Cinema Survey 9/29/2011

Cinematography

Film vs Digital
o Digital
Content is recorded through a digital image sensor
HD 1920 x 1080
SD 720 x 480
o Film
Content is recorded through actual film exposure
35 mm
16 mm
Digital Resolution
o The detail an image holds typically measured in pixels. E.g. 1920 x1080
FPS Frames per second
o The rate at which frames are recorded/displayed
Camera/Projection
o Aspect Ratio
The image ratio of width and height
4:3 Standard Def
16:9 High Def
1.85:1 Movie Theater
2.39:1 Also Movie Theater
Camera Lens
o An optical lens attached to either a digital or film camera body that captures
imagery by exposing the film/digital sensor to a specified amount of light.
Image Plane
o Consists of foreground middle ground and background
Focus
o Refers to the overall sharpness of the point of interest in an image
Depth of Field (DoF)
o The area of an image plane that is in focus
F-stop
o Using the iris of the lens, F=stop measures how much light is entering the camera
High f stop = more of the image plane in focus
Low f stop = more of the image plane out of focus
Lenses
o Prime
A fixed focal length lens
Typically a faster lens
o Zoom

A lens with the ability to change focal lengths

Provides more versatility
Basic 3 point Lighting
o Key Light
Main Hard: light on object
Fill Light: Soft light that fills in shadows
Back light: Creates a more 3d look
Color Temperature
o Refers to the color hue created by certain lighting conditions
Measured in Kelvins
Requiem For a Dream
o Director is Darren Aronofsky
Time Lapse techniques
Attaching the camera to talkent
___________________________________________________________
Extreme Close Ups

Key Terms
o Sound Effects
An audio recording that is presented in a film to make a specific
creative point and to enhance story.
o ADR (Automated Dialogue Replacement)
Or Dubbing, the process in which voices are recorded in postproduction, replacing voices recorded during principle
photography.
o Room Tone
The recording of a locations ambient tones in order to allow for
naturalistic sound after dubbing dialogue or sound effects in
post-production
o Wild Sound
Solely audio recording during principle photography, intended
for use as sound effects
o Foley
The creation of everyday sound effects that are recorded in a
foley studio to compliment or replace existing sounds. E.G.
footsteps, squeaking doors, thunder.
o Final Mixing
Various elements of different sound tracks are brought together
to best support, enhance and express the meaning of the film.
o Soundscape
Sounds that are used to create a particular environment. E.G.
The beach, night time, the woods
Raging Bull
o Martin Scorsese
o Ranked 4th best film by AFI
o Punching made by squashing melons or tomatoes

Camera Flashes created by gun shots.

EDITING TOOLS
Before Digital Software: A film negative was literally cut and pasted together to
cut the motion picture together.
Non-Linear Editing System: Editing software designed to allow direct access to
any digital video frame, without having to scrub (Fast forward/ Rewind) through the
footage and allows for non-destructive cutting of footage.

KEY TERMS
Cross Cutting: Editing of sequences to establish action occurring at the same
time, but in two different locations.
Jump Cut: Two shots of the same subject, but in different locations, are cut
together. Making the subject seem to jump in a discontinuous way.
Smash Cut: An abrupt cut from one image to another with no transition, typically
used to startle the audience.
Cut Away: The interruption of a continuous sequence by inserting a view of
something else, then typically cutting back to the original sequence. Usually used to
avoid Jump Cuts.
Wipe: A transition where one shot replaces another by traveling from one side of
the frame to another, or by a special image.
Dissolve: The gradual transition from one image to another.
Fade out/In: A dissolve transition from a blank, black image.
Master Shot: The recording of a full scene from start to finish that has all of the
talent and action in one framed sequence.
Insert: A shot edited into a scene that differs from the master shot, but emphasizes
aspects of the same action in the master shot.
Fast cutting: The film editing technique of editing shots with short durations
together, rarely having the same image on screen for long periods of time.
Slow cutting: A film editing technique that edits shots with long durations
together, rarely cutting to another image.

Snatch (2000)
A rock em sock em caper with energy to spare

Writer/Director, Guy Ritchie

use of many different transitions
-Wipes, dissolves, etc.

Transitions heavily effect pace

Fast and slow cutting techniques used

Film Editing
o The art and process of piecing together various shots into scene
sequences which ultimately, when combined, creates a finished
film.

Editing; Key Roles

o Editor: The editor works under the supervision of the director
and producer to assemble the film
Specific Duties:
The assembly of footage into successive cuts until a
final cut is reached.

Assist the DP with color correction and othe postproduction effects.

The output of the final cut to several formats.
o Assistant Editor: Works as an assistant to the editor, by
logging and capturing footage and organizing/managing media.
Specific Duties:
Maintaining a system of backups.
Assisting with multi-format output.
Logging, capturing, and organizing media.
Editing
o Continuity Editing: The Classical Hollywood style of editing;
intended to establish a logical coherence of time and space
between shots, suggesting that everything in the scene is
physically continuous.
Example:
Watching any sport broadcast on television.
Broken down into:
(1) Temporal Continuity and
(2) Spatial Continuity
o Temporal Continuity: Continuity of time. All of the stories
action and dialogue happen in on continuous linear sequence.
Examples:
Use of continuous diagetic sound.
Matching of actions from shot to shot.
o Spatial Continuity: Continuity of space. The addition of cutting
different location shots together in order to maintain logical
coherence
Example:
Use of establishing shots

o Montage: A series of short shots edited into a sequence to

condense space, time, and information.
Typically used to convey the passage of time.
Disregards spatial and temporal continuity editing.
Soviet filmmaker, Lev Kuleshov, was the primary individual
who helped to define montage editing.
o Assembly Edit
The first cut of the motion picture created by the Editor;
also referred to as the Rough Cut.
o Directors Cut
The Director, working in collaboration with the Editor,
makes changes to the Assembly Edit to best reflect the
Directors vision.
o Final Cut
Typically the editor works in collaboration with the Director
and Producers of the film to reach picture lock.
o Picture Lock
When all editing of the motion pictures has been
completed and approved.
Once picture locked, the film then moves into the
sound design, special effects and color correction
processes of post production.
The Graduate
Mrs. Robinson, youre trying to seduce me. Arent you?
Director, Mike Nichols
Continuity issues.
AFI ranking 17th best film of all time.