Structural Systems and Technologies for Tall Buildings

Structural Systems for Tall Buildings
Sang Dae Kim

Professor,, Korea University
y
CTBUH Chairman
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH
Contents
Introduction
d i
E l Hi
Early
History
t
off Tall
T ll Buildings
B ildi
Height of a Tall Building
Structural Systems and Technological Changes
Conclusions
Introduction
3
3
Landmarks
Burj Khalifa
Dubai, UAE, 2010
828 m (163 stories)
Worlds Tallest Building
Symbol of Power
Chrysler Building: Achievement of Chrysler

Petronas Tower:
Superiority of Muslim Country
Mao, SWFC,
SWFC Shanghai Tower: Symbol of Chinese Growth
Jin Mao
Spacial Efficiency (Vertical City)
Tourist Attractions
30 St. Mary Axe in London
Burj Al Arab in UAE
Tourist Attractions
Jin Mao Building
Willis Tower
Empire State Building
Beginning of Tall Buildings

How are Tall Buildings made Possible?
Three Important Technological Revolution
in the Mid-19th Century
10
Elevator, Electricity, Steel
11

Elevator
Steel
Home Insurance Building (10F)

Chicago, 1885
Haughwout Building (5F)
New York, 1857
12
Beginning of Tall Buildings (1850 1930)

Growth in Height of the First Great Era of American Skyscrapers
No. of S
Stories in T
Tallest Building
100
80
Firstt wrought
Fi
ht iron
i
rolled sections
Firstt steel
Fi
t l rolled
ll d
sections
60
New York
Era
Cast Iron Era
New York
40
20
Chicago
School
Otis elevator
Electric elevator
1850
1870
1890
1910
1930
Source: Tall Building Structures, Bryan Stafford Smith, 1991
13
A Tall Building Review (2010)

Tall Buildings 200 meters or Taller Completed Each Year (1960-2012)
(50-Stories)
131%
INCREASED
Total Numbers of Tall Buildings over 200 meters

Source: Tall Buildings in Numbers, CTBUH Journal, 2011(1)
14
A Tall Building Review (2010)

Tall Buildings 200 meters or Taller Completed in 2010
by Region
by Function
Central
America - 1
(1%)
Europe - 3
(5%)
North
America 6
(9%)
by Material
Hotel - 6
(9%)
Steel - 3
(5%)
Office -13
(20%)
Residential 30
(45%)
Middle East
14 (21%)
Concrete/Steel - 1
(1%)
Asia - 42
(64%)
U.S.
Composite
14 (21%)
Mixed -17
(26%)
Asia (64%)
Concrete - 48
(73%)
Office
Steel
Residential (45%)
Concrete (73%)
15
Top 10 Tallest Buildings in the World

UAE
Taiwan
China
HK
Malaysia
China
U.S.
China
U.S.
China
Burj Khalifa (Dubai)
Nanjing Greenland Financial Center (Nanjing)
Taipei 101 (Taipei)
Willis Tower (Chicago)
SWFC (Shanghai)
Guangzhou IFC (Guangzhou)
ICC (HK)
Trump International Hotel & Tower (Chicago)
Petronas Tower (Kuala Lumpur)
Jin Mao Building (Shanghai)
Source: http://skyscraperpage.com
16
Tall Buildings: A Cultural Symbol and Humanity

Not only Technological Aspects, but also Cultural Symbol and Humanity
Technology
Culture
Tall
Buildings
g
Humanity
17
Early
.
E l History
Hi t
of Tall Buildings
18
18
New York & Chicago
19
The Beginning of Tall Buildings in New York

Roads & Canals
(1820~1840)
1800
Civil War
(1861~1862)
1850
1900
1950
Tall Building
(1880~)
Chrysler Building Empire State Building

1931
1930
20

Roads & Canals (1820~1840)
Increase in Population
Civil War (1861~1862)
I
Innovation
ti in
i U
U.S.
S A
Architecture
hit t
North won the Civil War
Insurance Companies
p
& Manufacturing Businesses
Many Jobs
Urban Population to Soar
Increase in the Value of Land
Taller Building
21
The Beginning of Tall Buildings in Chicago

Advances in Railways
& Locomotives (1848)
1800
Great Chicago
g Fire (1871)
(
)
1850
1900
1950
2000
Restoration of Chicago
(1880~)
John Hancock Center
1969
Willis Tower
1974
22

Great Chicago Fire, 1871
the Most Modern City

y in the U.S
1870 ~ 1880
Restoration of Chicago
Disaster turned into blessing

g
23
First Skyscraper Home Insurance Building
Location: Chicago, Illinois, USA

Completion: 1885
Height: 55 m
Stories:
10
St i
Materials: Steel
Facing Materials: Brick
Engineer: William LeBaron Jenney
24
First Skyscraper Woolworth Building

Location: New York, USA
Completion: 1913
Height: 241 m
Stories: 55
Materials: Steel Frame
* High-speed
g p
elevator
Reference:
SKYSCRAPERS, A Social History of the Very Tall Building in America

by GEORGE H. DOUGLAS
25
Skyscrapers in New York & Chicago
Chrysler Building
Empire State Building
New York, 1930
New York, 1931
319 m (77 stories)
381 m (102 stories)
26
J h Hancock
John
H
k Center
C
World Trade Center
Chicago, 1969
New York, 1972
344 m (100 stories)
417 m (110 stories)
27
Aon Center
Willis Tower
Chicago, 1973
Chicago, 1974
346 m (83 stories)
442 m (110 stories)
28
..
Height
eg to
of a Tall
a Building
u d g
29
29
What is a Super-tall Building? (, )
300 Meters
(CTBUH)
Home Insurance Building

Chicago, 1885
55 m (10 stories)
The First Steel High-rise Building
Source: http://ctbuh.org
30

1. Height to Architectural Top
31

1. Height to Architectural Top
Taipei 101
Petronas Towers
Willis Tower
32

2. Highest Occupied Floor
33

2. Highest Occupied Floor
Taipei 101
Willis Tower
Petronas Towers
34

3. Height to Tip
35

3. Height to Tip
Willis Tower
Taipei 101
Petronas Towers
36
. Structural Systems and

Technological Changes
37
37
Innovation of Structural
Efficiency
38
Structural Steel vs. Height

Three Conceptual Components to Separate the Material Quantities
Structtural Steel W
Weight (kgff/m2)
350
300
250
Total Steel
200
Wind Bracing
150
100
Columns
50
Floor Framing
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100 110
Heights in Stories
39
The Revolution in Structural Efficiency

Before 1970:
After 1970
Willis Tower
60-Story
60
Story Chase Manhattan Bank Building
- Steel weight : 55 lb/ft2 (269 kgf/m2)
After 1970:
110-Story Sears Tower
- Steel weight : 33 lb/ft2 (161 kgf/m2)
One Chase
Manhattan Plaza
Before 1970
Source: Efficiency in Design of Tall Buildings, 1988
40

110
100
00
90
After 1970
Willis Tower
Steel weight
Height increased two-fold

Steel weight decreased almost by half
Height in
n Stories
80
Before 1970:
70
60
60-Story Chase Manhattan Bank Building

- Steel
St l weight
i ht : 55 lb/ft2 (269 kkgf/m
f/ 2)
Height
One Chase
Manhattan Plaza
50
40
30
Before 1970
Aft 1970
After
1970:
110-Story Sears Tower
- Steel weight
g : 33 lb/ft2 ((161 kgf/m
g 2)
20
10
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Structural Steel Weight (PSF)


41

33PSF
Willis Tower
85 PSF
Without the revolution
O Chase
One
Ch
Manhattan
M h tt Plaza
Pl
42

Development of Structural Systems
Development
p
of the Structural Analysis
y Technology
gy
Use of Damping Devices
New High-strength and High-performance Materials
Reduction of Wind Load by Wind Tunnel Test
43
Main Lateral-resisting Systems (Interior)
Central Core +
Rigid Frame
Outrigger
System
Source: Structural Developments in Tall Buildings: Current Trends and Future Prospects,
2007
44
Main Lateral-resisting Systems (Exterior)
Source: Structural Developments in Tall Buildings: Current Trends and Future Prospects
Prospects, 2007
45
Structural Analysis Technology

(ETABS, SAP, MIDAS)
46
Damping Devices
TMD
(Taipei 101)
Outrigger Damper
((St. Francis Tower,, Manila))
47
New High-strength, High-performance Materials

Two Union Center
Stories : 58F
Max.
Max Concrete Strength: 130MPa
48
Reduction of Wind Load by Wind Tunnel Test

Softened Corners
T
Tapering
i
and
d Setbacks
S tb k
Varying
i
C
Cross Section
S i
Sh
Shape
Spoilers
Porosity or Openings
49
50
Changes in the Structural

Systems
51
New Cladding Concept / Structural Systems

Conventional Load-bearing Masonry Walls
relatively small punched openings
Iron / Steel Frame Structure

the larger openings
Increasing rentable area by stacking office spaces vertically
52
New Cladding Concept / Structural Systems

A New Cladding Concept
Cu
Curtain
ta Walls
a s
The Emergence of the New Structural Systems
Frame Structure
Claddings did not carry any loads from buildings

except their own weights.
53
Frame
Perimeter Tube
Shear Wall
Braced Core
Braced Tube
Bundled Tube
Source: AIA Tall Buildings Presentation, R. Halvorson
54
Before
f
1990:
All Framed Tube Structures
were completed prior to
1990
75% Steel
2000s:
73% Core + Outrigger
approx. 50% Concrete
55
Structural Efficiency of Lateral Load Resistance

Interior
Structures
Exterior Structures
Core Wall System

y
Tube System
y
Mega
g Column System
y
I = 0.11 I0
I = I0
I = 1.50 I0
56
Structural Efficiency of Lateral Load Resistance

y
48 m
A = 51,200 cm2
Ix = 1,981
1 981 m4
48 m
48 m
48 m
A = 51,076 cm2
Ix = 2
2,942
942 m4 (1.5
(1 5 times lager)
57
What is Tube system?
58
Tube System
Willis Tower (Sears Tower)

Chicago, 1974
442 m (110 stories)
i )
59
Tube System
Willis Tower (Sears Tower)

Chicago, 1974
442 m (110 stories)
60
Tube System
World Trade Center

New York City, North Tower:1970, South Tower:1971
417 m (110 stories)
i )
61
Mega Column System
Two International Finance Centre, Hong Kong
Taipei 101, Taiwan
62
Mega Column System
International Commerce Centre, Hong Kong
63
Mega Column System
Ji Mao
Jin
M Tower,
T
Shanghai
Sh
h i
64
Diagrid System
Triangulated sloped column and beam frame configurations
65
Diagrid System
St. Mary Axe, London
66
Diagrid System
Capital Gate, Abu Dhabi, 160m, 35

35-story
story
67
Diagrid System
Hearst Tower, New York, 183m, 46-storyy
68
Diagrid System
O-14 Tower, UAE
69
Diagrid System
Urban Hive, Korea
70
Diagrid System
71
Changes in Structural Material

and Usage
72
Structural Material
73
Comparison of Structural Material

Steel
SRC / Reinforced Concrete
2010
1998
1974
74
Development of Concrete Technology

Steel vs.
vs Reinforced Concrete
Lighter Weight
High-strength Concrete
Speedy Construction
System Formwork
Early-strength
y
g Concrete
Longer Span
Post-tensioning System
Prefabricated Structure
Prefabricated Rebar Cages
75

High-performance Concrete
High Strength Concrete
(more than 60 MPa)
Early Strength Concrete

(8 MPa / 1 day)
High Flowing Concrete

(Flow 55~65)
76

Form & RC System
ACS Form
(Core)
Slab System
(Flat Slab + PT)
ACS Form
(Column)
Shear Reinforcement
(Stud Rail)
Table Form
(Flying Form)
77
Comparison of Usage
Top 10 Tallest Buildings in the World
2010
2010
2010
2010
Residential / Mixed
2009
2008
2004
Office
1999
1998
1974
Office
Office
78
. Conclusions
79
79
Since the beginning of the history of tall buildings

in the second half of the 19th century in the U.S.,
tall buildings have undergone various changes.
80
Tall Buildings
Regions
USA
Structural Systems
Tube
Mega
g Column
Material & Usage
St l
Steel
C
Concrete
t
Office
Residential / Mixed
Asia
81

Structural Systems and Technologies for Tall Buildings

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Structural Systems for Tall Buildings

Sang Dae Kim

Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH

Height of a Tall Building

Structural Systems and Technological Changes

Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH

Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH

Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH

Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH

Chrysler Building: Achievement of Chrysler

Superiority of Muslim Country

Spacial Efficiency (Vertical City)

Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH

30 St. Mary Axe in London

Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH

Burj Al Arab in UAE

Jin Mao Building

Beginning of Tall Buildings

Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH

Beginning of Tall Buildings

Elevator, Electricity, Steel

Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH

Beginning of Tall Buildings

Home Insurance Building (10F)

Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH

Beginning of Tall Buildings (1850 1930)

Source: Tall Building Structures, Bryan Stafford Smith, 1991

Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH

A Tall Building Review (2010)

Total Numbers of Tall Buildings over 200 meters

Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH

A Tall Building Review (2010)

Source: Tall Buildings in Numbers, CTBUH Journal, 2011(1)

Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH

Top 10 Tallest Buildings in the World

Burj Khalifa (Dubai)

Nanjing Greenland Financial Center (Nanjing)

Taipei 101 (Taipei)

Willis Tower (Chicago)

Guangzhou IFC (Guangzhou)

Trump International Hotel & Tower (Chicago)

Petronas Tower (Kuala Lumpur)

Jin Mao Building (Shanghai)

Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH

Tall Buildings: A Cultural Symbol and Humanity

Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH

Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH

New York & Chicago

Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH

The Beginning of Tall Buildings in New York

Chrysler Building Empire State Building

The Beginning of Tall Buildings in New York

Civil War (1861~1862)

Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH

North won the Civil War

Urban Population to Soar

Increase in the Value of Land

The Beginning of Tall Buildings in Chicago

The Beginning of Tall Buildings in New York

the Most Modern City

Disaster turned into blessing

First Skyscraper Home Insurance Building

Location: Chicago, Illinois, USA