SC+ - Annex - A - Worked Examples - 9.10.2011

Institute for Steel Structures and
Shell Structures
Valorisation Project: SEMI-COMP+

n RFS2-CT-2010-00023
"Valorisation Action of Plastic Member Capacity of
Semi-Compact Steel Sections
a more Economic Design"
Lessingstr. 25/3
A-8010 Graz
tel: +43-316/873-6200 (or 6206)
fax: +43-316/873-6707
r.greiner@TUGraz.at
lechner@TUGraz.at
home: www.stahlbau.TUGraz.at
BACKGROUND INFORMATION - EXTRACT

9th October 2011
WORKED EXAMPLES
TABULATED M3,Rd-VALUES
SEMI-COMP+
Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.
2.
ANNEX A Worked Examples .......................................................................................................... 3

1.1.
Example 1: HEAA 300 under biaxial bending and compression .............................................. 3
1.2.
Example 2: IPE 500 under bending and compression ........................................................... 12
1.3.
Example 3: Welded section under pure bending .................................................................. 21
1.4.
Example 4: RHS 250x150x6 under biaxial bending and compression ................................... 27
1.5.
Example 5: SHS 200x6.3 under bending and compression.................................................... 36
1.6.
Example 6: SHS 200x6.3 under pure bending ........................................................................ 43
1.7.
Example 7: IPE 500 under N+My+Mz including class for member design .............................. 48
ANNEX B - Tabulated Values FOR W3,y and W3,z ............................................................................ 52
SEMI-COMP+
Worked Example 1
1. ANNEX A WORKED EXAMPLES
1.1. Example 1: HEAA 300 under biaxial bending and compression

1.1.1.
Loading
The first worked example detailed herein deals with an HEAA 300 in S355 steel. It is assumed as
simply supported beam-column (L = 5 m), and is subjected to the following combined axial force and
biaxial bending moments:
N Ed = 946.8 kN
M y , Ed = 87 kNm
M z , Ed = 34 kNm
1.1.2.
1.2. Material
According to EN 1993-1-1, the material properties of the mentioned S355 steel are:
N
mm 2
N
G = 81000
mm 2
N
kN
f y = 355
= 35.5 2
2
mm
cm
M 0 = 1.0
E = 210000
1.1.3.
Geometry and section properties
The geometrical dimensions as well as relevant properties of the studied cross-section HEAA 300 are:
h = 283mm
b = 300mm
tf
r
tw = 7.5mm
t f = 10.5mm
tw
r = 27mm
A = 88.91cm2
I t = 49.35cm 4
I y = 13800cm4
I w = 877.2 103 cm6
Wel , y = 976cm3
i y = 12.46cm
Wpl , y = 1065cm3
iz = 7.3cm
I z = 4734cm 4
Wel , z = 315.6cm3
b
Wpl , z = 482.3cm3
SEMI-COMP+
W
Worked Example 1
The plastic and elastic resistances of a HEAA 300 are obtained as follows:
N pl , Rd = A
fy
= 88.91
M0
M pl , y , Rd = W pl , y
M pl , z , Rd = W pl , z
M el , y , Rd = Wel , y
M el , z , Rd = Wel , z
1.1.4.
fy
M0
fy
M0
fy
M0
fy
M0
35.5
= 315
56.3kN
1.0
= 1065
35.5 2
0 = 378.1kNm
10
1.0
= 482.3
= 976
35.5 2
10 = 171.2kNm
1
1.0
35.5 2
10 = 346.5kNm
1.0
= 315.6
35.5 2
0 = 112.0kNm
10
1.0
Internal forces
Both major axis and minor axis bending moment distributions are supposed to be trriangular (linear
with y = z = 0) and applied at thee same end of the member. The following figuree illustrates the
investigated system and the loading case.
5m
My
87 kNm
Mz
34 kNm
SEMI-COMP+
1.1.5.
Worked Example 1
Stress distribution
The following figure shows the elastic and the plastic stress distribution in the most critical section at
the left support (the location of the maximal utilisation).
flange = 0.72
flange = 1.0
-0.62 f y
-0.86 f y
-0.25 f y
-0.48 f y
web = 1.0
web = 0.24
-0.12 f y
+0.26 f y
1.1.6.
PNA
-0.35 f y
+
Cross-section classification
The check whether the cross-section is Class 3 or better is done with the actual elastic stress
distribution. The following table shows the maximum width-to-thickness ratios for compression parts
to clarify the new limits that determine the class of cross-section.
Maximum ratios
Plastic limit (Class 2-3)
Outstand flanges under

bending and compression
c t
Internal compression parts under

if
10
188
6.53 1
41.5
if 0.5 ; c t
> 0.5 ; c t
if > 1 ; c t
c t 21 k
Elastic limit (Class 3-4)
In this case:
k = 0.57 0.21 + 0.07
38
0.653 + 0.347
if 1 ;
2
c t 62 (1 )
( )
235
235
=
= 0.8136
355
fy
k = 0.57 0.21 0.72 + 0.07 0.722 = 0.455
b tw
300 7.5
r
27
c 2 2
2
2
=
=
= 11.36 < 21 k = 11.53 ... the flange is Class 3 or better
10.5
tf
tf
> 10 = 8.14 ... the flange is Class 3
SEMI-COMP+
Worked Example 1
c h 2t f 2r 283 210.5 227

38
=
=
= 27.73 <
= 41.96
tw
tw
7.5
0.653 + 0.347 web
... the web is class 3 or better
>
188
= 34 = 27.66
6.53 1
... the web is Class 3
So the cross-section at the left support is found to be in Class 3.
1.1.7.
Cross-section design check
The cross-section capacity is checked with the design model for H-shaped sections from the SemiComp Design Guidelines.
The decisive cross-section check at the left support reads:
Interpolation:
2, y , f = 10 = 8.14
3, y , f = 14 = 11.39
2, y , w = 83 = 67.53
3, y , w = 124 = 100.89
2, z , f = 10 = 8.14
3, z , f = 16 = 13.02
( c t f 2, y , f ) ( c tw 2, y , w )
(11.36 8.14 ) ( 27.73 67.53)
c / tref , y = max
;
; 0 = max
;
; 0 = 0.99
( 3, y , f 2, y , f ) ( 3, y , w 2, y , w )
(11.39 8.14 ) (100.89 67.53)
( c t f 2, z , f ) (11.36 8.14 )
= 0.66
;0 =
c / tref , z = max
8.14
13.02
(
)
(
)
3,
z
,
f
2,
z
,
f
Step 1:
M 3, y , Rd = M pl , y , Rd ( M pl , y , Rd M el , y , Rd )c tref , y = 378.1 ( 378.1 346.5 ) 0.99 = 346.8 kNm
M 3, z , Rd = M pl , z , Rd ( M pl , z , Rd M el , z , Rd )c tref , z = 171.2 (171.2 112.0 ) 0.66 = 132.2 kNm

Step 2:
n=
N Ed
946,8
=
= 0.3
N pl , Rd 3156
M N ,3, y , Rd = M 3, y , Rd (1 n ) = 346.8 (1 0.3) = 242.8 kNm
2
2
M N ,3, z , Rd = M 3, z , Rd (1 n ) = 132.2 (1 0.3 ) = 120.3 kNm
Step 3:
M y , Ed M z , Ed
+
1
M N ,3, y , Rd M N ,3, z , Rd
where = 2 and = 5n 1
SEMI-COMP+
Worked Example 1
The cross-section check for the given class-3 section then is:
2
1.5
87
34
242.8 + 120.3
= 0.279 < 1
The utilisation factor 3 can be calculated as follows by increasing the applied loading (N+My+Mz)
proportionally:
2

87 3
34 3
+
2
2
346.8 (1 0.3 3 ) 132.2 (1 0.3 3 )
N Ed ,lim =
N Ed
1/3
u ,3 = 1.69
= 1.0 3 = 0.591
946.8
= 1602kN
0.591
M y , Ed ,lim =
M y , Ed
M z , Ed ,lim =
M z , Ed
3
3
1.5 3
87
= 147.2kNm
0.591
34
= 57.5kNm
0.591
The loading can therefore be increased by 69% to reach a cross-section utilisation of 100%. The value
of =0.591 can be directly compared to the utilisation factor for the pure elastic resistance:
el =
M y , Ed
M z , Ed
N Ed
946.8
87
34
+
+
=
+
+
= 0.855 < 1
N pl , Rd M el , y , Rd M el , z , Rd 3156 346.5 112.0
u ,el = 1.17
Utilisation factor along the member length according to SEMI-COMP proposal:
SEMI-COMP+
W
Worked Example 1
Utilisation factor along the member length according to EN 1993-1-1:
1.1.8.
Member design check
w the existing Eurocode method 2 formulae. TThe interaction

The member capacity is checked with
factors are those for compact section
ns and M3,(y,z),Rd are used instead of Mpl,(y,z),Rd. The d
design check for
members will be based on the class of the cross-section with maximum utilisation (i..e. Class 3); this
corresponds to cross-section at the left support.
Lcr , y = Lcr , z = 500 cm
1 =
y =
z =
E
=
fy
N pl
N cr , y
N pl
N cr , z
Lcr , y
1 iy
Lcr , z
1 iz
21000
= 76.4
41
35.5
=
y = 0.34
500
curve
= 0.525
b
76.4112.46
y = 0.873
500
curve
= 0.896
c
76.41 7.3
z = 0.49
z = 0.602
SEMI-COMP+
Worked Example 1
So as to calculate the normalized slenderness for lateral-torsional buckling, it is necessary to calculate

the elastic critical moment for LT-buckling considering bending about the major axis.
2 E I z kz I w
2
M cr , y = C1
( kz L )

k w I z
(k L)
+ z
G It
2 E Iz
+ ( C2 z g C3 z j ) ( C2 z g C3 z j )
For this case of study, the previous formula can be simplified as follows:
M cr , y = C1
2 E I z I w
L2 G I t
+ 2
I z E I z
L2
where C1=1.77 according to moment distribution.
M cr , y = 1.77
2 21000 4734 877.2 103
5002
4734
5002 8100 49.35 2

10 = 1177.2kNm
2 21000 4734
Then, the normalized slenderness can be determined as:
LT =
W3, y f y
M cr , y
LT = 0.34
346.8
curve
= 0.543
b
1177.2
LT = 0.942
In order to check the accuracy of the elastic critical moment, an additional calculation of Mcr,y using
the software LTBeam was carried out.
M cr , y , LTBeam = 1199.8 kNm
The discrepancies between the analytical value and the LTBeam value are acceptable for the case of
study.
= 0
kc =
1
1
=
= 0.752
1.33 0.33 1.33 0.33 0
2
2
f = 1 0.5 (1 kc ) 1 2 LT 0.8 = 1 0.5 (1 0.752 ) 1 2 ( 0.543 0.8 ) = 0.892 < 1
0.942
LT ,mod = LT =
LT ,mod = 1.0
0.892
f
Bending moment factors:
C my = C mz = C mLT = 0.6 + 0.4 = 0.6 + 0.4 0 = 0.6
SEMI-COMP+
Worked Example 1
Next step is to determine the interaction factors for members susceptible to torsional deformations:
plastic interaction factors for Class 3 according to the SEMI-COMP approach
ny =
N Ed
946.8
=
= 0.344
y N pl , Rd 0.873 3156
nz =
N Ed
946.8
=
= 0.498
z N pl , Rd 0.602 3156
N Ed
k yy = Cmy 1 + y 0.2
y N pl , Rd
k yz = 0.6 k zz = 0.6 0.956 = 0.574
k zy = 1
= 0.6 (1 + ( 0.525 0.2 ) 0.344 ) = 0.667
N Ed
0.1 z
0.1 0.896
= 1
0.498 = 0.873
( CmLT 0.25 ) z N pl , Rd
( 0.6 0.25 )
N Ed
k zz = Cmz 1 + 2 z 0.6
z N pl , Rd
= 0.6 (1 + ( 2 0.896 0.6 ) 0.498) = 0.956
For comparison, the elastic interaction factors according to EN 1993-1-1 lead to
k yy = 0.665
k yz = 0.761
k zy = 0.936
k zz = 0.761
Finally, the member check for strong and weak axis results in the following expressions:
Strong axis:
M y , Ed
M
N Ed
+ k yy
+ k yz z , Ed 1
y N pl , Rd
LT M 3, y , Rd
M 3, z , Rd
0.344 + 0.667
87
34
+ 0.574
= 0.659 < 1
1 346.8
132.2
Weak axis:
M y , Ed
M
N Ed
+ k zy
+ k zz z , Ed 1
z N pl , Rd
LT M 3, y , Rd
M 3, z , Rd
0.498 + 0.873
87
34
+ 0.956
= 0.963 < 1
1 346.8
132.2
So the criteria for member resistance are fulfilled for the given beam-column.
10
SEMI-COMP+
Worked Example 1
For comparison, the member buckling check according to EN 1993-1-1 is shown:

Strong axis:
M y , Ed
M z , Ed
N Ed
+ k yy
+ k yz
1
y N pl , Rd
LT M el , y , Rd
M el , z , Rd
0.344 + 0.665
87
34
+ 0.761
= 0.742 < 1
1 346.3
112.0
Weak axis:
M y , Ed
M z , Ed
N Ed
+ k zy
+ k zz
1
z N pl , Rd
LT M el , y , Rd
M el , z , Rd
0.498 + 0.936
87
34
+ 0.761
= 0.965 < 1
1 346.3
112.0
Comment:
Since the overal member class is close to the limit between class 3 and class 4 (c/tref,y = 0.99, c/tref,z =
0.66) the buckling check of the given example 1 according to the SEMI-COMP approach leads to
similar results as the present EN 1993-1-1.
11
SEMI-COMP+
Worked Example 2
1.2. Example 2: IPE 500 under bending and compression

1.2.1.
Loading
The second worked example detailed herein deals with an IPE 500 in S355 steel. It is assumed as
simply supported beam-column (L = 10 m) with an intermediate restraint in the middle of the length
(L = 5 m), and is subjected to the following combined axial force and axial bending moments:
N Ed = 700 kN
M y1, Ed = 250 kNm
M y 2, Ed = 75 kNm
1.2.2.
Material
N
mm 2
N
G = 81000
mm 2
N
kN
= 35.5 2
f y = 355
2
mm
cm
M 0 = 1.0
E = 210000
1.2.3.
The geometrical dimensions as well as relevant properties of the studied cross-section IPE 500 are:
tf
h = 500mm
b = 200mm
tw = 10.2mm
t f = 16mm
A = 116cm 2
I t = 89.29cm4
I y = 48200cm 4
I w = 1249 103 cm6
Wel , y = 1928cm3
i y = 20.43cm
Wpl , y = 2194cm3 iz = 4.31cm

I z = 2142cm4
r = 21mm
tw
Wel , z = 214cm3
Wpl , z = 336cm3
b
12
SEMI-COMP+
Worked Example 2
The plastic and elastic resistances of the studied cross-section are obtained as follows:
N pl , Rd = A
fy
M0
= 116
M pl , y , Rd = Wpl , y
1.2.4.
fy
M0
fy
M0
35.5
= 4118kN
1.0
= 2194
= 1928
35.5 2
10 = 778.87 kNm
1.0
35.5 2
10 = 684.44kNm
1.0
Internal forces
The major axis bending moment distribution is linear. The maximum value is at the left support of
the studied beam-column. The following figure illustrates the investigated system and the loading
case.
5m
5m
My
-75 kNm
250 kNm
1.2.5.
The check whether the cross-section at the left support (i.e. the location of the maximum crosssection utilisation) is Class 3 or better is done with the actual elastic stress distribution. For this
purpose it is necessary to determine the web parameter that indicates the variation of direct stresses
in the web.
N Ed M y1, Ed
700 250 102
z =
116
48200
A
Iy
web =
2
50
5.01 kN cm
1.6 2.1 =
2
17.08 kN cm2
5.01
= 0.293
17.08
The flange is under pure compression due to NEd+My,Ed. The stress distribution in the fully plastic
state leads to the web being in full compression (i.e. =1.0).
13
SEMI-COMP+
Worked Example 2
-17.08 kN/cm
web= -0.29
5.01 kN/cm
= 1.0
As well, the maximum admissible width-to-thickness ratios for the studied load combination is
showed to clarify the new limits that later determine the class of cross-section.
Maximum ratios

compression
Internal compression parts under bending

and compression
if
> 0.5 ; c t
c t 10
if
0.5 ; c t
if > 1 ; c t
c t 14
188
6.53 1
41.5
38
0.653 + 0.347
if 1 ;
c t 62 (1 )
( )
235
235
=
= 0.8136
355
fy
b tw
200 10.2
r
21
c 2 2
2
2
=
=
= 4.62 < 14 = 11.39 ... the flange is Class 3 or better
16
tf
tf
<10 = 8.14 ... the flange is Class 2 or better
<9 = 7.32 ... the flange is Class 1
38
c h 2t f 2r 500 216 221
=
=
= 41.76 <
= 56.08
10.2
0.653 + 0.347 web
tw
tw
... the web is Class 3 or better
>34 = 27.66 ... the web is Class 3
So the cross-section at the left support is found to be in Class 3. Although the flange under
compression can be considered as Class 1, the decisive part -for this case of study- is the web which
is in Class 3.
14
SEMI-COMP+
1.2.6.
Worked Example 2
It is worth to remark that in this example there is no bending moment in z-axis, therefore the design
model for cross-section resistance is rather simplified. The capacity of the section is checked using
the design model for H-shaped sections from the Semi-Comp Design Guidelines.
The decisive cross-section check at the left support reads:
Interpolation:
2, y , f = 10 = 8.14
3, y , f = 14 = 11.39
2, y , w = 83 = 67.53
3, y , w = 124 = 100.89
( c t f 2, y , f ) ( c tw 2, y , w )
( 4.62 8.14 ) ( 41.76 67.53)
c / tref , y = max
;
;0 = max
;
;0 = 0
11.39
8.14
100.89
67.53
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
2, y , f
3, y , w
2, y , w
3, y , f
Step 1:
M 3, y ,Rd = M pl , y , Rd ( M pl , y , Rd M el , y , Rd )c tref , y = 778.87 ( 778.87 684.44 ) 0 = 778.87 kNm

Step 2:
n=
N Ed
700
=
= 0.17
N pl , Rd 4118
M N ,3, y , Rd = M 3, y , Rd (1 n ) = 778.87 (1 0.17 ) = 646.46 kNm
With only moment in y-axis being present, the design check simplifies as follows:
M y1, Ed
M N ,3, y , Rd
250
= 0.39 < 1
646.46
The previous value of 0.39 is a ratio that indicates the fraction of the design bending moment My,Ed to
the design resistance moment reduced to the axial force NEd. This ratio shows how much the bending
moment can be increased by keeping a constant axial force (i.e. 1/0.39=2.56). Note that this is not
the utilisation factor of the cross-section. The utilisation factor can be determined as follows:
3 =
M y , Ed
N Ed
700
250
+
=
+
= 0.49 < 1
N pl , Rd M pl , y , Rd 4118 778.87
u ,3 = 2.04
15
SEMI-COMP+
Worked Example 2
It can be compared to el:
el =
M y , Ed
N Ed
700
250
+
=
+
= 0.54 < 1
N pl , Rd M el , y , Rd 4118 684.44
u ,el = 1.85
16
SEMI-COMP+
1.2.7.
W
Worked Example 2
Member design check

ns and M3,y,Rd are used instead of Mpl,y,Rd:
Lcr , y = 1000cm
Lcr , z = 500cm
1 =
y =
z =
E
=
fy
N pl
N cr , y
N pl
N cr , z
21000
= 76.4
41
35.5
Lcr , y
1 iy
Lcr , z
1 iz
1000
y = 0.21
curve
= 0.641
a
76.41 20.4
43
y = 0.874
500
curve
= 1.518
b
76.41 4.31
z = 0.34
z = 0.336
So as to calculate the normalized slenderness for lateral-torsional buckling, it is necesssary to calculate

the elastic critical moment for LT-bucckling considering bending about the major axis.
2 E I z kz I w
2
M cr , y = C1
( kz L )

kw I z
(k L)
+ z
G It
2 E Iz
+ ( C2 z g C3 z j )
( C2 z g C3 z j )
n member, the following conservative approach caan be used: The

In order to calculate Mcr,y of the given
left part of the structure, which is more
m
loaded, is cut out and treated as a simply su
upported beam.
Consequently, the previous formula can be simplified as follows:
M cr , y = C1
2 E I z I w
2
L2 G I t
+ 2
I z E I z
where C1=1.44 according to momentt distribution.
M crcons
, y = 1.44
2 21000 2142 1249 103

5002
2142
5002 8100 89.29 2

10 = 804.8kkNm
2 21000 2142
17
SEMI-COMP+
Worked Example 2
The corresponding critical moment using the LTBeam software with the mentioned approach is:
M crcons
, y , LTBeam = 811.1kNm
To make use of the stiffening effect of the right part of the member, the value of the critical moment
of the whole member is taken from the LTBeam software considering the intermediate lateral
restraints at midspan. Therefore, the critical moment for this more realistic approach is:
M cr , y = M cr , y , LTBeam = 1008.3kNm
LT =
W3, y f y
M cr , y
LT = 0.49
778.87
curve
= 0.879
c
1008.3
LT = 0.714
1 + ( 0.3)
1
1
= 0.35
kc =
=
= 0.823
2
1.33 0.33 1.33 0.33 0.35
2
2
f = 1 0.5 (1 kc ) 1 2 LT 0.8 = 1 0.5 (1 0.823) 1 2 ( 0.879 0.8 ) = 0.913 < 1
0.714
LT ,mod = LT =
= 0.782
f
0.913
Remark: the normalized slenderness according to EN 1993-1-1 would lead to
LT = 0.49
curve
LT = 0.824
c
LT ,mod = 0.821
So as to obtain the values of the moment factors, the following formulae have been used:
= 0.3
(value calculated previously)
Cmy = 0.6 + 0.4 = 0.6 + 0.4 ( 0.3) = 0.48
1 + ( 0.3)
= 0.35
2
CmLT = 0.6 + 0.4 = 0.6 + 0.4 0.35 = 0.74
ny =
N Ed
700
=
= 0.194
y N pl , Rd 0.874 4118
nz =
N Ed
700
=
= 0.506
z N pl , Rd 0.336 4118
18
SEMI-COMP+
Worked Example 2
N Ed
k yy = Cmy 1 + y 0.2
y N pl , Rd
k yz = 0.6 k zz = 0
k zy = 1
= 0.48 (1 + ( 0.641 0.2 ) 0.194 ) = 0.521
N Ed
0.1
0.1
= 1
0.506 = 0.896
( CmLT 0.25 ) z N pl , Rd
( 0.74 0.25 )
k zz = 0
k yy = 0.516
k yz = 0
k zy = 0.948
k zz = 0
Strong axis:
M y , Ed
N Ed
+ k yy
1
y N pl , Rd
LT ,mod M 3, y , Rd
0.194 + 0.521
250
= 0.408 < 1
0.782 778.87
Weak axis:
M y , Ed
N Ed
+ k zy
1
z N pl , Rd
LT ,mod M 3, y , Rd
0.506 + 0.896
250
= 0.874 < 1
0.782 778.87
So the criteria for member resistance are fulfilled for the given beam-column.
19
SEMI-COMP+
Worked Example 2

Strong axis:
M y , Ed
N Ed
+ k yy
1
y N pl , Rd
LT ,mod M 3, y , Rd
0.194 + 0.516
250
= 0.43 < 1
0.821 684.4
Weak axis:
M y , Ed
N Ed
+ k zy
1
z N pl , Rd
LT ,mod M 3, y , Rd
0.506 + 0.948
250
= 0.93 < 1
0.821 684.4
Comment:
The difference between the buckling check of the given example 2 according to the SEMI-COMP
approach and the present EN 1993-1-1 is approximately 6 %.
The SEMI-COMP approach leads to more economic results.
20
SEMI-COMP+
Worked Example 3
1.3. Example 3: Welded section under pure bending

1.3.1.
Loading
The third worked example detailed herein deals with a welded section in S355 steel. It is assumed as
simply supported beam (L = 25 m) with an intermediate restraint at midspan, and is subjected to the
following axial bending moment:
M y , Ed = 1450 kNm
1.3.2.
Material
N
mm 2
N
G = 81000
mm 2
N
kN
f y = 355
= 35.5 2
2
mm
cm
M 0 = 1.0
E = 210000
1.3.3.
The geometrical dimensions as well as relevant properties of the studied welded cross-section are:
tf
h = 1060mm
b = 350mm
t w = 12mm
t f = 30mm
h
tw
A = 330cm 2
I t = 655.31cm 4
I y = 657130cm 4
I w = 5686 10 4 cm 6
Wel , y = 12398.7cm3
i y = 44.62cm
W pl , y = 13815cm3
iz = 8.06cm
I z = 21451.9cm 4
Wel , z = 1225.82cm3
W pl , z = 1873.5cm3
21
SEMI-COMP+
W
Worked Example 3
The plastic and elastic resistances of the studied cross-section are obtained as follows::
N pl , Rd = A
fy
M0
= 330
1.3.4.
fy
M0
fy
M0
35.5
= 117155kN
1.0
= 13815
35.5 2
10 = 4904.3kNm
1
1.0
= 12398.7
35.55 2
10 = 4401.5kNm
1.0
Internal forces
m, so = 1. The
The major axis bending moment disttribution is constant along the length of the beam
following figure illustrates the investtigated system and the loading case.
My
1.3.5.
n
The check whether the cross-section is Class 3 or better is done with the actuaal elastic stress
distribution. The maximum admissib
ble width-to-thickness ratios for the studied load case are showed
in the following table.
Maximum ratios

O
compression
Internal compression parrts subject to

bending
c t 10
c t 83
c t 14
c t 124
235
235
=
= 0.8136
fy
355
22
SEMI-COMP+
Worked Example 3
b t w 350 12
c 2 2
2 = 5.63 < 14 = 11.39 ... the flange is Class 3 or better
=
= 2
30
tf
tf
<10 = 8.14 ... the flange is Class 2 or better
<9 = 7.32 ... the flange is Class 1
c h 2t f 1060 230
=
=
= 83.33 < 124 = 100.89 ... the web is Class 3 or better
12
tw
tw
>83 = 67.53 ... the web is Class 3
So the cross-section in compression is found to be in Class 3. Although the flange under compression
can be considered as Class 1, the decisive part -for this case of study- is the web which is in Class 3.
1.3.6.
It is worth to remark that in this example there is no axial compression nor bending moment in z-axis,
therefore the design model for cross-section resistance is rather simplified. The capacity of the
section is checked using the design model for H-shaped sections from the Semi-Comp Design
Guidelines.
Interpolation:
2, y , f = 10 = 8.14
3, y , f = 14 = 11.39
2, y , w = 83 = 67.53
3, y , w = 124 = 100.89
( c t f 2, y , f ) ( c tw 2, y , w )
( 5.63 8.14 ) ( 83.33 67.53)
c / tref , y = max
;
;0 = max
;
;0 = 0.47
(11.39 8.14 ) (100.89 67.53)
( 3, y , f 2, y , f ) ( 3, y , w 2, y , w )
Step 1:
M 3, y , Rd = M pl , y , Rd ( M pl , y , Rd M el , y , Rd )c t ref , y = 4904.3 ( 4904.3 4401.5 ) 0.47 = 4666.1 kNm
3 =
M y , Ed
M 3, y , Rd
1450
= 0.31 < 1
4666.1
u ,3 = 3.22
the design resistance moment. Note that this is the utilisation factor of the cross-section for this
specific case.
23
SEMI-COMP+
Worked Example 3
el =
M y , Ed
M el , y , Rd
1450
= 0.33 < 1
4401.5
u ,el = 3.04
24
SEMI-COMP+
1.3.7.
W
Worked Example 3
Member design check

ns and M3,y,Rd are used instead of Mpl,y,Rd:
Lcr = 1250cm
So as to calculate the normalized slenderness for lateral-torsional buckling, it is necesssary to calculate
the elastic critical moment for LT-bucckling considering bending about the major axis.
2 E I z kz I w
2
M cr , y = C1
( kz L )

kw I z
(k L)
+ z
G It
2 E Iz
+ ( C2 z g C3 z j ) ( C2 z g C3 z j )
ormula can be simplified as follows:

For this case of study, the previous fo
2 E I z I w
L2 G I t
2
L2
I z E I z
where C1=1.0 according to moment distribution.
d
M cr , y = C1
M cr , y = 1.0
2 21000 21451.9 5686 104 12502 8100 655.31 2
+ 2
10 = 19112.2kNm
12502
21451.9 21000 21451.9
LT =
W3, y f y
M cr , y
LT = 0.76
4666.1
curve
= 1.56
6
d
1912.2
LT = 0.320
In order to check the accuracy of th

he elastic critical moment, an additional calculatio
on of Mcr,y using
the software LTBeam was carried out.
M cr , y , LTBeam = 1912.1kNm
25
SEMI-COMP+
Worked Example 3
There are almost no discrepancies between the analytical value and the LTBeam value, so the result
is valid.
= 1
kc =
1
1
=
=1
1.33 0.33 1.33 0.33 1
2
2
f = 1 0.5 (1 kc ) 1 2 LT 0.8 = 1 0.5 (1 1) 1 2 (1.56 0.8 ) = 1
0.320
= 0.320
LT ,mod = LT =
f
1
Remark: the normalized slenderness according to EN 1993-1-1 would lead to
LT = 0.76
curve
LT = 1.517
d
LT ,mod = 0.333
So as to obtain the values of the moment factors, the following formulae have been used:
=1
CmLT = 0.6 + 0.4 = 0.6 + 0.4 1 = 1
In this example, since there is only bending moment about y-axis, there are no interaction factors.
Finally, the member check results in the following expression:
M y , Ed
LT ,mod M 3, y , Rd
1450
= 0.97 < 1
0.320 4666.1
So the criteria for member resistance are fulfilled for the given beam.
M y , Ed
LT ,mod M el , y , Rd
1450
= 0.99 < 1
0.333 4401.5
Comment:
26
SEMI-COMP+
Worked Example 4
1.4. Example 4: RHS 250x150x6 under biaxial bending and compression

1.4.1.
Loading
The next worked example detailed herein deals with an RHS 250x150x6 cold formed in S275 steel. It
is assumed as simply supported beam-column (L = 4 m), and is subjected to the following combined
axial force and biaxial bending moments:
N Ed = 376.5 kN
M y , Ed = 32 kNm
M z , Ed = 21 kNm
1.4.2.
Material
N
mm 2
N
G = 81000
mm 2
N
kN
= 27.5 2
f y = 275
2
mm
cm
M 0 = 1.0
E = 210000
1.4.3.
The geometrical dimensions as well as relevant properties of the studied cross-section RHS
250x150x6 cold formed are:
A = 45.63cm2
h = 250mm
b = 150mm
I y = 3886cm 4
t = 6mm
Wel , y = 310.9cm3
h
Wpl , y = 378.2cm3
I z = 1768cm 4
Wel , z = 236cm3
Wpl , z = 266.2cm3
b
i y = 9.23cm
iz = 6.23cm
27
SEMI-COMP+
W
Worked Example 4
The plastic and elastic resistances of a RHS 250x150x6 are obtained as follows:
N pl , Rd = A
fy
= 45.63
M0
M pl , y , Rd = W pl , y
M pl , z , Rd = W pl , z
M el , z , Rd = Wel , z
1.4.4.
fy
M0
fy
M0
fy
M0
fy
M0
27.5
= 125
55kN
1.0
= 378.2
= 266.2
= 310.9
= 236
27.5 2
110 = 104.0kNm
1.0
27.5 2
10 = 73.2kNm
1
1.0
27.5 2
10 = 85.5kNm
1.0
27.5 2
10 = 64.9kNm
1.0
Internal forces
Both major axis and minor axis bending moment distributions are supposed to be trriangular (linear
with y = z = 0) and applied at thee same end of the member. The following figuree illustrates the
investigated system and the loading case.
4m
My
32 kNm
Mz
21 kNm
28
SEMI-COMP+
1.4.5.
Worked Example 4
Stress distribution
The following figure shows the elastic stress distribution in the most critical section, the location of
the maximal utilisation and the Plastic Neutral Axis (PNA).
flange = 0.41
-0.96 f y
-0.39 f y
= 1.0
-0.97 f y
= 1.0
web = 0.29
PNA
-0.28 f y
+0.40 f y
1.4.6.
distribution. As well, the maximum width-to-thickness ratios for parts subjected to bending and
compression are showed in the following table to clarify the new limits that later determine the class
of cross-section. Notice that the flanges are also internal compression parts, since there are no
outstand parts in this case of study.
Maximum ratios for parts subjected to
Internal compression parts

if
188
6.53 1
41.5
if 0.5 ; c t
> 0.5 ; c t
if > 1 ; c t
38
0.653 + 0.347
if 1 ; c t 62 (1 )
( )
235
235
=
= 0.9244
fy
275
c b 3 t 150 3 6
38
=
=
= 22 <
= 44.17 ... the flange is Class 3 or better
tf
t
6
0.653 + 0.347 flange
188
6.53 1
126
= 25.88 ... the flange is Class 1
<
5.5 1
<
29
SEMI-COMP+
Worked Example 4
c h 3 t 250 3 6
38
=
=
= 38.67 <
= 46.61 ... the web is Class 3 or better
tw
t
6
0.653 + 0.347 web
>
188
= 31.43 ... the web is Class 3
6.53 1
So the cross-section in compression is found to be in Class 3 for the given loading.
1.4.7.
The cross-section capacity is checked with the design model for tubular (hollow) sections from the
Semi-Comp Design Guidelines.
Interpolation:
2, y , f = 34 = 31.43
3, y , f = 38 = 35.13
2, y , w = 83 = 76.73
3, y , w = 124 = 114.63
2, z , w = 34 = 31.43
3, z , w = 38 = 35.13
( c t f 2, y , f ) ( c tw 2, y , w )
( 22 31.43) ( 38.67 76.73)
c / tref , y = max
;
;0 = max
;
;0 = 0
( 35.13 31.43) (114.63 76.73)
( 3, y , f 2, y , f ) ( 3, y , w 2, y , w )
( c tw 2, z , w ) ( 38.67 31.43)
c / tref , z = max
;0 =
= 1.96
c / tref , z = 1.0
( 3, z , w 2, z , w ) ( 35.13 31.43)
c / tref , z 1.0
Step 1:
M 3, y , Rd = M pl , y , Rd ( M pl , y , Rd M el , y , Rd )c tref , y = 104.0 (104.0 85.5 ) 0 = 104.0 kNm
M 3, z , Rd = M pl , z , Rd ( M pl , z , Rd M el , z , Rd )c tref , z = 73.2 ( 73.2 64.9 ) 1.0 = 64.9 kNm

Step 2:
n=
N Ed
376.5
=
= 0.3
N pl , Rd 1255
M N ,3, y , Rd = M 3, y , Rd (1 n ) = 104.0 (1 0.3) = 72.8 kNm
M N ,3, z , Rd = M 3, z , Rd (1 n ) = 64.9 (1 0.3) = 45.4 kNm

Step 3:
M y , Ed M z , Ed
+
1
M N ,3, y , Rd M N ,3, z , Rd
30
SEMI-COMP+
Worked Example 4
where = =
1.66
1.66
=
= 1.848 6
2
1 1.13 n 1 1.13 0.32
The cross-section check for the given class-3 section then is:
1.848
32
72.8
1.848
21
+
45.4
= 0.459 < 1
The utilisation factor 3 can be calculated as follows by increasing the applied loading (N+My+Mz)
proportionally:
32 3
104.0 (1 0.3 3 )
1.66
( 0.3 3 )
1
1.13
21 3
+
64.9 (1 0.3 3 )
1.66
( 0.3 3 )
1
1.13
= 1.0
1/ 3
3 = 0.744
u ,3 = 1.34
N Ed ,lim =
N Ed
376.5
= 506.1kN
0.744
M y , Ed ,lim =
M y , Ed
M z , Ed ,lim =
M z , Ed
3
3
32
= 43.0kNm
0.744
21
= 28.2kNm
0.744
The value of 3=0.744 can be directly compared to the utilisation factor for the pure elastic
resistance:
el =
M y , Ed
M z , Ed
N Ed
376.5 32
21
+
+
=
+
+
= 0.998 < 1
N pl , Rd M el , y , Rd M el , z , Rd 1255 85.5 64.9
u ,el = 1.0
31
SEMI-COMP+
Worked Example 4
32
SEMI-COMP+
1.4.8.
Worked Example 4
Member design check
The member capacity is checked with the existing Eurocode method 2 formulae. The interaction
factors are those for compact sections and M3,(y,z),Rd are used instead of Mpl,(y,z),Rd. The design check for
members will be based on the class of the cross-section with maximum utilisation; this corresponds
to cross-section at the left support in this example.
Lcr , y = Lcr , z = 400 cm
E
=
fy
1 =
y =
z =
N pl
N cr , y
N pl
N cr , z
Lcr , y
1 iy
Lcr , z
1 iz
21000
= 86.81
27.5
=
y = 0.49
400
curve
= 0.500
c
86.81 9.23
y = 0.843
400
curve
= 0.740
c
86.81 6.23
z = 0.49
z = 0.700
Then, the moment constants are:
=0
Cmy = Cmz = 0.6 + 0.4 = 0.6 + 0.4 0 = 0.6
ny =
N Ed
376.5
=
= 0.356
y N pl , Rd 0.843 1255
nz =
N Ed
376.5
=
= 0.429
z N pl , Rd 0.700 1255
33
SEMI-COMP+
Worked Example 4
N Ed
k yy = Cmy 1 + y 0.2
y N pl , Rd
k yz = 0.6 k zz = 0.6 0.741 = 0.444
= 0.6 (1 + ( 0.500 0.2 ) 0.356 ) = 0.664
k zy = 0.6 k yy = 0.6 0.664 = 0.398
N Ed
k zz = Cmz 1 + z 0.2
z N pl , Rd
= 0.6 (1 + ( 0.746 0.2 ) 0.429 ) = 0.741
k yy = 0.664
k yz = 0.714
k zy = 0.531
k zz = 0.714
Strong axis:
M y , Ed
M
N Ed
+ k yy
+ k yz z , Ed 1
y N pl , Rd
M 3, y , Rd
M 3, z , Rd
0.356 + 0.664
32
21
+ 0.444
= 0.704 < 1
104.0
64.9
Weak axis:
M y , Ed
M
N Ed
+ k zy
+ k zz z , Ed 1
z N pl , Rd
M 3, y , Rd
M 3, z , Rd
0.429 + 0.398
32
21
+ 0.741
= 0.791 < 1
104.0
64.9
So the criteria for member resistance are fulfilled for the given tubular beam-column.
34
SEMI-COMP+
Worked Example 4

Strong axis:
M y , Ed
M z , Ed
N Ed
+ k yy
+ k yz
1
y N pl , Rd
M el , y , Rd
M el , z , Rd
0.356 + 0.664
32
21
+ 0.714
= 0.836 < 1
85.5
64.9
Weak axis:
M y , Ed
M z , Ed
N Ed
+ k zy
+ k zz
1
z N pl , Rd
M el , y , Rd
M el , z , Rd
0.429 + 0.531
32
21
+ 0.714
= 0.859 < 1
85.5
64.9
Comment:
35
SEMI-COMP+
W
Worked Example 5
1.5. Example 5: SHS 200x6.3 unde

er bending and compression
1.5.1.
Loading
h
deals with an SHS 200x6.3 cold formed in S355 steel. It is
The next worked example detailed herein
assumed as simply supported beam--column (L = 5 m), and is subjected to the followingg loads:
N Ed = 674.5 kN
qEd = 8.9
1.5.2.
kN
m
Material
According to EN 1993-1-1, the materrial properties of the mentioned S355 steel are:
N
mm 2
N
G = 81000
mm 2
N
kN
f y = 355
= 35.5 2
2
mm
cm
M 0 = 1.0
E = 210000
1.5.3.
perties
Geometry and section prop
The geometrical dimensions as well as relevant properties of the studied cross-sectio

on SHS 200x6.3
cold formed are:
A = 47.5cm 2
h = 200mm
b = 200mm
I y = I z = 2922cm 4
t = 6.3mm
c 3
Wel , y = Wel , z = 292cm
h
W pl , y = W pl , z = 341..11cm3
i y = iz = 7.85cm
36
SEMI-COMP+
Worked Example 5
The plastic and elastic resistances of a SHS 200x6.3 cold formed are obtained as follows:
N pl , Rd = A
fy
M0
= 47.5
M el , y , Rd
1.5.4.
fy
35.5
= 1686.25kN
1.0
= 341.11
35.5 2
10 = 121.09kNm
1.0
M0
f
35.5 2
= Wel , y y = 292
10 = 103.66kNm
M0
1.0
Internal forces
The diagram of bending moments of this example follows a parable with a maximum moment in the
middle of the length (L=2.5 m). The following figure illustrates the investigated system and the loading
case.
5m
My
27.81 kNm
M y , Ed = M max =
1.5.5.
qEd L2 8.9 52
=
= 27.81kNm
8
8
distribution. The most critical section is in the midspan of the beam column.
As well, the maximum width-to-thickness ratios for parts subjected to bending and compression are
showed in the following table to clarify the new limits that later determine the class of cross-section.
235
235
=
= 0.8136
fy
355
37
SEMI-COMP+
Worked Example 5

if
188
6.53 1
41.5
if 0.5 ; c t
> 0.5 ; c t
if > 1 ; c t
38
0.653 + 0.347
if 1 ; c t 62 (1 )
( )
The combined loading leads to a stress ratio of = 1.0 in the relevant flange.
c b 3 t 200 3 6.3
38
=
=
= 28.75 <
tf
t
6.3
0.653 + 0.347
>
188
6.53 1
So the cross-section is found to be in Class 3 for the given load case.
1.5.6.
The cross-section capacity is checked with the design model for tubular (hollow) sections from the
Semi-Comp design guidelines.
Interpolation:
2, y , f = 34 = 27.66
3, y , f = 38 = 30.92
2, y , w = 83 = 67.53
3, y , w = 124 = 100.89
2, z , w = 34 = 27.66
3, z , w = 38 = 30.92
( c t f 2, y , f ) ( c t w 2, y , w )
( 28.75 27.66 ) ( 28.75 67.53 )
;
;0 = max
;
;0 = 0.33
c / tref , y = max
30.92
27.66
100.89
67.53
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
2, y , f
3, y , w
2, y , w
3, y , f
( c tw 2, z , w ) ( 28.75 27.66 )
; 0 =
= 0.33
c / tref , z = max
30.
92
27.66
(
)
(
)
2, z , w
3, z , w
Step 1:
M 3, y , Rd = M pl , y , Rd ( M pl , y , Rd M el , y , Rd )c tref , y =121.09 (121.09 103.66 ) 0.33 = 115.26 kNm

38
SEMI-COMP+
Worked Example 5
Step 2:
n=
N Ed
674.5
=
= 0.4
N pl , Rd 1686.25
M N ,3, y , Rd = M 3, y , Rd (1 n ) = 115.26 (1 0.4 ) = 69.16 kNm
M y , Ed
M N ,3, y , Rd
27.81
= 0.40 < 1
69.16
the design plastic moment resistance reduced to the axial force NEd. This ratio shows how much the
bending moment can be increased by keeping a constant axial force (i.e. 1/0.40=2.50). Note that this
is not the utilisation factor of the cross-section. The utilisation factor can be determined as follows:
3 =
M
N Ed
674.5
27.81
+ y , Ed =
+
= 0.64 < 1
N pl , Rd M 3, y , Rd 1686.25 115.26
u ,3 = 1.56
el =
M y , Ed
N Ed
674.5
27.81
+
=
+
= 0.67 < 1
N pl , Rd M el , y , Rd 1686.25 103.66
u ,el = 1.50
39
SEMI-COMP+
Worked Example 5
Comment:
Due to the new c/t-limit ratios for internal plate elements the SEMI-COMP approach leads to Class 3,
but according to EN 1993-1-1 the cross-section with the highest utilisation factor is still in Class 2.
1.5.7.
Member design check
members will be based on the class of the cross-section with maximum utilisation; this corresponds
to the section at midspan in this example.
5m
1 =
21000
LE
cr , y = Lcr , z = 500 cm
=
= 76.41
fy
35.5
y = z =
N pl
N cr , y
Lcr , y
1 iy
y = 0.49
500
curve
= 0.834
c
76.41 7.85
y = z = 0.641
Then, the moment constant is:
C my = 0.95 + 0.05 h = 0.95 + 0.05 0 = 0.95
40
SEMI-COMP+
Worked Example 5
ny =
N Ed
674.5
=
= 0.62
y N pl , Rd 0.6411686.25
nz =
N Ed
674.5
=
= 0.62
z N pl , Rd 0.6411686.25
k y = 1 + y 0.2 ny = 1 + ( 0.83 0.2 ) 0.62 = 1.39
(k
yy
= Cmy k y = 0.95 1.395 = 1.326 )
For comparison, the plastic interaction factors according to EN 1993-1-1 lead to the same values
k yy = 1.326
k yz = 0.0
k zy = 0.796
k zz = 0
Strong axis:
Cmy M y , Ed
N Ed
+ ky
1
y N pl , Rd
M 3, y , Rd
0.62 + 1.39
0.95 27.81
= 0.94 < 1
115.26
Weak axis:
Cmy M y , Ed
N Ed
+ 0.6 k y
1
z N pl , Rd
M 3, y , Rd
0.62 + 0.6 1.39
0.95 27.81
= 0.81 < 1
115.26
So the criteria for member resistance are fulfilled for the given tubular beam-column. The weak axis
is not decisive for this SHS, since there is no weak axis bending moment present.
41
SEMI-COMP+
Worked Example 5
For comparison, the member buckling check according to EN 1993-1-1 (Class 2!) is shown:
Strong axis:
M y , Ed
N Ed
+ k yy
1
y N pl , Rd
M pl , y , Rd
0.625 + 1.326
27.81
= 0.93 < 1
121.1
Weak axis:
M y , Ed
N Ed
+ k zy
1
z N pl , Rd
M pl , y , Rd
0.625 + 0.796
27.81
= 0.81 < 1
121.1
Comment:
approach and the present EN 1993-1-1 is approximately -1 %.
The SEMI-COMP approach leads to the right results, since the new c/t-limits for internal plate
elements are applied.
42
SEMI-COMP+
Worked Example 6
1.6. Example 6: SHS 200x6.3 under pure bending

1.6.1.
Loading
The next worked example detailed herein deals with an SHS 200x6.3 cold formed in S355 steel. It is
assumed as simply supported beam (L = 5 m), and is subjected to the following loads:
qEd = 8.9
1.6.2.
kN
m
Material
N
mm 2
N
G = 81000
mm 2
N
kN
f y = 355
= 35.5 2
2
mm
cm
M 0 = 1.0
E = 210000
1.6.3.
The geometrical dimensions as well as relevant properties of the studied cross-section SHS 200x6.3
cold formed are:
A = 47.5cm 2
h = 200mm
b = 200mm
I y = I z = 2922cm 4
t = 6.3mm
Wel , y = Wel , z = 292cm3
h
t
W pl , y = W pl , z = 341.11cm3
i y = iz = 7.85cm
43
SEMI-COMP+
Worked Example 6
The plastic and elastic resistances of a RHS 250x150x6 are obtained as follows:
N pl , Rd = A
fy
M0
= 47.5
1.6.4.
fy
M0
fy
M0
35.5
= 1686.25kN
1.0
= 341.11
= 292
35.5 2
10 = 121.09kNm
1.0
35.5 2
10 = 103.66kNm
1.0
Internal forces
The diagram of bending moments of this example follows a parable with a maximum moment in the
middle of the length (L=2.5 m). The following figure illustrates the investigated system and the
loading case.
5m
My
27.81 kNm
M y , Ed = M max =
1.6.5.
qEd L2 8.9 52
=
= 27.81kNm
8
8
distribution. The most critical section is in the midspan of the beam.
As well, the maximum width-to-thickness ratios for parts subjected to bending and compression are
showed in the following table to clarify the new limits that later determine the class of cross-section.
235
235
=
= 0.8136
355
fy
44
SEMI-COMP+
Worked Example 6

if
> 0.5 ; c t

if
188
6.53 1
0.5 ; c t
if > 1 ; c t
41.5
38
0.653 + 0.347
if 1 ; c t 62 (1 )
( )
The combined loading leads to a stress ratio of = 1.0 in the relevant flange.
c b 3 t 200 3 6.3
38
=
=
= 28.75 <
6.3
0.653 + 0.347
tf
t
>
188
6.53 1
So the cross-section is found to be in Class 3 for the given loading.
1.6.6.
It is worth to remark that in this example there is no axial compression nor bending moment in z-axis,
therefore the design model for cross-section resistance is rather simplified. The cross-section
capacity is checked with the design model for tubular (hollow) sections from the Semi-Comp Design
Guidelines.
Interpolation:
2, y , f = 34 = 27.66
3, y , f = 38 = 30.92
2, y , w = 83 = 67.53
3, y , w = 124 = 100.89
( c t f 2, y , f ) ( c t w 2, y , w )
( 28.75 27.66 ) ( 28.75 67.53 )
;
;0 = max
;
;0 = 0.33
c / tref , y = max
( 30.92 27.66 ) (100.89 67.53)
( 3, y , f 2, y , f ) ( 3, y , w 2, y , w )
Step 1:
M 3, y , Rd = M pl , y , Rd ( M pl , y , Rd M el , y , Rd )c tref , y =121.09 (121.09 103.66 ) 0.33 = 115.26 kNm
45
SEMI-COMP+
3 =
M y , Ed
M 3, y , Rd
Worked Example 6
27.81
= 0.24 < 1
115.26
u ,3 = 4.14
The previous value of 0.24 is a ratio that indicates the fraction of the design bending moment My,Ed
to the design plastic moment resistance. Note that this is the utilisation factor of the cross-section for
this specific case.
el =
M y , Ed
M el , y , Rd
27.81
= 0.27 < 1
103.66
u ,el = 3.73
46
SEMI-COMP+
Worked Example 6
Comment:
Due to the new c/t-limit ratios for internal plate elements the SEMI-COMP approach leads to Class 3
(UF = 0.241), but according to EN 1993-1-1 the cross-section with the highest utilisation factor 0.23 is
still in Class 2.
1.6.7.
Member design check
Since there is no axial compression that implies flexural buckling and, considering that beams with
square hollow sections are not susceptible to lateral-torsional buckling; this case of study has no
stability problems. Consequently, the member design check for the given uniform member in
bending (based on EN 1993-1-1, clause 6.3.2) reads as follows:
M y , Ed
M 3, y , Rd
27.81
= 0.24 < 1
115.26
So the criteria for member resistance are fulfilled for the given tubular beam.
47
SEMI-COMP+
Worked Example 7
1.7. Example 7: IPE 500 under N+My+Mz including classification for member design
1.7.1.
System and loading
MyIIEd
NEd
N [kN]
qy,Ed
My [kNm]
350
250
350
247,5
350
240
350
227,5
350
210
350
187,5
350
350
350
10
350
11
350
Position
L = 2x5 = 10 m
qz,Ed
Mz [kNm]
0,0
-6,2
-7,9
-5,1
2,3
14,0
160
2,3
127,5
90
-5,1
-7,9
47,5
-6,2
0,0
NEd
N Ed = 350kN
qz , Ed = 5.0kN / m
II
M y , Ed = 250kNm q y , Ed = 4.5kN / m
1.7.2.
Material
N
mm 2
N
G = 81000
mm 2
N
kN
= 23.5 2
f y = 235
2
mm
cm
M 0 = 1.0
E = 210000
1.7.3.
A = 115.5 cm 2
Wel , y = 1928 cm
3
W pl , y = 2194 cm
4
I y = 48200 cm
3
Wel , z = 214 cm
3
W pl , z = 336 cm
4
I z = 2142 cm
3
h = 500mm
b = 200mm
tw = 10.2mm
t = 1.6mm
f
r = 21mm
48
SEMI-COMP+
1.7.4.
Worked Example 7
Relevant class for member design
The following figure illustrates the cross-section classes along the member based on the individual
resultant stress distributions (N + My + Mz) as well as the corresponding utilisation factors UF.
The location of the maximum UF along the member gives the decisive cross-section class for the
member check. Therefore, the member check has to be performed based on class 3 formulae.
UF (decisive class of Profile)

1
0,51
0,52
0,52
0,59
0,54
Position
Position
Class
0,56
0,44
0,38
UF
UF-EP
UF-EE
0,32
10
0,23
11
0,13
0,0
0,2
10
11
0,4
0,6
0,8
member buckling
check acc. class 3
(class at location
with highest
utilisation factor)
4
1,0
Thereby,
the classes were determined on basis of c/t (fy)

the full line illustrates the utilisation according to the SEMI-COMP approach (line UF)
the left dashed line illustrates the utilisation for class 2 (full plastic, line UF-EP)
the right hand dashed line illustrates the elastic utilisation (line UF-EE)
1.7.5.
Member check
members will be based on class 3 formulae.
Lcr , y = 1000cm
Lcr , z = 500cm
49
SEMI-COMP+
1 =
E
=
fy
N pl
y =
N cr , y
N pl
z =
Worked Example 7
N cr , z
Lcr , y
1 iy
Lcr , z
1 iz
21000
= 93.9
23.5
=
y = 0.21
1000
curve
= 0.522
a
93.9 20.4
y = 0.917
500
curve
= 1.243
b
93.9 4.31
z = 0.34
z = 0.455
The calculation of the elastic critical moment Mcr,y from the software LTBeam gives:
M cr , y , LTBeam = 1199.8 kNm

So the normalized slenderness can be determined as:
LT =
W3, y f y
M cr , y
LT = 0.49
515.6
curve
= 0.846
c
721.1
LT = 0.735
187.5
= 0.75
250
kc = 0.97
M
250
=
= 16.6
M 0 15.1
2
2
f = 1 0.5 (1 kc ) 1 2 LT 0.8 = 1 0.5 (1 0.97 ) 1 2 ( 0.846 0.8) = 0.989 < 1
0.735
LT ,mod = LT =
LT ,mod = 0.743
f
0.989
187.5
= 0.75
Cmy = 0.2 + 0.8 s = 0.2 + 0.8 0.75 = 0.8
250
7.0
s =
= 0.50 Cmz = 0.1 0.8 s = 0.1 + 0.8 0.50 = 0.5
14.0
233.8
= 0.94
CmLT = 0.2 + 0.8 s = 0.2 + 0.8 0.94 = 0.95
s =
250
s =
Next step is to determine the interaction factors for members susceptible to torsional deformations
(EN 1993-1-1; Annex B):
ny =
N Ed
350
=
= 0.14
y N pl , Rd 0.917 2714.3
nz =
N Ed
350
=
= 0.28
z N pl , Rd 0.455 2714.3
50
SEMI-COMP+
Worked Example 7
N Ed
k yy = Cmy 1 + y 0.2
y N pl , Rd
k yz = 0.6 k zz = 0.6 0.70 = 0.42
k zy = 1
= 0.8 (1 + ( 0.522 0.2 ) 0.14 ) = 0.84
N Ed
0.1
0.1
= 1
0.28 = 0.96
( CmLT 0.25) z N pl ,Rd
( 0.95 0.25)
N Ed
k zz = Cmz 1 + 1.4
z N pl , Rd
= 0.5 (1 + 1.4 0.28 ) = 0.70
Strong axis:
M y , Ed
M
N Ed
+ k yy
+ k yz z , Ed 1
M 3, z , Rd
y N pl , Rd
LT M 3, y , Rd
0.14 + 0.84
250
14
+ 0.42
= 0.14 + 0.55 + 0.07 = 0.76 < 1
0.743 515.6
78.96
Weak axis:
M y , Ed
M
N Ed
+ k zy
+ k zz z , Ed 1
M 3, z , Rd
z N pl , Rd
LT M 3, y , Rd
0.28 + 0.96
250
14
+ 0.70
= 0.28 + 0.63 + 0.12 = 1.03 > 1
0.743 515.6
78.96
So the criteria for member resistance are slightly exceeded by +3 % for the given beam-column.
Comment:
Due to the new c/t-limit ratios for internal plate elements the SEMI-COMP approach leads to Class 3,
according to EN 1993-1-1 the overall member class would be in Class 2. However, the corresponding
member buckling check leads exactly to the same results, since M3,y,Rd is coincident with Mpl,y,Rd.
51
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
270
300
330
360
400
450
500
550
600
IPE 100
IPE 120
IPE 140
IPE 160
IPE 180
IPE 200
IPE 220
IPE 240
IPE 270
IPE 300
IPE 330
IPE 360
IPE 400
IPE 450
IPE 500
IPE 550
IPE 600
220
210
200
190
180
170
160
150
135
120
110
100
91
82
73
64
55
46
mm
mm
IPE 80
IPE 80 - 600
European
wide flange beams
tw
12,0
11,1
10,2
9,4
8,6
8,0
7,5
7,1
6,6
6,2
5,9
5,6
5,3
5,0
4,7
4,4
4,1
3,8
mm
tf
19,0
17,2
16,0
14,6
13,5
12,7
11,5
10,7
10,2
9,8
9,2
8,5
8,0
7,4
6,9
6,3
5,7
5,2
mm
24
24
21
21
21
18
18
15
15
15
12
12
mm
156,0
134,4
115,5
98,82
84,46
72,73
62,61
53,81
45,95
39,12
33,37
28,48
23,95
20,09
16,43
13,21
10,32
3069
2441
1928
1500
1156
904
713
557
429
324
252
194
146
109
77,3
53,0
34,2
20,0
cm3
7,64
Wel.y
cm2
3512
2787
2194
1702
1307
1019
804
628
484
367
285
221
166
124
88,3
60,7
39,4
23,2
cm3
Wpl.y
308
254
214
176
146
123
98,5
80,5
62,2
47,3
37,3
28,5
22,2
16,7
12,3
8,65
5,79
3,69
cm3
Wel.z
486
401
336
276
229
191
154
125
97,0
73,9
58,1
44,6
34,6
26,1
19,3
13,6
9,2
5,8
cm3
Wpl.z
Pure
compression
compression
Pure
new limits
235 355 460 235 355 460 235 355 460
bending
Pure
Classification
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
235
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
355
c/tref,y
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
460
3512
2787
2194
1702
1307
1019
804
628
235
3512
2787
2194
1702
1307
1019
804
628
484
367
285
221
355
cm
W3,y
3512
2787
2194
1702
1307
1019
804
628
484
367
285
221
166
124
460
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
235
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
355
c/tref,z
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
460
486
401
336
276
229
191
154
125
235
486
401
336
276
229
191
154
125
97,0
73,9
58,1
44,6
355
cm
W3,z
486
401
336
276
229
191
154
125
97,0
73,9
58,1
44,6
34,6
26,1
460
SEMI-COMP+
Tabulated M3,Rd-Values
2. ANNEX B - TABULATED VALUES FOR W3,Y AND W3,Z
52
91
109
128
148
167
186
205
224
244
264
283
301
320
339
378
425
472
522
571
620
670
770
870
970
HEAA 100
HEAA 120
HEAA 140
HEAA 160
HEAA 180
HEAA 200
HEAA 220
HEAA 240
HEAA 260
HEAA 280
HEAA 300
HEAA 320
HEAA 340
HEAA 360
HEAA 400
HEAA 450
HEAA 500
HEAA 550
HEAA 600
HEAA 650
HEAA 700
HEAA 800
HEAA 900
HEAA 1000
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
280
260
240
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
mm
mm
HEAA 100 - 1000
European
wide flange beams
tw
16,0
15,0
14,0
13,0
12,5
12,0
11,5
10,5
10,0
9,5
9,0
8,5
8,0
7,5
7,0
6,5
6,5
6,0
5,5
5,0
4,5
4,3
4,2
4,2
mm
tf
21,0
20,0
18,0
17,0
16,0
15,5
15,0
14,0
13,5
13,0
12,0
11,5
11,0
10,5
10,0
9,5
9,0
8,5
8,0
7,5
7,0
6,0
5,5
5,5
mm
30
30
30
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
24
24
21
18
18
15
15
12
12
12
mm
282,2
252,2
218,5
190,9
175,8
164,1
152,8
136,9
127,1
117,7
106,6
100,5
94,58
88,91
78,02
68,97
60,38
51,46
44,13
36,53
30,36
23,02
18,55
8380
6923
5426
4260
3676
3218
2792
2315
1971
1654
1359
1222
1093
976
799,8
654,1
521,0
406,9
316,6
235,6
173,4
112,4
75,85
51,98
cm3
15,60
Wel.y
cm2
9777
7999
6225
4840
4160
3623
3128
2576
2183
1824
1495
1341
1196
1065
873,1
714,5
570,6
445,5
347,1
258,2
190,4
123,8
84,12
58,36
cm3
Wpl.y
633,4
602,8
542,2
511,5
481,4
466,2
451,1
420,9
405,8
390,8
360,7
345,6
330,6
315,6
261,7
214,5
173,1
137,3
106,8
81,1
59,84
39,26
26,47
18,41
cm3
Wel.z
1016
957,7
856,6
799,7
750,7
724,5
698,6
649,3
624,4
599,7
553,0
529,3
505,7
482,3
399,4
327,7
264,4
209,3
163,2
123,6
91,36
59,93
40,62
28,44
cm3
Wpl.z
Pure
compression
compression
Pure
new limits
235 355 460 235 355 460 235 355 460
bending
Pure
Classification
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,08
0,20
0,34
0,31
0,20
0,16
0,12
235
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,08
0,19
0,29
0,53
0,67
0,82
0,99
0,96
0,82
0,77
0,72
0,54
0,47
0,25
0,36
0,06
355
c/tref,y
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,05
0,14
0,23
0,44
0,56
0,68
0,95
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
0,96
0,88
0,64
0,76
0,42
460
9777
7999
6225
4840
4160
3623
3128
2576
2183
1331
1175
1035
850,2
702,2
562,7
441,0
235
9777
7999
6225
4840
4160
3623
3128
2554
2144
1774
1422
1261
1111
976,5
803,0
664,8
532,5
417,8
330,5
247,6
186,1
119,7
83,59
355
cm
W3,y
9777
7999
6225
4840
4135
3566
3049
2461
2065
1708
1365
1222
1093
975,6
799,8
654,1
521,0
406,9
317,7
238,3
179,6
115,2
80,65
460
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,05
0,14
0,23
0,21
0,14
0,11
0,08
235
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,06
0,12
0,20
0,36
0,45
0,55
0,66
0,64
0,55
0,51
0,48
0,36
0,31
0,17
0,24
0,04
355
c/tref,z
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,03
0,09
0,16
0,29
0,37
0,45
0,64
0,74
0,86
0,98
0,96
0,86
0,81
0,77
0,64
0,59
0,42
0,50
0,28
460
1016
957,7
856,6
799,7
750,7
724,5
698,6
649,3
624,4
519,3
481,8
444,6
370,7
312,3
254,7
203,7
235
1016
957,7
856,6
799,7
750,7
724,5
698,6
636,5
597,3
558,6
484,5
446,9
409,5
372,3
311,6
265,6
217,6
174,9
142,7
110,3
86,01
54,97
40,01
355
cm
W3,z
1016
957,7
856,6
799,7
741,3
700,4
660,0
582,0
543,2
504,8
430,7
393,1
355,8
318,7
267,7
230,9
190,1
153,5
126,9
98,64
78,01
49,52
36,67
460
SEMI-COMP+
53
96
114
133
152
171
190
210
230
250
270
290
310
330
350
390
440
490
540
590
640
690
790
890
990
HEA 120
HEA 140
HEA 160
HEA 180
HEA 200
HEA 220
HEA 240
HEA 260
HEA 280
HEA 300
HEA 320
HEA 340
HEA 360
HEA 400
HEA 450
HEA 500
HEA 550
HEA 600
HEA 650
HEA 700
HEA 800
HEA 900
HEA 1000
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
280
260
240
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
mm
mm
HEA 100
HEA 100 - 1000
European
wide flange beams
tw
16,5
16,0
15,0
14,5
13,5
13,0
12,5
12,0
11,5
11,0
10,0
9,5
9,0
8,5
8,0
7,5
7,5
7,0
6,5
6,0
6,0
5,5
5,0
5,0
mm
tf
31,0
30,0
28,0
27,0
26,0
25,0
24,0
23,0
21,0
19,0
17,5
16,5
15,5
14,0
13,0
12,5
12,0
11,0
10,0
9,5
9,0
8,5
8,0
8,0
mm
30
30
30
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
24
24
21
18
18
15
15
12
12
12
mm
83,01
cm3
Wpl.y
346,8
320,5
285,8
260,5
241,6
226,5
211,8
197,5
178,0
159,0
142,8
133,5
124,4
112,5
97,26
86,82
76,84
64,34
53,83
45,25
38,77
31,42
842,6
811,9
781,6
751,4
721,3
691,1
631,0
570,9
525,8
495,7
465,7
420,6
340,2
282,1
230,7
177,7
133,6
102,7
76,95
55,62
10810 903,2
8699
7032
6136
5350
4622
3949
3216
2562
2088
1850
1628
1383
1112
919,8
744,6
568,5
429,5
324,9
245,1
173,5
38,48
26,76
cm3
Wel.z
11190 12820 933,6
9485
7682
6241
5474
4787
4146
3550
2896
2311
1891
1678
1479
1260
1013
836,4
675,1
515,2
388,6
293,6
220,1
155,4
25,34 106,30 119,5
72,76
cm3
21,24
Wel.y
cm2
1470
1414
1312
1257
1205
1156
1107
1059
965,5
872,9
802,3
755,9
709,7
641,2
518,1
430,2
351,7
270,6
203,8
156,5
117,6
84,85
58,85
41,14
cm3
Wpl.z
Pure
compression
compression
Pure
new limits
235 355 460 235 355 460 235 355 460
bending
Pure
Classification
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
235
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,11
0,15
0,01
355
c/tref,y
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,01
0,17
0,47
0,51
0,36
0,28
0,31
0,25
0,15
460
8699
7032
6136
5350
4622
3949
3216
1370
1097
918,7
355
8699
7032
6136
5350
4622
3949
3216
2562
2088
1849
1602
1326
1061
889,7
725,4
551,8
419,1
320,2
460
12820 12820 12820
10810 10810 10810
8699
7032
6136
5350
4622
235
cm
W3,y
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
235
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,07
0,10
0,01
355
c/tref,z
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,12
0,31
0,34
0,24
0,18
0,21
0,17
0,10
460
1470
1414
1312
1257
1205
1156
1107
235
1470
1414
1312
1257
1205
1156
1107
1059
965,5
625,6
500,6
428,9
355
cm
W3,z
1470
1414
1312
1257
1205
1156
1107
1059
965,5
872,9
802,3
754,7
681,4
572,5
457,2
394,5
329,4
251,1
191,9
151,1
460
SEMI-COMP+
54
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
400
450
HEB 220
HEB 240
HEB 260
HEB 280
HEB 300
HEB 320
HEB 340
HEB 360
HEB 400
HEB 450
650
700
800
900
1000
HEB 650
HEB 700
HEB 800
HEB 900
HEB 1000
600
200
HEB 200
HEB 600
180
HEB 180
500
160
HEB 160
550
140
HEB 140
HEB 500
120
HEB 550
100
HEB 120
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
280
260
240
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
mm
mm
HEB 100
HEB 100 - 1000
European
wide flange beams
tw
19,0
18,5
17,5
17,0
16,0
15,5
15,0
14,5
14,0
13,5
12,5
12,0
11,5
11,0
10,5
10,0
10,0
9,5
9,0
8,5
8,0
7,0
6,5
6,0
mm
tf
36,0
35,0
33,0
32,0
31,0
30,0
29,0
28,0
26,0
24,0
22,5
21,5
20,5
19,0
18,0
17,5
17,0
16,0
15,0
14,0
13,0
12,0
11,0
10,0
mm
30
30
30
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
24
24
21
18
18
15
15
12
12
12
mm
400,0
371,3
334,2
306,4
286,3
270,0
254,1
238,6
218,0
197,8
180,6
170,9
161,3
149,1
131,4
118,4
106,0
91,04
78,08
65,25
54,25
42,96
34,01
962,7
932,3
902,0
871,8
841,6
781,4
721,3
676,1
646,0
615,9
570,9
471,0
395,0
326,9
258,5
200,3
151,4
111,2
78,52
52,92
33,45
cm3
Wel.z
12890 14860
1085
1054
10230 993,6
8327
7320
6425
5591
4815
3982
3232
2683
2408
2149
1869
1534
1283
1053
827,0
642,5
481,4
354,0
245,4
165,2
104,2
cm3
Wpl.y
10980 12580
8977
7340
6480
5701
4971
4287
3551
2884
2400
2156
1926
1678
1376
1148
938,3
735,5
569,6
425,7
311,5
215,6
144,1
89,91
cm3
26,04
Wel.y
cm2
1716
1658
1553
1495
1441
1391
1341
1292
1198
1104
1032
985,7
939,1
870,1
717,6
602,2
498,4
393,9
305,8
231,0
170,0
119,8
80,97
51,42
cm3
Wpl.z
Pure
compression
compression
Pure
new limits
235 355 460 235 355 460 235 355 460
bending
Pure
Classification
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
235
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
355
c/tref,y
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
460
8327
7320
6425
5591
355
8327
7320
6425
5591
4815
3982
460
14860 14860 14860
12580 12580 12580
10230 10230 10230
8327
235
cm
W3,y
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
235
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
355
c/tref,z
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
460
1716
1658
1553
1495
235
1716
1658
1553
1495
1441
1391
1341
355
cm
W3,z
1716
1658
1553
1495
1441
1391
1341
1292
1198
460
SEMI-COMP+
55
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
270
290
310
340
359
377
395
432
478
524
572
620
668
716
814
910
1008
HEM 120
HEM 140
HEM 160
HEM 180
HEM 200
HEM 220
HEM 240
HEM 260
HEM 280
HEM 300
HEM 320
HEM 340
HEM 360
HEM 400
HEM 450
HEM 500
HEM 550
HEM 600
HEM 650
HEM 700
HEM 800
HEM 900
HEM 1000
302
302
303
304
305
305
306
306
307
307
308
309
309
310
288
268
248
226
206
186
166
146
126
106
mm
mm
HEM 100
HEM 100 - 1000
European
wide flange beams
tw
21,0
21,0
21,0
21,0
21,0
21,0
21,0
21,0
21,0
21,0
21,0
21,0
21,0
21,0
18,5
18,0
18,0
15,5
15,0
14,5
14,0
13,0
12,5
12,0
mm
tf
40,0
40,0
40,0
40,0
40,0
40,0
40,0
40,0
40,0
40,0
40,0
40,0
40,0
39,0
33,0
32,5
32,0
26,0
25,0
24,0
23,0
22,0
21,0
20,0
mm
30
30
30
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
24
24
21
18
18
15
15
12
12
12
mm
444,2
423,6
404,3
383,0
373,7
363,7
354,4
344,3
335,4
325,8
318,8
315,8
312,0
303,1
240,2
219,6
199,6
149,4
131,3
113,3
97,05
80,56
66,41
75,31
cm3
Wel.z
116,3
cm3
Wpl.z
10540
9657
8772
7933
7094
6331
5571
4989
4718
4435
4078
2966
2524
2117
1419
1135
883,4
674,6
14330 16570
12540 14440
1222
1222
1230
1237
1245
1244
1252
1252
1260
1260
1268
1276
1276
1252
914,1
779,7
657,5
443,5
354,5
277,4
211,9
1940
1929
1930
1929
1936
1930
1937
1932
1939
1934
1942
1953
1951
1913
1397
1192
1006
678,6
543,2
425,2
325,5
493,8 156,80 240,5
350,6 111,60 171,6
235,8
cm3
Wpl.y
10870 12490
9198
8433
7660
6923
6180
5501
4820
4297
4052
3796
3482
2551
2159
1799
1217
967,4
748,3
566,5
411,4
288,2
190,4
cm3
53,24
Wel.y
cm2
Pure
compression
compression
Pure
new limits
235 355 460 235 355 460 235 355 460
bending
Pure
Classification
0,00
0,00
235
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
355
c/tref,y
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
460
9657
460
12490 12490
10540 10540
355
16570 16570 16570
14440 14440 14440
235
cm
W3,y
0,00
0,00
235
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
355
c/tref,z
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
460
1940
1929
235
1940
1929
1930
1929
355
cm
W3,z
1940
1929
1930
1929
1936
460
SEMI-COMP+
56

SC+ - Annex - A - Worked Examples - 9.10.2011

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SC+ - Annex - A - Worked Examples - 9.10.2011

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Institute for Steel Structures and

Valorisation Project: SEMI-COMP+

BACKGROUND INFORMATION - EXTRACT

ANNEX A Worked Examples .......................................................................................................... 3

Example 1: HEAA 300 under biaxial bending and compression .............................................. 3

Example 2: IPE 500 under bending and compression ........................................................... 12

Example 3: Welded section under pure bending .................................................................. 21

Example 4: RHS 250x150x6 under biaxial bending and compression ................................... 27

Example 5: SHS 200x6.3 under bending and compression.................................................... 36

Example 6: SHS 200x6.3 under pure bending ........................................................................ 43

ANNEX B - Tabulated Values FOR W3,y and W3,z ............................................................................ 52

1. ANNEX A WORKED EXAMPLES

1.1. Example 1: HEAA 300 under biaxial bending and compression

Geometry and section properties

I w = 877.2 103 cm6

Plastic limit (Class 2-3)

Outstand flanges under

Internal compression parts under

k = 0.57 0.21 + 0.07

k = 0.57 0.21 0.72 + 0.07 0.722 = 0.455

c h 2t f 2r 283 210.5 227

So the cross-section at the left support is found to be in Class 3.

Cross-section design check

M 3, y , Rd = M pl , y , Rd ( M pl , y , Rd M el , y , Rd )c tref , y = 378.1 ( 378.1 346.5 ) 0.99 = 346.8 kNm

M 3, z , Rd = M pl , z , Rd ( M pl , z , Rd M el , z , Rd )c tref , z = 171.2 (171.2 112.0 ) 0.66 = 132.2 kNm

M N ,3, y , Rd = M 3, y , Rd (1 n ) = 346.8 (1 0.3) = 242.8 kNm

Utilisation factor along the member length according to SEMI-COMP proposal:

Utilisation factor along the member length according to EN 1993-1-1:

Member design check

w the existing Eurocode method 2 formulae. TThe interaction

Lcr , y = Lcr , z = 500 cm

So as to calculate the normalized slenderness for lateral-torsional buckling, it is necessary to calculate

where C1=1.77 according to moment distribution.

2 21000 4734 877.2 103

5002 8100 49.35 2

Then, the normalized slenderness can be determined as:

M cr , y , LTBeam = 1199.8 kNm

Bending moment factors:

C my = C mz = C mLT = 0.6 + 0.4 = 0.6 + 0.4 0 = 0.6

k yz = 0.6 k zz = 0.6 0.956 = 0.574

= 0.6 (1 + ( 0.525 0.2 ) 0.344 ) = 0.667

= 0.6 (1 + ( 2 0.896 0.6 ) 0.498) = 0.956

For comparison, the elastic interaction factors according to EN 1993-1-1 lead to

For comparison, the member buckling check according to EN 1993-1-1 is shown:

1.2. Example 2: IPE 500 under bending and compression

Geometry and section properties

I w = 1249 103 cm6

Wpl , y = 2194cm3 iz = 4.31cm

Outstand flanges under

Internal compression parts under bending

Plastic limit (Class 2-3)

Cross-section design check

M 3, y ,Rd = M pl , y , Rd ( M pl , y , Rd M el , y , Rd )c tref , y = 778.87 ( 778.87 684.44 ) 0 = 778.87 kNm

M N ,3, y , Rd = M 3, y , Rd (1 n ) = 778.87 (1 0.17 ) = 646.46 kNm

It can be compared to el:

Utilisation factor along the member length according to SEMI-COMP proposal:

Utilisation factor along the member length according to EN 1993-1-1:

Member design check

The member capacity is checked with

So as to calculate the normalized slenderness for lateral-torsional buckling, it is necesssary to calculate

n member, the following conservative approach caan be used: The

where C1=1.44 according to momentt distribution.

2 21000 2142 1249 103