PLAGIARISM DECLARATION FORM

Student Name:
Registration No:
Module No and Title of the module:
Assignment no and Title of the Assignment:

Section H2 of the Royal University of Bhutans Wheel of Academic Law provides the following
definition of academic dishonesty:
Academic dishonesty may be defined as any attempt by a student to gain an unfair advantage in
any assessment. It may be demonstrated by one of the following:
Collusion: the representation of a piece of unauthorized group work as the work of a single
candidate.
Commissioning: submitting an assignment done by another person as the students own work.
Duplication: the inclusion in coursework of material identical or substantially similar to material
which has already been submitted for any other assessment within the University.
False declaration: making a false declaration in order to receive special consideration by an
Examination Board or to obtain extensions to deadlines or exemption from work.
Falsification of data: presentation of data in laboratory reports, projects, etc., based on work
purported to have been carried out by the student, which have been invented, altered or copied by
the student.
Plagiarism: the unacknowledged use of anothers work as if it were ones own.
Examples are:

verbatim copying of anothers work without acknowledgement

paraphrasing of anothers work by simply changing a few words or altering the order of
presentation, without acknowledgement
ideas or intellectual data in any form presented as ones own without acknowledging the
source(s)
making significant use of unattributed digital images such as graphs, tables, photographs,
etc. taken from test books, articles, films, plays, handouts, internet, or any other source,
whether published or unpublished
submission of a piece of work which has previously been assessed for a different award or
module or at a different institution as if it were new work
use of any material without prior permission of copyright from appropriate authority or owner

1/ Discuss the relative merits of the separate and the combined systems of sewage,
and give the
conditions favorable for the adoption of each one of them.
Separate Sewer System
do not require on-site pre-treatment
or storage of the wastewater
It provides high level of comfort and
hygiene for the users.
It doesnt provide breeding ground
for vectors.
Stormwater can be harvested for
domestic purpose.
Moderate operation cost
Limited or no risk of sewerage
overflow
Surface runoff and rainwater can be
collected separately and can be
used for landscaping and
agricultural purpose

Combined Sewer System

do not require on-site pre-treatment or
storage of the wastewater
It provides high level of comfort and
hygiene for the users.
It produces no smell, mosquitoes or
flies
Storm water and wastewater can be
managed at the same time
Moderate operation and maintenance
costs
Risk of sewerage overflow as all the
wastewater are collected by one single
pipe
Storm water or rainwater cannot be
collected separate for the purpose of
landscaping or agriculture.

2/ Write short notes on: financing the sewage projects and types of sewerage.
Financing sewer projects
When the project is being initiated, the funding is done by the government. All the
expenditure starting from the digging trenches to the laying of pipe is done by the
government.
After its construction it`s responsibility is the city corporation where its running,
maintenance and operation is being looked after. For the maintenance and
operation cost, the money has to come from the users. It is being collected in terms
of taxation.
Tax is being collected on the basis of the amount of water being consumed by a
particular household for example. Its done on the basis of water consumed as it is
rational logic that sewage produced is directly proportional to the water consumed.
Types of Sewer
i. Combined sewers
Its a large network of underground pipe network where all the wastewater from the
industries, domestic, stormwater runoff are collected in one pipe.
The wastewater collected are transported to the wastewater treatment plant where
all the collected wastewater are treated together and discharged to a water body.

The sewer is designed to maintain a certain velocity so that the waste particles will
not accumulate in the pipe. It is generally maintained at a velocity of 0.6 to 0.75
m/s. if the slope cannot be maintained, pumping stations are being installed.
The primary sewer is laid at a depth of 1.5 to 3 m.
It is suitable for urban areas with resources to implement, operate and maintain the
system.

ii. Separate Sewers

It is used to transport the wastewater and stormwater in separate ways.
The construction costs can be higher than the combined sewer system because two
separated networks are necessary.
Especially suitable in areas where irregular, heavy rainfall is expected to avoid
frequent combined sewer overflows
iii. Simplified Sewer
This system has smaller diameter pipes laid at a shallower depth and at a flatter
gradient than conventional sewers.
Allows for a more flexible design associated with lower costs and a higher number of
connected households
iv. Solids-free Sewers
it is similar to conventional sewers, except that the wastewater is presettled and
solids removed before entering the system. As the solids are removed before hand,
the diameter of the pipe can be smaller.

3/ Note down the various problems of sewer works observed at field. Document how
the problems are

resolved. Various problems of sewer observed in the field are:

I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.

Pitch/slope of the sewer is not maintained

Leakages form the sewer pipes contaminating the surrounding.
The sewer pipes are not joint firmly.
Bell side of the sewer facing downwards.
Destroying power cables and other pipes while digging trenches.

4/ Differentiate between sanitary sewage and storm sewage. Discuss and explain
the Rational Formula
and its limitations in calculating the quantities of storm sewage.
Sanitary Sewage
It is for the conveyance of domestic
wastewater
It needs pumping

Storm Sewage
It is for stormwater runoff
Pumping is optional

Rational Formula
Rational method is used in calculating the peak flows from small drainages less than
200 acres. It is most accurate for runoff estimates from small drainages with large
amounts of impervious area.
The Rational Formula is:
Q = Cf C i A
Where:
Q = Peak flow in cubic feet per second (cfs)
Cf = Runoff coefficient adjustment factor to account for
reduction of infiltration and other losses during high intensity
storms
C = Runoff coefficient to reflect the ratio of rainfall to surface
runoff
i = Rainfall intensity (in/hr)
A = Drainage area in acres (ac)

Limitation of Rational Method

I.
II.

It cannot applied to larger areas larger than 200 acres

The average rainfall intensities used in the formula have no time sequence
relation to the actual rainfall pattern during the storm.

5/ Mention the various aspects you would keep in view when designing a sewer.
We should consider the following aspects while designing the system:

Correct estimation of sewage discharge is necessary to know the proper

diameter of the sewer.
The flow velocity inside the sewer should not be large as it require heavy
excavation and high lift pumping.
It should not be so small causing deposition of the solid in the sewers.
The sewers should be laid at least 2 to 3 m deep to carry sewage from
basement.
The sewage in sewer should flow under gravity with 0.5 to 0.8 full at designed
discharge, i.e. at the maximum estimated discharge.
Treatment plant should be designed taking into consideration the quality of
raw sewage expected and to meet the discharge standards.
The sewers provided should be adequate in size to avoid overflow and
possible health hazards.
The sewerage system is designed to remove entire sewage effectively and
efficiently from the houses to the point of treatment and disposal.

6/ What are the advantages of the egg-shaped section, and under what conditions
of flow, does it become useful? Will you recommend its use for sanitary sewers, and
if not, why?
The advantages of using egg-shaped section are:

It gives 2 to 15% higher velocities than provided by

hydraulically equivalent circular sections.
The solids are less likely to be deposited.

It is used where there is low discharge. So this shape

increases the discharge as it increases the velocity of flow.
This happens due to the shape which becomes narrower at
the bottom which increases the hydraulic mean depth, and
the wastewater flowing at the bottom experiences a
pressure from above. The oval form of sewer is to be
preferred when the volume of sewage matter is subject to
fluctuations.
I would recommend this for sanitary sewer because the
deposition rate of the solids in the sewer is not very high,
which means that there will be no blockages.

Proportionate
Depth
in circular sewers
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05

Proportionate Velocity
in egg-shaped sewers
0.701
0.615
0.517
0.401
0.257

7/ Explain the importance of (1) self-cleansing velocity; and (2) non-scouring

velocity.
Self-cleansing velocity: Sewage consists of considerable amount of organic and inorganic solids,
which remain floating or suspended. If velocity of flow in the sewer is less, these solids get deposited
at the invert of the pipe and cause obstruction to the flow of sewage. Hence, it is necessary to
maintain a minimum velocity of flow at which no solids get deposited in the sewer. The velocity of
flow that prevents settlement of solids is known as self-cleansing velocity. This velocity should be
maintained at least once in a day during the peak flow at all sections of the sewerage system.
Non-scouring velocity: The velocity of flow in sewer should not be too high, as the suspended solids
will cause wear to contact surface of the pipe and erode the pipe material of sewer. This will reduce
the life of the sewer. The permissible maximum velocity to prevent eroding is termed as non-scouring
velocity and it should be limited to 3.0 m/s.
8/ Write detailed notes on characteristics of partially full sewers.

0.698
0.627
0.544
0.44
0.295

Some important facts about velocity of flow in partial-flow sewers are as follow:
I.
II.

III.

IV.
V.
VI.

Velocity of flow is equal to full flow velocity

when the flow
is half full,
Velocity of flow
is more than
full flow velocity
when the flow
is more than
half full,
Velocity of flow
is rapidly
decreasing
when the flow
is less than half full,
Velocity of flow has to be checked for
minimum self-cleansing velocity whenever
the sewer is flowing less than half full,
Velocity of flow is the maximum when the
depth of flow is 0.82 D.
The carrying capacity of the sewer is the
maximum when the depth of flow is
approximately equal to 0.9D.

9/ Describe in order the various stages followed in the laying of sewers.

The stages followed in laying of sewer are
i.
ii.

iii.
iv.
v.

First we should determine the elevation at which the sewer is to be laid. Initial
and final elevation is measured at the interior point of the connecting pipe in
the middle portion of the pipe.
Then we should calculate the pitch or the fall of the pipe per run. A drop
greater than per foot is not adequate as water will flow faster than solids,
while a slope to small, less than 0.003, will be sufficient to carry solids away.
The recommended pitch for 4" pipe is 1/8" to 1/4" per foot.
After that trench is dug out and bedding material like sand is being laid if
required to reduce the possibility of sag.
After the trench has been dug out, the laying of the pipe is begun. Bell end of
the pipe is placed uphill and laying is started from the lower elevation. The
pitch should be maintained.
After laying, check for any leakages, whether the pipe is damaged in the
process.

vi.

Then place the sand and/or gravel over the pipe, enough to cover at least 10
over the sewer pipe. Start compacting the material with a rammer or any
other compaction equipment suitable for the type of pipe being installed.
Note: It is important to install a warning tape over the first layer of
compacted soil, so others will be aware when excavating that a pipe
is located under the detectable warning tape.

10/ What should be the characteristics of materials to be used for sewers?

The characteristics of the material to be used for the sewer are:
a. Resistance to corrosion: the wastewater in the sewer contains gases like H2S
which turns into sulphuric acid when it comes in contact with water. So this acid
leads to corrosion of the sewer pipes. Therefore laying of corrosion resistant pipe is
important.
b. Resistance to abrasion: Sewage contain considerable amount of sand or grits
which moves at a high velocity and can cause wear and tear of sewer material. This
action reduces the thickness of pipe and reduces hydraulic efficiency of the sewer
by making the interior surface rough.
c. Strength and durability: the sewer pipes that are laid at a great depth and below
the traffic/road has to withstand the load of the traffic and backfill. So the pipe
should be thick enough to be able to withstand the loads above and the hydrological
pressure.

d. Weight of the material: The material selected for sewer should have less specific
weight, which will make pipe light in weight. The lightweight pipes are easy for
handling and transport.
e. Imperviousness: the sewage pipe should be impervious so that there is no
seepage of the wastewater to the outside surrounding.
f. Economy and cost: sewage pipes should be less costly so that the projects costs
less.
g. Hydraulically efficient: The sewer shall have smooth interior surface to have less
frictional coefficient.

Reference
http://construction.about.com/od/Specifications/ss/Sewer-Pipe-Installation-How-ToInstall-A-Sewer-Pipe.htm#showall
http://www.google.bt/imgres?
imgurl=http://civilengineerspk.files.wordpress.com/2014/03/combined-sewersystem1.jpg%253Fw%253D620&imgrefurl=http://civilexperts.blogspot.com/2014/05/design-of-sewer
system.html&h=312&w=620&tbnid=Pi9CFEffBWE_hM:&docid=xO1LAeLOEGN8QM&
ei=0d_ZVcjNOuO7QarvqjYCA&tbm=isch&ved=0CCIQMygIMAhqFQoTCIj65vu7v8cCFWtH2wodKx8Ki
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K.N.Duggal, Elements of Public Health Engineering,

Sewer Material, M.M. Ghangrekar, IIT Kharagpur
S.K.Garg, Sewage Disposal and Air Pollution Engineering, Vineet Khanna.