ABAD, Ceddrick John Adriane A.

July 22, 2015

CE133P/B1

Engr. Ronnie Dy Hianto

1. How to create concrete?

Concrete is a mixture of paste and aggregates, or rocks. The paste, composed of portland
cement and water, coats the surface of the fine (small) and coarse (larger) aggregates. Through a
chemical reaction called hydration, the paste hardens and gains strength to form the rock-like
mass known as concrete.
PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
Concretes properties make it the building material of choice for most purposes. The most
important features are:
- Strength and Durability
- Versatility
- Low maintenance
- Affordability
- Fire-resistance
- Thermal mass
- Locally produced and used
- Albedo effect
- Low life-cycle CO2 emissions
- Expand all
- Fire-resistance
STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
- Concrete is economical when ingredients are readily available.
- Concretes long life and relatively low maintenance requirements increase its economic
benefits.
- It is not as likely to rot, corrode, or decay as other building materials.
- Concrete has the ability to be molded or cast into almost any desired shape.
- Building of the molds and casting can occur on the work-site which reduces cost.

- Concrete is a non-combustible material which makes it fire-safe and able to withstand high
temperatures.
- It is resistant to wind, water, rodents, and insects. Hence, concrete is often used for storm
shelters.
WEAKNESS OF CONCRETE
- Concrete has a relatively low tensile strength (compared to other building materials),
- low ductility,
- low strength-to-weight ratio, and
- Concrete is susceptible to cracking.
2. How to create steel?
The steelmaking process starts with the processing of iron ore. The rock containing iron ore is
ground and the ore is extracted using magnetic rollers. Fine-grained iron ore is processed into
coarse-grained clumps for use in the blast furnace. Coal is cleaned of impurities in a coke
furnace, yielding an almost pure form of carbon. A mixture of iron ore and coal is then heated in
a blast furnace to produce molten iron, or pig iron, from which steel is made.
PROPERTIES OF STEEL
- great formability and durability
- good tensile and yield strength
- good thermal conductivity
- resistance to corrosion
STRENGTH OF STEEL
- High quality, aesthetic
- Lower maintenance costs
- Noncombustible to fire
- Steel is environmentally friendly
- Components can be used again and again
- Steel components are frequently functional

- Steel construction is strong, durability and stability

- Steel Construction promotes good design and safety
- Construction with Steel is sustainable to Temperature effects
- Steel frame construction is rigid in structure and dimensionally stable
- Steel can be re-used without effecting the environment
- Construction with Steel components is very fast compared to other materials
- Steel construction of buildings with steel components is resistant to termites and other
destructive insects.
- Steel constructions are cheaper than any other construction methods
- Steel construction is a fast method of construction
WEAKNESS OF STEEL
a. Maintenance cost
Steel structures are susceptible to corrosion when exposed to air, water and humidity. It must be
painted periodically.
b. Fireproofing cost
Its strength is reduced tremendously at high temperatures due to common fires
c. Susceptibility to buckling
As the length and slenderness of a compressive column is increased, its danger of buckling
increases
d. Fatigue
The strength of structural steel member can be reduced if this member is subjected to cyclic
loading.
e. Brittle Fracture
Under certain conditions steel may lose its ductility and brittle fracture may occur at places of
stress concentration.