, it is also possible to select the threshold voltage: all inputs
less than 80% of the selected value are made equal to zero. This serves to avoid noise on the line, or
in case there is a protective resistor in parallel to the contact driving the coil, so that the Open contact
does not correspond to zero volts. Available thresholds: 5 V (logic input); 24 V; 48 V; 100 V. This
selection should match the wetting voltage.
If dry input is selected and a voltage is applied the instrument does not suffer, provided that the input
is no more than 220 V. If a voltage is selected and the input is not polarized, the trip is not sensed.
If a wrong voltage threshold is selected:
. Threshold higher than the voltage: the trip is not sensed;
. Threshold lower than the voltage: the contact could be found closed when it is open.
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The RESULT tab
Select here the

fault type to show
Select here the

fault side to show
Select the monitored

contact to show
Representation IRIdiff or
Idiff-Time
Here, are usual, you can open previous results, save, print and delete all results.
By clicking on the result table it is also possible to select multiple rows and delete them by choosing
the menu item that appears after the click.
It is also possible to select the columns to be displayed in the results grid.
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1.7 Actions
Different actions are possible when you test a relay.
For instance you may change the colors of the graph: background, nominal characteristic, tested and
not tested points.
You can repeat a test that you feel wasnt performed correctly because the relay wasnt energized. So
you can:
1.7.1 Change colors
Just right click on the graph to get the setup colors windows here displayed. Press the button where
you want to change color and get into the other window:
1.7.2 Perform table functions
By left clicking on the Test Table, a popup menu appears. The enabled items depend on the status of
the test table:
If the table is empty, by clicking on the header of the table, the only available item is Select
columns to show
If more than one row is selected, the items Comment to the test, Load fault values with
line values and Load line values with Fault values are not enabled, otherwise all item are
enabled.
The tasks to be performed to the test table are:
delete selected tests: deletes the selected rows from the test table regardless if they have
already been executed or still to be tested
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Mark as executed: this function puts a mark * beside the test number of the selected rows. In
this way it is possible to treat a not executed test as it has been executed and therefore save it
into a database.
Repeat selected tests: repeats the tests corresponding to the selected rows
Comment to the test: The following window appears:
In the Message box, it is possible to define a comment to the test that must be displayed
prior to the test execution. The Show this message Checkbox allows the user to decide
whether to display the message when this test is executed. There is also a Notes box, where
other notes can be inserted. Message and Notes are stored together with the test data and
can contain also pictures.
By pressing the OK button, if the Show this message checkbox is set, an icon will appear
on the first column of the test table beside the test number. This means the comment is active,
and it will be shown when the test is executed.
Store all tests: transfers all the test that have been executed (with the mark *) from the test
table to the result table
Delete all tests: deletes all the rows in the test table
Set columns to show: opens up a window, showing the columns available in the test table and
allowing the user to select which columns should be displayed.
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2 Power generator differential protection

This protection is a subset of the transformer different ial protection. After opening
TDMS, select Differential 87 and then Differential 87G.
The window is the following one.
The difference with respect to the transformer differential protection is visible in the
connection schematic, and in the associa ted settings. The generator has three
windings, which, on one side, are connected together; the output is a delta
configuration. As a consequence, settings are reduced to the secondary side
characteristics; if the tap is defined, it is all you need to proc eed with the test.
All other characteristics: nominal values, characteristic curve, are the same as those
seen for the differential transformer protection. Also the available tests are the
same.
The other difference is found in the Test page, which is th e following one.
In the Fault t ype and side selection, the onl y selection is on the secondary side.
The rest of testing, results, printing is the same as with the differential transformer
protection: please, refer to the former chapters.
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3 Automatic test of the line differential protection

This protection is a subset of the transformer differential protection. After opening
TDMS, select Differential 87 and then Differential 87 L (Automatic) .
Before studying it and the meaning of the parameters, let us study the line
differential relay, and how it can be tested.
3.1 The line differential relay: principle of operation
Line Differential Relays are used to protect HV lines (typically, HV cables) as well as the most
common Distance Relays. But they work in a different way:
Distance relays measure voltages and currents in order to calculate the ratio Z=V/I: when this
ratio is within a value that corresponds to certain protected zone, the relay operates the circuit
breaker and open the line on its proper side. The other side of the line is opened by another
distance relay. The two relays normally exchange some information (direction of the fault, for
instance) but usually they work standing alone.
A line differential relay is made of two different relays installed at both ends of the line. They
have to exchange information regarding the point-by-point measurement of the two currents.
The difference is computed by both relays, on a continuous analogue signal (older models), or on a
digitally sampled signal (recent models), where the link is performed by optical fibres rather than
copper wires.
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During the normal operation, currents I1 and I2 have (nearly) the same value. The little difference is
due to the capacitance to earth and between conductors. So the difference
I1 I2 0
During a fault, currents I1 and I2 have different values. The result is a high differential current:
ID = I1 I2
We underline the difference between distance relays and line differential relays. Distance relays
measure currents and voltages, and then they compute the fault impedance. In this process, the
information related to the angles at the two ends is lost. For line differential relays, the difference is
point-by-point: two currents having the same amplitude but different phases can cause the relay
intervention.
3.2 The line differential relay: how to test it
Since the two relays are installed at the two ends of the line, the test must be performed with two test
sets, by two operators. Beside this, since the two relays sense the fault exactly at the same time, also
the two equipment must inject the fault exactly at the same time... and with a zero phase angle
difference. In order to do this, it is necessary:
1. A very high accuracy synchronization device. This could be a GPS or an IRIG-B signal,
providing a time tag with an accuracy down to 20 s.
2. The reaction time of the instrument at the two ends must be the same.
3. The test equipment must be able to control the phase angle at the injection. We call this the
Absolute Angle control.
For the first point, the solution changes as a function of the test set.
With all test sets unless the DRTS XX series, the device to be used is the external GPS
option;
With the DRTS XX series there are two options: internal GPS or internal IRIG-B
synchronization.
For the second point, there is the possibility that the two equipment are of different model, different
synchronization mean, or even different make. This may lead to a difference in the reaction time of
the equipment with respect to the synchronism. However, the software is able to compensate small
differences, providing that:
The reaction time difference is less than 15 ms;
The reaction time of each single equipment does not vary more than 300 s.
This last point is very important. Consider that every 55 s correspond to the error of 1; 300 s
correspond to 6, and to an amplitude error of 0.5%. The error follows the cosine; so:
An error of 500 s implies a percentage error of 1.3 %;
An error of 750 s implies a percentage error of 2.8 %;
An error of 1000 s implies a percentage error of 5 %.
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The automated test of the differential relay is performed by the test program, which, once the type
of test is selected, generates a series of synchronized tests. At the end of the test, it is possible to
examine the relay characteristic, as already performed with power transformer differential relay
testing.
3.3 The line differential relay: line setting parameters
Let us come back now to the study of the setting parameters.
Parameters change as a function of the first selections available, that are:

Normal (Id versus IR) characteristic, or Alpha plane characteristic,
Test one protection or test two protections.
In all, four combinations.
3.3.1 Alpha plane characteristic; one protection test
This combination is selected as follows.
3.3.1.1 Line parameters

The One protection test selection allows performing the test of the relays installed at two different
sites, with two test sets and two operators. Each test set uses three currents in all, so it may be of
any type. Three currents are injected at the meantime at both ends of the line. The connection
schematic is the following one.
RELAY A
CURRENTS
GPS
IRIG-B
TX
RX
RX
TX
TRIP
TRIP
TEST
SET A
PC A
C5
RELAY B
EXT
GPS
EXT
GPS
CURRENTS
C5
TEST
SET B
PC B
GPS
IRIG-B
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If the synchronization is performed using the external GPS, then its output is connected to the C5
test set input. For DRTS XX test sets, you may have the external GPS; otherwise, you may have the
GPS or IRIG-B which are inside the test set.
Relays communicate via the TX, RX optical fibre links.
The Line selection parameters are the following ones.
The two currents on the two sides should be reversed by 180. The selection + 180
,
available at both ends, is there in order to reverse the currents: just check
on one side
only.
Selections
and
are fundamental for the correct test execution. Before starting the
test, operators must agree: one has to select the side A (the program assigns to it the local
current), pressing it; the other one must select the side B
, (the program assigns to it the
remote current); else the test would be completely wrong.
The EXTERNAL GPS or SYNCH synchronization can be: external GPS, or internal
(DRTS XX series). The selection is performed here.
You can select GPS external. The selection SYNCH stays for internal GPS or IRIG-B
(DRTS XX series). After selected SYNCH, the corresponding icon
Press it: the following window opens.
becomes accessible.
Doc. MSE20029
Rev. 6.5.3
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As you open it, the synchronization is not enabled. Select what you have in your test set, IRIG-B
or GPS (internal): the window is the same for the two options. For the IRIG-B synchronization
you will connect the test set to the plant using the optical fibre provided; for the GPS
synchronization, you have to connect the antenna to the rear of the test set, and then to locate it
so that the sky is visible at least for two thirds; else, the synchronization could be impossible.
Once the synchronization is achieved, the message
disappears, and the
timer will display the absolute (Greenwich) time. Now, both operator can agree for the first test
to be started at a given time, and input it. Allow for at least two minutes after the current time!
The
those living after the day change line. The

can be 30 s or 60 s: this sets the pace at which tests will
be performed, one after the other, at both ends, until all tests are over.
Add
one
day
is
for
CT Ratio
. These are the primary currents respectively at sites A
and B; the secondary side current is the same for both sites, and it is programmed here,
with the other nominal parameters. The selection is provided for the case that
primary currents are not the same.
3.3.1.2 Relay characteristic

The Alpha plane selection refers to a recent line of differential relays (for instance, SEL 311L),
where the relay characteristic, instead of being represented in the usual IR Id plane, is displayed
with the coordinates Re(IR/IL) and Im(IR/IL), where:
o Re( ) and Im( ) are the real and the imaginary components of the vector IR/IL;
o IR is the remote current;
o IL is the local current.
Doc. MSE20029
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According to the manufacturer, recent studies show that this characteristic is less prone to false
interventions than the standard Id versus IR characteristic.
Having checked Alpha plane characteristic, the diagram is the following.
The characteristic means that the relay trips for all values outside the dotted area: the outside is
the protected area. In fact, the nominal situation is IL = IR, with a phase shift of 180. Studying
the characteristic, you may see that it is limited by the following lines.
An external arc, corresponding to the maximum value of the ratio (four in the example);
Two straights in the first and fourth quadrant starting from zero, having a small angle with respect
to the Im axis. Purpose of this is to avoid unwanted trips caused by minor angle errors;
An internal arc, which cannot be zero because it is the reciprocal of the external arc, exchanging
IR and IL (if the external arc has a radius of 4, the internal one has a radius of 1/4 = 0.25).
We will discuss this kind of test and its results.
Once the selection is performed, when you select the Relay characteristic tab, you get the
following window.
Relay characteristic parameters are:
Doc. MSE20029
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Restraint radius; it is the external limiting radius. As explained, the internal limiting radius is
the reciprocal of the external one.
Angular restraint: it is the total angle of the no-trip area: see the following drawing.
The angular restraint.

Test settings are a table of three lines and three columns. The meaning of lines is the following.
Phase: it is the phase current, and refers to faults: L1, L2, L3, L123.
Negative sequence: it is simulated generating two currents which generate the
programmed reverse sequence value.
Zero sequence: it refers to this type of fault; it is simulated generating three currents in
phase, which generate the programmed zero sequence value.
NOTE: there is a problem when performing these tests, and it is that the relay intervention
could be caused by the phase protection when testing the Negative sequence one. It is
therefore necessary to enable a function at a time.
The meaning of columns is the following.
Pick-up current: it is the relay setting; the relay does not trip if the difference between
the local and the remote currents is less than the pick-up.
Minimum current: based upon the relay characteristic and the pick-up current, the
program computes the value of the minimum current, which guarantees that, when the
test current is higher than the minimum, the relay will trip in all the protected area.
Test current: during the test, the test current will be the one generated by the local
test set, while the remote test set will generate the computed value for remote the test
current, which changes at each test. The value of the test current can be any, but the
relay will trip only if the test current is more than the minimum current; else, for some
point, it will be impossible to perform the test, because the relay will not trip.
For instance, if I pick-up is 2 A and the test current is 1 A, the relay will not trip for
differential currents less than 2 A, no matter what is the restraint radius.
Having set-up all the parameters, we can proceed with the testing, selecting the type of test.
Doc. MSE20029
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3.3.1.3 Test selection

Unlike the transformer differential protections, the only available test is the Verify curve. Test
parameters are:
Start angle: it is the first angle at which the characteristic will be tested, on the external
and on the internal restraint radius;
Stop angle: it is the last test angle, on the external and on the internal restraint radius.
Usually, it is symmetrical with respect to the start angle.
Step: it is the angle increment between two tests.
Inner or outer radius. This selection allows to define which are the test points: the ones
of the external radius for the A (or local) relay and inner for the B (remote) relay
or vice versa
. Note that the selection
outer for one side corresponds to the selection inner on the other side. The selection
must be the same for both ends.
Perform only border test.

If this box is not checked, the program will
search the actual limits, with the criteria of stopping the search when the result accuracy is
one tenth of the programmed relay tolerance. The process can take some time, according to
the relay characteristic deviation from nominal values.
By border test, we mean performing tests at the minimum and at the maximum of the
tolerance. Test result is pass if:
o At the minimum of the tolerance (inside the diagram) the relay does not trip, and:
o At the maximum of the tolerance (outside the diagram) the relay trips.
With this selection, the diagram looks like the following one.
Doc. MSE20029
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Test. Press OK and go to the Test table. If the selection is Search, the following test table is
displayed.
For the Alpha plane characteristic curve, relevant parameters are:

Fault type;
Trip delay;
IP1 = test current, phase 1. This is the local test current;
IS1 = test current, phase 1. This is the remote test current;
|IR/IL|: this is the measured module of the ratio of remote divided by local current;
Fi(IR/IL): it is the angle of the vector IR/IL.
|IR/IL| nominal: this is the nominal module of the ratio of remote divided by local
current.
NOTE: the Pass/Fail selection is not operational with the Alpha plane characteristic.
If the Border test is selected, the Test table looks like the following one.
Doc. MSE20029
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For the same number of points, the number of tests is twice as compared to the search test. Test
result parameters are the same as above.
NOTE: when a result is obtained, the diagram displays two points: the outer and the inner circle, at
angles symmetrical with respect to 180.
3.3.2 Alpha plane characteristic; two protections test

The Two protection test selection allows performing the test of the relays before installing them
at their sites, using a single six-current generator, such as DRTS.6, DRTS 64, DRTS 66. The relays
are taken to the same place and connected between them, as they will be in the plant. Thanks to the
six current generation, there is no need to synchronize with an external mean: the test set itself
ensures the synchronization. The connection schematic is the following one.
RELAY A
CURRENTS
TX
RX
RX
TX
TRIP
TRIP
TEST
SET
PC
The Line selection parameters are the following ones.
RELAY B
CURRENTS
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,
on one side
only.
Monitor 2 contacts. We have two relays, and therefore two trips. The program operates as
usual, using one of the two relay contacts as the trip input. However, it is also interesting to
verify that also the other relay trips, nominally with the same delay. The test is performed by
checking the box, and selecting the test set input for the second contact.
The test program verifies that the second contact trips within the programmed maximum
time; if not, the operator is alerted by a warning message.
CT Ratio

The Alpha plane selection refers to a recent line of differential relays (for instance, SEL 311L),
where the relay characteristic, instead of being represented in the usual IR Id plane, is displayed
with the coordinates Re(IR/IL) and Im(IR/IL), where:
o Re( ) and Im( ) are the real and the imaginary components of the vector IR/IL;
o IR is the remote current;
o IL is the local current.
According to the manufacturer, recent studies show that this characteristic is less prone to false
interventions than the standard Id versus IR characteristic.
Doc. MSE20029
Rev. 6.5.3
Page 59/101
Having checked Alpha plane characteristic, the diagram is the following.
The characteristic means that the relay trips for all values outside the dotted area: the outside is
the protected area. In fact, the nominal situation is IL = IR, with a phase shift of 180. Studying
the characteristic, you may see that it is limited by the following lines.
An external arc, corresponding to the maximum value of the ratio (four in the example);
Two straights in the first and fourth quadrant starting from zero, having a small angle with respect
to the Im axis. Purpose of this is to avoid unwanted trips caused by minor angle errors;
An internal arc, which cannot be zero because it is the reciprocal of the external arc, exchanging
IR and IL (if the external arc has a radius of 4, the internal one has a radius of 1/4 = 0.25).
We will discuss this kind of test and its results.
Once the selection is performed, when you select the Relay characteristic tab, you get the
following window.
Relay characteristic parameters are:

Restraint radius; it is the external limiting radius. As explained, the internal limiting radius is
the reciprocal of the external one.
Doc. MSE20029
Rev. 6.5.3
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Angular restraint: it is the total angle of the no-trip area: see the following drawing.
The angular restraint.

Test settings are a table of three lines and three columns. The meaning of lines is the following.
Phase: it is the phase current, and refers to faults: L1, L2, L3, L123.
Negative sequence: it is simulated generating two currents which generate the
programmed reverse sequence value.
Zero sequence: it refers to this type of fault; it is simulated generating three currents in
phase, which generate the programmed zero sequence value.
NOTE: there is a problem when performing these tests, and it is that the relay intervention
could be caused by the phase protection when testing the Negative sequence one. It is
therefore necessary to enable a function at a time.
The meaning of columns is the following.
Pick-up current: it is the relay setting; the relay does not trip if the difference between
the local and the remote currents is less than the pick-up.
Minimum current: based upon the relay characteristic and the pick-up current, the
program computes the value of the minimum current, which guarantees that, when the
test current is higher than the minimum, the relay will trip in all the protected area.
Test current: during the test, the test current will be the one generated by the local
test set, while the remote test set will generate the computed value for remote the test
current, which changes at each test. The value of the test current can be any, but the
relay will trip only if the test current is more than the minimum current; else, for some
point, it will be impossible to perform the test, because the relay will not trip.
For instance, if I pick-up is 2 A and the test current is 1 A, the relay will not trip for
currents less than 2 A, no matter what is the restraint radius.
Having set-up all the parameters, we can proceed with the testing, selecting the type of test.
Doc. MSE20029
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Unlike the transformer differential protections, the only available tests are: Click and test, and
Verify curve.
If you select Click and test, after pressing
, the Test window is opened.
The purpose and the operation of the Click and test selection are explained in the transformer
differential relay tests; please, refer to the corresponding paragraph.
If you select Verify curve, test parameters are:
Start angle: it is the first angle at which the characteristic will be tested, on the external
and on the internal restraint radius;
Stop angle: it is the last angle at which the characteristic will be tested, on the external
and on the internal restraint radius. Usually, it is symmetrical with respect to the start
angle.
Step: it is the angle increment between two tests.
Inner or outer radius. This selection allows to define which are the test points: the ones
of the external radius for the A (or local) relay and inner for the B (remote) relay
or vice versa
. Note that the selection
outer for one side corresponds to the selection inner on the other side. The selection
must be the same for both ends.
Perform only border test.

If this box is not checked, the program will
search the actual limits, with the criteria of stopping the search when the result accuracy is
one tenth of the programmed relay tolerance. The process can take some time, according to
the relay characteristic deviation from nominal values.
By border test, we mean performing tests at the minimum and at the maximum of the
tolerance. Test result is pass if:
o At the minimum of the tolerance (inside the diagram) the relay does not trip, and:
o At the maximum of the tolerance (outside the diagram) the relay trips.
With this selection, the diagram looks like the following one.
Doc. MSE20029
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Test. Press OK and go to the Test table. If the selection is Search, the following test table is
displayed.
For the Alpha plane characteristic curve, relevant parameters are:

Fault type;
Trip delay;
IP1 = test current, phase 1. This is the local test current;
IS1 = test current, phase 1. This is the remote test current;
|IR/IL|: this is the measured module of the ratio of remote divided by local current;
Fi(IR/IL): it is the angle of the vector IR/IL.
|IR/IL| nominal: this is the nominal module of the ratio of remote divided by local
current.
NOTE: the Pass/Fail selection is not operational with the Alpha plane characteristic.
If the Border test is selected, the Test table looks like the following one.
Doc. MSE20029
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For the same number of points, the number of tests is twice as compared to the search test. Test
result parameters are the same as above.
NOTE: when a result is obtained, the diagram displays two points: the outer and the inner circle, at
angles symmetrical with respect to 180.
Doc. MSE20029
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3.3.3 IR versus Id characteristic, one protection test


This selection applies to the normal, Id versus IR, characteristic type of relays. It allows performing
the test of the relays installed at two different sites, with two test sets and two operators. Each test
set uses three currents in all, so it may be of any type. Three currents are injected at the meantime at
both ends of the line. The connection schematic is the following one.
RELAY A
CURRENTS
GPS
IRIG-B
TX
RX
RX
TX
TRIP
TRIP
TEST
SET A
C5
RELAY B
EXT
GPS
EXT
GPS
PC A
CURRENTS
C5
TEST
SET B
GPS
IRIG-B
PC B
If the synchronization is performed using the external GPS, then its output is connected to the C5
test set input. For DRTS XX test sets, you may have the external GPS; otherwise, you may have the
GPS or IRIG-B which are inside the test set.
The line parameters window is the following one.
Doc. MSE20029
Rev. 6.5.3
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,
on one side
only.
Selections
and
are fundamental for the correct test execution. Before starting the
test, operators must agree: one has to select the side A (the program assigns to it the local
current), pressing it; the other one must select the side B
, (the program assigns to it the
remote current); else the test would be completely wrong.
The EXTERNAL GPS or SYNCH synchronization can be: external GPS, or internal
(DRTS XX series). The selection is performed here.
You can select GPS external. The selection SYNCH stays for internal GPS or IRIG-B
(DRTS XX series). After selected SYNCH, the corresponding icon
Press it: the following window opens.
becomes accessible.
As you open it, the synchronization is not enabled. Select what you have in your test set, IRIG-B
or GPS (internal): the window is the same for the two options. For the IRIG-B synchronization
you will connect the test set to the plant using the optical fibre provided; for the GPS
synchronization, you have to connect the antenna to the rear of the test set, and then to locate it
so that the sky is visible at least for two thirds; else, the synchronization could be impossible.
Once the synchronization is achieved, the message
disappears, and the
timer will display the absolute (Greenwich) time. Now, both operator can agree for the first test
to be started at a given time, and input it. Allow for at least two minutes after the current time!
Doc. MSE20029
The
one
day
is
Page 66/101
those living after the day change line. The

can be 30 s or 60 s: this sets the pace at which tests will
be performed, one after the other, at both ends, until all tests are over.
Add
Rev. 6.5.3
for
CT Ratio

The relay characteristic selection is the same as the one available with the transformer differential
protections. The selection is explained in the chapter related to differential transformers tests.
If you open it, the window is the following one.
If you compare this window to the one of transformer differential protections, you may see that
the Click and test and Harmonic restraint tests are not available. In fact, it is impossible, for
instance, to perform Click and test, as the two test commands would refer to different faults on
the two ends of the line.
The selections to be performed are explained in the chapter related to differential transformers
tests. For instance, if you have selected the Verify curve test parameters, go to the Test tab: the
window is the following one.
Doc. MSE20029
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there is no choice for the primary or secondary fault injection. The only available selection is the
type of fault.
The type of fault must be the same at both ends!

The following is the summary of the test steps.
At the site, the user must prepare the synchronisation mean. After this, both test sets are
connected to the relay to be tested and powered on.
After connections are performed, both operators start the program, and program the test
parameters. NOTE: the synchronization means could be different at the two ends. If ISAs GPS
is used, select the desired test rate (for instance, a test every 30 s), and press the START button:
the first synchronization impulse will arrive one to two minutes after having pressed the START
button; after it, other impulses will arrive at the selected rate. Wait some time until the
synchronization impulses are generated.
Now the two operators get in touch by phone and confirm that the set-up is completed. The two
operators must stay in touch by phone during the test.
The program waits for the synchronization impulses at the selected input (C5 for the external
GPS, else internal) before applying current. Currents will be injected on both instruments as the
programmed time expires.
Tests continue this way, at the selected rate, until they all are performed.
If the test sets are different ISA models, or if the synchronization means are different, it is necessary
to program a delay on the generation time; this delay is to be programmed on the slower test set.
The delay is programmed as follows.
Go to Options and select Preferences;
Input the delay, and press Set.
We repeat that this operation is to be performed only on one of the two test sets; that is, the slowest
one. The following table summarizes the delays to be programmed with different test sets
combinations.
TEST SET A
TEST SET B
SAME
DRTS
DRTS
DRTS.3
DRTS
DRTS.3
DRTS.6
DRTS.3
DRTS.6
DRTS.6
DRTS XX
DRTS XX
DRTS XX
SYNCHRO A
SYNCHRO B
SAME
EXT GPS
EXT GPS
EXT GPS
EXT GPS
EXT GPS
EXT GPS
EXT GPS
INTERNAL
EXT GPS
INTERNAL
EXT GPS
INTERNAL
DELAY
ms
DISABLE
PROGRAM
DELAY ON
N.A.
DRTS.3
DRTS.6
DRTS.6
DRTS XX
DRTS XX
DRTS XX
The rest of: testing, results, printing is the same as with the differential transformer
Doc. MSE20029
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3.3.4 IR versus Id characteristic, two protections test

This selection applies to the normal, Id versus IR, characteristic. The selection allows performing
the test of the relays before installing them at their sites, using a single six-current generator, such
as DRTS.6, DRTS 64, DRTS 66. The relays are taken to the same place and connected between
them, as they will be in the plant. Thanks to the six current generation, there is no need to
synchronize with an external mean: the test set itself ensures the synchronization. The connection
schematic is the following one.
RELAY A
CURRENTS
TX
RX
RX
TX
TRIP
TRIP
RELAY B
CURRENTS
TEST
SET
PC
The line parameters window is the following one.
,
on one side
only.
Monitor 2 contacts. We have two relays, and therefore two trips. The program operates as
usual, using one of the two relay contacts as the trip input. However, it is also interesting to
verify that also the other relay trips, nominally with the same delay. The test is performed by
checking the box, and selecting the test set input for the second contact.
Doc. MSE20029
Rev. 6.5.3
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The test program verifies that the second contact trips within the programmed maximum
time; if not, the operator is alerted by a warning message.
CT Ratio

The relay characteristic selection is the same as the one available with the transformer differential
protections. The selection is explained in the chapter related to differential transformers tests.
If you open it, the window is the following one.
All tests available with the transformer differential protections are also available here. The
selection to be performed is explained in the chapter related to differential transformers tests. For
instance, if you have selected the Verify curve test, go to the Test tab: the window is the
following one.
Doc. MSE20029
Rev. 6.5.3
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there is no choice for the primary or secondary fault injection. The only available selection is the
type of fault.
The rest of: testing, results, printing is the same as with the differential transformer
Doc. MSE20029
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4 Print results
By selecting Print Results option in the file menu, the following window opens:
By checking the option Show Graph the report will include a graphic diagram of the results. By
checking the option Include Notes Page the report will include a page containing the notes added by
means of the menu item Notes to the test. By checking Show currents in primary values, currents
will be reported as primary rather than secondary values.
When the user press OK, the following window appears:
The toolbar at the top of this window is the following:
The button
closes the preview.
Doc. MSE20029
Rev. 6.5.3
The four buttons

previous, next and last page).
The button
The button
The button
Page 72/101
allow the user to browse through the pages of the report (first,
allows the user to print the report, after selecting the printer.
allows setting up the printer.
allows refreshing parameters.
The button
allows exporting the report in the Adobe Acrobat (*.pdf), Microsoft Excel (*.xls),
Microsoft Word (*.doc) or Rich Text Document (*.rtf) formats, by selecting the type from the drop
down menu, as shown in the following picture.
The button
allows the user to zoom the print preview.
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5 Import results to EXCEL

As mentioned in chapter 2, a result file is formatted as a data base file, ready to be used by Microsoft
Access. Furthermore, it is possible to import a result table in Microsoft Excel . In the following
figures is explained which are the selections in Excel:
Define a new data base query:
Data base type selection
Select the data base file:
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Select the columns:
And, after the inclusion of all the columns without any filter, and ordering the rows by
DBNumber, the table will appear:
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APPENDIX 1: POWER TRANSFORMERS CONNECTIONS

These notes summarize the power transformers various connections, the relationship between primary
and secondary currents, and how to deduct the group formula.
A1.1 Power transformer: connection YY0
A
I A 1 0 0 I a
I 0 1 0 * I
B
b
I C 0 0 1 I c
IA
Ia
Ic
IC
I I
A
30
0
0
30
Ib
IB
A1.2 Power transformer: connection YY6

A
0 Ia
I A 1 0
I 0 1 0 * I
B
b
I C 0
0 1 I c
IA
Ib
Ic
Ia
IC
IB
I I
A
30
180
6
30
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A1.3 Power transformer: connection Y 1

A
0 1 I A
Ia 1
I 1 1
0 * I B
b
I c 0 1 1 I C
N
Ia
IA
30
I I
A
30
30
1
30
-IC
IC
IB
Ia 1 1 0 I A
I 0 1 1 * I
b
B
I c 1 0 1 I C
N
Ia
IA
-IB
330
IC
IB
I I
A
30
330
11
30
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Rev. 6.5.3
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A
I a 1 0 1 I A
I 1 1 0 * I
b
B
I c 0 1 1 I C
N
IA
210
IC
I I
A
30
210
7
30
IB
-IA
Ia
0 I A
I a 1 1
I 0 1 1 * I
b
B
I c 1
0 1 I C
N
IA
150
IC
IB
-IA
Ia
I I
A
30
150
5
30
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I A 1 1 0 Ia
I 0 1 1 * I
B
b
I C 1 0 1 I c
n
IA
Ia
30
-Ib
Ic
I I
A
30
30
1
30
Ib
I A 1 0 1 I a
I 1 1 0 * I
B
b
I C 0 1 1 I c
n
IA
Ia
G
-Ic
330
Ic
Ib
I I
A
30
330
11
30
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0 Ia
I A 1 1
I 0 1 1 * I
B
b
I C 1
0 1 I c
n
Ia
I I
A
30
210
7
30
210
Ib
Ic
-Ia
IA

A
I A 1 0 1 I a
I 1 1 0 * I
B
b
I C 0 1 1 I c
n
Ia
150
Ic
Ib
-Ia
IA
I I
A
30
150
5
30
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A1.11 Power transformer: connection 0

A
0 1 I ba
Ia 1
I 1 1
0 * I cb
b
I c 0 1 1 I ac
Ia
IA
Iba
IAB
-Iac
-ICA
0 1 I AB
I A 1
I 1 1
0 * I BC
B
I C 0 1 1 I CA
G
ICA
IBC
Iac
30
0
0
30
0 1 I AB
I A 1
I 1 1
0 * I BC
B
I C 0 1 1 I CA
I a 1 0 1 I ba
I 1 1 0 * I
b
cb
I c 0 1 1 I ac
IA
Iba
IAB
-ICA
IBC
Icb
ICA
I I
Iac
Icb
Ia
-Iba
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30
180
6
30
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A
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I A 1 1 0 I AC
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B
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IBA
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1 1 I ac
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30
240
8
30
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c
IA
IA
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IAB
-Iab
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ICA
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Ibc
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APPENDIX 2: IEC61850 -8
By means of a dedicated module, ISA Instruments can expand their testing capabilities by handling
IEC61850-8 messages. One such message coming from a device connected to the substation network
(such as a relay) is called Goose.
To control the IEC61850-8 board, press the relative icon
When the button is pressed, the Goose Explorer window is opened.
By means of the Goose Explorer, it is possible to explore the IEC61850-8 messages on the network.
The window shows a File menu, a main area divided in three pages (Exploring Goose, Virtual
Contacts and Goose Publishing) and an optional side that shows the Activity Log.
A2.1 Relay connection
Purpose of the test is to verify gooses sent by the relay on the Station bus. The connection is shown in
the drawing below.
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The connection to the relay is performed by connecting current and voltage outputs to the relay under
test. Also trip outputs are to be connected, so that it is possible to verify the trip delay.
Next, the instrument is to be connected to the Station bus. To this purpose, the instrument is provided
with an ETHERNET-type connector on its front. The connection to the Station bus can be performed
in two ways:
. A switch is available: connect the instrument to the switch, with the direct ETHERNET cable
provided. With this connection, very many messages will be seen by DRTS.6;
. A switch is not available: the relay is to be disconnected from the Station bus and connected directly
to the test set with the crossover ETHERNET cable provided. With this connection, messages seen by
instrument are only those coming from the relay.
The next paragraph will describe how to perform the tests.
A2.2 File Menu
A simple and basic menu is provided, in order to handle the data that is captured by the Goose
Explorer window.
Open Exploring File: opens a database file (.gse extension) containing the result of a session
of exploring of the IEC61850-8 network. It will also load the filters, virtual contacts and
publishers that have been previously saved in the file.
Save Exploring File: saves a database file (.gse extension) containing the result of a session
of exploring of the IEC61850-8 network. The file contains also any info on filters, virtual
contacts or publishers that have been set up.
Open Substation File: opens a substation setting file (extension .scd; .icd; .xml) containing
the configuration of the substation, including the gooses available for each IED on the
network. Please refer to paragraph A5.3.4 for a more detailed explanation of this menu
option.
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A2.3 Main Area

The main Area is divided in three main pages, which become four when a substation file is opened:
Exploring Goose
This page controls the Exploring Options, displays the Goose List and the Goose details and
also handles the Filters.
Virtual Contacts
This page displays and sets the Virtual Contacts.
Substation File (only when selected from the File Menu)
This page shows the Goose List and details of gooses that are saved in a Substation file.
Goose Publishing
This page displays and sets the Gooses that can be reproduced. Goose Publishing is only
available on DRTSxx instruments with IEC61850-8 board firmware revision from 1.00.
A2.3.1 Exploring Goose
The first action to perform in order to use effectively the Goose Explorer is to catch the messages on
the network. To this extent, there are three Exploring options: Explore at START, Explore Now and
Use Virtual Contacts to STOP the test.
It is possible to Reset the Goose queue with the relative button. This will clear the IEC61850-8 board
from any previous goose still pending. Press this button when the Exploring session is closed.
Explore at START
When the Explore at Start option is selected, the exploring is started by the test start.
The Exploring will be automatically performed during the execution of a Shot type test. This means
that. at the execution of the Shot, the software will:
Open an exploring session just prior to the test start;
Execute the shot test until the relay trips as normal;
Close the exploring session;
Get the IEC61850-8 messages that have been generated, and display them in the Exploring
Goose window;
Display the results of the Shot in the main window of the software.
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Explore Now
When the Explore now option is selected, it is possible to execute the exploring by pressing the
Start Exploring button. Choose appropriately the Exploring time by setting the relative box.
Upon pressing the button, the IEC61850-8 board mounted in the ISA Instrument starts to capture the
messages, and these are immediately displayed in the Goose list frame.
The Start Exploring button turns Red and its caption is changed into Stop Exploring. The exploring
can thus be stopped at any moment by pressing the button.
The grid displays for each Goose:
Source Mac Address: physical address of the generator of the message;
Destination Mac Address: physical address of the destination of the message;
Goose ID: Identifier of the Message;
Data Set Reference: Identifier of the type of message created by the IED;
Event TimeStamp: Universal Time that identifies the Goose.
Data in this grid can be ordered in various ways, included in the Order Goose List by menu.
You can select this menu at any time, even during the download of gooses. It is possible to Order data
according to
Number: the actual sequence in which the goose has been captured. (not necessarily they are
received by Time Stamp);
Time Stamp: the UTCTime identifier of the goose;
Goose ID;
Source Mac Address.
By selecting a row of the Goose List, it is possible to see the details of the Data Structure handled by
the selected DataSet Reference. The Goose Details grid is loaded accordingly.
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Use Virtual Contacts to STOP the Test
In this case, the exploring is not be shown in this window.

It is possible to select to use the standard trip inputs: if so, the trip time on the result table will be the
one measured on these inputs.
If you check to ignore the C1- C12 inputs, at the execution of the test, the software will:
Set the virtual contacts as they have been selected by the user;
Execute the shot test until the relay trips as normal (but taking into account not only the trip
contacts but also the virtual contacts);
Get the trip times for the contacts monitored by the software and for the Virtual Contacts
enabled;
Display the trip times in the Time columns of the table in the Virtual Contact page.
Do not Explore
Disables the IEC61850-8 option so that from now on it will not monitor the LAN for gooses.
A2.3.2 Filters
The amount of messages that can travel on an IEC61850-8 network can be burdening due to the
amount of devices connected to it. In order to select a portion of the messages, especially only the
meaningful once, related to the device undergoing the test, it is possible to set Filters.
Once a number of messages have been received, typically through an Explore now session, it is
possible to select only those that match a selection.
In particular, by selecting one message from the Goose List and by right-clicking with the mouse, a
menu is opened:
Relating to Filters, it is possible to:
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Add filter as IED: extracts the IED of the selected Goose and use it as a Filter, in order to
capture only the messages with that same DataSet Reference.
The filter cannot be changed. A name can be given to the filter by selecting the Name column
and writing an appropriate name. Click on the En column in order to Enable the Filter.
Add filter as TIMESTAMP: extracts the timestamp of the selected Goose and use it as a basis
for a Filter. The Time can be edited.
The filter can be changed: click on the Value column and a box appears in order to edit the
time of the filter.
This will represent the minimum time after which messages will be sensed and captured by
the IEC61850-8 board. Any message with UTCTime prior to the Filter time will be discarded.
A name can be given to the filter by selecting the Name column and writing an appropriate
name. Click on the En column in order to Enable the Filter.
It is possible to set up to 8 filters, although only one at a time can be enabled.
At the start of an Exploring session, if the filters have been changed, a message box will appear to let
the user choose whether to use the new filters or leave the previous filter condition.
A2.3.3 Virtual Contacts

Once the user has performed an Exploring of the messages, be it with or without Filters, it is possible
to set Virtual contacts. As the name describes, this is not a physical contact of the ISA Instrument, but
is a virtual contact or a condition that becomes true for a device on the network. This condition is
verified by means of the occurrence of a very specific goose.
After selecting a goose from the Goose List in the Exploring Goose page, the Goose details frame is
loaded with the details of the selected Dataset data structure. Each of the parameters in this data
structure can be set in order to define a virtual contact.
Right-click with the mouse on a parameter and a menu appears.
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It is possible to set the parameter as a basis for a virtual contact. By choosing the menu item, a new
virtual contact will be added to the Virtual Contacts page. It is possible to add up to 8 virtual contacts.
A virtual contact is identified by a

Name: it can be given by the user by editing the relative box in the grid. The same name will
appear in the lower frame that represent the Trip condition for the Virtual contact.
Dataset Reference: it represents the exact goose that serves as the basis for the virtual
contact. The same device can and does produce more than one Goose ID, so in order to set
the virtual contact it is not enough to define the Goose ID, but the selection has to be made on
the Dataset Reference.
Type: it can be Boolean, BitString, Unsigned, Signed, Float or UTCTime.
Condition: depending on the type of the data it can be: Equal to, Less than, Greater than or
Not Equal to. It is set by default to Equal to, but it can be changed according to the data
type. Select the appropriate condition form the menu that appears when clicking on the
condition column.
Value: together with the condition field, it defines the actual condition of the Virtual Contact.
In case of data type Boolean, it can only assume value True or False.
Time: represents the actual trip time of the virtual contact, or the time interpreted from the
goose that the device produces when the condition is verified. It cannot be modified, it is
automatically set by the software when a test is performed and a virtual contact has tripped.
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In the lower part of the page, it is possible to set the Virtual Contacts trip conditions.
In the situation here pictured, the test will trip, apart from the Trip contact conditions set in the main
page of the software in this conditions:
trip of virtual contacts 1 and 2;
trip of virtual contacts 3 and 4;
trip of virtual contacts 5, 6 and 8;
trip of the only contact 7.
A2.3.4 Substation files (SCD)
By choosing the menu item File Open Substation File, it is possible to explore the configuration of
the substation as provided by the manufacturer.
A standard dialog window appears to let the user choose the file. At the selection, a new page of the
Goose Exploring window called Substation File is opened.
This page can be closed by pressing the

button that is shown on the header. The page is very
similar to the Exploring Goose page. It shows a table in the Goose List frame that can be ordered by a
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dropdown menu, and for each goose that is displayed it shows the relative data structure in the Goose
Details table.
The list of gooses and relative details here shown are not the result of an exploring session, they
represent the nominal configuration of the substation.
Exactly as for the Goose List frame in the Exploring Goose page, it is possible to set filters by
choosing a Dataset Reference or to use a detail to add a Virtual Contact.
This page can also be used by the operator to compare the contents of the SCD file with the results of
an exploring session as contained in the Exploring Goose page.
A2.3.5 Virtual contact test example
As an example, let us follow the procedure to use the virtual contact.
Select Explore now, and press:

; in the Goose list, a number of
messages are displayed.
In the easy case, as ours, there is just one type of message. If this is not the case, you have to
refer to the Substation manager to know the meaning of the messages and of the bits in the
message. In alternative, you can select Explore at start, and then start a Click and test test.
The recorded messages are those related to the trip, and you can find the bit to be used,
because it will change from False to True, and again to False.
In our case, the situation is the following.
We have selected one of the messages: the details are shown below.
Now we have to assign to one of the bits the task of becoming the virtual contact. We know
that the bit no. 1 is the good one; so, we left click on it to select it; then, we right click on it:
the following message is displayed.
You have to left click on the set virtual contact message: the message disappears; the contact
has been acquired.
Now, select the Virtual contacts tab: it looks like the following.
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The Virtual contacts line diplays the contact we have selected. However, there is one thing
we have to modify: we have to say that the test is finished when the contact becomes True.
Then, on the AND-OR line, we have to say that the test stops on the OR (or AND) of input 1.
Eventually, select Use virtual contacts to stop the test, and check Ignore binary inputs.
Now, you can proceed with your tests, as usual. When a time test is performed, the fact that
the measurement comes from a virtual contact is shown on the test result table.
Instead of the measured time alone, in the T(s) column it is written the Virtual Contact which
tripped: in our instance, VC1.
A2.3.6 Publishing Gooses
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The Publishing Gooses functionality is available only on DRTSxx instruments with IEC61850-8
board firmware version 1.00 and following.
Publishing Gooses is a different activity than exploring. In this case, gooses are not simply explored,
but generated by the instrument and sent on the network to which the instrument is connected.
The instrument can therefore be both a publisher of Gooses and an explorer of Gooses.
In order to Publish a Goose, it is essential to capture a goose first and use it as a basis for the
publisher. Gooses can be obtained by exploring what is circulating on the 61850 network or by
selecting one from the list of gooses provided when loading a substation file.
Both the Goose List grid in the Exploring Goose page and the Goose List grid in the Substation
File page, allow the user to set a goose for publishing. When selecting a goose and right-clicking on
the grid, a menu appears as shown in the following picture.
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The Goose menu allows the user to select a goose for publishing by choosing the Publish Goose
menu item. This will copy the goose to the Goose Publishing list as displayed by the following
picture.
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It is possible to set up to 16 different publishers. If the user tries to publish more than the maximum
number of publishers, the following message appears.
The Goose List grid enables the user to interactively define the publishing depending on the selection
performed in each column of the grid:
#: it represents the publisher port. Up to 16 different ports can be used at the same time,
therefore it is possible to publish 16 different gooses. The port number cannot be selected by
the user, it is automatically selected by the software when a goose is added to the list of goose
to be published. The port number is not important to the end of the publishing, it is displayed
just as an information to the user.
Enable
: By clicking on the cell identified by this column, it is possible to disable the
publishing of a goose during a publishing session. If the publisher is disabled, the entire row
is greyed-out and it is not possible to make any change until the goose is enabled again
Status
: A publisher can be in any of the two states: Idle ( ) or Running ( ). When
the publisher is in running mode, then the goose is ready to be published according to the
other selections in the grid. The entire row is greyed-out and it is not possible to make any
change. By clicking the cell identified by this column, it is possible to change the status of the
publisher from Idle to Running and from Running to Idle.
Publish Mode: When clicking on the cell identified by this column it is possible to select the
Running mode of the Publisher:
If the selection is continuous, as soon as the publisher is set to running mode (see previous
column) the instrument starts publishing the goose immediately and continuously with a
period of 5 seconds. The publishing ends when the publisher is set to Idle (see previous
column)
If the selection is During Test, then when the publisher is set to running mode (see previous
column) the instrument does not start publishing the goose. The publishing will be
synchronized to the fault development when a test is performed according to the conditions
set through the columns Pre-Fault, Fault and Post-Fault.
Dest Mac Address: this displays the Mac Address to which the goose is going to be
destined. This parameter cannot be changed and is inherited by the original goose that has
been selected for publishing
Goose ID: as for the Mac Address, this parameter cannot be changed and is inherited by the
original goose that has been selected for publishing
Dataset Reference: as for the Mac Address, this parameter cannot be changed and is
inherited by the original goose that has been selected for publishing
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Prefault
: By clicking on the cell identified by this column it is possible to define
whether the goose will be published during the prefault section of the test. As soon as a test
starts, for as long as the prefault conditions are generated the goose will be published, with a
period of 5 seconds. Gooses published during this section will normally simulate the presence
of healthy values on the line.
Fault
: By clicking on the cell identified by this column it is possible to define whether
the goose will be published during the fault section of the test. As soon as a test starts, for as
long as the fault conditions are generated the goose will be published, with a period of 5
seconds. Gooses published during this section of the test will normally simulate the presence
of faulty values on the line.
Postfault
: By clicking on the cell identified by this column it is possible to define
whether the goose will be published during the post fault section of the test. As soon as a test
ends, for as long as the post fault conditions are generated the goose will be published, with a
period of 5 seconds. Gooses published during this section will normally simulate the activity
of the relay at the time of tripping.
Test Mode
: By clicking on the cell identified by this column it is possible to
define whether the goose will be published with the Test mode field set to 1 ( ) or 0 (no
icon).
Commissioning
: By clicking on the cell identified by this column it is
possible to define whether the goose will be published with the Commissioning field set to 1 (
) or 0 (no icon).
When clicking on a row of the Goose List grid, it is possible to view the data composition of the
goose in the Goose Details grid.
In this case it is possible to change the value of the data in order to prepare a different Goose for
publishing, for example it is possible to change the Value of Boolean data (between True and False) to
simulate the trip contact of the relay, or change the Value of BitString data.
Upon right-clicking on a row of the grid the following menu appears:
The Remove Goose option deletes the goose from the list of the publishers.
The Duplicate Goose option creates a copy of the goose in the list of the publishers.
The Delete All Gooses option clears the publishers list upon confirmation of the following window:
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In order to stop the publishing of every publisher that has been set, press the Kill Publishing button.
This will set all publishers in idle mode.
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APPENDIX 3: IEC61850 -9
The standard IEC 61850-9 defines the characteristics of digital data to transmit to protection relays,
instead of analog currents and voltages.
On the DRTS XX series, it is available an option, whose purpose is to allow generating these digital
data alone, or the analog and the digital data at the meantime. It is also possible to monitor a physical
relay contact, or the GOOSE message exchanged on the IEC61850-8 interface.
The connection of the IEC 61850-9 digital signals to the relay under test is made of two optical fibers,
which are connected on the rear of the test set.
NOTE: The DRTS 66 TX connector is connected to the relay RX connector, and vice versa.
The operation is the following. Connect the PC to the test set, and then press the icon
following window is opened.
: the
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The first operation is to select if we want to generate the Sampled Values and the normal currents and
voltages, or the Sampled Values only.
The selection does not affect the further selections; however, with the choice SVs & Amplifiers, the
optical fibers, current and voltage outputs are connected to the relay under test, while with the choice
Sampled Values only, only the optical fibers are connected.
Next, it is necessary to input the address of the relay under test, and a number of data related to the
relay settings.
All the above information come from the Substation Manager.

After this, there are three slots, 1, 2 and 3, where it is possible to program the digital output
generation. Each slot includes four currents and four voltages: therefore, with this kind of simulation,
the test set is capable of generating up to 12 currents and 12 voltages at the meantime.
The following is slot 1: thee three slots are identical.
Doc. MSE20029
Rev. 6.5.3
The slot is divided in two parts.

In the upper part, there are other data to be asked to the Substation Manager.
NOTE: for the ISATEST relay, the critical parameters are the followings:
Sampled Value ID: it must be 15 characters long;
VLAN ID: 1 for Slot 1; 2 for slot 2; 3 for slot 3.
In the lower part there are the data related to the relay connection.
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Nominal frequency: the nominal plant frequency; it can be 50 Hz or 60 Hz.

Number of samples: the standard foresees 80 samples per period.
Nominal primary L-L voltage: the unit of measurement is kV.
Nominal secondary L-L voltage: the unit of measurement is V.
Nominal primary current: the unit of measurement is A.
Nominal secondary current: the unit of measurement is A.
Number of phases: 4.
Description of currents and voltages of the various phases.
This performed, come back to the Connected AP folder, and press OK: the bottom left of the window
displays the following message.
After the file has been transmitted, you can return to the normal test execution, like with the normal
current generation: instead of generating currents and voltage, the test set is transmitting digital data to
the relay under test, which will react as usual, and the usual tests will be performed: the test result
table and diagram dont change.
NOTE: it is understood that the relay has available a trip contact, which is connected by two copper
wires to an input; inputs selection are performed as usual. If the relay does not have this output, but
just a communication path on the IEB61580-8 interface, then you have to select the Virtual Contact,
as explained in Appendix 2.

Mse20029 - Differential 87

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DATE 02/04/2014

AUTOMATIC PROGRAM FOR THE TEST OF

Added Save in TDMS men voice and the link Rossoni

04/08/2009 Added description of latest addition to correct

06/07/2013 Updated to 6.5.2

Updated to 6.5.3: new relays in the Library.

Menu bar description ............................................................................................................................................... 7

1.1.1.5 Print results

Program Description .............................................................................................................................................. 18

The SYSTEM tab.................................................................................................................................................... 19

The Test Selection tab............................................................................................................................................. 33

The TEST tab .......................................................................................................................................................... 40

The RESULT tab ................................................................................................................................................... 44

2 POWER GENERATOR DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION .............................................................................. 47

3 AUTOMATIC TEST OF THE LINE DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION............................................................. 48

A1.14 Power transformer: connection 8 ................................................................................................................... 81

1 Test of the power transformer differential protection

Menu bar description

1.1.1.2 Save Results

1.1.1.5 Print results

The manual refers generally to this type of protection

The transformer has three windings: primary and two secondary.

For this kind of protection, setting parameters are very few.

1.1.6 Differential Library

SIEMENS type 7UT512: differential 87T transformer protection, two windings.

SCHWEITZER SEL 387: differential 87T 2 or 3 windings transformer protection.

Digital input types

icon, the following selection window is accessible.

Apply VDC only

Generate pre-fault values

icon the test is started.

1.2 Program Description

The SYSTEM tab

1.3.1.1 Transformer connection

IA is the primary current phase 1

All differential transformer connections can be set according to:

Connection DAC means:

As you change the Connections, the corresponding vector group is displayed.

. By selecting it, the calculated tap is also multiplied accordingly.

1.3.1.3 The nominal values

1.3.2 The Relay characteristic tab

After this selection, you access the following table.

The second line goes from IR2 up to IR3 = 2,5

And so on for all points. Just remember that: NP = NL + 1; where:

Duobias characteristic: specific curve for VA-Teck Duobias Relay.

GET60 Universal relay: specific curve for GE T60 relays.

Max IR: Maximum Restraint current.

Input parameters are:

Two Bias Restraint Characteristic with a Knee Point

Input parameters are:

Input parameters are:

B Bias slope limit

GE T60 Universal relay

Input parameters are:

The information can be found in the Relay User manual.

Depending on the relay manufacturer, the Restraint current is calculated as:

: this is the standard formula.

: this is used by some of GE relays for three windings transformer.

1.4 The Test Selection tab

1.4.1 Click and test

Press OK to confirm the selection;

3: Select the test point

1: Select the fault type

2: Select the maximum