Section A

[60 marks]
Answer all questions in this section
1. Diagram 1.1 shows a typical animal cell and a typical plant cell as seen under the light
microscope.

Diagram 1.1
(a) (i)

Name the structure P and Q.

P:
Q:
[2 marks]

(ii)

Table 1.1 shows some structures in the cells.

Cell Wall
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Chloroplast
Plasma membrane
TABLE 1.1

Tick ( ) the non-organelles that are found in both plant and animal cells in Table 1.1.
[2 marks]
(b) The plasma membrane regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
(i)

State one characteristic of molecules that can pass through channel protein
...
[1 mark]

(ii)

Explain how these molecules pass through the channel protein.

...

.........................
...
[2 marks]
(c) Diagram 1.2 shows the cell organisation in a multicellular organism. Name M
and N in the spaces provided in Diagram 1.2.

Epithelial cell

Human

M:

Digestive System

N:

Diagram 1.2
[2 marks]
(d)

Human skin is an organ. It consists of various types of tissues that

perform specific functions collectively.

(i)

Name two types of tissues in the skin.

.
..
[2 marks]

(ii) State the function of each tissue named in (d)(i).

..
..
..
..
[2 marks]

Q
30% sucrose solution
2. Diagram 2.1 shows two
strips of mustard
green stem after 20 minutes immersed into
Epidermal
layer
two different solutions P and Q.

P
Distilled water

Epidermal layer

Diagram 2.1
(a) Based on the Diagram 2.1
(i) State the type of solution Q.
.................................................................................................................................
.
[1 mark]
(ii) Explain how the solution Q affects the condition of the cells in the strip that have
been immersed. .

[2 marks]
(iii) If strip from the solution Q is transferred into solution P, explain what will happen
to the cells in the strip after 20 minutes.

...
[3 marks]
(b) Diagram 2.2 shows the red blood cells in different concentrations of solutions.
.

Red blood cells X in 3% sodium

chloride solution after 30 minutes

Red blood cells Y in 0.1% sodium

chloride solution after 30 minutes

Diagram 2.2

Explain the differences between the process experienced by the red blood cell X and
Y after being immersed for half an hour.

[3 marks]
(c) Vinegar is natural preservative that can be used to preserve fruits and vegetables to
last longer. Explain how the preservative is effective in the preservation of mangoes.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
[3marks]

3. Diagram 3.1 shows the structure of a plasma membrane.

Molecule P

Molecule Q

Diagram 3.1

(a)

Plasma membrane is a semi permeable membrane and has a fluidity characteristic.

(i)

State the meaning of semi-permeable membrane.

.....
.
[1 mark]

(ii)

Explain the cause that makes the plasma membrane has the fluidity
characteristic.
..
..
..
[2 marks]

(b)

Molecule P move across the plasma membrane follow the concentration gradient
whereas molecule Q move across structure X against the concentration gradient.
(i)

Name two examples of molecule P.

..
[1 mark]

(ii)

Explain how molecules Q move across structure X.

..
..
..

..
[3 marks]
(c) Diagram 3.2 shows the effect of solution X on human blood cells.
50 ml of solution X was added into 10 ml of human blood and left for 45 minutes.

After 45 minutes
without stir it.

5 0 m l s o lu tio n X

Clear solution

1 0 m l b lo o d

r e d s e d im e n t

Diagram 3.2
Diagram 3.3 shows the effect of solution Y on human blood cells.
50 ml of solution Y was added into 10 ml of human blood and left for 45 minutes.

5 0 m l s o lu t io n Y

After 45 minutes
without stir it.

Clear red
solution

1 0 m l b lo o d

Diagram 3.3
(i)

Use a tick () in the correct column to identify solution X and Y

Name of the solution
Solution X

Distilled Water

10% Salt solution

Solution Y
[1 mark]
(ii) Explain the effect of solution Y on human blood cells as shown in Diagram 3.3.

[4 marks]

4. Diagram 4.1 shows the four levels of structural organization in protein structures

Level 1
Amino acids

Pleated sheet

Alpha helix

Level 2

Pleated sheet

Level 3
Alpha helix

Level 4

Diagram 4.1
(a) Based on the diagram 4.1, name the level of structural organisation for each protein
molecule in level 1, 2, 3 and 4
Level 1:..

Level 2: .

Level 3 :

Level 4: .
[4 marks]

(b) (i) Explain the chemical process which forms the molecule in level 1 from its basic unit.

[2 marks]
(ii) Name the chemical process which breakdown macromolecule of protein into small
molecules.

..
[1 mark]
(c) Diagram 4.2 shows the involvement of various organelles in an animal cell during
the synthesis extra cellular enzymes

Diagram 4.2
(i) State the function of organelles labeled W, X, Y and Z.
W :
X :
Y : .
Z : .
[2 marks]
(i)

Predict what will happen to the synthesis of extra cellular enzymes if

organelle X is absent
........

[3 marks]

5 The figure bellows shows the structure of a lipid molecule.

(a) Name the parts X and Y.

X :.
Y : ..
[2 marks]
What is the chemical reaction P that takes place to form the bonds between X and
Y?
..
[1 mark]
What is product Q which form during this reaction?
..
[1 mark]
What is the structural difference between a phospholipid molecule and the lipid
molecule shown in the figure above?

..
[2 marks]
What is the function of phospholipids in cells?

.
[2 marks]
(d) Name two types of steroid compounds found in humans.
.
[2 marks]
(e) State two differences between saturated fats and unsaturated fats.

[2 marks]
Section B
[40 marks]
Answer any two questions from this section

10

6. (a) Diagram 6.1 shows the initial and final stage of an experiment.

10% sucrose
solution

5% sucrose
solution

Final stage of the

experiment

Initial stage of
experiment
Diagram 6.1
Explain the result of the experiment.

[4 marks]
(b) Diagram 6.2 shows the changes of a plant cells when immersed in two different
concentration of sucrose solution P and Q for 30 minutes one after another.

Sucrose
solution P

Sucrose
solution Q

Diagram 6.2

Explain the observation made on the plant cell.

(c)

Outside
cell

[8 marks]
Diagram 6.3 shows the structure of a plasma membrane and the concentration of
Potassium ion
different molecules inside and outside of a cell

Water molecule
Vitamin E
11
Inside

Diagram 6.3
Rajah 6.3

Diagram 6.3
Based on Diagram 6.3 describe the movement of molecules across the plasma
membrane into the cell.
[8 marks]

7. (a)

Enzymes which are isolated from cells can function outside the cells. Enzymes
can be used as catalysts in industries. The use of enzymes in industrial
processes is known as enzyme technology.

Based on the statement:

(i) list the general characteristic of enzymes .
[4 marks]
(ii) Using suitable examples, discuss the uses of enzymes in industrial
processes and our daily life.
[6 marks]
8. (a) Draw and label an animal cell.
[4 marks]
(b) State the function of four organelles in the animal cell that you have drawn.
[8 marks]
(c) Compare and contrast between a plant cell with an animal cell.
[8 marks]
9. A student made the following observation.

12

(a) Explain what happen to the red blood cell in these three different concentration of
sodium chloride solution.
[14 marks]
(b) State three differences between passive transport and active transport.
[6 marks]

END OF QUESTION PAPER

13

FIGURE 7
(b) Figure 7 shows the organelles involved during the synthesis and secretion of an
enzyme in an animal cell.
Based on Figure 6, explain how extracellular enzyme are produced by emphasizing
on the role of P, Q, R and S.
[10 Marks]

BIOLOGY FORM
CHAPTER 4: CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE IN CELL
Diagram 1.1 shows the organelles involved in the synthesis and secretion of an extracellular
enzyme in an animal cell.
Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan organel-organel yang terlibat dalam sintesis dan rembesan enzim
luar sel di dalam sel haiwan.

14

Diagram 1.1/ Rajah 1.1

(a)

Based on Diagram 1.1, explain the processes involved in the production of

extracellular enzymes.
[6 marks]

(b)

Diagram 1.2 shows two types of complex molecules.

15

Diagram 1.2
Based on Diagram 1.2, explain
(i)

the formation of molecules X

(ii)

the breakdown of molecule Y

[4 marks]

(c)

Starch, protein and lipid can be hydrolysed by the enzymes X, Y and Z respectively.
Diagram 1.3 is a graph which shows the effect of pH on the rate of enzyme activity.
Diagram 1.3

(c)

Based on the Diagram 1.3, name X, Y and Z and explain how the changes in pH
affects enzyme activity.
[10 marks]

16

(b) Diagram 2.1 shows the involvement of different cellular component P, Q, R and
S in the secretion of extracellular enzymes in animal cell.
Rajah 2.1 menunjukkan penglibatan komponen sel yang berbeza P, Q, R dan S
di dalam perembesan enzim luar sel dalam sel haiwan.

Diagram 2.1
Rajah 2.1
Based on the Diagram 2.1, describe the production of extracellular enzymes.
Berdasarkan Rajah 2.1, huraikan proses penghasilan enzim luar sel.
[6 marks]
[6 markah]

No
1(a)

(b)

Marking criteria
QUESTION 1
Able to name the cell in Figure 1.1
P: Guard cells
Q: Smooth muscle / muscle cell
R: Efferent neuron / nerve cell/ neuron

Mark
1
1
1

Total

Able to state the function of P, Q and R

Function of P: Regulate size of stoma.
Function of Q: Contraction of Q causes movement of
substances.
Function of R: transmission of impulses (from CNS to effector)

17

1
1
1

(c)

Able to complete the cell organization M and N in the spaces

provided in Figure 1.2.
M: epithelial tissue
N: small intestine / stomach

(d)

1
1

1,1

Able to name two types of tissues

Sample answer:
Epithelial tissue// connective tissue// muscular tissue// nerves
tissue.
Any two tissues
Able to state the function of each tissue named in (d)(i)
Sample answer:
i.

Epithelial tissue

Function: as a protective layer/ excretion/heat regulation

ii. Connective tissue
Function: such as blood, supplies oxygen and nutrients.

iii. Muscle tissue

Function: regulate body temperature

iv. Nerve tissue

Function: receive and send impulses from and to the central
1

nervous system.

2
( Any two types and functions)
12

TOTAL MARKS
f

No 2
(a)

Marking criteria

2m

1m

Able to name the organelle in Diagram 1.1

Chloroplast

(ii)

Total

Able to label P,Q R and S

P: Starch grain
3-4 correct= 2m
Q: Stroma
2 correct = 1m
R: Granum//Grana
1 correct = 0
S: chloroplast envelopes // Outer membrane

(b)(i)

Mark

Able to explain the function of the organelle in a(ii)

18

Contain chlorophyll which traps light energy and convert it

chemical energy..
(iii)

Able to name the process that occurs in Diagram 1.1

Photosynthesis

c.

1m

1m

Able to write the word equation of the process in c(i)

Sunlight
Carbon dioxide + Water

Chloroplast Glucose + Oxygen

2m

3m

1m
2m

3m

d.i.
ii
iii

Able to give one example of a cell that contains high density of

the organelle above and explain the answer.
Palisade mesophyll cell.
For maximum absorption of sunlight used in the photolysis of
water.
X : Phospholipid
Y : Pore protein// Channel protein

1m
1m

Glucose// amino acid

1m

P1 - Glucose binds to the carrier protein/P

P2 - Carrier protein/P changes shape to allow the glucose to
pass through

(a)

(b)

1m
1m

Question 3
A : rough endoplasmic reticulum
B : nucleus
C : mitochondrion
D : Golgi apparatus
4 = 3 marks
Reject: Wrong spelling
2-3 = 2 marks
1=0
P1 Chromosomes/DNA in organelle B (nucleus) determine the
type of protein synthesized.
P2 - Synthesis of polypeptide/protein occurs at ribosome on the
surface of organelle A (RER).
P3 - Transport vesicles carrying the polypeptide from organelle A
fused with organelle D (Golgi Apparatus).
P4 - These proteins are modified, sorted and packaged in
organelle D.

19

Marks

1
1
1
1

P5 - Organelle E (Secretory vesicles) then bud off from organelle D

and travel to the plasma membrane to be secreted.

1
Max 3
Any 3

(c)
(i)

P Carrier protein
Q Channel protein / Pore protein
S Phospholipids
Reject: wrong spelling

(ii)

Amino acid

1
1
1

oxygen

2
(iii)

Amino acid Facilitated diffusion

Oxygen Diffusion / simple diffusion

1
1
13
marks

Question 4
No
(a)(i)

(a)(ii)

(b)(i)
(b)(ii)

Marking criteria
Able to name cell P and tissuel R.
Answer :
P : White blood cell / monocycte /leucocyte
R : Phloem
Able to state one function of cell P and tissue R.
Sample answer
P : to fight infections / engulf / digest bacteria / defence
mechanism //carry out phagocytosis
R : to transport organic food / sugar / sucrose / glucose
from leaves to all parts of plant / example
Able to name the system which consists of cell S.
Answer
Nervous system
Able to explain one role of cell S in the system.
Sample answer
F : control / coordinate activities of the body
E1 : detect stimuli
E2 : transmit electrical signals / nerve impulse

20

1+1

1+1

E3 : to muscle / gland / effector

Any two
Able to explain one characteristic of cell Q/root hair to facilitate
water absorption from soil.
Sample answer
F1 : have large number
E1 : to provide large surface area
F2: (cells in tissue Q is ) one-cell thick
E2 : to increase diffusion / osmosis rate.
E2: have a higher concentration of solutes than the water in
surrounding soil
Any two
Able to explain how herbicide is capable to stop the
transportation of some mineral into a plant through
Sample answer
F : Herbicide contains active respiratory poison / toxic
E1: denatures the respiratory enzymes
E2. which stops cellular respiration
E3 : no production of ATP.
E4 . Active transport of the ions cannot take place in the
absence of ATP
Any three
TOTAL

(c)

(d)

Question
1

(a)
(b)

Sample Answer
(i)
(ii)

Organelle X : Chloroplast
Organelle Y : Mitochondrion
P:
- P is the stroma
- Dark reaction takes place in the stroma
- Carbon dioxide is fixed and then reduced to form glucose
Q:
- Q is the granum
- Light reaction takes place in the granum
- granum trapped light energy to break down water molecule
into
hydrogen ion and hydroxyl ion.

(c)

R:
- Cellular respiration takes place in R
- glucose is oxidized by oxygen to produce energy.
- process in organelle X absorb carbon dioxide and release
oxygen
- process in organelle Y absorb oxygen and release carbon
dioxide

21

12

M1

M2

1
1

1
1
1

max
2

1
1
1

max
2

1
1

1
1
1
1

- process in organelle X use energy to synthesis glucose

- process in organelle Y break down glucose to produce energy
Total

No
6(a)

Mark Scheme
(i)

12

Sub
mark

Total
mark

Able to name tissue L and tissue M.

L: Xylem
M: Phloem

1
1
2

(ii)

Able to state the function of tissue L and M in a leaf.

1

(b)

L: Xylem transports water and (dissolved) minerals (from the

root to the shoot // provide mechanical support to the
plants.
M: Phloem transport organic food/glucose/product of
photosynthesis (from the leaves to every parts of the plant)
Able to state the meaning of tissue and organ.

(c)

Tissue: (tissue are formed when) a group of similar cells that

perform a specific function
Organ: (An organ consists of) a group of different tissues that
(group together to) perform a specific function
Able to explain the process of cell specialisation.
P1: The process where cells change shape/ structure
and differentiate
P2: To carry out / perform specific function
Able to explain two adaptation of the leaf to carry out
photosynthesis efficiently

1
1

F1: Leaf mosaic / leaves overlap each other

P1: To receive maximum amount of light
F2: Thin lamina
P2: To receive maximum amount of light
F3: Flattened shape of lamina
P3: Allow diffusion of gases for photosynthesis
F4: Outer surface of a leaf / cuticle which is waxy / waterproof
P4: Prevent water loss
F5: Lower surface contain abundant of stomata
P5: Allowing the exchange of gases between the internal part
of leaf and the environment
F6: Palisade mesophyll tissue are upright and closely packed
and contains large number of chloroplast
P6: Absorb maximum amount of light
F7: Spongy mesophyll loosely arranged / contain air spaces
P7: Easy diffusion of water and carbon dioxide
F8: Irregular shapes of mesophyll
P8: To increase the internal surface area for gaseous
exchange

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

(d)

22

1
2

1
2

1
1
1
1
1
1

Max:
4

Any 2F and P
Total

12

QUESTION 1
2.(a)(i)

Able to label the structure P and Q in the spaces provided in

Figure 2.1.
Sample Answer:
P: Nucleus
Q: Cytoplasm

(a)(ii)

Able to tick ( )the non organelles that are found in plant and
animal cells in Table 2.1
Sample Answer:
Plasma membrane and cytoplasm

(b)(i)

1
1

Able to state the characteristics of the molecule that can pass

through channel protein of plasma membrane.
Sample answer:
Small / water a soluble molecule / discharged particle/ion /
dissolved gaseous.

(ii)

Able to explain how molecules pass through channel protein

Sample answer
Small molecules / ions move through the protein pore in the
channel protein by simple diffusion.
The molecules are at higher concentration (outside) diffuse into
the cell cause the molecules to diffuse to a lower concentration
into the cells through the pore/ down the concentration gradient.

(c)

1
1
1

1
1
1

1
1
1

Able to explain the plant cell shown in Figure 2.2 and 2.3
Sample answer:
Figure 2.2
F1: the sucrose solution is hypertonic to the plant cell sap
E1: water molecules diffuse out by osmosis
E2 :the cell undergoes plasmolysis/ cytoplasm shrink.
f
F1 with E1 / E2
Figure 2.3
F2: the sucrose solution is hypotonic to the plant sap
E3: water molecules diffuse in by osmosis
E4: the plants become turgid
F2 with E4 / E5

23

TOTAL MARKS

Question 2
NUM
SCORING CRITERIA
2(a)
Able to draw the shape of each strip after 20 minutes and label
the epidermis.
Answer:
P

2(a)(ii)

2(a)(iii)

2(b)

MARKS

Epidermis

Epidermis

2(a)(i)

12

P=1
R=1

Able state the type of solution in beaker Q.

Answer: hypertonic solution
Able to explain how the solution in the beaker Q affects the
condition of the cells in the strip that have been immersed
Suggested Answer:
P1: 30% sucrose solution / solution in beaker Q is hypertonic
compare to the cell sap
P2: water molecules diffuse out of the large central vacuole by
osmosis
P3: both vacuole and cytoplasm shrink // the plasma membrane pulls
away from the rigid cell wall // the cells becomes flaccid,
plasmolysis occurs.
Any 2
Able to describe what will happen to the cells in the strip if strip
from the beaker Q is transferred into beaker P
Suggested Answer:
P1: distilled water / solution in beaker P is hypotonic compare to the
cell sap
P2: water molecules diffuse into the large central vacuole /cell sap by
osmosis
P3: central vacuole expand and swell up // plasma membrane pushes
against the rigid cell wall
P4: flaccid cell becomes fully turgid again
P5: the cells is said to have undergone deplasmolysis
Any 3
X undergoes crenation while Y hemolysis
Water diffuse out from X while diffuse into Y by osmosis
X immersed in hypertonic solution while Y in hypotonic solution

24

1
1
Max 2
1

1
1
1
1
1

Max
3

2(c)

Able to explain how the preservative is effective in the

preservation of the fruit
Suggested Answer:
P1: Fruit / mangoes are immersed in vinegar which is has a low pH /
acidic
P2: Vinegar diffuses into the tisues of the mangoes / fruit
P3: The tissues of mangoes / fruits becomes acidic
P4: The low pH prevent bacterial growth in the tissues / mangoes /
fruits
P5: This prevents decay of the fruits/mangoes // the mangoes / fruit
can be preserved to last longer
Any 4

1
1
1
1
1

Max 4
12

Total

QUESTION 3
(a) (i)
(ii)

(b)

(c)

(i)
(ii)

(i)
(ii)

- semi-permeable membrane is the membrane which only

permit some
substances to move across it freely while other cannot.
- fluidity characteristics is caused by the protein molecules
which are
floating in the phospholipids bilayer.
- the position of the molecules also keep on changing / not fixed
in the
position.
Fatty acids , glycerol , carbon dioxide, oxygen, water any two
- molecule Q bind with the binding site of structure X.
- ATP provides energy to structure X and cause structure X to
change
its shape.
- structure X push / pump molecule Q across it.
Solution X : salt solution
Solution Y : distilled water
- both correct
- distilled water is hypotonic compare to the cytoplasmic fluid in
the
red blood cells.
- osmosis takes place
- water molecules diffuse into red blood cell.
- red blood cells swell and burst / haemolysis occur
- cytoplasmic fluid of red blood cells cause the solution change
into
clear red
Total

25

1
1

1
1
1

1
1

1
1
1
1

max
4

12

QUESTION 4
No
4(a)

Mark Scheme
(i)

Sub
mark

Total
mark

Able to name the cellular component.

Answer
Plasma // cell membrane

1
1

(ii)

Able to name P and Q

Answer
P: Phospholipid bilayer
Q: Carrier Protein

1
1
2

(b)

(i)

(ii)

(c)

(i)

(ii)

Able to draw arrow to show the movement of oxygen

across this cellular component during day time.
Answer
Arrow from inside the cell outside the cell, pass through
phospholipid bilayer
Able to explain the answer in (b)(i).
Sample answers
E1: (During day time), photosynthesis occurs in the cell to
produce O2
E2: O2 diffuses from higher concentration region to lower
concentration region // O2 diffuses by following the
concentration gradient
E3: O2 is non-polar molecule / small molecule
E4: O2 diffuses through phospholipid bilayer
Any 3
Able to explain what will happen to the cellular
component.
Sample answers
F: This cellular component / plasma membrane is
pushed against the cell wall
E1: Distilled water is hypotonic to the cell sap // Cell sap is
hypertonic to distilled water
E2: Water molecules diffuse into the cell by osmosis
E3: vacoule expand/ swell up
Any
3
Able to draw a labelled diagram of the condition of
palisade mesophyll cell after being immersed in the
distilled water.
Sample answer

26

1
1
1
1
3

1
1
1
1
3

1
D: The shape of the cell must be rectangular
The cell wall is drawn with double line
The vacuole must be large
L: Label vacuole
*Reject other shape of the cell
Num
1(a)
1(b)

1(c)(i)

1(c)(ii)

1(d)(i)

1(d)(ii)

1
2

SCORING CRITERIA
Able to label S in Diagram 1
Answer: Glucose
Able to state two characteristics of the enzyme explained by
the hypothesis
Answer:
P1 : Enzyme are highly specific
P2 : Enzyme are not destroy at the end of reaction
P3 : Enzyme catalysed reaction are reversible
Able to explain the reaction of sucrase if the temperature
meium is 600C
Suggested Answer:
P1 : 600C is high temperature
P2 :At very high temperature the chemical bond that hold
enzyme molecules together begin to break
P3 : thus altering the three dimensional shape of enzyme
P4 : destroying active site of enzyme/enzyme denatured
Able to explain the reaction of sucrase if pH value medium is
3
Suggested Answer
P1 : At low pH value excess hydrogen ions attach to the active
site of enzyme
P2 : Cause ionic charges on the active sites are altered
P3 : Substrate is unable to bind to the enzyme/ reaction cannot
take place
Able to explain examples of the applications of enzymes in
dairy products industry
Answer:
P1 : Lipase
E1 : Ripening cheese
or
P2 : Rennin
E2 : Solidify milk protein
Able to explain examples of the applications of enzymes in

27

MARK
1

1
1
1

Max
2 marks

1
1
1
1

Max
3 marks

1
1
1

Max
2 mark

1
1
1
1

Max
2 marks

cereal grains products industry

Answer:
P1 : Cellulose
E1 : Breakdown cellulose and removes seed coat from cereal
grains

No

Criteria, Sample answer

1(a)

Able to state the structural organization of protein

shown in level 1, 2, 3 and 4
Sample answer:
Level 1: primary structure
Level 2: secondary structure
Level 3: tertiary structure
Level 4: Quaternary structure

(b)(i)

Marks
allocated

1
1
1
1

(c)(i)

(d)

Max
2 marks

Total

12
marks

Remarks

Correct
spelling only
= 4 marks

Able to state the name of chemical process and

explain the property/ies of the process
Sample answer:
F: condensation
P1: amino acids are link by peptide bonds
P2: water molecules are released/liberated during
the process

(b)(ii)

1
1

Sample answer:
Hydrolysis
Able to state the function of each organelles
shown in diagram 1.2
Sample answer;
W: secretes modified protein(by Golgi
apparatus)/enzymes outside of cell
X: modifying protein (produced by ribosome)
/packaging modified protein into secretory
vesicles
Y: transport protein (produced by ribosome) to
Golgi apparatus//packaging protein (produced by
ribosome) into transport vesicle // site for protein
synthesis
Z: site for ATP/energy generation//site for cellular
respiration// produce energy

1
1
1

F +Any one P
= 2 marks

Correct
spelling only
=1 mark

1
1
1
1

Able to explain what will happen to the production

of extra-cellular enzyme if Golgi apparatus/X
absent

Any 3 points
1

Sample answer:
F: the production of/ synthesis of (extra-cellular
enzyme) is incomplete// no production of enzyme

28

Any two
correct
answers
= 2 marks

1
1

E1: (without Golgi apparatus) the protein can not

be modified/ converted (to form cellular enzyme)
E2: the protein can not be sorted
E3: (enzyme/protein) can not be
packaged/packed (into secretory vesicle)
E4: no enzyme/ protein will be
transported/release/sent out of the plasma

= 3 marks
1
1
T= 12 m

QUESTION 3
No

Mark Scheme

1(a)

Sub
mark

Total
mark

Able to name X and Y.

Answer
X: Ribosome
Y: Golgi apparatus

1
1
2

(b)

(i)

Able to give one example of the cell.

Answer
Pancreas // Ileum // stomach epithelial cell // salivary cell

1
1

(ii)

(c)

(d)

Able to explain the effect on the production of

extracellular enzyme if organelle Y malfunction.
Sample answers
F: The production of extracellular enzyme is incomplete /
disrupted / affected
E1: (without Golgi apparatus / Y), the protein cannot be
modified into extracellular enzyme
E2: Protein cannot be sorted
E3: Extracellular enzyme cannot be released / transported
to the targeted cell / organ
Any 2
Able to explain denaturation of enzyme.
Sample answers
E1: High temperatures alter / change the (three
dimensional) shape of the active site of enzyme
molecules
E2: Substrates thus can no longer fit into the active sites
of the enzyme
E3: The reaction cannot be carried out / substrate cannot
be hydrolysed
Able to explain the reason why the blood stained
cannot be removed
Sample answers
E1: Blood is made up of protein

1
1
1
1
2

1
1
1
2

1
1

29

(e)

E2: Protein is broken down / digested by Protease

(enzyme)
E3: Therefore the use of Amylase (enzyme) in the
detergent powder would not be effective
Any two
Able to explain the effect of blocked bile ducts to the
digestion of lipids

Sample answers
E1: Gallstones blocked the secretion of bile
E2: Lipids cannot be emulsified
E3: The rate of lipase reaction will become slower //
digestion of lipids will be disrupted / is incomplete
E4: The patient might face obesity // become obese
Any 3E

1
1
1

Total

3
12

Suggested answer

Score

a)

Cell A: Metaphase I

Cell B: Anaphase II

Centriole

To form/ organise the formation of spindle fibres.

b) i)
ii)
c)

2
(1
each)

cell A
d) i)

ii)

cell B

X: Crossing over

Y: Prophase I meiosis I

F1: During phase Y, chromatids condense to form shorter and thicker/ or

they become visible.

F2: Nuclear membrane/ nucleolus disappear.

F3: Pairing of homologous chromosomes/ synapsis/ formation of
bivalents.
F4: Non-sister chromatids of tetrad might exchange their segments/
genetic materials at chiasma through the process X, crossing over/
exchange of segment.

30

(any
three)

F5: Formation of spindle fibres begins.

F6: Centrioles migrate to opposite poles of the cells.
e)

Non-disjunction/ gametes with abnormal chromosome number.

Fertilisation of these abnormal gametes forms abnormal zygote.

Any suitable example: Downs Syndrome/ Turners Syndrome/

Klinefelters Syndrome.

1(any
2)
Total

2(a)(i) Able to state the name of cell division in diagram

2.1
Sample answer:
Meiosis // meiotic division
(a)(ii)
Able to arrange the sequence of cell division
correctly;
Stage 1: D
stage 2: A
stage 3: C
Stage 4 : E
(b)(i)
stage 5: B
criteria:
C1: sister chromatids are separated (at
centromere)
C2: centromeres are facing to opposite poles

Reject:
meiosis I or
meiosis II
5: 3 m
4:2 m
3:1 m

1
1
2 marks

(b)(ii)
1
(b)(iii)
Sample answer:
2 chromosomes// one pair of chromosome
Able to describe the consequences on the cell
division if spindle fiber is absent.

1
1

(c)

Sample answer:
P1:chromosomes/sister chromatids will not be
separated
P2: no spindle fiber can pulls the chromosomes to
the opposite poles//chromosomes are not
pull to the opposite poles
P3:one of the daughter cell produced does not
contain the chromosomes shown in the

31

1
1

Any three
points / P

13

diagram
P4:the other daughter cell contains 4 chromatids/
excess chromosomes
1
Able to state the significance/ importance of cell
division in diagram 2.1 and 2.2 to human life
1
Sample answer;
Cell division in 2.1: produces (haploid) gamete
cells // ensures the number of chromosomes
remain the same from one generation to
generation // ensures variation in offspring

Reject:
repairing
damaged cell

Cell division in 2.2 : (ensures) growth process to

takes place in human body // repairing damaged
tissue // replacing worn out cells

(a)
(b)
(c)
(i)
(ii)

(d)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)

Question 3
Mitosis
LNKM
K Anaphase
N Metaphase
Reject: wrong spelling
K Chromosome//sister chromatids separates and moves towards
opposite poles of the cells/spindle
N Chromosomes line at the metaphase plate// equator of the cell
X centromere
Y chromatids //non-sister chromatids
Reject: wrong spelling
Synapsis of the homologous chromosomes
Formation of chiasma and crossing over
Variations to the species/organism
Ensure survival/continuation of species

Question 4
NUM

SCORING CRITERIA

32

Marks
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
12

MARKS

4(a)(i)

Able to name the phases based on diagram 2.1

X: Prophase I

4(a)(ii)

4(b)(i)
(b)(ii)

4(c)

4(d)

No

Y: Anaphase I

State two differences between

chromosomal behaviour
Phase X
D1:Homologous
chromosomes
forming
bivalent/ pair up/synapsis
D2:
centromere
of
chromosomes
are
not
attached to spindle fiber

X=1
Y=1

phase X and Y based on the

1
Phase Y
D1:Homologous chromosome
are separated

Centromere
of
each
chromosomes attached to the
spindle fiber and pull to the
opposite poles
Able to state the number of chromosome of sperm cell
Sample answer: 22+XY // 24
Sample answer:
Klinefelter syndrome
Ch 1: Has female body shape / soft, flawless skin
Ch 2: frontal baldness//breast development/ small penis or testes
Any 2

Sample answer:
P1: (high frequency in) radiation kill the cancer cells
P2: retards cell division/growth of cancer tissue
Sample answer:
P1: cloning/ tissue culture
P2: oil palms produced do not have variations
P3: if one tree infected by disease, all palm oil trees will be
eliminated.

Mark Scheme

33

1
1
Max 2
1

1
1
1
1
1

Sub
mark

Max
2

Total
mark

5(a)

(i)

Able to name stages X and Y.

Answer
X: Prophase 1
Y: Metaphase 1

1
1
2

(ii)

Able to state two

behaviour at X and Y.

differences

between

chromosomal

Answer
PROPHASE 1
D1: Homologous
chromosomes
are
arranged randomly
D2: The centromeres of the
chromosomes are not hold
by / attached to any
spindle fibre
D3: Crossing over takes place
between the non-sister
chromatids
(b)

(i)

METAPHASE 1
Homologous chromosomes are
arranged on the metaphase
plate / equatorial plane
The centromeres of the
chromosomes are hold by /
attached to the spindle fibres
Crossing over has already
taken place between the nonsister chromatids

1
1

Any two
Able to state the chromosome number in each of the daughter
cell produced.
Answer
12 chromosomes

1
1

(ii)

(iii)

Able to state reason for answer in (b)(i).

Sample answers
E2: During meiosis, the cell undergoes two nuclear divisions but
the chromosomes / DNA of each chromosome only replicates
once
E3: Each daughter cell receives half the number of chromosomes
from the parent cell
Any one E
Able to explain one important event that takes place during
stage X
Sample answers
F1: Crossing over
E1: An exchange of segments of DNA between non-sister
chromatids of homologous chromosomes.
E2: Which results in new combinations of genes on a
chromosome
Any two

34

1
1
1

1
1
1
2

5(c)

Able to draw one daughter cell produced at the end of

the meiotic division.

Any one daughter cell with the correct combination of

chromosome

(d)

1
1

D1: Correct drawing of chromosome (number and

combination)
D2: Correct drawing of the cell (chromosomes are enclosed
in a nuclear membrane)
Able to explain the effect in a human if the chromosomes
fail to separate during stage Y.
Sample answers
E1: One of the daughter cells produced might contain one

35

extra chromosome / one lesser chromosome

E2: During fertilization, if the cell with an extra / lesser
chromosome fuses with a normal sperm, the zygote shall
contain one extra/47 // one lesser/ 45 chromosome/s
E3: Producing Downs / Klinefelters // Turners Syndrome
baby / offspring
Any two

1
1
2

Total

ITEM
SCORING CRITERIA
NO.
1(a)
P1: DNA in the nucleus contain genetic information to
synthesize enzymes /protein,
P2: ENA copies the information from the DNA for use in
enzyme protein synthesis
P3: Ribosome synthesis proteins / polypeptides
P4: The protein are transported through the spaces in the
RER.
P5:( Proteins are transported) by transport vesicles to the
Golgi apparatus
P7: Here the proteins are modified into enzymes.
P8: The enzyme are transported to the plasma
membrane by secretory vesicles to be released outside
the cell.
(b)

(c)

P1:Molecule X is a polysaccharide /cellulose which

consist of many monosaccharides/glucose.
P2:The monosaccharides /glucose are join together by
condensation to form long chains of polymers
P3: Molecule Y is a polypeptide (which consist of many
amino acids)
P4: Molecule Y is broken down by hydrolysis
P5: hydrolysis catalyst by enzyme protease.
P1: X-pepsin , Y- salivary amylase, Z-Trypsin
P2: Each enzyme function actively at its optimum pH
P3: The enzyme salivary amylase function optimumly at
pH 7/neutral
P4: The optimum pH of pepsin is pH 2 /acidic
P5: Trypsin is pH 8.5 / alkali
P6: The changes in ph will cause changes in the
concentration of hydrogen ion(H+ and hydroxyl ions(OH_)
P7: The excess hydrogen ions or hydroxyl ions destabilize
by changing the charges of the active site.
P8: Changes on the substrate (surface area) are also
changed
P9: Hence the enzyme-substrate complex cannot be
formed / substrate cannot enter/ fit into the active site.
P10: The effects of pH changes on the enzyme activity
are reversible
P11: An enzyme which is inactive in high pH medium will
become active again when it is in at optimum pH.

36

12

MARKS

REMARKS

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Max 6

Any 6

1
Reject starch/
glycogen

1
1
1

Max 4
Any 4Ps

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Max
10

Any 10

TOTAL

20

CHAPTER 5: CELL DIVISION (MARK SCHEME)

Question 1
a) (i)

Similarities :
F1-Both involved the division of cytoplasm to produce 2 daughter
cell
F2 Both produced two nuclei each with an identical
chromosomes

1
1
1

(ii)

Question2
Item no
a) (i)

(ii)
b)

Differences :
F1 In animal cell cytokinesis occurs by formation of cleavage
furrow / actin filament while in plant cell cytokinesis occur by
formation of a cell plate
F1 Somatic cells from the cow are extracted from the mammary
glands / any somatic tissue and placed in culture medium (low
nutrient)
F2 An egg cell is extracted from the ovary of female cow /
surrogate mother
F3 The nucleus of egg cell is then sucked out / removed
F4 The nucleus of somatic cell fused into the anucleated / egg
cell without nucleus
F5 Stimulating them with electric pulse
F6 The fused cell / new cell divides repeatedly by mitosis (in the
medium ) to form an embryo
F7 The embryo is implanted into a surrogate mother / female cow
F8 The embryo develops into a new individual and borns as a
cloned animal
Scoring criteria
Organelle Mitochondria
F1 To provide energy to swim towards the ovum (for fertilization)
Organelle chloroplast
F1 Contain cholorphyll to absorb energy from sunlight for
photosynthesis
E1 The information for the synthesis of enzymes is carried by
DNA in structure Q / nucleus
E2 The information is copied and carried / transferred to
ribosome / structure p via RNA / mRNA
E3 The information is used to synthesise protein in the
ribosome / P
E4 protein that are synthesized in the ribosome / P are
transported through the spaces between the structure R / rough
endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
E5 Protein depart ffrom R / RER wrapped in transport vesicles /
S that budd off/ from the side of structure R / RER
E6 These transport vesicles/ s fused with the membrane of
structure T/ golgi apparatus to be sorted and modified
E7 Modified protein is packed into secretory vesicle / U

37

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Marks
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

c)

E8 Secretory vesicles/ U buds off from structure T / golgi

apparatus membrane and travel / sent to the plasma membrane
E9 Secretory vesicles / U will release the modified protein /
enzyme outside the cell ( as extracellular enzyme)
Similarities :
F1-Both involved the division of cytoplasm to produce 2 daughter
cell
F2 Both produced two nuclei each with an identical
chromosomes

1
1
1
1
1

d)

Diferences :
F1 In animal cell cytokinesis occurs by formation of cleavage
furrow / actin filament while in plant cell cytokinesis occur by
formation of a cell plate
F1 Somatic cells from the cow are extracted from the mammary
glands / any somatic tissue and placed in culture medium (low
nutrient)
F2 An egg cell is extracted from the ovary of female cow /
surrogate mother
F3 The nucleus of egg cell is then sucked out / removed
F4 The nucleus of somatic cell fused into the anucleated / egg
cell without nucleus
F5 Stimulating them with electric pulse
F6 The fused cell / new cell divides repeatedly by mitosis (in the
medium ) to form an embryo
F7 The embryo is implanted into a surrogate mother / female cow
F8 The embryo develops into a new individual and borns as a
cloned animal

Item
1a

Criteria
Able to explain the result of experiment, regarding osmosis
Sample Answer
F: The level of solution is higher in arm X compared to arm Y
E1: Process Osmosis
E2: At the beginning of the experiment The solution in arm X is
hypertonic compared to arm Y//X is hypertonic solution//Y is
hypotonic solution
E3: Water molecules diffuse from arm Y to arm X
E4: Through the semi permeable membrane
E5: At the end of the experiment the osmotic pressure of sucrose is
the same / reach dynamic equilibrium
1F and any 3Es
Able to explain the changes on the plant cell.
Sample Answer
In Sucrose solution P
The cell is placed in a hypotonic (sucrose) solution (compared
to cell sap)
Water (molecules) diffuse into cell (sap)
By osmosis
The vacuole becomes bigger
the cells become turgid
In sucrose solution Q

38

Marks

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

Total
Marks

1
1
1
1
1
1
4 marks

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

(Any 4)

The cell is placed in an hypertonic (sucrose) solution

(compared to cell sap)
water (molecules) diffuse out from the cell
By osmosis (if not mention in above answer)
Plasmolysis occur // vacuole /cytoplasm shrinks
The cells becomes flaccid

Able to describe the movement of molecules across the plasma

membrane into the cell
Sample Answer:
Movement of Potassium ions
F: By Active transport
E1: Through carrier protein
E2: Against concentration gradient
E3: Use (metabolic ) energy
E4: Results in accumulation
Movement of water molecules
F: By Osmosis
E1: Through phospholipid bilayer/pore protein/ carrier protein
E2: From a region of higher water concentration// outside cell has
higher water concentration/lower solute concentration.
E3: Passive transport// do not need energy

(Any 4)
8
marks

1
1
1
1
1
Any 3
1
1
1
1
Any 3

Movement of Vitamin E
F: By simple diffusion
E1: Through phopholipid bilayer
E2: From a region of higher (solute) concentration to a
region of lower (solute) concentration
E3: passive transport//do not need energy

39

1
1
1
1
Any 3

8 marks

SCORING CRITERIA

MARK

Able to list the general characteristics of enzymes

Sample answer
P1 Enzymes are proteins which are synthesised by living organisms.
P2 Enzymes bind to their substrates and convert them to product in the

1
1

enzymatic reaction
P3 Enzymes have specific sites called active sites to bind to specific

substrates // enzymes are highly specific in their reaction // each enzyme

can only catalyse one kind of substrate / specific substrate
P4 Enzymes speed up the rates of chemical reactions but remain

unchanged (at the end of the reaction ) // They are not destroyed by the
reactions they catalyse.
P5 Enzymes are needed in small quantities because they are not used up

(but released at the end of a reaction)

P6 Most enzyme-catalysed reactions are reversible // enzymes can catalyse

the reaction in either direction.

P7 The activity of an enzyme can be slowed down or completely stopped by

inhibitors // In order to function well , many enzymes require helper

molecules,called cofactors.

Able to discuss the uses of enzymes in industrial processes and our

daily life, using suitable examples
Sample answer
Type of industry/
Application
(T)
1. Food processing
industry
(a)Dairy products
(b)Bread and other
bakery products

Enzymes
used
(E)
Rennin
Lipase
Lactase

Amylase

Uses (U)
Solidifies milk proteins
Ripening of cheese
Hydrolyses
lactose to glucose in
40
the making of ice-cream
amylase convert starch flour into
sugar in the making of the bread

1
1
1
1

41