Microsoft Power Point - Into To Viruses Bioed Online

What Are Viruses?
Viruses are
very small (10 – 400nm).
Avian influenza AH5N1 virus
not cells. CDC
a genome surrounded by a protective protein coat.

Introduction to
infectious.
Viruses
dependent on a host cell to provide the machinery

they need to reproduce.
intracellular parasites.
formed from the assembly of newly synthesized
By Christine Herrmann, components made in a host cell.
PhD
Courtesy of B.V.V. Prasad
www.BioEdOnline.org
BioEd
BioEdOnline
Online BioEd Online
Where Do Viruses Fit? How Do Viruses Differ From Living Organisms?
Not “alive”? Viruses are not living organisms

because they are incapable of
Not a cell
carrying out all life processes.
Nucleic acids in protein shell
Early Stage of
Do not grow, do not maintain Influenza Virus Viruses
homeostasis, and do not metabolize
on their own are not made of cells
can not reproduce on their own

Use host cell to replicate
do not grow or undergo division
Lytic and Lysogenic life cycles
do not transform energy
lack machinery for protein synthesis
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How Were Viruses First Discovered I? How Were Viruses First Discovered II?
In 1892, Russian scientist Dimitri The first animal virus, the causative
Ivanowsky showed that tobacco mosaic agent of foot-and-mouth-disease, was
disease was caused by an agent smaller discovered in 1898 by German
than any known bacteria. scientists Friedrich Loeffler and Paul
Frosch.
In 1898, Dutch scientist Martinus
Beijerinck realized that the agent was Tobacco Mosaic Viruses Key to the discovery of plant and
distinct from bacteria and termed it a Courtesy of T. Moravec
animal viruses was the demonstration Courtesy of CDC
Multiple virions of
virus. that viruses pass through filters that yellow fever virus,
retain bacteria and require a host cell the first human
virus discovered in
to reproduce. 1901.
1
Viral Genomes How Are Viruses Studied?
Some viral genomes are made “Virology” is the study of viruses;

scientists who study viruses are called
up of DNA; others are RNA.
virologists.
HIV-1 virus budding from a
Some viral genomes are cultured lymphocyte SARS related Corona viruses
single-stranded; others are (Transmission electron micrograph courtesy of CDC)
Virologists use: Courtesy of F. Murphy, CDC
double-stranded. electron microscopes to visualize viruses;

cell cultures to grow viruses (although some
Some viruses integrate their viruses will only grow in animals)
genetic material into the host techniques from molecular biology, genetics,
cell’s genome; others do not. and immunology;
proper safety precautions when studying
dangerous viruses.
Hantaviruses that cause Hantavirus
pulmonary syndrome are carried in
rodent droppings
(Transmission electron micrograph courtesy of CDC )
What Are Viruses Made Of? How Are Viruses Classified?

Viruses are composed of nucleic acid, proteins, and sometimes, lipids.
Genetic material Helical Marburg virus
Nucleic acid, which can be either DNA or RNA, encodes the genetic Courtesy of CDC
DNA viruses contain DNA as their
information to make virus copies.
genetic material.
The nucleic acid is surrounded by a protective protein coat, called a
RNA viruses contain RNA as their
capsid.
genetic material.
An outer membranous layer, called an envelope, made of lipid and
protein, surrounds the capsid in some viruses.. Capsid structure Polyhedral SV40 virus
Courtesy of CDC
Helical (rod-shaped)
Envelope
Polyhedral
Nucleic acid Complex
Capsid
Presence or absence of a membranous
envelope surrounding the capsid Complex bacteriophage
Courtesy of H.Ackermann
What Organisms and Host Cells Do Viruses Infect? How Do Viruses Reproduce?
Infection by viruses Viruses reproduce via three basic steps.

viruses infect bacteria, plants, animals and other 1. Viruses deliver their genomes into a
1
living organisms in order to reproduce host cell.
a given virus usually infects a limited number of 2. Viruses commandeer the host cell
Transcription and
species. transcription and translation Replication Translation
machineries and utilize host cell 2

within a host organism, usually only a limited
building blocks to copy viral genomes
number of cell types are susceptible to infection by a
and synthesize viral proteins.
given virus
3. Viral genomes and proteins are self- 3
Host range assembled and exit host cells as new
array of host cells that a particular virus can infect infectious particles.
determined by a “lock-and-key” fit between the Details of each of these steps vary among
virus and a receptor on the surface of a host cell different virus groups.
2
The Lytic Reproductive Cycle of Bacteriophages The Lysogenic Reproductive Cycle of Bacteriophages
Virulent Phage Temperate Phage
Attach Prophage
Inject
Replicate
Lytic Lysogenic
Release
The Reproductive Cycle of a Retrovirus—HIV Which Human Diseases Are Caused By Viruses?
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Building Reverse Integration Transcription Assembly
and transcription and and Infectious diseases
entry Translation Release
DNA viruses RNA viruses
Respiratory disease AIDS
Viral Smallpox Influenza (flu)
DNA
Chicken pox Common cold
Cell
Mononucleosis Polio
DNA
Cold sores Measles
Viral RNA and
proteins Cancer
Receptor
How Can Viral Diseases Be Prevented and Treated? How Do New Viruses Emerge?
Good hygiene Through mutation and evolution

Avoid contact with contaminated food, water, fecal
material or body fluids. By spreading from one species to a new
Wash hands frequently. host species
Vaccines By spreading from an isolated location
Stimulate natural defenses with in the body. to more widespread locations
Contain a component of or a weakened or killed virus particles.
Are developed for many once common illnesses such as
Through the detection of previously
smallpox, polio, mumps, chicken pox. unrecognized viruses Marburg virus
Courtesy of CDC
Not available for all viruses.
Anti-viral drugs (but not antibiotics)
Available for only a few viruses.
Inhibit some virus development and/or relieve symptoms.
3
Are There Infectious Agents Simpler Than Viruses? Pathologies induced by prions
Viroids and prions are even simpler than viruses. All diseases known to be of prion etiology, in animals
and humans, are neurodegenerative diseases. In the
Viroids have genetic material but no protein coat.
human this includes:
Prions are made of protein but have no nucleic acid. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)
Like viruses, viroids and prions are not made of cells. Fatal Familial Insomnia
Viroids and prions can cause disease. Gerstmann-Straussler syndrome
Kuru
Note that the pathology does NOT include any signs of

inflammation or fever. Transmission
This is evidence that the immune system does not respond to the Spread of the disease is via horizontal transmission,
prion protein. Since the prion protein is derived from self this is i.e., transmission from one person to another, either
what you would expect.
directly or by fomites or by ingestion of contaminated
These pathologies give rise to the clinical symptomology seen in meat.
these patients. These are:
1. A long incubation period (several years) which has given rise
Fomites
to the term "slow infection." A fomite is any inanimate object or substance
2. Loss of muscle coordination which leads to a difficulty in capable of carrying infectious organisms (such as
walking, indicating a functional disorder of the cerebellum. germs or parasites) and hence transferring them
3. Dementia characterized initially by loss of memory, from one individual to another.
diminished intellect and poor judgement. A fomite can be anything (cloth, mop head, sheets,
4. Progressive insomnia characterized by a marked reduction or neckties, necklaces)

loss of the slow-wave and rapid-eye-movement phases.
Viroid Diseases: Introduction to Viruses - Summary
The only human disease known to be caused by a Viruses are distinct from living organisms
viroid is hepatitis D.
Viruses are very diverse
This disease was previously ascribed to a defective
Many important diseases that affect humans are caused
virus called the delta agent. However, it now is known
by viruses
that the delta agent is a viroid enclosed in a hepatitis B
virus capsid. New viruses are constantly emerging
For hepatitis D to occur there must be simultaneous Development of new vaccines and ways to control
infection of a cell with both the hepatitis B virus and the viruses is important
hepatitis D viroid.
The hepatitis D viroid causes liver cell death.

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What Are Viruses?

a genome surrounded by a protective protein coat.

dependent on a host cell to provide the machinery

Where Do Viruses Fit? How Do Viruses Differ From Living Organisms?

Not “alive”? Viruses are not living organisms

can not reproduce on their own

lack machinery for protein synthesis

Some viral genomes are made “Virology” is the study of viruses;

double-stranded. electron microscopes to visualize viruses;

What Are Viruses Made Of? How Are Viruses Classified?

Nucleic acid Complex

Infection by viruses Viruses reproduce via three basic steps.

machineries and utilize host cell 2

Virulent Phage Temperate Phage

Chicken pox Common cold

Good hygiene Through mutation and evolution

Viroids and prions can cause disease. Gerstmann-Straussler syndrome

Note that the pathology does NOT include any signs of

4. Progressive insomnia characterized by a marked reduction or neckties, necklaces)

Viroid Diseases: Introduction to Viruses - Summary

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