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BIOLOGY
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*)
I. INTRODUCTION
ASED on the seed size, soybean seeds are classified
as small seed, medium seed and large seed. Usually,
medium and small seeds are used for soy sprouts,
soy sauce, tofu and soy milk ingredients, while large
seeds is used for tempeh ingredient. However, the main
usage is for tempeh ingredient as well as tofu. Therefore, one of the Iletris soybean breeding programs is
directed to develop large seeded soybean variety.
In developing soybean variety, the resistance of the
new variety to rust disease should be tested to provide
supporting data for release variety; because rust disease
is one of the major soybean disease in Indonesia. Rust
disease also known as the "Asian soybean rust", caused
by the fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi. Rust disease is
widespread in the area of soybean production centers in
the world and causing significant yield loss. Distribution
of rust disease started from Japan and East Asia in 1902,
entered into Southeast Asia (Indonesia) and Australia in
1914, while in 1950 has reached India, and in 1994 en-
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TABLE I
DETERMINATION OF RESISTANCE CRITERIA TO RUST DISEASE
Position of the disease on the plant
1
: 1/3 of lower part of the plant
2
Disease intensity
1
no pustule
mild ( 1 8 pustul/cm2 )
medium ( 9 16 pustul/cm2 )
Resistance criteria
Imun
Score 111
Resistant
Moderately resistant
Moderately susceptible
Susceptible
Score 343
TABLE II
SCORES AND RESISTANCE CRITERIA OF LARGE SEEDED SOYBEAN GENOTYPES TO RUST DISEASE
Genotypes
Pustul position
Number of
pustul/cm2
Disease
intensitas
Spore existence
Score
Resistance criteria
Tgm/Anj-908
Tgm/Anj-909
Tgm/Anj-910
Tgm/Anj-919
Tgm/Anj-931
Tgm/Anj-932
2
2
2
2
3
2
14
11
9
13
18
11
3
3
3
3
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
233
233
233
233
343
233
Moderately resistance
Moderately resistance
Moderately resistance
Moderately resistance
Tgm/Anj-933
Tgm/Anj-957
3
2
11
13
3
3
Tgm/Anj-991
Tgm/Anj-995
Wilis
Tanggamus
Anjasmoro
3
2
2
2
2
10
11
12
10
10
3
3
3
3
3
Grobogan
3
16
3
plant disease was in the middle to upper canopy, or 2 to
3 score. The intensity of rust disease scores ranged 3-4,
or the number of pustules from 8 to more than 16
pustules per cm2. It means that the intensity was mild to
high, and many pustules had spores. Of the 10 genotypes
Susceptible
Moderately resistance
Moderately suscepti3
333
ble
2
232
Moderately resistance
Moderately suscepti3
333
ble
Moderately resistance
3
233
Moderately resistance
3
233
Moderately resistance
2
232
Moderately resistance
3
233
Moderately suscepti3
333
ble
Moderately
suscepti(Table 3). The three genotypes had different
response
to
rust disease; where Tgm/Anj-995 and Tgm/Anj-919
were moderately resistant and Tgm/Anj-931 was
susceptible. In this case, the rust disease did not cause
plant height character. Probably, other unknown
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TABLE III
PLANT HEIGHT, SHOOT FRESH WEIGHT AND SHOOT DRY WEIGHT OF LARGE
SEEDS SOYBEAN. ILETRI GREENHOUSE, DRY SEASON 2013
Genotypes
Plant height
(cm)
Tgm/Anj-908
Tgm/Anj-909
Tgm/Anj-910
Tgm/Anj-919
68.17
63.83
52.11
43.94
a
ab
bc
c
Tgm/Anj-931
Tgm/Anj-932
Tgm/Anj-933
Tgm/Anj-957
Tgm/Anj-991
Tgm/Anj-995
44.62
56.61
67.17
67.89
62.06
18.44
c
abc
a
a
ab
d
Wilis
Tanggamus
Anjasmoro
Grobogan
Argomulyo
61.56
56.44
62.39
52.11
65.39
ab
abc
ab
bc
a
Shoot fresh
weight (g)
Shoot dry
weight (g)
15.34 abcd
8.567 abc
17.76ab
18.75ab
10.22 ab
9.753 ab
9.40 cde
8.66 de
13.98 bcd
18.78 ab
19.54 ab
21.14 a
6.653
5.400
8.453
9.180
9.610
11.01
c
c
abc
abc
ab
a
3.03 f
16.79 ab
16.59 ab
19.14 ab
15.95 abc
14.25 bcd
1.117
8.787
8.770
9.733
9.150
7.957
d
abc
abc
ab
abc
bc
TABLE IV
NUMBER OF FILLED AND UNFILLED PODS, NUMBER OF BRANCHES, AND GRAIN YIELD PER PLANT OF LARGE SOYBEAN SEEDS. ILETRI GREENHOUSE, DRY
SEASON 2013
Genotypes
Tgm/Anj-908
30.11 bcd
1.05 cd
2.17 cd
3.96 ab
Tgm/Anj-909
40.89 a
1.00 cd
2.55 bc
3.84 ab
Tgm/Anj-910
31.06 bcd
1.33 bcd
2.17 cd
3.98 ab
Tgm/Anj-919
14.05 e
2.28 ab
2.22 cd
2.67 c
Tgm/Anj-931
14.95 e
0.83 cd
2.06 cd
2.56 c
Tgm/Anj-932
27.44 cd
1.11 cd
2.61 bc
3.59 abc
Tgm/Anj-933
29.39 bcd
0.83 cd
1.94 cd
3.35 abc
Tgm/Anj-957
32.22 bc
1.06 cd
2.06 cd
3.30 abc
Tgm/Anj-991
29.22 bcd
0.95 cd
2.16 cd
4.28 a
Tgm/Anj-995
0.167 f
0.33 d
0.22 e
0.01 d
Wilis
33.56 abc
1.17 cd
3.28 ab
3.08 bc
Tanggamus
Anjasmoro
Grobogan
Argomulyo
28.33 cd
1.44 abc
1.22 cd
2.39 a
1.28 bcd
2.28 cd
3.56 a
2.00 cd
1.61 d
3.34 abc
36.61 ab
27.95 cd
23.94 d
3.85 ab
2.93 bc
3.39 abc
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[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
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Abstract Research about the relation of leaf characteristics in some trees species to the accumulation of sulfate
and nitrate has been done. The purpose of this research is
to find out the leaf characteristics that related to the sulfate
and nitrate accumulation. This research is using survey
method and correlation analysis. The plants that used in
this research were dadap merah (Erythrina crista-galli),
suren (Toona sureni), bungur (Lagerstroemia speciosa), ki
acret (Spathodea campanulata), kayu afrika (Maesopsis
eminii) dan mahagoni (Swietenia mahagoni). The results
show that bungur has the largest leaf surface and dadap
merah has the thickest leaf. Mahagoni has the highest value
of stomatal density and kayu afrika has the largest size of
stomata. Dadap merah has the highest value of total chlorophyll content. The highest value of sulfate accumulation
was in ki acret and the highest value of nitrate accumulation was in bungur. The leaf width has the positive correlation with sulfate accumulation. The leaf width, leaf thickness, stomatal size and chlorophyll content have the positive correlation with nitrate accumulation.
Keywords tree, leaf characteristics, sulfate, nitrate,
pollutant accumulation
I. INTRODUCTION
IR pollution is the introduction of pollutants into
the atmosphere that can cause disruption and discomfort to living organisms and also cause environmental damages[1]. Air pollution emissions are released naturally from smokes of forest or volcanic eruption but mostly cause due to anthropogenic sources[2,3]
such as human activities, economic development, increasing population, use of transport, industrial development and higher level of energy consumption[1,4].
Sulfur oxides (SOx) are one of the gaseous pollutants.
SOx pollution is mainly caused by sulfur dioxide (SO2)
and sulfur trioxide (SO3). Most of SO2 gases in the atmosphere are the result of human activities that comes
from burning fuel, such as coal, charcoal, wood and the
results of industrial processes[5]. SOx pollution can cause
human respiratory disease[6] and can cause tissue damage (leaf necrosis), even on the higher expose of SO2
can cause cholorosis to the plant[29].
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) can be found as nitrogen monoxides (NO) and nitrogen dioxides (NO2), but NO2 are
the most common gases that found as air pollutant. The
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TABLE 1
LEAF CHARACTERISTIC
Characteristic
Leaf surface
(cm2)
Leaf thickness (mm)
Stomatal
type
Stomatal
density
2
(/mm )
Stomatal
size (m)
Total
chlorophyll
content (cci)
Suren
Bungur
Species
Ki acret
Dadap
merah
99,59
34,31
130,20
94,11
Kayu
afrika
36,32
73,09
Mahagoni
0,23
0,07
0,21
0,12
0,13
0,19
Parasi-tic
105,3
Anomocy-tic
288,95
Anomocy-tic
210,2
Anomocy-tic
122,2
Anomocy-tic
142,3
Anomocy-tic
289,9
21,5
19,2
26
21,8
29
12,1
41,5
13,5
32,8
27,7
39,4
28,6
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TABLE 2
SULFATE AND NITRATE ACCUMULATION
Species
Dadap merah
Suren
Bungur
Ki acret
Kayu afrika
Mahagoni
Leaf
weight
(g)
2,58
Sulfate
(%)
Sulfate
(mg)
Nitrate
(%)
0,0914
2,3581
2,91
75,08
0,58
3,16
1,67
0,5868
0,0993
0,9032
5,75
2,78
2,45
33,35
87,844
40,915
0,57
1,42
0,0082
0,2242
3,4034
3,1379
15,083
4
0,0467
3,1863
4,29
0,21
24,453
2,982
Nitrate
(mg)
Ki acret leaf show greater sulfate uptake and accumulation can be caused by a relatively large leaf surface
with low leaf thickness and the value of stomatal density
which is not too high, compared to the others studied
species. Suren leaf which has the thinnest leaf among all
studied species cant accumulate sulfate as much as ki
acret because suren has relatively small leaf area that is
34,31 cm2 and also the higher value of stomatal density
which is around 288,95/mm2.
Sulfate absorption by leaf, beside affected by plant
characteristic such as leaf area, leaf thickness and stomatal density, can also influenced by genetic trait of
each plant. Each plant has a different transporter gene
The result showed that nitrate accumulation was related to some leaf characteristics such as leaf area, leaf
thickness, stomatal density and size. Figure 2 shows that
nitrate accumulation has a positive correlation with leaf
area and leaf thickness. The correlation coefficient between nitrate accumulation with leaf thickness is 0,4909.
This positive correlation is contrary to Patra[8] and Nugrahani et al.[7] which were reported that nitrate accumulation has negative correlation with leaf thickness. This
difference may be caused by the absorption of NO2
which not only depend on leaf thickness but also depend
on other factors such as leaf area and stomatal size. The
research of Patra[8] showed that there was a plant which
has relatively thick leaf were also accumulate high nitrate.
The total chlorophyll content has positive correlation
with nitrate accumulation with correlation coefficient
around 0,334 (Fig 3). Chlorophyll content will be influenced by the pollutant accumulation on leaf[11]. Chlorophyll synthesis is also influenced by several factors,
such as light, carbohydrate, water, temperature, genetic
factors and some elements such as nitrogen, magnesium,
iron, manganese, sulfur, iron and oxygen[24]. Nitrogen
(N) is closely related to chlorophyll synthesis[17], also for
synthesis protein and enzymes such as rubisco[25]. Hendriyani and Setiari[25] reported that N is main factors to
forming chlorophyll.
The result showed that nitrate accumulation has a
negative correlation with stomatal density. Patra[8] reported that the high value of stomatal density will cause
a high concentration of nitrate accumulation, but Nugrahani et al.[7] reported that there was no correlation between stomatal density and nitrate accumulation. This
difference suggests that stomatal density is not the only
one factor that affected nitrate accumulation on leaf.
showed that there is a positive correlation between nitrate accumulations with the size of stomata (r =
0,5331). This suggests that the greater the value of stomatal size tend to cause greater accumulation of nitrate
on leaf.
SO2 and NO2 concentration : SO2 gas concentration in
the air are one of factors that directly affect sulfate accumulation in leaf[21]. The results of ambient air quality
measurements showed that the concentration of SO2 gas
at the study site was not detected, so it can be categorized as an uncontaminated area. The very small concentration of sulfate accumulation on leaf may be due to the
good quality of ambient air for SO2 in the study area.
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The humidity at the location when conducted air sampling was around 35 41,35%. Istantinova et al.[27] reported that the higher humidity will cause the decreasing
concentration of SO2 in the atmosphere. Temperature
measurement was 28.8 to 30C and categorized as relatively normal. Air temperature has the positive correlation with the concentration of gaseous pollutants in the
atmosphere. The increasing of air temperature will cause
to the increasing of gaseous pollutants too [28,27].
IV. CONCLUSION
Wagh, N.D., P.V. Shukla, S.B. Tambe, and S.T. Ingle, Biological Monitoring of Roadside Plants Exposed to Vehicular Pollution in Jalgaon City.Journal of Environmental Biology, India,
2006.
[2] De Kok, L.J., M. Durenkamp, L. Yang, and I. Stulen, Sulfur in
Plants, an Ecological Prespective. New York: Springer, 2007.
[3] S.R. Hidayati, Analisis Karakteristik Stomata, Kadar Klorofil
dan Kandungan Logam Berat pada Daun Pohon Pelindung Jalan Kawasan Lumpur Porong Sidoarjo. Skripsi Jurusan Biologi
Fakultas Sinstek dan Teknologi Universitas Islam, Malang,
2009.
[4] Pant, P.P., and A.K. Tripathi, Analysis of Some Biochemical
Parameters of Plants as Indicator of Air Pollution. Journal of
Environmental Science, Computer Science and Engineering and
Technology.Vol.1, No.1, 14-21, 2012.
[5] Depkes. (2012, May 7) Parameter Pencemar Udara dan Dampaknya terhadap Kesehatan. Available:
www.depkes.go.id
[6] M. Soedomo, Kumpulan Karya Ilmiah mengenai Pencemaran
Udara. Bandung : Penerbit ITB, 2001.
[7] Nugrahani, P., N. Nasrullah, dan E.L. Sisworo, Faktor Fisiologi
Tanaman Tepi Jalan yang Menentukan Kemampuan Serapan
Polusi Udara Gas NO2. Risalah Seminar Ilmiah Aplikasi Isotop
dan Radiasi, 2006.
[8] A.D. Patra, The Techincal Writers Handbook. Mill Valley, CA:
University Science, 1989. Faktor Tanaman dan Faktor Lingkungan yang Mempengaruhi Kemampuan Tanaman dalam Menyerap Polutas Gas NO2. Bogor : Program Pasca Sarjana IPB,
2002.
[9] R.Y. Maulana, Identifikasi Respon Anatomi Daun dan Pertumbuhan Kenari, Akasia dan Kayu Manis terhadap Emisi Gas
Kendaraan Bermotor. Bogor : Skripsi.Fakultas Kehutanan.Institut Pertanian, 2004.
[10] A. Wijaya, Penggunaan Tumbuhan sebagai Bioindikator dalam Pemantauan Pencemaran Udara. Surabaya : Skripsi Jurusan Teknik Lingkungan ITS, 2010.
[11] Seyyednjad, S.M., K. Majdian, H. Koochak, and M. Niknejad.
(2012, December 7) Air Pollution Tolerance Indices of Some
Plants Around Industrial Zone in South of Iran. Available:
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http://scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=ajbs.2011.300.305
[12] Begum, A., and S. Harikhrisna, Evaluation of Some Tree Species to Absorb Air Pollutants in Three Industrial Locations of
South Bengaluru. India : E-Journal of Chemistry, 2010.
[13] Samsoedin, I. dan E. Subiandono, Pembangunan dan Pengelolaan Hutan Kota. Prosiding Ekspose Hasil Hasil Penelitian,
2007.
[14] I. Samsoedin, Kajian Status IPTEK dan Pengembangan Ekosistem Hutan di Perkotaan.
[15] E.B. Hidayat, Anatomi Tumbuhan Berbiji. Bandung : Penerbit
ITB, 1995.
[16] D. Dwidjoseputro, Pengantar Fisiologi Tumbuhan. Jakarta :
Penerbit Gramedia, 1985.
[17] Salisbury, F.B. and Cleon W. Ross, Fisiologi Tumbuhan Jilid I.
Bandung : Penerbit ITB, 1995.
[18] E. Lestari, Hubungan antara Kerapatan Stomata dengan Ketahanan Kekeringan pada Somaklon Padi Gajahmungkur, Towuti, dan IR 64. Biodiversitas ISSN: 1412-033X Volume 7, Nomor
1 Januari 2006 Halaman : 44-48, 2005.
[19] P. Bakti, Analisis Kandungan Klorofil dan Laju Fotosintesis
Tebu Transgenik PS-IPB 1 yang ditanam di Kebun Percobaan
PG Djatiroto, Jawa Timur. Bogor : Skripsi Program Studi Manajemen Sumberdaya Lahan.Departemen Ilmu Tanah dan Sumberdaya Lahan.Fakultas Pertanian.IPB, 2009.
[20] N. Danapriatna. (2013, March 30) Peranan Sulfur bagi Pertumbuhan Tanaman. Available:
www.ejournal-unisma.net/ojs/index.php/.../238
[21] Dwivedi, A.K. and Shashi, Ambient Air Sulphur Dioxide and
Sulphate Accumulation in Deciduous and Evergreen Plants. J.
[22]
[23]
[24]
[25]
[26]
[27]
[28]
[29]
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I. INTRODUCTION
HE Cabagge head caterpillar Crocidolomia binotalis, Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), is a serious
insect pest especially of cruciferous vegetables is
widely distributed in tropical and sub tropical region as
South and Southeast Asia, Australia, South Africa, Tanzania and the Pacific Islands [1]. In Indonesia, C. binotalis and Plutella xylostella together may caused the
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B
C
D
Per cent
LC50
LC90
F31
A
B
C
D
Per cent
LC50
LC90
F33
A
B
C
D
Per cent
LC50
LC90
Control
1
2
1
16,67
3,05x109
1,75x1011
1
1
0
11,67
3,8x108
4,9x109
0
0
0
0,83
3
0
1
1
4,17
2,57x1017
2,61x1024
7
3
1
0
9,17
2,12x1010
8,37x1012
5
15
8
11
0
2
0
1
10,83
24,17
1,25x109
1,06x1011
1
1
1
0
2,50
2,33x1018
1,47x1025
0
0
1
0
0
0,83
1,03x1017
2,14x1023
0
0
1
0
2
0
1
0
0
0,00
3,33
1,03x1017
2,14x1023
0
0
2
3
1
29,17
3,47x108
3,89x109
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TABEL 2.
PATHOGENICITY TEST OF Bt. FUSANTS TO THE THIRD
INSTAR LARVAE OF C. binotalis.
Fusant Bt.strains
Total
F28
A
B
C
D
Per cent
LC50
LC90
4
3
1
0
6,67
2,74x1011
6,1x1013
19
2
1
2
20,00
8,98x108
4,51x109
2
25
0
5
1
3
0
2
2,50
29,17
7,06x108
4,98x109
A
B
C
D
Per cent
LC50
LC90
1
2
1
0
3,33
1,03x1017
2,14x1023
0
1
3
1
3,33
0
0
3
4
3
6
1
5
0
1
5,83
13,33
3,42x1014
1,71x1022
A
B
C
D
Per cent
LC50
LC90
Control
0
1
1
1
2,50
0
0
1
Per cent
4
0
0
2
5,00
3,12x1029
6,4x1048
1
0
4
2
3
1
2
0
3
2,50
10,00
8,74x1024
1,20x1042
0
2
6,67
F31
F33
IV. CONCLUSION
All fusants Bt strains ; F28, F31, and F33 were
pathogenic to C. Binotalis. The third instar larvae was
more susceptible than the second. Fusant Bt F28 and F31
will be assessed their pathogenicity to the instar larvae at
small scale field.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The investigators wish to thank to DP2M DIKTI RI for
the financial support of the research. 2. LPPM UGM
Indonesia for the research coordination and the Dean of
Faculty of Biology UGM, Indonesia for give me opportunity to do this research and also Special thanks to I
Nyoman Sumerta, SPd. for his sincere assistance in carrying out the experiments, and Suparmin for administration tasks.
REFERENCES
[1] Kalshoven, L.G.E. 1981. The Pests of Crops in Indonesia. Pt
Ichtiar Baru-Van Hoeve, Jakarta. P. 341-344.
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Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of trehalose levels on post-thaw sperm membrane
integrity at different level of trehalose in tris based diluter
of Boer Goat semen. Fresh semen was collected from six
aged male Boer goats. Immediately after collection using
artificial vagina, the semen was evaluated for quality and
diluted with tris aminomethane-base extender in 10 folds (1
semen: 9 extender). The effect of different levels of trehalose (1.5%; 2.5% and 3.5%) in the diluter on the sperm
membrane integrity was evaluated in this study. The diluted semen was freezed with standard method. The result
showed that fresh semen collected from Boer bucks in this
study indicated a normal quality and therefore, could be
used for further treatment. According to the varian analysis it was shown that 2.5% trehalose resulted higher sperm
quality than those the other levels on post-thaw of Boer
Goat semen. It was concluded that the addition 2.5% trehalose in tris-based medium resulting optimal sperm
membrane integrity of Boer goat semen post thawing. It
was suggested, that for resulting optimal sperm membrane
integrity post thawing of Boer goat semen in tris-based
medium should be supplemented with 2.5% trehalose.
Keywords Boer goat, trehalose, cryopreservation,
membrane integrity
I. INTRODUCTION
uring dilution, cooling and freezing, the sperm
quality reduce corresponding to appropriate
processing technique and cryoprotectant used. The
addition of cryoprotectant in the medium or semen extender can retard the reduce of semen quality in those
process. Disaccharides have a stabilizing effect on biological membrane. Trehalose is found in animals capable of enduring cold temperatures, whereas sucrose is
found in plants [1].
Cryopreservation are known to damage sperm
membranes [2]. This damage includes swelling and disruption of plasma and outer acrosome membranes [3],
changes in membrane fluidity [4], disregulation of intracellular Ca2+ influx [5] and changes in enzyme activity
[6].
Membrane integrity is not only important for sperm
metabolism, but also a correct change in the properties
of the membrane is required for successful union of the
male and female gametes, i.e. for sperm capacitation, the
acrosome reaction and the binding of the spermatozoa to
the egg surface. The integrity and functional activity of
the sperm membrane is of fundamental importance in
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Creamy
Consistency
Less opaque
pH
7.00 + 0.0
Volume (ml)
0.64 + 0.27
3238.00 + 187.78
Mass motility
2+ - 3+
74.50 4.38
86.88 + 2.31
8.63 + 1.97
72.59 + 6.21
38.34 + 5.69b
2.5%
42.12 + 2.66 b
3.5%
29.17 + 6.93a
IV. DISCUSSION
The integrity and functional activity of the sperm
membrane is of fundamental importance in the fertilization process, and assessment of membrane function may
be a useful indicator of the fertilizing ability of spermatozoa. A property of the cell membrane is its ability to
permit the transport of molecules selectively. When exposed to hypo-osmotic conditions, water will enter the
spermatozoa in an attempt to reach osmotic equilibrium.
This inflow of water will increase sperm volume and the
plasma membrane will bulge (balloon), giving minimum
surface to volume ratio. The sperm tail appears to be
particularty susceptible to such hypo-osmotic conditions. These induced alteration in sperm morphology are
visible with the phase contrast microscope. The ability
of the sperm tail to swell in the presence of hypoosmotic solution is a sign that transport of water across
the membrane occurs normally, i.e. is a sign of membrane integrity and normal functional activity [7].
The role of trehalose in the protection of sperm during freezing acted by maintaining the membrane stability
of sperm (lipid bilayer) by formation of hydrogen
bounds at O2, O3 and O4 of trehalose structure with
phosphate-and carbonyl groups of lipid [8]. The former
hydrogen bounds either from phosphate- or carbonyl
groups of lipid the sperm membrane stability could
maintained and the sperm damage originated from diluent and temperature shock could be minimized. In semen freezing process, trehalose was reported used in
combining with gliserol [9] showed that 7.5% trehalose
combined with 6% glycerol resulted higher sperm quality after freezing compared to the used of Tris(hydroxymethyl-aminomethane)-citric-acid-glucose
(TGC) [10]. There is evidence that trehalose increased
the stability of sperm membrane to the physical and
morphological changes during semen dilution and freezing.
V. CONCLUSION
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[3] R.C. Jones and D.L. Stewart, The effects of cooling to 5C and
freezing and thawing on the ultrastructure of bull spermatozoa. J
Reprod Fertil, vol 56, 1979 pp. 233-238.\
[4] W.V. Holt and R.D. North. Thermotropic phase transitions in the
plasma membrane of ram spermatozoa. J Reprod Fertil, vol 78,
1986 pp. 447-457.
[5] L. Robertson, J.L. Bailey, and M.M. Buhr. 1990. Effects of cold
shock and phospholipase A2 on intact boar spermatozoa and
sperm head plasma membranes. Mol Reprod Dev, vol 26, 1990
pp. 143-149.
[6] P.F. Watson, The effects of cold shock on sperm cell membranes
In: Morris GJ, Clarke A (eds), The effects of low temperatures
on biological membranes. London: Academic Press, 1981 pp.
189-218.
[7] R.S. Jeyendran, H.H. Van der Ven, M. Perez-Pelaez , B.G. Crabo,
and L.J.D. Zaneveld, Development of an assay to assess the
functional integrity of the human sperm membrane ang its relationship to other semen characteristics. J reprod Fert, vol. 70,
1989 pp. 219-228.
[8] A.K. Sum, R. Faller, and J. de Pablo, Molecular simulation
study of phospholipids bilayer and insights of the interactions
with disaccharides, Biophysical Journal, vol. 85, 2003 pp. 28302844.
[9] B.T. Storey, E.E. Noiles, and K.A. Thompson, 1998. Comparison of Glycerol, Other Polyols, Trehalose and Raffinose to Provide a Defined Cryoprotectant Medium for Mouse Sperm Cryopreservation. J.Criobiology, vol. 37, 1998 pp. 46-58.
[10] E.M.E. Aboagla and T. Terada, Trehalose-enhanced fluidity
of the goat sperm membrane and its protection during freezing.
J. Biol. Reprod, 2003.
th
I. INTRODUCTION
RESENTLY, parallel to the rapid growth in industrialization environmental pollution is also increasing. Heavy metals like Pb, Cd, Cu, Fe, and Hg, contribute significantly to the growing pollution problem.
Among the heavy metals, the use of lead in industrial
caused widespread environmental contamination [1].
Internal and external factors, including environmental
pollutants induce various kind of genetic damage [2].
Lead acetate induced genotoxicity, mutagenicity and
carsinogenic Lead is genotoxic itself or enhances the
effect of other DNA-damaging agents that can trigger
cancer formation [3,4,5,6,7]. Prevention of the cancer
and other mutation related disease can be carry on both
by avoiding exposure to carcinogen and by favoring the
intake of protective factors which fortify physiological
defense mechanisms [8].
In recent years, there is increasing awareness that
th
mental groups was analyzed with ANOVA and continued with Duncan Multiple Range test.
III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Pre treatment of different vegetables extracts
was given orally prior on to lead treatment in group III,
IV and V decreased frequency of chromosomal aberrations (table 1.) All types of chromosomal aberrations
induced by lead acetate including, numeric abberation,
fragment, acentric, ring, stickiness, gap, tri-radial, chromosome breaks, double point. The result showed that
lead acetate produces mutagenic effect induced chromosomal aberration. Lead compound do not damage DNA
directly, lead ion are known to participate in Fenton
reaction produces ROS which can induces oxidative
stress and free radicals. In addition, lead ions are reportedly known to inhibit the DNA polymerase , one of the
prime enzymes involved in DNA repair. There are indications for rather indirect mechanisms of genotoxicity,
which may be due to an interaction of lead and DNA
repair processes [7,16].
TABLE I
ANTIMUTAGENIC EFFECT OF BRASSICACEAE EXTRACTS
ON LEAD ACETATE INDUCED CHROMOSOMAL
ABERRATIONS IN SWISS WEBSTER MICE.
Experimental groups
Lead acetate
CMC
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
170
34 + 3.51b
209
41.8 + 2.27b
[12]
299
59.8 + 6.12bc
[13]
259
51.8 + 3.57c
[9]
[10]
[11]
[14]
[3]
86 + 2.47a
[2]
430
REFERENCES
[1]
Average Percentage of
chromosomal
aberrations (%
+ S.D)
Chinese cabbage
Metaphase with
chromosomal
aberrations/100
cells*
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
0.000
27.28
* One hundred cells were analyzed per animal, for a total of 500 cells
per treatment. Values, within columns, with no common superscripts are statistically different (P<0.05)
[15]
[16]
[17]
th
*)
Abstract Acid soil properties vary even in the relatively close location. Hence, yield and yield components of a
genotype is not similar from location to another location
depends on the location condition. The objective of the
research was to study the yield and yield components of
acid-tolerant soybean promising lines in Ultisols of Banjarnegara at rainy season 2009. The tested materials consisted
of
10
promising
lines
(SC2P2.99.5.4.5-1-6-1,
SC2P2.151.3.5.1-10, SC5P2P3.5.4.1-5, SC5P2P3.23.4.1-328-3,
SC5P2P3.23.4.1-5,
SC5P2P3.48.31.1-10,
SJ5/Msr.99.5.4.5-1-6-1, Msr/SJ-5.21.3.7-3-27-1, Msr/SJ5.23.4.1-3-28-3 and Msr/SJ-5.23.4.1-5) and three check
varieties (Tanggamus, Wilis and Grobogan). Experimental
design was randomized completely block design with three
replications. Plot size was 2,0 m x 4,5 m, plant spacing 40
cm x 15 cm, two plants per hill. The results showed that in
strong acid soil Ultisols of Banjarnegara, Tanggamus had
the highest grain yield than other promising lines and both
check varieties Wilis and Grobogan. Msr/SJ-5.23.4.1-3-283 was the most potential promising line having grain yield
higher than Wilis and seed size larger than Tanggamus.
Wilis was adaptive in slightly acid soil, but Grobogan was
not suitable for planting in acid soil. Yield per plant was
supported by plant height, filled pods and reproductive
nodes. Early maturity with larger seed size varieties, such
as Grobogan, was risky due to the relatively high unfilled
pods.
Keywords acid soil, soybean, Ultisols, yield, yield components.
I. INTRODUCTION
CID Acid soil covers 30-40% of the worlds total
land area [1] and approximately 69% of dryland in
Indonesia [2]. Acid soil limits crop growth potential [3] due to the many problems in supplying mineral
nutrients to the crops such as deficiencies of calcium,
magnesium, molybdenum, and phosphorus, as well as
toxicities of aluminum and manganese [4],[5]. However,
Al toxicity is the main problem in mineral acid soils [6].
Crop growth decreases as Al saturation in acid soils
increases [7]. High aluminum concentration also causes
the decrease in chlorophyll content, photosynthesis rate,
utilization efficiency of photosynthetically active radiation and water utilization efficiency, and increasing
transpiration rates [8].
Gene expression is subject to modification by the en-
th
TABLE I
GRAIN YIELD AND 100 GRAIN WEIGHT OF ACID-TOLERANT SOYBEAN LINES
ON ULTISOLS IN BANJARNEGARA, RAINY SEASON 2009
Yield (t.ha-1)
1.15ab
55.68abc
SC2P2.151.3.5.1-10
1.08
abc
56.22abc
SC5P2P3.23.4.1-3-28-3
1.15ab
46.01cd
1.18
ab
50.19bcd
1.38
ab
51.72abcd
1.00
bc
62.02ab
SJ-5/Msr.99.5.4.5-1-6-1
1.20
ab
53.37abc
Msr/SJ-5.21.3.7-3-27-1
0.68c
51.77abcd
Genotypes
SC2P2.99.5.4.5-1-6-1
SC5P2P3.5.4.1-5
SC5P2P3.23.4.1-5
SC5P2P3.48.31.1-10
1.42
ab
60.67ab
1.26
ab
61.22ab
60.98ab
Wilis
1.34
ab
63.28a
Grobogan
Average
0.68c
40.87d
1.16
54.92
LSD 5%
0.44
11.95
Msr/SJ-5.23.4.1-3-28-3
Msr/SJ-5.23.4.1-5
1.47
Tanggamus
Unfilled pods.plant-1
24.8abc
0.8d
bc
0.7d
SC5P2P3.23.4.1-3-28-3
29.6
1.6b
SC5P2P3.5.4.1-5
26.4ab
1.5bc
21.3
bc
0.9cd
20.9
bc
1.2bcd
1.0bcd
Msr/SJ-5.21.3.7-3-27-1
22.1
abc
0.7d
Msr/SJ-5.23.4.1-3-28-3
19.0bc
0.7d
Genotypes
SC2P2.99.5.4.5-1-6-1
SC2P2.151.3.5.1-10
20.3
SC5P2P3.23.4.1-5
SC5P2P3.48.31.1-10
SJ-5/Msr.99.5.4.5-1-6-1
Msr/SJ-5.23.4.1-5
Tanggamus
Wilis
Grobogan
18.3
bc
1.1bcd
23.9
abc
0.7d
22.2
abc
0.6d
bc
2.4a
20.2
20.1
Average
22.2
1.1
LSD 5%
8.05
0.63
tive nodes.
Grain size can be measured through 100 grains
weight. The largest seed size was showed by Grobogan
(14.13 g/100 seeds) as early maturity check variety with
large seed size, while the smallest seed size were
showed by Tanggamus and Wilis (7.73 and 8.57 g/100
seeds). Tanggamus and Wilis showed smaller seed size
than the description [20] suggested that the two checks
th
TABLE III
PLANT HEIGHT AND NUMBER OF REPRODUCTIVE NODES PER PLANT OF
ACID-TOLERANT SOYBEAN LINES ON ULTISOLS IN BANJARNEGARA,
RAINY SEASON 2009
Genotypes
Reproductive
nodes.plant-1
SC2P2.99.5.4.5-1-6-1
11.38ab
9.87bcde
abc
9.87bcde
SC2P2.151.3.5.1-10
SC5P2P3.23.4.1-3-283
10.56
11.54a
9.70bcde
SC5P2P3.5.4.1-5
11.39ab
8.90ef
SC5P2P3.23.4.1-5
9.20
bc
10.13bc
SC5P2P3.48.31.1-10
SJ-5/Msr.99.5.4.5-1-61
Msr/SJ-5.21.3.7-3-271
Msr/SJ-5.23.4.1-3-283
9.07c
9.10def
8.70c
9.23cdef
9.43abc
10.00bcd
9.58abc
10.50b
Msr/SJ-5.23.4.1-5
9.08c
9.63bcde
Tanggamus
11.52a
7.73g
Wilis
11.46a
8.57fg
abc
14.13a
9.98
Grobogan
Average
10.2
TABLE V
RELATIONSHIP AMONG SOME AGRONOMICAL CHARACTERS OF ACIDTOLERANT SOYBEAN LINES ON ULTISOLS BANJARNEGARA, RAINY SEASON
2009
100
Rep.
Filled
Unfilled
Yield
seeds
nodes
pods
pods
per plant
weight
Rep. nodes
Filled pods
Unfilled
pods
100 seeds
weight
-0.059
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
9.8
Plant height
In strong acid soil Ultisols of Banjarnegara, Tanggamus had the highest grain yield than other promising
lines and both check varieties Wilis and Grobogan.
Msr/SJ-5.23.4.1-3-28-3 was the most potential promising line having grain yield higher than Wilis and seed
size larger than Tanggamus. Wilis was adaptive in
slightly acid soil, but Grobogan was not suitable for acid
soil. Yield per plant was supported by plant height,
filled pods and reproductive nodes. Early maturity with
larger seed size varieties, such as Grobogan, had risk for
having higher unfilled pods.
-0.666*
0.570*
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
-0.299
-0.754**
0.762**
-0.058
-0.270
0.217
0.148
-0.282
0.060
0.665*
-0.525
[12]
-0.608*
[13]
th
th
Abstract Insect was the most important aspect in decreasing strawbery fruit in Kopeng, Jawa Tengah. There
are need effectively and safely method to control the insect.
The objective of the reserch was inventory insect in strobery community. Sampling was done every 3 day periode
since the strobery panted in the field. The Result showed
seven insect ordo visiting strabery community, namely
Ordo Neuroptera, Orthoptera, Hymenoptera, Hemiptera,
Diptera, Coleoptera, and Lepidoptera. Aphid (Hemiptera:
Aphididae), was predominan insect in strowbery community.
Keywords Spodoptera, Aphid, white fly dan strawbery
I. INTRODUCTION
The stroberi, Fragaria chiloensis L planted for commercially fruit production. It will delivery profit around
IDR. 54.007.500 ha-1/ year [1]. Strobery growing in
high land with low air temperatur. In Indonesia the
strowbery have been cultivated in Lembang, and cianjur,
West java for a long time ago. In central Java, the
strawbery cultivation sited in Kopeng, Central Java.
So many insect visited on strowbery community, and
some of them as its pest potency. The acarin and insect
kwown as pest in strowbery are 1) mite, Tetranychus sp.
dan Tarsonemus sp., 2) Aphid, Chaetosiphon fragaefolii
(Hemiptera: Aphididae), 3), Flower borer beetle, Anthonomus rubi, root borer beetle, Otiorhynchus rugosostriatus and stem borer beetle, O. sulcatus, 4) white fly,
Pseudococcus sp., and 5) leaves borer larvae of Lepodoptera, Spodoptera sp. (Diptera: Lycaenidae) [1].
Recenly, strobery production decreased because the pest
has resistant to insecticides [2]. Kopeng, Cental Java
(73957; 110,417) is an agroecosystem with 1.500
m asl, and air temperature 20 C at noon.
Strowbery was cultivated in Kopeng with organic method and It has problem with production caused by insect pest. Longterm outcomes of the research Will be
used Bacillus thuringiensis isolated from soil in the stroberry community, which it as pathogenic agent for reduction population of insect pest. Objective of reserch
was gathering information and the mapping of insect
visiting strowbery community in Kopeng, Cental java,
with emphazised on insect pest potencial.
II. MATERIAL AND METHOD
50 cm
30 cm
(a)
(b)
th
Figure 1. (a) A polybag with four strobery plants, dan (b) the
pattern of polybags squence in the block.
Figure 3. Population Growth Comparision of aphid on strowbery in organik and non organic area
Both in organic and non organic blocks, the fluctuation population of natural enemies and aphid competitor
following aphid population growth. (Figure 3 and 4).
There were competition beetween aphid and its competitors, and it cause reduction of aphid population. The
competitors was an alternative prey or host for aphid
natural enemies, so its will be maintenance the natural
enemies. Decreasing natural enemies and aphid competitor in line with decreasing aphid population not just only
pesticides treatment but the natural enemies and some of
competitors will be avoid insecticides treatment because
they have highly mobility. There were density dependend fluctuation beetween natural enemies and aphid
population (Figure 4 and 5).
Caging on stobery cultivation reduced aphid population (Figure 4), and reducing insecticides treatment.
Population of aphid natural enemies in cultivation
strowbery with cage was more higher than those in
strowbery cultivation without cage (Figure 5).
IV. CONCLUSION
1. There were Neuroptera, Orthoptera, Hymenoptera,
Hemiptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, and Lepidoptera visiting strobery cultivation
2. Population of Apid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) was higest than those other taxa.
3. Aphid population can be minimize in strobery cultivation by caging.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We thanks to the management of PUPT UGM 2013 which financing
this research.
REFERENCES
[1]
Anonim 2008 .Perkebunan stroberi. http://www.ristek.go.id
http://www.warintek.ristek.go.id/ perkebunan/stroberi.pdf
[2]
Bradford MM (1976) A rapid and sensitive method for the
quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing theprinciple
of protein-dye binding.Anal Biochem 72:248254
[3] Borror, D.J., L.A. Triplehorn, and N.F. Johnson. 1989. An Introduction to Study of Insect. 6th edition.Holt Reinhard and Winston.
New York.
[4]
Kalshoven, L.G.E. 1981. The Pests of Crops in Indonesia.Pt
Ichtiar Baru-Van Hoeve, Jakarta. P. 341-344.
[5] Booth, R.G. Cox, ML Madge, RB.1991. The Guide to the Insects
of Importance to Man; Coleoptera. The University Press Cambridge.
[6]
Bolton, B. 1994.Identification Guide to the Ants Genera of
World. The President and Fellows of Harvard College. USA.
[7] Braby. F. Michael 2004. The Complet Field Guide to Butterflies
of Australia.CSIRO Publishing Australia.
[8] Lawrence, JF. Britton.E. 1994. Australia Beetles. Melbourne
University Press.
th
) Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, 17 Agustus 1945 University, Banyuwangi, Indonesia
*) Email: susintowati@yahoo.com
Abstract - Holothuria leucospilota was used as bioindicator of mercury bioaccumulation at ceased traditional gold mining at Lampon estuarine and stone
shore. We used the samples with same species as control samples from Stone Shore Beach of Rajegwesi
Resort in Meru Betiri National Park. The bioaccumulation of mercury in this research was detected by
SNI 06-6992.2-2004 (with modification). The result of
mercury bioaccumulation shows from 47.83 ppb to
0.03 ppb in the lowest, but it was undetected in samples from Meru Betiri National Park. The mercury
accumulation shows in high value from recommended standard value. Protein profile was analyzed using
SDS-PAGE method. There are three new bands and
one band of protein in bolder from the other bands
of the samples. It may show that anomaly form of
protein profile caused mercury pollution at this site.
Mercury is still remaining to pollute while the mining
was ceased. It can be predicted that recidence time of
mercury effect caused some anomaly structure to
aquatic biota because the protein profile was different from the normal profile.
Key words: protein profile, Holothuria leucospilota,
bioaccumulation, mercury
I. INTRODUCTION
Lampon shore was one of the areas to wasted of tailing traditional gold amalgamation in Banyuwangi District. They were used mercury for amalgamation
process. Although, the activity of tailing discharging
was stopped at least 2 years ago, but the effect of mercury polluted still be remaining to aquatic organisms
indeed. Mercury bioaccumulation in Gastropods was
proofed, they are Nerita argus (3.03 ppm) and Terebralia sulcata (3.10 ppm). Hepatopancreas of Nerita argus
in severe atropi [1]. The observation result in 2013
shows still be found mercury bioaccumulation in some
macrobenthos based on niches and feeding behavior [2],
[3].
Pathology effect of mercury pollution is approximately to be monitoring time after time. There is a lot of Holothuroidea in summer season. Holothuroidea as detrivor, they cleaned of the shore from detritus. They feeding behavior can be used to mercury bioindicator in
Lampon. Holothuria leucospilota very abundance beside another genus called Cucumaria. We used Holothu-
th
B Mark L1
L2
L3
M1 M2
M3 B
Tracking distance
(cm)
rf
MW (kDa)
log MW
0.8
0.133
135.571
2.132
4.3*
0.717
33.127
1.520
4.9
0.817
26.018
1.415
5*
0.833
25.014
1.398
5.2
0.867
23.059
1.363
5.7*
0.950
18.856
1.275
TABLE 2.
PROTEIN MOLECULE WEIGHT OF HOLOTHURIA
LEUCOSPILOTA FROM STONE SHORE OF MERU
BETIRI NATIONAL PARK
Tracking
Distance
BM
log
(cm)
rf
(kDa)
BM
0.8
0.133
135.571
2.132
4.9
0.817
26.018
1.415
5.2
0.867
23.059
1.363
th
REFFERENCES
[1] Susintowati and S. Hadisusanto, Mercury bioaccumulation and
Community Structure of Gastropoda at Ceased Traditional Mining, Lampon, Banyuwangi District, Thesis,
Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, 2012.
[2] Susintowati and N. Nurchayati, Mercury Pathology Effect to
Spicules Density of Holothuroidea (Echinodermata) at
Ceased Lampon Traditional Gold Mining, Banyuwangi
District, (accepted for publication) in Saintek Journal,
Kopertis Wilayah VII Jawa Timur. 2013.
[3] Susintowati and S. Hadisusanto, Mercury bioaccumulation of
macrobenthos based on feeding behavior and niches at
Lampon ceased traditional gold mining, Banyuwangi
District, East Java, Paper (presented) in International
Conference of Biology Science, at Faculty of Biology,
Gadjah Mada University Yogyakarta, September 2122th, 2013, (accepted for proceeding).
[4] R. Eisler, Mercury hazards to fish, Wildlife and Invertebrates, A
synoptic review Biologycal Report, 1987, 85(1:10).
[5] B.T. Setiabudi, Penyebaran merkuri akibat usaha pertambangan
emas di daerah Sangon Kabupaten Kulon Progo DI Yogyakarta, Draft Report (unpublished)-DIM, 2005: 1-17.
[6] Darmono, Lingkungan hidup dan pencemaran, hubungannya
dengan toksikologi senyawa logam, UI-Press-Jakarta,
2008.
[7] H. Palar, Pencemaran dan toksikologi logam berat, Rineka Cipta
Publisher, Jakarta, 2008.
[8] W. Widowati, A. Sastiono, and R.R. Jusuf, Efek toksik logam.
Pencegahan dan penanggulangan pencemaran, Andi
Publisher, Yogyakarta, 2008.
[9] Anonimous, Maximum level of Heavy Metal in Food by SNI
7387:2009. ICS 67.220.20, Indonesia National Standarization, Jakarta, 2009.
[10] J. Neustadt, and S. Pieczenik, Heavy-metal Toxicity With
Emphasis on Mercury, Integrative Medicine, 2011,
Vol.10.No.5: 45-50.
[11] M.K. Manisseri and N.R. Menon, Ultrastructural aberrasion in
the hepatopancreas of Metapenaeus dobsoni (Miers)
Exposed to Mercury, J. Mar. Biol. Ass. India, 2006, 48
(1): 89-94.
[12] B.T. Kurien, and R.H. Scofield, Extraction of protein from gels:
a brief review, Methods Mol. Biol., 2012, 869:403-5.
I. INTRODUCTION
Indonesian territory consists of 17,508 islands and has a
long coastline of about 81,000 km , is the country that has
the largest mangrove forest in the world . Extensive mangrove forests in Indonesia reached 4.25 million hectares is
the largest mangrove in the world beyond Brazil (1.3 million ha) , Nigeria (1.1 million ha) and Australia (0.97 ha)
[11]. One Indonesian mangrove areas which Sembilang
National Park located in South Sumatera . According Suwignyo et al.[9], various types of mangrove genera that
dominat in Sembilang National Park were Rhizophora,
Avicennia, Sonneratia and Bruguiera. According to Noor
et al.[6], the mangrove ecosystem is an interface between
terrestrial and ocean ecosystem. Biodiversity level of
mangrove ecosystem was high so that mangrove can grow
well. Mangrove forest ecosystems that are capable of producing a high organic matter, 90 % of organic particles in
the water coming from the mangrove vegetation and result
in 35-60 % of nutrients that are beneficial to the growth of
mangroves. Constituent components of the organic matter
is cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin .
The importance of microbial diversity in mangrove
ecosystems due to the presence of microbes capable of
providing nutrients in a mangrove ecosystem that can
Litter
Soil
Litter
Soil
Litter
Soil
4
30
Table 2.
Screening result of cellulose-degrading bacteria
CelluloseStation
Sample Screening result of
cellulosedegrading bacteria
degrading bacteria
isolates code
I
Litter
4
S1SS1, S1SS2,
0
104 5413,2E
S1SS3, S1SS4
20925,5S
Soil
3
S1TS1,S1TS3,
S1TS5
II
Litter
1
S2SS3
10405341,4E Soil
1
S2TS2
20543,6S
III
Litter
2
S3SS1, S3SS3
10405418E
Soil
1
S3TS1
20947,4S
Total
12
ity thank you very much for your help and togetherness
during at Sembilang National Park.
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
Isolate Character
S1SS1
S1SS2
S1SS3
S1SS4
S1TS1
S1TS3
S1TS5
S2SS3
S2TS2
S3SS1
S3SS3
S3TS1
Plumose
Echinulate
Filamentous
Ramose
Convex Papilate
White
Plumose
Echinulate
Comensal
Undulate
Umbonate
Cream
Effuse
Villous
Crenate
Undulate
Convex
Papilate
Cream
Beaded
Villous
Crenate
Lobate
Raised with
Concave
Brown
Filliform
Villous
Circular
Entire
Effuse
white
Plumose
Beaded
Circular
Entire
Convex
Yellow
Filliform
Villous
Circular
Entire
Convex
Orange
Filliform
Villous
Irregular &
spreading
Crenate
Convex Rugose
White
Spreading
Echinulate
Irregular &
spreading
Crenate
Umbonate
Cream
Plumose
Beaded
Circular,
filamentous
Crenate
Raised with
Concave
Cream
Filliform
Villous
Circular
Entire
Convex
Brown
Spreading
Villous
Irregular,
spreading
Crenate
Convex
Papilate
Cream
Coccus, Gram
positive, did
not produce
spore
Bacillus,
Gram positive, produce spore
Coccus,
Gram positive, produce spore
Bacillus,
Gram positive, produce spore
Bacillus, Gram
negative, did
not produce
spore
Bacillus,
Gram positive, produce spore
Bacillus,
Gram positive, produce spore
Anaerob
Fakultatif
Anaerob
Anaerob
Fakultatif
Bacillus,
Gram negative, did not
produce
spore
Anaerob
Fakultatif
Bacillus, Gram
negative, did
not produce
spore
Aerob
Bacillus,
Gram positive, did not
produce
spore
Anaerob
Fakultatif
Bacillus, Gram
positive, produce spore
O2 needed
Coccus
Gram negative, did not
produce
spore
Aerob
Anaerob
Anaerob Fakultatif
Anaerob
Anaerob
Anaerob
Motility test
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Biochemical test :
Simmons citrate test
Indole production
Starch hydrolysis
Urea hydrolysis
Methyl-red test
Voges Proskauer test
Catalase production
Glucose FermenGas
tation
Acid
Lactose FermenGas
tation
Acid
Sucrose FermenGas
tation
Acid
Gas
H2S and gas
Sugar fermentaproduction
tion
H2S
CONCLUSION
(-) : Negative
Micrococus
sp. (S1SS1)
Ancinetobacter sp.
(S1SS2)
Bacillus sp.
(S1SS3)
Clostridium
sp. (S1SS4)
+
Bacillus sp.
(S1TS1)
+
Aerococus
sp. (S1TS3)
Pseudomo
nas sp.
(S1TS5)
Clostridium
sp. (S2SS3)
Pseudomonas
sp. (S2TS2)
+
Pseudomonas
sp. (S3SS1)
Clostridium
sp. (S3SS3)
Clostridium
sp. (S3TS1)
th
Abstract Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder which associated with hyperglycemia. It caused by a
derangement in secretion or function of the endocrinal
portion of the pancreas. The insulin resistance and insulin
secretion are well known underlying pathophysiologies of
diabetes. There is a close anatomical and functional relationship between its exocrine and endocrine portions. An
increased in the serum concentration of pancreatic enzyme
is commonly an expression of inflammatory exocrine pancreatic disease. The aim of the study was to evaluate the
correlation between fasting blood glucose, insulin resistance and lipase/amylase ratio in type 2 DM. The subjects
were categorized into three groups which include: healthy
controls (n = 21), prediabetes (n = 12), and diabetes (n=34).
That clinical identification was assessed according to ADA
criteria in 2013. Plasma glucose, lipid profile testing, total
cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and triglycerides were measured using an auto analyzer. Amylase and lipase were
measured colorimetric method using Assay Kit. Insulin
concentration was measured using Elisa kit. The results
showed that there were elevated levels of blood glucose,
insulin resistance, and serum pancreatic enzymes (amylase
and lipase) activities in type 2 DM. The increased serum
pancreatic enzymes activities were positively correlated
with increased levels of blood glucose, insulin resistance,
and decreased proinsulin level. The ratio of serum lipase/amylase showed a positive correlation with duration
of diabetes, FPG levels, insulin resistance, decreased insulin sensitivity, and increased lipase activity. The ratio of
serum lipase/amylase will be able to determine the acute
phase of alcoholic and non-alcoholic pancreatitis.
Keywords T2DM, insulin resistance, exocrine inflammation
I. INTRODUCTION
DIABETES MELLITUS (DM) is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from
defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The
vast majority of cases of diabetes fall into two categories
namely Type 1 diabetes (Type 1 DM) and the more prevalent Type 2 diabetes (Type 2 DM). Other categories
include specific types of diabetes relate to genetic defects, the exocrine pancreas disease, endocrinopathies,
drug induced and Gestational diabetes [1].
Type 2 DM is caused by a combination of genetic
th
B. Methods
Clinical identification of normal or healthy control,
prediabetes, and diabetes was done according to American Diabetes Association criteria. The diagnostic criteria of diabetes was assessed according to American Diabetes Association (ADA) i.e. subjects with a fasting
plasma glucose > 126 mg/dL and/or 2 hour plasma glucose level > 200 mg/dL and/or HbA1c > 6.5 % were
considered to have diabetes; subjects with a fasting
plasma glucose 100 to 125 mg/dL (IFG) or 2 hour plasma glucose level 140 to 199 mg/dL (IGT) or HbA1c 5.7
to 6.4% were considered to have increased risk for diabetes (prediabetes); subjects with a fasting plasma glucose < 110 mg/dL or 2 hour plasma glucose level < 140
mg/dL or HbA1c < 5.6 % were regarded as a having
normal glucose tolerance (NGT) [1]. The exocrine insufficiency was assessed according to increasing of amylase
and or lipase level. The considered reference range of
normal amylase was 30 - 110 U/L and lipase was 30 210 U/L.
Fasting venous blood was collected from all of subjects, it was centrifuged (at 1500 g for 15 minutes). The
separated plasma was used to assay the HbA1c. HbA1c
was measured with ion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography using an automated analyzer (BioRad D10). The separated serum was divided into four
aliquot. One was designed for immediate assay of glucose and lipid profile which included Triglyceride (TG),
total cholesterol (CHOL), high density lipoprotein
(HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL). The other aliquots were stored at -20oC for subsequent assay for amylase, lipase, insulin and proinsulin.
The assay of sample analysis was carried out by using different reagent kits as per procedure which was
defined by manufacturer. The immediate assay of sample analysis was measured on a fully automated analyzer.
The fasting plasma glucose was measured by the hexokinase method. The serum triglyceride was measured
by the enzymatic method (GPO-POD method, End
Point). For determination of total cholesterol, an enzymatic (CHOD-POD) colorimetric method was used. The
direct measurement for HDL and LDL were done by
using enzymatic methods.
Insulin concentration was measured by Sandwich
enzyme immunoassay method. Insulin concentration was
measured using kit from Ucsn, China. Homeostasis
model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was
used for the direct measurement of insulin resistance and
was calculated as follows:
HOMA-IR = [fasting insulin (U/mL)
(mg/dL)]/405 [4]
fasting glucose
The cut-off point to define insulin resistance corresponds to HOMA-IR 3.8 [4][5]
The quantitative insulin sensitivity check index
(QUICKI) was calculated from fasting plasma glucose
(mg/dL) and insulin (IU/mL) concentrations, as follows:
QUICKI = 1/(log Io + log Go )
[6]
Amylase and lipase activity were measured by photometric enzymatic method. The amylase activity was
assayed using BioAssay Systems QuantiChromTM Amylase Assay Kit (DAMY-100). Lipase activity was
Group I (n = 21)
45.86 8.04
74.81 7.07
4.58 0.41
195.24 39.32
54.43 15.99
132.14 38.93
120.86 71.65
409.06 19.04
42.79 11.78
46.63 17.10
120.47 45.59
Group 2 (n = 10)
65.70 11.41
109.30 6.07
6.02 0.41
197.60 57.05
44.50 11.65
131.00 49.80
120.00 47.57
343.18 17.52
96.21 36.52
54.96 18.64
100.12 58.07
Group 3 (n = 10)
61.60 6.22
181.50 53.97
9.18 1.89
238.00 56.01
50.90 13.67
169.00 51.04
172.80 50.10
313.53 27.89
114.86 28.46
56.91 18.39
92.95 50.24
Group 4 (n = 26)
55.77 10.52
189.81 92.87
9.49 3.16
193.15 53.44
44.58 13.61
128.88 45.96
186.23 113.81
322.93 32.46
99.24 39.33
601.08 901.68
1423.10 1075.70
The difference fasting blood glucose, HbA1c levels and Insulin Resistance of the group diabetic with
and without exocrine insufficiency were not significant,
but it were different significantly with normal and prediabetes groups (Fig.1). The increasing levels of blood
glucose, HbA1c and insulin resistance were characteristic feature of the most patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. One of other features that followed of this condition was dyslipidemia (high triglyceride and low HDL
cholesterol), as shown in Fig.1 [7], [8].
Insulin resistance is defined as reduced sensitivity
of target organs to the biological effects of insulin [9].
The quantification of insulin resistance condition can be
performed by evaluating the peripheral insulin sensitivity using mathematical formula, such as Homeostasis
model assessment (HOMA), QUICKI (Quantitative Insulin sensitivity check index), etc [7]. The HOMA index of -cell function and QUICKI index of insulin sensitivity related with decreasing of insulin and increasing
of proinsulin production by -cell, as shown in Fig 2.
The serum amylase and or lipase activity were
found to be significantly higher in case group IV as
compared to the control (group I), prediabetes (group II)
and diabetes subject (group IV). There was significant
positive correlation between lipase/amylase ratio and
duration of disease (diabetes), FPG, serum lipase activity and HOMA index of -cell. However, the correlation
of lipase/amylase ratio with HbA1c, lipid profile (TG,
Cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol),
insulin, proinsulin concentration, and amylase activity
were not found to be significant (Table 2).
p value
0.062
< 0.001
< 0.001
0.756
0.449
0.889
0.026
0.014
0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
th
500.00
300.00
P < 0.001
b
250.00
FPG (mg/dL)
L) 450.00
m
400.00
g/
(n 350.00
n
o
tia 300.00
rt 250.00
n
e
c 200.00
n
o
c 150.00
in
l 100.00
u
s
In 50.00
200.00
150.00
a
100.00
0.00
50.00
0.00
Group I
Group II
Group III
)L
450.00
/m
g
n
(
n 400.00
io
ta
tr 350.00
n
e
c
n 300.00
o
c
n
li
su 250.00
In
b
b
HbA1c (%)
8.00
4.00
200.00
2.00
0.00
0.00
Group I
Group II
Group III
2000.00
4000.00
6000.00
8000.00
10000.00
Group IV
(B)
(B)
8000
7000
200.00
(A)
10.00
x
e
d
n
I
ce
an
ts
is
e
R
n
li
u
s
n
I
150.00
500.00
P < 0.001
12.00
6.00
100.00
Group IV
(A)
14.00
50.00
0.00
500.00
P < 0.001
L)
450.00
m
g/
(n
n 400.00
o
tia
rt 350.00
n
e
c
n 300.00
o
c
in
l
su 250.00
In
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
200.00
0
Group I
Group II
Group III
0.150
Group IV
0.155
0.160
0.165
0.170
0.175
(C)
(C)
Fig. 1. Increasing (A) FPG levels, (B) HbA1c levels, and (C) Insulin
Resistance in control/normal (Group I), prediabetes (Group
II), type 2 DM (Group III), prediabetes and diabetes with exocrine insufficiency groups (Group IV).
Table 2.
Correlation of lipase/amylase ratio with duration of disease, blood
glucose, lipid profile (Cholesterol, TG, HDL, LDL), insulin, proinsulin, amylase, lipase and insulin resistance of the subjects.
NS = not significant
0.175
x
e
d
in
yt
iv
tii
s
n
e
s
n
li
u
s
In
0.170
0.165
0.160
0.155
0.150
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
p-value
0.014
0.046
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
< 0.001
0.021
0.006
( D)
10000.00
9000.00
x
e
d
n
I
ce
an
t
iss
e
R
n
il
u
s
n
I
8000.00
7000.00
6000.00
5000.00
4000.00
3000.00
2000.00
1000.00
0.00
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
(E)
Fig. 2. Decreasing insulin concentration correlate with increasing
proinsulin concentration (A), insulin resistance index (B), decreasing insulin sensitivity index (C); Increasing proinsulin
concentration correlate with decreasing insulin sensitivity index (D) and increasing insulin resistance index (E)
IV. DISCUSSION
Diabetes is a global problem and would be the leading
cause of morbidity and mortality in the future. Diabetes
is invariably associated with derangement in secretion or
function of the endocrinal portion of the pancreas.
th
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
th
[13]
th
I. INTRODUCTION
communities play a critical role in ecosystem processes, such as nitrogen cycling, nutrient
turnover, or the production of trace gases. Soil microbial activities, populations and communities are governed by environmental variables and agricultural system, as conventional and organic system [1], [2].
In soil environments ammonia oxidizers mediate the
first, rate-limiting step of autotrophic nitrification, which
is considered to be a key control point in the nitrogen
cycle resulting in increased N mobility and loss of oxidized N forms through leaching and denitrification [3],
[4]. The ammonia oxidizers catalyze the conversion of
OILmicrobial
1
1
NO2 N) g d ) in these soils [25]. Environmental
factors, such as ammonia availability, organic matter
content, and/or soil pH may influence the presence of
specific types of ammonia oxidizers and nitrification
rates in soils [6], [26].
Microbial communities in the environment have traditionally been studied by conventional methods based on
cultivation of populations, by measurement of their metabolic activities or direct observation using microscopic
methods [27]. However, analysis of microbial is a
complex task that cannot be achieved by traditional
microbial culturing methods. Ward et al. [28] stated that
more than 90% of microorganisms existing in nature are
not amenable to currently available cultural methods.
Here, we examined the diversity of ammonia oxidizers
with
denaturing
gradient
gel
electrophoresis
(DGGE).DGGE has been used extensively for diversity
analysis in microbial ecology [29]. Coupled with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and primers that target
conserved, taxonomically significant genes, it is a technique that allows the comparison and analysis of molecular fingerprints of diversity.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
A. Sample collection
Soil samples from the eight sites were collected on
September 25, 2012. Table 1 describes the types of
vegetation present in each sampling plots. The location
were randomly selected and covering all the vegetation
types. The locations of sample collections were
confirmed by the use of Global Positioning System unit
(GPS). At each location, soil samples were collected
from litter layer. Samples were placed in plastic bags
and transported to the laboratory where they stored at
20 C until further processing.
B. DNA Extraction
Extraction of DNA was completed directly after
collection, using a commercial kit (PowerSoil DNA
extraction kit; MO BIO Laboratories Inc., Carlsbad, CA,
th
Coordinate
Elevation
(m asl a)
71218S; 1102127E
71228S; 1102126E
71228S; 1102126E
71216S; 1102126E
71228S; 1102126E
71223S; 1102127E
71228S; 1102126E
71228S; 1102126E
1,286
1,248
1,248
1,287
1,248
1,283
1,248
1,248
disruption of cells was carried out in a mini-beadbeater1 (BioSpec). Extracted DNA samples were stored at 20
C.
C. DGGE Analysis of 16SrRNA and amoA Genes
The diversity of ammonia oxidizers community was
investigated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis
(PCR-DGGE) fingerprinting of ammonia oxidizers
16SrRNA and amoA genes. DGGE was performed with
a Dcode Universal Mutation Detection System (BioRad) as described previously [30]. 16S rRNA genes of
AOBwere amplified using primers CTO189f-GC and
CTO654r [31], archaeal amoA genes were amplified
using primers Arch-amoAf and Arch-amoAr-GC [32],
and 16S rRNA genes of general bacteria were amplified
using primers 357f-GC and 518r [33]. Amplification
was performed in a 25 l reaction volume containing
200 nM of each primer, 0.1 mMdNTPs, 5 g BSA, Taq
DNA polymerase (2.5 unit, Promega), the buffer conditions recommended by the manufacturer, and 1 l DNA
template. 16SrRNA genes of AOB were amplified at 95
C for 3 min; followed by 30 cycles of 95 C for 1 min,
55 C for 1 min, and 72 C for 1 min; followed by 72 C
at 10 min [34].Archaeal amoA genes were amplified at
95 C for 5 min; followed by 30 cycles of 94 C for 45 s,
53 C for 1 min, and 72 C for 1 min; followed by 72 C
at 15 min [32]. 16SrRNA genes of general bacteria were
amplified at 94 C for 4 min; followed by 35 cycles of
94 C for 1 min, 54 C for 1 min, and 72 C for 1 min;
followed by 72 C at 5 min [35].
A small portion (5 l) of each PCR product was run
on a 1% agarose gel to confirm successful amplification
of a DNA fragment of the expected length. The
remaining PCR products were subjected to DGGE on a
Dcode Universal Mutation Detection System (Bio-Rad)
with gels containing a linear formamide/urea gradient
of30% to 60%,20% to 45%,or 30% to 55% linear
gradient of denaturant for 16S rRNA genes of AOB
[36], amoA genes of AOA [23], and 16S rRNA genes of
general bacteria[33] assays, respectively. After
electrophoresis, the gel was stained with ethidium
bromide for 30 min and then visualized using a GelDoc.
D. Data Analysis
For the DGGE analysis, each band was designated as
an operational taxonomic unit (OTU) [37]. The band
richness of the samples was estimated based on the
Fig. 1.Image of DGGE gel for general bacteria 16S rRNA genes. M =
Marker, CF = Capsicum frutescens, BC = Brassica chinensis, DC =
Daucus carota, CS = Cucumis sativus, CA = Capsicum annuum, BO =
Brassica oleracea, AS = Allium sp., SL = Solanum lycopersicum.
th
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
[21]
[22]
[23]
[24]
[25]
[26]
[27]
th
4751, 2001.
th
Abstract -- Sekotong, West Lombok, Nusa Tenggara Barat is place where people traditionally gold mining. Mercury (Hg) is used by traditional gold miners. Hg waste flow
towards and can pollute to the ocean through river. Kerang bulu (Anadara sp.) is one of the major fisheries commodity in Lombok. This organism is a filter feeder and
sessile animal, they can accumulate metals in their bodies.
This research aims to study the distribution and accumulation of Hg in Anadara sp. at the Sekotong, West Lombok,
Nusa Tenggara Barat and environmental factors that can
influence it. Research sites include Medang, Permulae and
Gili genting village. The study was conducted by collecting
same size sample with free sampling method. Environmental parameters measured include Hg levels in water and
sediment, water and air temperature , pH and salinity. The
mussel organ analyzed were gills, mantle, visceral mass and
shells. Hg level were analyzed using Mercury Analyzer.
Data were analyzed using LSD Variance Analysis and
Pearson Correlation. The results show that from the highest level of Hg is gills > mantle > visceral mass > shells. The
highest Hg levels found in gills was 0.52 0.56 mol kg-1.
From the result showed that the highest Hg level were in
Medang which has the Hg content in the water at 10.04 mg
L-1 . The content of Hg in the organs was positively correlated with Hg levels in the water.
Keywords -- Sekotong. Mercury, Bioaccumulation, Anadara sp.
I. INTRODUCTION
ndonesia has about 713 gold mining areas scattered in
Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi and Nusa Tenggara Barat[1]. Sekotong, located at West Lombok regency, Nusa Tenggara Barat, it is one of a traditional
gold mining in indonesia.
Mercury (Hg) is a chemical used by traditional gold
miners to coat gold particles formed Hg-Au, after heated
by high temperature then Hg will dissolved and leave a
lump of pure gold[2]. The Hg waste then passes the
ponds and left without further treatment. Water that has
been contaminated Hg can flow out of the ponds, and
flowing toward the river and pollute the ocean.
In the aquatic environment, Hg form is organic. Hg
form in the water is Hg0 and methyl mercury ion
(CH3Hg+) both are volatile [3][4]. Hg has the ability to be
bioaccumulation and finally undergo biomagnification
in the environment when it is in organic form. Hg can be
found in the body tissues of marine biota such as clams
and others. Mercury can enter to the organism through
th
southwest of the Mataram city, the capital of the province Nusa Tenggara Barat. About 2.000 households
spreaded in 8 villages. Gold mining and processing area
spread over 3 villages in the sekotong it was Buwun
Mas, Kerato, and Pelangan. Kerang bulu was obtained at
3 different points in Medang, Permulae, and Gili Genting. Almost all households have gelondong unit to gather gold from stone or mud (Fig. 1) it is operated
throughout the day. And the wastes was sent into the
rivers and sewers that close to the sea. Temperature, pH
of sea water, salinity, and the content of Hg in water and
sediment is measured as environmental factors.
Waters (g L-1)
Medang
Permulae
Gili Genting
10,04 10.05
0.95 0,96
0.75 0,76
0,18 0,26
0,03 0,68
0,002 0,03
B. Materials
This study need Mercury Analyzer (MA) as a main
equipment to measured the Hg levels. The chemicals
used in this study is HNO3 solution, HCl solution,
HClO4 solution for sample destruction process. Hydroxylaminehydrochloride solution, KMnO4 solution, and
SnCl2.2H2O solution is used in MA.
Location
Salinity
()
Medang
31
33.5
40
Permulae
25
29.5
39
Gili Genting
29.75
31
40
pH
6
5.1
5
6.0
9
C. Sample Preparation
The sample target is Kerang bulu which has size 3.5 5.5 cm (Fig. 2), 3 individuals from each location by free
sampling method. Kerang bulu was separated into shells,
gills, mantle and visceral mass in the laboratory. The
organs was stored in oven at 60C to obtain a constant
dry weight. Destruction sample organ by acid destruction, using hot plate. Organ and water samples was destructed by using HNO3:HCl (4:1).
D. Sample Analysis
Destructed sample then inserted into 10 mL volumetric flask and aquades was added. Then reacted with 0.1
ml KMnO4, 0.1 ml Hydroxylaminehydrochloride and
0.5 ml SnCl2.2H2O. Hg content was analyzed by using
MA.
III. RESULT
The Hg accumulation in organs of sea mussels Anadara sp. at 3 location was shown in Table I. The data of
Hg accumulation in waters and sediment was shown in
Table II, and environmental parameters was shown in
Table III.
The concentration of Hg that accumulated in organs
of Anadara sp. in 3 locations showed varying results
(Table I). ANOVA showed that the levels of Hg in the
same organ in different places showed significant differ-
th
(Table II). The results show that from the highest level
of Hg is gills > mantle > visceral mass > shells.
Gills accumulated Hg from 0.10 to 0.56 mol kg-1 .
The concentration of Hg in gills was the highest.
Generally, the absorpsion of Hg in water is methyl
mercury ion form (CH3Hg+) and Hg0 and absorbed by
shellfish directly through the water that passes the gill
membranes[8]. Gills can accumulate more Hg because
Hg enter to the muscle is through the gills first. In the
gill membranes, absorbed Hg will bind to a protein
called metalothionein, then it was distributed to various
organs like mantle and visceral mass via blood vessels in
gills[9]. Mantle accumulating Hg from 0.11 to 0.57 mol
kg-1 it was the second highest. Water that enters through
the gills will be distributed into mantle cavity first,
which has located between the body and the shells, also
because of metalothionein distribution also widespread
on mantle[13]. The visceral mass accumulated Hg from
0.12 to 0.46 mol kg-1. Its lower than mantle.
Detoxification mechanisms and secretion of Hg in
visceral mass is very active. Hg which is distributed to
the visceral mass also binds to ,metalothionein and then
widespreadly distributed in the digestive gland. Hg
which absorbed in the gastro-intestinal tract will be
actively or passively diffuses and transported, then
excreted through the kidneys and intestines. Excretion
through the kidneys can can occur only when pH and the
amount of amino acids that can bind Hg are in balance
[13]
. The intestine can excrete Hg from mucus
membranes actively[13]. Whereas, shell was the lowest of
Hg accumulation in the range of 0.0002 to 0.37 mol kg1
. Shells cant select the metal which entered its hard
tissue. Although there is no metalotionein, shells still can
accumulate Hg in a few number[14].
Mercury levels in organs had positive correlation
with the Hg levels in water, but it had varied
correlatation with the Hg levels in sediment. As filter
feeder, the mussels filtered anything that present in
water. Mercury dissolve in methyl mercury (CH3Hg+)
and Hg0 in the water, the increase of Hg levels in water
also increasing Hg levels that accumulated in the body of
marine biota[15]. This is due to the accumulation of Hg
transported by metalothionein and distributed throughout
the body. Hg levels in water is different with sediments.
The sea water is so dynamic. The Hg levels in water can
fluctuate everytime[16]. Increasing content of organic
matter in a body of water and sediment also cause heavy
metal content in the sediment increased[15]. Based on
Table II., ANOVA results showed that the levels of Hg
in water at three locations were significantly different.
The highest Hg levels was found in Medang. Which has
Hg concentration in the water reached at 10.04 g L-1 or
0.1004 mg L-1. about 0.002 to 0.68 mol kg-1 on
sediment. Based on the Decree of the Minister of Health
No. 907/MENKES/SK/VII/2002 consumption water
limit is set at 0.001 mg L-1 and the maximum Hg levels
for water is 0.005 mg L-1. Hg levels in water on Medang
is above the limit of Hg levels in water. It cause the
accumulation of Hg in these area is very high. Medang
located nearest to the river that directly connect to tailing
sources that is vat to sludge processing of gold mining.
Permulae and Gili Genting, Hg concentration still below
Aspinall, C. 2001. Small-scale mining in Indonesia. International Institute for Environment and Development and the World
Business Council for Sustainable Development. England.
[2] Diantoro, Y. 2010. Emas: Investasi dan Pengolahannya.
PT.Gramedia Pustaka. Jakarta.
[3] Morel, F.M.M., Krepiel, A.M.L., and Amyot, M. 1998. The
chemical cycle and bioaccumulation of mercury. Annu Rev
Syst. 29: 543-566
[4] Boszke, L., A.Kowalski, G.Glosinska, R.Szarek, and J.Siepak.
2003. Environmental factors affecting speciation of mercury in
the bottom sediment; an overview. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 12(1): 5-13.
[5] Khaniki, G.R.J., I. Alli , E. Nowroozi, and R. Nabizadeh. 2005.
Mercury contamination in fish and public health aspects: A review. Pak. J. Nutr. 4: 276-281.
[6] Darmono. 2001. Lingkungan Hidup dan Pencemaran: Hubungan Dengan Toksiologi Senyawa Logam Berat. Universitas Indonesia Press. Jakarta. 179 hal.
[7] Wood, E.M. 1987. Subtidal Ecology. Edward Arnold (ublisher)
Ltd. London. 125 hal
[8] Laws, E.A. 1981. Aquatic Polution. John Willey and Sons New
York. 611 hal.
[9] Darmono. 1995. Logam Dalam Sistem Biologi Makhluk Hidup.
Penerbit Universitas Indonesia. Jakarta. 140 hal.
[10] Lasut, M.T. 2002. Metallothionein: Suatu parameter kunci
yang penting dalam penetapan baku mutu air laut (BMAL), Indonesia. Ekoton Vol 2, No. 1: 61-68. Pusat Penelitian Lingkungan Hidup dan Sumberdaya Alam (PPLH-SDA). Lembaga Penelitian, Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Manado, Indonesia. 8 hal.
[11] Zhou, Q., Z. Jianbin, F. Jianjie, S. Jianbo, and G. Jiang. 2008.
Biomonitoring: An appealing tool for assessment of metal pollu-
th
th
I. INTRODUCTION
HE worldwide increase of human population and
transportation has generated greater energy consumption of petroleum fossil fuels that lead energy
crisis because of depleting fossil fuel reserves [1].
Therefore, for solving the issue above, a renewable
energy asan alternative resource should be developed.
Microalgae-based biodiesel production could be a potential source for the future renewable energy [2]. Microalgae as a potential candidate for biodiesel production has generated significant interest [3][4], because the
organismis the most efficient biological producer of oil
th
C
D
Figure 1. Growth (A), dry eight (B), cell quota (C) and lipid content
(D) of the mixed microalgae cultures isolated from Glagah were
cultured in fresh water ( ), brackish water ( ), and sea water ( ).
th
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
IV. CONCLUSION
Different salinity have potential for increase the number of cells, dry weight and lipid content on the mixed
microalgae cultures isolates from Glagah. The highest
dry weight and lipid content were found in seawater
medium, they accounted for 3.42 mg/mL and 13,58% at
day 7, respectively. Whereas, the highest number of
cells was found in freshwater medium, this was 9.8 x
106 cells/mL.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
All authors would like to sincerely acknowledge to
Directorate General of Higher Education, Ministry of
Education and Culture, Indonesia for funding this research.
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
[21]
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[4]
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Richmond, A. 2004. Handbook of microalgal culture: biotechnology and applied phycology. Blackwell Science. India.
Ogbonna, J.C., H. Yoshizawa, and H. Tanaka. 2000. Treatment
of high strength organic wastewater by a mixed culture of photosynthetic microorganism. Journal of Applied Phycology. 12:
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Mutanda, T., D. Ramesh, S. Karthikeyan, S. Kumari, A. Anandraj, & F. Bux. 2011. Bioprospecting for hyper-lipid producing
microalgal strains for sustainable biofuel production. Bioresource Technology. 102:57-70.
Griffiths, M.J. & S.T.L. Harrison. 2009. Lipid productivity as
key characteristic for choosing algal species for biodiesel
production. Journal of Applied Phycology.. 276:23-25.
Friday, E.T. 2010. Mixed cultivation of Euglena gracilis and
Chlorella sorokiniana: a production method of algae biomass
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Hu, Q., M. Sommerfeld, E. Jarvis, M. Ghirardi, M. Posewitz, M.
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Moffat, P.Golland, and D.M. Sabatini. 2006. CellProfiler: image
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Singh, S.P., & B.L. Montgomery. 2013. Salinity impacts photosynthetic pigmentation and cellular morphology changes by distinct mechanisms in Fremyella diplosiphon. Biochemical and
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th
Ida Kinasih 1*), Tri Cahyanto 1), Ina Andriana 1) and Ramadhani Eka Putra 2)
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung,
Indonesia
2)
School of Life Sciences and Technology ITB, Indonesia
*)
AbstractIt is well established knowledge that soil animals and their interactions with microorganisms play a
primary role in the mineralization of nutrients, and hence
nutrient acquisition and the growth of plants. Soil microarthropods have a strong influence on vital ecosystem
processes, such as the decomposition of organic matter and
nutrient mineralization. The mesofauna (microarthropods
and enchytraeids) also affect soil structural processes
through their production of faecal pellets and biopores.
This has strong effect on structural stability and waterholding capacity of the soil. Human activities, such as agriculture activities, influenced abundance and diversity of
soil mesofauna due to changes on structure and composition of vegetations. This study was carried out at cocoa
plantation with different planted periods, 34-year-old and
24-year-olds. Method used for sampling was pitfall trap
with 12 sampling time during 3 months sampling periods.
In total, 22 species collected during sampling, which were
Lasius fuliginosus, Cardiocondyla sp, Netelia sp, Forficula
auricularia, Telostylinus sp, Megaselia scalaris, Drosophila
sp, Monoclona sp, Diptera larvae, Onthophagus sp, Lebia
moesta, Haptoncus luteolus, Quedius sp, Phylus coryli, Mycalesis sp, Melanoplus sp, Orocharis sp, Euryopis sp, Linyphiidae sp, Labidostomma sp, Ceratophysella pratorum,
Lumbricus terestris. This study showed higher number of
individuals collected at older plantation, 858 individuals,
than younger one, 441 individuals. On the other hand, diversity of soil fauna at older plantation were slightly higher
than younger one, 1.49 and 1.44 respectively. Based on this
result, it can be concluded that time of land use changes
caused more effect of abundance than diversity for soil
fauna community.
Keywords soil fauna, diversity, cocoa plantation, abundance, land use change.
I. INTRODUCTION
NDONESIAN cocoa plantations had rapid development since the early 1980s. In 2002 the area of Indonesian cocoa plantation recorded of 914,051 hectares,
of which most (87.4%) run by the people and the rest
6.0% of the country's farming and 6.7% of large private
farming. Indonesia is currently listed as the third largest
cocoa producer in the world with a total area of
1,563,423 hectares and a production of 795,581 tones
[1]. Cocoa plantations in PTP Nusantara VIII Cikumpay, Raamandala, West Bandung has large land area
594.70 hectares, with land-clearing system that is not
concurrent. Opening the earliest land is around in
1977 and most recently in 1991. Based on opening land,
it could be said that the age of the cocoa crop is not uniform.
th
+: present
-: absent
th
th
th
I. INTRODUCTION
is one of human activities that produced significant amount of waste and increasing
significantly due to increasing demand on agricultural products. In Indonesia, two agricultural products
showed increasing pattern on production are rice and
cassava. Production of dry rice stalk, as post harvest
waste of rice, estimated 100 million ton [1] while cassava tuber skin, as waste of cassava, estimated 20.8 million ton [2], annually. All of these wastes have great
potency as raw material of organic based product due to
high content of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin [3]-[6],
small amount of protein [7][8], and significant amount
of carbon [9]-[10].
Commonly treatment of dry rice stalk is pilling and
burning while application as livestock feed not recommended due to low energy and protein content also low
digestibility [11](Sitorus, 2002). On the other hand, casGRICULTURE
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Composition
D. Data Analysis
Mean difference of conversion rate between treatment
and control group was analyzed by Students T-test. All
statistical analysis was carried out with Statsoft Statistica ver. 8.
III. RESULTS
A. Conversion rate of dry rice stalk by BSF
Conversion dry rice stalk by BSF showed in Figure 1.
This result showed that in average biomass of dry rice
stalk was reducing higher when treated with BSF. By the
end of experiment, biomass of dry rice stalk was reduced by 25% when treated with BSF while only 21%
reduction when BST was omitted.
After
After
Fiber (%)
19,76
17.84
17.95
7.98
Protein (%)
Water content (%)
Ash (%)
5,35
2.96
6.87
4.05
9,61
39.80
10.63
23.84
26,69
20.69
4.68
7.72
37,89
22.82
47.40
39.77
0,86
0.67
1.05
0.72
44,18
34.05
45
55.23
0,18
0.19
0.18
0.22
2.50
2.11
0.95
2.90
Carbon (%)
Nitrogen
(%)
C/N ratio
Phosphor
(%)
Potassium
(%)
Composition
Percentage
Dry rice
Cassava
stalk
tuber skin
Protein (%)
11.66
13.14
Lipid (%)
2.03
7.25
IV. DISCUSSION
A. Conversion rate of dry rice stalk by BSF
Reduction of dry rice stalk biomass by BSF probably
due to activity of some digestive enzyme inside salivary
gland and digestive tract such as leucine arylamidase, galactosidase, -galactosidase, -mannosidase, and fucosidase. -galactosidase [18]. However, conversion
rate is relatively low which is probably caused by high
content of lignin inside stalk structure. Further study is
conducting to improve the conversion rate by application of addition decomposing agents.
B. Conversion rate of dry rice stalk by BSF
Result showed that BSF relatively less efficient in reducing biomass of cassava tuber skin. We believed this
condition caused by fermentation of cassava tuber skin.
Unlike rice starch, this material contain less lignin and
much easier to undergo fermentation.
th
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We thanks Rizal Jamjam and Suyitno for his valuable
help in collecting samples and maintain insect collection.
[19]
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Network. ISRN. ID 650563, 9p.
th
I. INTRODUCTION
is human activities designed to fulfill
energy demand of human. In classical farming system, agriculture is a complex landscape mosaics
consisted of noncrop and crop habitat [1]-[3]. Increasing
human population led to development of more intensive
agricultural system that increasing isolation from natural
habitats. This condition negatively affect community
structure [4][5]and important ecological services provided by it [6][7]. Ecological service is defined as as a
wide range of conditions and processes within natural
ecosystems, and the species that are partof them that
help to sustain and fulfil human life [8] for example pollination [8]-[10].
Indonesia also experienced similar problem. Increasing population made most of agriculture area became
urban agriculture as most of surrounding area transformed into human dwelling. During this study, we examined the effect of this changing to pollination service
provided by nature. As subject of study we used coffee
as this plant considered as important cash crop and depend predominantly on wind for pollination [11] [12],
GRICULTURE
th
high preference to forage during midday which explained peak activity during midday (Putra, unpublished
data).
III. RESULTS
A. Fruit set of different pollination systems
Fruit set of coffee was 79.02% in open pollination
and 66.53% in wind pollination. Fruit set of open pollination was significantly higher than self pollination (Table 1).
TABLE 1
FRUIT SET AFTER DIFFERENT POLLINATION
TREATMENT
No.
Experiment
% Fruit set
Open pollination
79.02 a
Temperature
Humidity
Light Intensity
Wind pollination
66.53ab
Self pollination
56.49b
(C)
- 0.842
(%rH)
0.843
(lux)
- 0.622
Spesies
C. Foraging activity
Daily foraging activity of flower visiting insects determined by total number of individuals. Observation
showed three peak periods of activities in early morning,
midday, and afternoon for abundance. On the other
hand, there was no clear peak for number of species
visited coffee flowers.
There was negative correlation between temperature
and light intensity to foraging activity while humidity
showed positive correlation (Table 2). The result indicated the preference of most insects to forage during low
temperature and high humidity period while they preferred to shade area than open area which explained two
peak period foraging activities at Fig.2. On the other
hand, some species (mostly order) Lepidoptera showed
Xylocopasp
Apiscerana
Amegillasp
Halictidaesp
Rygchiumsp
Mycalesissp
Eurema sp.
Hesperidaesp
Graphiumdoson
Scatophagidaesp
Cetonidaesp
Order
Foraging Rate
(Flowers.min-1)
Hymenoptera
Hymenoptera
Hymenoptera
Hymenoptera
Hymenoptera
Lepidoptera
Lepidoptera
Lepidoptera
Lepidoptera
Diptera
Coleoptera
15
47
31
3
12
8
4
1
1
15
1
20.45
13.69
26.57
20.00
16.36
3.12
21.82
6.00
10.00
4.79
12.00
th
IV. DISCUSSION
A. Fruit set of different pollination systems
This study also showed that coffee could maintain
their fruit set even without pollination service from insects. However, cross pollination accommodated by
insect improve fruit set about 12% and 22%, of wind
and self pollination respectively(Tabel 1). Result agrees
with previous studies on improvement of fruit set due to
insect pollination [10], [15]-[17]. Fruit set recorded during this study similar to study conducted on large agroforestry coffe fields by Klein [15] which concluded that
smaller plantation may produced high fruit set as long
healthy pollination service is available.
TABLE 4
FLOWER HANDLING TIME AND POLLINATION EFFICIENCY
OF FLOWER VISITING INSECTS COLLECTED AT STUDY
AREA
Spesies
Xylocopasp
Apiscerana
Amegillasp
Halictidaesp
Rygchiumsp
Mycalesissp
Eurema sp.
Hesperidaesp
Graphiumdoson
Scatophagidaesp
Cetonidaesp
15
47
31
3
12
8
4
1
1
15
1
2.93
4.38
2.26
3.00
3.67
19.25
2.75
10.00
6.00
12.53
5.00
Pollination Efficiency
(%)
77.10
80.30
80.83
0
60.79
27.78
0
0
0
62.50
0
[1]
[11]
[12]
[13]
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th
I. INTRODUCTION
Generally, zooplanktons are microscopic
aquatic animals that movement is influenced by winds,
currents, and tides. Zooplankton is an important biotic
component in the chain. In the swamp ecosystem,
zooplankton became a secondary chain linking the
primary chain (phytoplankton) with a chain on the next
level (shrimp and fish), so that the diversity and
abundance of zooplankton organisms can control
phytoplankton's abundance and become bio-indicators of
water quality and fisheries productivity in the swamp
[2]-[4],[6]. Zooplankton community are very sensitive to
environmental variations, factors that influence its
existence in swamp ecosystem is the level of dissolved
organic and inorganic compounds, the availability of
food (phytoplankton), competition, and predation.
Zooplankton diversity and abundance of information can
provide an important indication of the waters, or
disruption in the aquatic environment [12],[13] .
Zooplankton is an important component of the
food web in aquatic environments, especially fresh
th
B. Methods
Plankton sample in this study were taken from
two locations, they are free zone and aquaculture zone,
every zone taken from 3 sampling site (Fig. 1.), every
sampling site taken 2 bottle sample as replicates and 1
bottle extra samples. Every sampling sites, samples of
plankton sampled by water sampler modification of Van
Dorn water sampler 5 liters. Water samples were collected in a 10 liter bucket. In this study, water samples
were taken are composite sample, was sampled 4 times,
so that the total volume taken is 20 L. Then sample was
filtered with a Wisconsin plankton net. Then the filtrate
was collected in a flacon 10cc bottle properly labeled,
then fixed with 4% formalin. Then the flacons wrapped
in plastic and put in a box samples [11].In addition to
several physical and chemical variables, such as the light
transparency, DO, CO2, alkalinity, pH, water temperature, air temperature and dissolved nutrient levels include phosphate (PO43-), and nitrate (NO3) were measured. Then sample was identified at laboratory with total
strip counting method [13], use sedgewick rafter counting cell (SRCC), and light microscope and also plankton identify books [3,11].
III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Based on the results, 30 species of zooplankton
were distributed randomly in the free zone and aquaculture zone (Figure 2.). Most number of species were
found in the free zone consist of 30 species of zooplankton, while in aquaculture zone observed 21 species of
zooplankton (Figure 2.). From the results indicate that
the diversity of zooplankton in the free zone was more
diverse than aquaculture zone.
TABLE 1.
ZOOPLANKTON DIVERSITY IN THE FREE ZONE AND
AQUACULTURE ZONE
Agriculture
No
Species Name
Free Zone
Zone
COPEPODA
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Nauplius
Ergacillus versicolor
Cyclops sternus
Calanus minor
Spesies A
Spesies B
Eodiaptomus japonicas
Diaptomus glaciaris
CLADOCERA
Cheriodaphnia lacustris
Cheriodaphnia reticulate
Diaphanosoma branchyurum
Daphnia pulex
Moina macrocopa
ROTIFERA
Brachionus pala
Lepadella acuminata
Brachionus forficula
Brachionus falcatus
Epiphanes clavilata
Euclanis dilatsis
Keratella valga
Keratella serrulata
Filinia terminalis
Tricocera sp.
OSTRACODA
Cypria apthalmica
Notodromus monocha
Candona hyalina
Spesies C
RHIZOPODA
Centropyxis aculeta
Centropyxia ecornis
Euglypha cristata
th
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th
*)
I. INTRODUCTION
p to date ecological studies of yeast from natural
habitats have been conducted extensively mostly in
temperate regions [1],[2]. Taxonomy and ecology
data indicate a need for additional studies in tropical
ecosystems, particularly in Asia [3],[4]. Indonesia is a
tropical nation comprised of over 17,000 islands is rich
th
th
Number of strains
Fig. 1. Diversity of non-cellulolytic yeast isolated
from South East Sulawesi
th
th
Wang, Q.M., and Bai, F.Y. (2004). Four new species of the
genus Sporobolomyces from plant leaves. FEMS Yeast Research, 4: 579 586.
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FEMS Microbiology Letter, 244 : 229-234.
Nakase, T., Jindamorakot, S., Am-In, S., Potachararoen,
W.,andTanticharoen, M. (2006). Yeast biodiversity in tropical
forest of Asia. In Biodiversity and ecophysiology of yeast, ed.
by Rosa, C., Peter., G,. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. pp.
441-60.
Takashima, M. Sugita, T. Van, BH, Nakamura, M, Endoh, & M,
Ohkuma. (2012). Taxonomic richness of yeast in Japan within
subtropical and cool temperate areas. Plos ONE 7 (11):
e50784. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050784.
Allen, G.R., Erdmann. M.V. (2009). Reef fishes of the Birds
Head Peninsula, West Papua, Indonesia. Check List 5 : 587
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Rifai, M.A. (1995) The biodiversity of Indonesian microorganisms. In : Proceeding of UNESCO Regional Workshop on Culture Collection of Microorganisms in Southeast Asia; June 1020 ; Yogyakarta Indonesia.
Abe, A., Sujaya, N., Sano, T., Asano, K. (2004). Microflora
and Selected Metabolites of Potato Pulp Fermented with an Indonesian Starter RagiTap.Food Technol.Biotechno. 42 (3) :
169-173.
Kuriyama,H., Sastraatmadja, D., Igosaki, Y., Watabane, K.,
Kanti, A., and Fukatsu, T.(1997). Identification and Characterization of yeast isolated from Indonesian fermented food. Mycoscience, 38 : 441-445.
Sjamsuridzal, W., Oetari, A., Kanti, A., Saraswati R., Nakashima, C., Widyastuti, Y., and Katsuhiko, A. (2010). Ecological
and Taxonomical Perspective of Yeast in Indonesia. Microbiology Indonesia, 4: 49-57.
Sudiana, I.M., and Rahmansyah, M. (2002). Species and functional diversity of soil microflora at GunungHalimun National
Park. BCP-JICA. LIPI Press. Jakarta.
Fahrurrozi, Ratnakomala S, Anindyawati T, Lisdiyanti P,
&Sukara S. 2010. Rapid Assessment of Diverse Trichodermal
Isolates of Indonesian Origin for Cellulase Production. AnnalesBogorienses Vol. 14. No. 1: 39-43.
Goldbeck R, Ramos MM, Pereira GAG, Maugeri-Filho F. 2013.
Cellulase production from a new strain Acremoniumstrictum
isolated from the Brazilian Biome using different substrates
Bioresource Technology 128 : 797803
Goldbeck R, Ramos MM, Pereira GAG, Maugeri-Filho F.
2013b. Production of cellulase by a newly isolated strain of
Aspergillussydowii and its optimization under submerged
fermentation. International Biodeterioration& Biodegradation
78: 24-33
Nihira T, Saito Y, Nishimoto M, Kitaoka M, Igarashi K,
Ohtsubo K, Nakai H. 2013. Discovery of cellobionic acid
phosphorylase in cellulolytic bacteria and fungi. FEBS Letters
587: 35563561.
Lo Y-c, Saratale GD, Chen W-m, Bai M-d, Jo Changa J-s, 2009.
Isolation of cellulose-hydrolytic bacteria and applications of the
cellulolytic enzymes for cellulosic biohydrogen production.
Enzyme and Microbial Technology 44 : 4174
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
[21]
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[22]
[23]
[24]
[25]
[26]
[27]
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CHEMISTRY
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Corresponding author:esusanti.kim@gmail.com
Keywordsagriculture,
waste,
Phanerochaete and mangan peroxide
carbon
source,
I. INTRODUCTION
enomics and proteomics studies showed that Phanerochaete chrysosporium can be a source of enzymes that play a role in the metabolism of lignin.
Genomic studies indicate that P. chrysosporium has
hundreds predictable sequence encodes an enzyme lignin peroxidase (LiP), manganese peroxidase (MnP),
copper radical oxides, cytochrome, flavin and multicopper oxides [1]. Proteomics studies show that there are
117 enzymes that are composed of cellulose-degrading
enzymes i.e. endoglucanase, beta-glucosidase and exogluconase,hemicelluloses decomposition enzymes i.e.
xylanase, acetilxylanase, esterase, mannosidase and
mannanase, pectin decomposer enzymes i.e. poligalakturonase, rhamnogalakturonase and arabinose, as well as
lignin-degrading enzyme consists of a group oxidoreductases[2].
Manganese peroxidase (MnP) is one of the
extracellular heme proteins involved in the metabolism
A. Microorganism
Phanerochaete chrysosporium cultures were obtained
from the collection of the Laboratory of MicrobiologyITB, were sub cultured in PDA agar slant at 30oC. Nlimited mediacontaining carbon source were used as
growth medium. The compositionof N-limited media per
liter consists of: 0.1 g NaCl, 1.2 g of K3PO4 (Na2HPO4),
1.0 g of NH4Cl, 0.2 g KCl, 1.2 g MgSO4.7H2O, 0.1 g of
CaCl2 and 10 g of carbon source.The glucosewas used
as a positive control and N-limited media without a carbon source as a negative control. Agricultural
wasteswere used as carbon sources are bagasse, straw,
rice husks, sawdust and corn cob
B. Preparation of agricultural waste as carbon
source
Bagasse and sawdust can be directly washed several
times with aquades to remove impurities, dried at 100
C until constant weight, and then sieved with a sieve
flour ( 30 mess). The part that is not filtered mashed in
a blender and sieve again.
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(a)
(b)
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(c)
(d)
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
(e)
(f)
(g)
B. Effect of agricultural waste in the activity of manganese peroxidase (MnP) produced by P. chrysosporium
Effect of agricultural waste to the activity which
produced manganese peroxide showed no clear pattern
(Fig. 3). Agricultural wastes are easily degraded
produced low MnP activity, while the agricultural waste
that is difficult to degrade produce higher MnP activity
whereas sawdust did not produce MnP.The highest MnP
was produced at different day. Growth medium containing straw on 5thday, corncobs on 8th day, baggase on
9th day and rice husk on 6th daywith MnP activity values respectively 0.090, 0.033, 0.014 and 0, 11 U / mL,
Based on this, the straw and corn stalks can be used as
an alternative carbon source to produce MnP from P.
chrysosporium.
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
Kersten, P. and Cullen, D., 2007, Review of Extracellular Oxidative System of the Lignin-Degrading Basidiomycetes Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Fungal Genetics and Biology, No. 44,
pp. 77-87
Manavalan, A., S.S. Adav & S.K.Sze. 2011. iTRAQ-based
quantitative secretome analysis of Phanerochatea chrysosporium. Journal of Proteomics. No. 75, pp. 642-654.
Dashtban, M., Heidi Schraft., T.A. Syed & W. Qin. 2010. Fungal biodegradation and enzymatic modification of lignin. International Journal Biochemistry Molecular Biology.Vol 1, No.1,
pp. 36-50
Abo-state, M. A. M., B. Reyad., M. Ali., O. Gomaa & E.A.
Youssif. 2011. Comparing decolorization of dye by white rot
fungi, free enzyme and immobilized enzyme, World Applied
Science Journal. Vol 14, No.10, pp. 1469-1486
Ruggaber, T. P. & J. W. Talley. 2006, Enhancing Bioremediation With Enzymatic Processes: A Review. Practice periodical
of Hazardous, Toxic and Radioactive Waste Managemen
Wesenberg, D. Irine K. & Spiros N. A. 2003. White-rot fungi
and their enzyme for treatment of industrial dye effluents, Biotechnology Advances, No 22. Pp. 161-187.
Li, D., M. Alic., J.A. Brown & M.H. Gold. 1995. Regulation of
manganese peroxidase gene transcription by hydrogen peroxide,
chemical stress and molecular oxygen, Applied and Environmetal Microbiology,Vol 61, No. 1, pp.341-345
Wang, P., X. Hu, S. Cook, M.Begonia, Lee, S.Ken & H.Hwang.
2008. Effect of culture condition on the production of ligninolytic enzymes by white rot fungi Phanerochaete chrysosporium
(ATCC 20696) and separation of its lignin peroxidase. World
Journal Microbiology Biotechnology. No. 24, pp. 2205-2212
Zahmatkesh, M., Tabandeh F., & Ebrahimi, S. 2010. Biodegradation of Reactive Orange 16 by Phnerochaete chrysosporium
Fungus: Application in a Fluidized Bed Reactor. Iran Journal
Environmental Health Science Engineering, Vol .7, No. 5, pp.
385-390
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I. INTRODUCTION
Indonesia has abundant clay as one of its natural materials, one of them is placed in Gandusari Area Trenggalek Regency that have been used by people around as
tile-making material. Besides being used as the tilemaking material, clay also can be used as an economical
adsorbent which has large adsorption capacity. This
happens because clay has high surface area, chemically
stable, varying surface structure, high capacity of ion
exchange and the presence of Bronsted and Lewis acids
[3].
The application of clay as an adsorbent material is
widely used as an alternative material to overcome waste
problems, especially the waste of heavy metal like
chromium. Chromium usually comes from industrial
metal plating, metal corrosion inhibitors, tanneries,
paint, textile and wood preservatives [9]. Chromium
which stable in water can be found as Cr (III) in the
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B. Sample Preparation
Clay fraction which has been dried is pulverized to a
powder, and then sieved by a sieve of 200 meshes. Furthermore, natural clay is characterized with FTIR.
C. Preparation of Na-Clay
A total of 100 g of clay incorporated into 1000 mL of
NaCl 1 M and stirred for 24 hours at a temperature of
70-80 0C. Residues incorporated into 1000 mL of NaCL
6 M while stirring for 24 hours. The residue washed
with aquades to remove residue of chloride ions. The
filtrate is tested with a solution of AgNO3 1 M until
unformed white precipitate of AgCl. Then, Clay that has
been free of chloride ions is dried in an oven at 100 0C
for 24 hours (Wijaya, et al., 2005 in [9]).
D. Na-Clay Activation
Na-clay is chemically activated by means each of
them is weighed for 5 g and put into 4 Erlenmeyer 250
mL. Then added 100 mL of H2SO4 with various concen-tration of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 M [12], while stirring for 5 hours [2]. The mixture is filtered and washed
with hot water (60-70 0C) until free of sulfate ions
which can be characterized by the formation of white
precipitate of BaSO4 (Negative test to BaCl2) [12]. After that, do the adsorption to Cr(VI).
The result of chemically clay activation continued to
physical activation by drying sample in a furnace at
temperature of 200; 300; and 400 0C for 6 hours [2],
and then stored in a desiccators. After that, do the adsorption to Cr(VI).
E. Modification of clay surface activation result with
CTAB surfactant
A total of 2 g of sample result of the best physical activation added 100 mL of CTAB with concentration of
25, 50, 75 and 100 mM and stirred in a shaker at room
temperature for 4 hours at speed of 200 rpm. The suspension which obtained is filtered and washed with 100
mL of aquades in 2 times. The result of clay which has
modified is dried at room temperature [10]. After that,
do the adsorption to Cr(VI).
F. Determination of Cr(VI) with Spectrophotometry Method
Cr(VI) Solution of 20 ppm 50 mL conditioned at pH
2 by using H2SO4 0.1 M/NaOH 0.1 M, and then added
3 mL of buffer solution pH 2. Then as much as 0.5 g of
natural clay put into Erlenmeyer 250 mL, then added
Cr(VI) solution of 25 mL. The mixture is shaked for 30
minutes at speed of 200 rpm at room temperature of 25
0
C.
The mixture which is obtained filtered with a filter
paper. The filtrate which is obtained pipetted in 5 mL
and placed in a glass baker which is conditioned at pH 2
by using H2SO4 0.1 M/NaOH 0.1 M. Then added 3 mL
of buffer solution pH 2 and 2 mL of diphenylcarbazide
(0.25 %). After that, put in a volumetric flask 25 mL and
diluted with aquades up to mark boundaries. The solution is allowed to stand 5-10 minutes. Then absorbance
measured by UV-Vis Spectroscopy at a wavelength of
540 nm.
Qe =
(Co Ce) V
m
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The adsorption process of Na-clay with Cr(VI) obtains adsorption capacity of (Qe) 0,1756 mg/g with an
increase of adsorption capacity of 7,85 % from natural
clay. The result of Na-clay adsorption is higher than the
natural clay. This happens because Na-clay surface
which has negatively charge to cation Na+ can improve
the adsorption of Cr(VI).
D. Adsorption of Cr(VI) on Na-clay which chemically
activated
Chemically Clay activation has an aim to increase the
clay activation as an adsorbent. According to [5], they
stated that the using of H2SO4 can eliminate other impu-rities from lattice structure so that the clay physically
becomes active.
Chemical activation process of Na-clay done by soaking the variation of H2SO4 concentration of 0.5; 1.0;
1.5 and 2.0 M for 5 hours. The aim of treatment with
various concentrations to determine the effect of the
active property of resulting clay to the H2SO4 concentration in adsorbing Cr(VI).
The result of Cr(VI) adsorption on Na-clay which
chemically activated obtains a relation between Na-clay
which activated by various concentration of H2SO4 and
the amount of Cr(VI) which adsorbed per unit weight of
adsorbent (Qe) as Table 1 and figure 2.
Based on table 1 and figure 2, it can be observed that
with the addition of H2CO4 on the surface of Na-clay
can provide the result of adsorption of Cr(VI) which is
greater than the natural clay and Na-clay. This happens
because the activation of acid can increase the acidity
quite highly and can eliminate other impurities from the
lattice structure so that clay surface area becomes high
in which it can adsorb Cr(VI) greater [2].
Variations of H2CO4 concentration which used in
chemical activation affect the adsorption capacity of
Cr(VI). H2CO4 concentration which highly can adsorb
Cr(VI) anions is 0.5 M that indicated by Qe value of
0.3115 mg/g with an increase of adsorption capacity
21.44 %. This provides that acid activation process can
neutralize negative charge on the clay surface so that on
the side of active clay can be positive charge.
TABLE 1
THE RELATION Of ADSORPTION CAPACITY (Qe) Cr(VI) ON NATURAL CLAY, Na-CLAY AND Na-CLAY WHICH CHEMICALLY
ACTIVATED WITH VARIOUS CONCENTRATION OF H2SO4
Sample
Natural Clay
Na-Clay
Qe (U1)
(mg/g)
0.0963
Qe (U2)
(mg/g)
0.0851
Qe (U3)
(mg/g)
0.1098
0.1847
0.1664
0.1756
Na-Clay+H2SO4 0.5 M
0.3159
0.3099
0.3087
0.2832
0.2748
0.2735
0.2403
0.2429
0.2429
0.2158
0.2089
0.2130
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The result of clay physical activation temperature variation followed by the adsorption process on Cr(VI)
which obtains a relation between clay physical activa-
TABLE 2
THE RELATION OF ADSORPTION CAPACITY (Qe) Cr(VI) ON NATURAL CLAY, Na-CLAY, Na-CLAY WHICH ACTIVATED BY THE
BEST CHEMISTRY, AND Na-CLAY ACTIVATED BY PHYSICS WITH VARIOUS TEMPERATURE
Qe (U1)
Qe (U2)
Qe (U3)
Sample
(mg/g)
(mg/g)
(mg/g)
Natural Clay
0.0963
0.0851
0.1098
Na-Clay
0.1847
0.1664
0.1756
Na-Clay+H2SO4 0,5 M
0.3159
0.3099
0.3087
0.3965
0.3958
0.3937
0.3053
0.2970
0.3008
02757
0.2711
0.2731
At a temperature of 300-400 0C the adsorption capacity of clay to adsorb Cr(VI) decreased as indicated by
the value of Qe 0.3010 mg/g and 0.2733 mg/g. This is
might be due to the higher heating causes the higher
density of crystal structure and more regularly, so that
the clay is less reactive as adsorbent. According to [15],
heating at 300 0C to Na-bentonite was able to cause
damage to the 001 field. Clay will experience structural
and inter-layer damage at temperature above 250 0C
[12]. The surface area of the alunite increased with in-
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Qe (U1)
(mg/g)
0.0963
0.1847
0.3159
Qe (U2)
(mg/g)
0.0851
0.1664
0.3099
Qe (U3)
(mg/g)
0.1098
0.1756
0.3087
0.3965
0.3958
0.3937
1.0400
1.0454
1.0421
1.0333
1.0318
1.0336
1.0278
1.0279
1.0281
1.0271
1.0256
1.0259
The mechanism of adsorption Cr(VI) on natural claymodified by CTAB over its CMC as follows [14]:
Clay-(CTA)2+-Br- + HCrO4-
Clay-(CTAB)2HCrO4 + BrThe process of adsorption Cr(VI) on the clay which
modi-fied CTAB surfactant exceeds its CMC involves
anion ex-change between bromide ion of CTAB with
ionic species Cr(VI), so that there are more Cr(VI)
which adsorbed [14].
G. FTIR characterization
FTIR characterization has an aim to know the main
functional groups of clay. Spectra clay for infrared area
divided into two frequency groups, namely area between
4000 and 3000 cm-1 is the stretching vibration of the
adsorbed water or -OH octahedral groups and area in
1400 to 800 cm-1 which caused by a vibration of Al-OH
or Si-O.
IV. CONCLUSION
The treatment of activation and modification on natural
clay can highly improve the adsorption capacity of
Cr(VI) as indicated by the value of Qe (adsorption capacity). Ad-sorption capacity of natural clay has Qe =
0.0971 mg/g and Na-clay with Qe = 0.1756 mg/g with
an increase 7.85 % of natural clay. Clay which activated
by H2SO4 0.5 M has an adsorption increase of 21.44 %
with Qe = 0.3115 mg/g. Natural clay physically activated after activated by the best chemistry has obtained
at temperature of 200 0C with Qe = 0.3953 mg/g which
indicates an adsorption increase of 29.82 %. While the
best concentration of CTAB surfactant on modified natural clay has obtained at CTAB concentra-tion 25 mM
with the largest value of Qe 1.0425 mg/g which indicated by an adsorption increase of 94.54 %.
REFERENCES
[1] Abdulloh. 2004. Engineering Evaluation Test Slide and Test
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
th
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AbstractLiquid phase selective hydrogenation of furfural to furfuryl alcohol on Ni/-Al2O3catalyst was studied.
The influence of different amount of impregnated nickel
salt in aluminum oxide and reaction time on catalytic activity and selectivity were examined. Among 5%, 10%, and
15% Ni/-Al2O3, the last catalysts provide the best result.It
has been found that15% Ni/-Al2O3gave the conversion of
furfural up to 15% and selectivity for furfuryl alcohol as
high as 100%. This result is obtained under 150oCafter 150
minutes of reaction time.
Keywordshydrogenation, furfural, furfuryl alcohol,
nickel
I. INTRODUCTION
II. EXPERIMENTAL
A. Chemicals
Furfural, with a purity of >98% was obtained fromMerck Germany used without distillation.High-purity
hydrogen gas (>99.99%) from local vendor was used
without further purification. Nickel nitrate hexahydrate
(Ni(NO3)2.6H2O)and aluminum oxide (-Al2O3) were
supplied by Merck Germany.
B. Preparation of catalysts
The catalysts were prepared according to the method
given by Miloneet al. [8]. Aluminum oxide (-Al2O3)
having surface area 150-400 m2/g, pore size 0.5-1 cm3/g
with radius 3-12 nm was slowly added to methanol solution contain5%, 10%, and 15% ofNi salt and stirred for
24 h at ambient temperature. The solvent were slowly
removed by rotary evaporator at 35 oC for 1 hour. All
the catalysts were dried at 120 oC for 2 hours and calcined at 450 oC for 3 hours. Before hydrogenation reaction, all the catalysts were reduced at 450 oC for 5 hours.
C. Catalysts characterization
The characteristic of Ni/-Al2O3 catalyst were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD, Philips Xpert with
Ni-filtered Cu K radiation) operated at 40 kV and 30
mA. The surface morphology and the particle size was
determinedby Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM)
TM3000. The BET surface area was evaluated from
nitrogen adsorption isotherms at 77 K performed in
Quantochrome NovaWin2.
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The XRD patterns of the 5Ni/Al and 10Ni/Al catalysts compared to -Al2O3 after reduced at 450oC under
hydrogen were depicted in Figure 2. The sharp diffraction at 2 = 44 and 66o correspond to the -Al2O3(440).
BET surface
area (m2/g)
Pore volume
(cm2/g)
Average pore
diameter ()
5Ni/Al
10Ni/Al
15Ni/Al
123.919
108.270
101.905
0.252
40.8268
0.221
41.0688
40.7094
0.206
The BET surface area and the pore volume of the synthesized Ni/-Al2O3 catalysts are shown in Table 1. The
BET surface and the pore volume of 5Ni/Al is the largest compared with 10Ni/Al, and 15Ni/Al. No significant
change in the pore size distribution from 5Ni/Al,
10Ni/Al, and 15Ni/Al was observed. The increasing of
the salt loading decreases the surface area as well as the
pore volume of -Al2O3. The decreasing of surface area
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The conversion of FFald and the selectivity of FFalcon 5Ni/Al, 10Ni/Al, and 15Ni/Al are shown in Figure
3. Product conversion by the activity of15Ni/Al gave the
highest result compared to 5Ni/Aland 10Ni/Al. This
catalyst converted FFald to FFalc up to 15% within 150
minutes of reaction time. The 5Ni/Al catalyst is considerably as good catalyst by 2.1% conversion of starting
material after 120 minutes. Theactivity of 10Ni/Al
showed 2.0% conversion ofFFald after 180 minutes. It is
noteworthy that the higher the salt loading gives the increasing activity of the catalysts. However, conversion
of FFald to FFalc should be optimizedto increase the
product formation. Mki-Arvela reported that temperature of the reductionand time were influence the activity
of the catalysts. Catalytic activity and selectivity of
Au/TiO2 catalyst in the hydrogenation of crotonaldehyde
exhibit a maximum after increasing catalysts-reduction
temperature [11].
The selectivity formation of FFalcbyhydrogenation
reaction of FFaldon Ni/-Al2O3 is depicted in Figure 3.
It observed that within 60 minute of reaction time, the
selectivity of 5Ni/Al increased sharply from 27.9% to
85.7% then prolonged the reaction to 120 minutes completely reduce FFald to FFalc up to 100% conversion.
Similarly, 10Ni/Al and 15Ni/Al also exhibit a similar
selectivity, raised up from 63.4% and 77.5% to 100%,
after 60 minute of reaction time. However, prolonged
the reaction time until 180 minutes reduce the selectivity
of 5Ni/Al catalyst to 46.9%, but 10Ni/Al and 15Ni/Al
remain unchanged until 180 minutes of reaction time.
Figure 3. Conversion of furfural and selectivity for furfuryl alcohol as a function of reaction time. Reaction conditions: T = 150 oC
(90 mmHg); furfural = 3 ml; catalyst = 0.5 g;
and
for
5Ni/Al;
and
for 10Ni/Al;
and
for
15Ni/Al.
[2]
[3]
[4]
[6]
[7]
[8]
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[9]
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*)
I. INTRODUCTION
ROLITHIASIS is a symptom that is mostly caused
by a multifactorial metabolic disorder. Originators
in part because a diet rich in fat and protein,
lacking fiber intake combined with inactivity, resembling the so-called modern industrialised life style and
genetic predisposition enhance developing urolithiasis
[4] Typical symptoms of an acute stone colic are, inter
alia, agony, sickness and hematuria. Urinary calculus
formation is caused by disturbed urinary compositions
with altered urinary pH, increased concentrations of
lithogenic components as, e.g. calcium, oxalate, phosphate and a lack in inhibitoric substances as, e.g. citrate
and magnesium. Calcium oxalate represents the most
frequent mineral phase found in uroliths with a frequency of approximately 7075% [1]
th
potent ionophores for the preparation of ion selectivesensors[4,5]. The potentiometric selective coefficients of
ISEs sensitive to organic anion included oxalate ion
have been reviewed in detail. The application of function so far, several experimental studies have demonstrated that the generation of a membrane potential of
those type of ISEs could be attributed to permselective
ion transport across the liquid membrane/solution interface, i.e., charge separation through a preferential uptake
of a primary ion by a sensing element in the liquid
membrane, leaving its hydrophilic counter ion in an
aqueous sample solution and usually exhibit the Hofmeister pattern with the largest selectivity to lipophilic
cations [6,7].
These can also be used in complex and coloured media. Therefore, there has been progressive growth in the
development and application of potentiometric sensors
based on polymeric membrane ion selective electrodes
incorporating ionophores for the detection of different
cations and anions and other biologically important
compounds[3]. Recent studies in different laboratories
showed incorporation of different novel materials as
ionophores for the ion selective electrodes[4]. A strong
interaction of the anions and the ionophore as well as the
steric effect associated with the structure of the ligand
gives rise to selectivity sequence. Thus the research on
sensing materials for anion as well as developments including new synthetic ionophores, miniaturization of the
detecting device like coated wire selective ion electrode
(CWE) etc. makes it an ever-expanding culture for research in chemical sensors [2,8].
In this paper, we wish to introduce a highly oxalate
ion selective potentiometric sensor based on a heterogeneous membrane of chitosan as ion carrier membranes
and Aliquat-336-oxalae as additive material supported
by polymeric polyvinyl chloride (PVC) of high molecular weight and plasticizer dibutyl phthalate (DBP) then
its application for the determination of urinary oxalae
ion as early diagnosis of the risk for urinary stone formation of patients can be determined by the Bonn-RiskIndex method based on the potentiometric detection of
the oxalae ion concentration combine with Ca2+ determination by atomic absorption spectrophotometric (AAS)
and their result compared by an optical determination of
the triggered crystallisation of calcium oxalate in unprocessed urine.
II. METHODOLOGY
A. Apparatus and emf measurements
All potential measurements were performed using the
following assembly: Hg, Hg2Cl2 (Satd)//sample solution/PVC membrane/Pt-wire electrode. A pH-meter
(Fisher E 520) was used for potential measurements at
26C 0.5oC. The activities of ioxalae ion (C2O42-) ions
in the urine were calculated according to the Debye
Hckel approximation.
B.Reagent and solution
Chitosan powder isolation results from the shell of
jerbung shrimp (Penaeus merguinensis) with a degree of
deacetylation 68% (w/w) is use as ionophore was
protonated using Acetic Acid (3%), Aliquat-336 oxalae
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[8]
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PHYSICS
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Reformat data to
mjhd format
No
mjhd07.f
I. INTRODUCTION
NDONESIA is one of the most country in the world
which has the high tectonic activity. It caused by
indonesia has three plate tectonic motion, they are
Eurasia, Indo-Australia, and Pasifik. This subduction
zone is called ring of fire zone. It starts from west of
Indonesia region continuous to east of Indonesia region.
That region to common area of earthquake on Indonesia.
One of our focus is Mentawai island, it located on the
west of Sumatera. This zone belonging subduction zone
(Eurasia plate tectonic and Indo-Australia plate
tectonic), and the common area of earthquake on the
west of Sumatera Island. Moreover, the geological
setting at this area is dominated sedimentary and mixing
from continental and oceanic. Relocation of
hypocentrum earthquake on this area is important
because this relocation of hypocentrum to identification
tectonic condition on this area including the knowing the
seismic gap which may be a big source of earthquake in
the future. The results is used to early warning
determination as to minimisize seismic hazard especially
for occupant on this area and the surrounding.
Station selection
process : station.f
mjhdoutselect.f
mjhd.outp
mjhd.out
mjhd.print
Yes
STOP
STOP
th
th
IV. CONCLUSION
The depth of hypocentrum on the Mentawai island is
shallow to intermediet (25-50 km), and their distribution
on the west of Mentawai island indicating that
subduction zone between Eurasia plate motion and IndoAustralia plate motion. The convergent plate motion
between Eurasia and Indo-australia has the enough great
angle.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The Author Thank to BMKG for their cooperation in
providing the earthquake data on the Mentawai island
from 2009-2012 year used in this study and Mr. DR.
ENG. Supriyanto as geophysics lecture on Department
of Physics University of Indonesia for his constructive
suggestion and transfer his knowledge to interpretation
the result.
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
th
th
Habaring
Hurung
60%
10%
16%
14%
Pethok Bukit
16%
76%
0%
4%
0%
2%
0%
100%
2%
100%
Referring to table 1, it is shown that among 100 households, 38% have used the UB stove exclusively. Further
data analysis has shown that the stoves were used to boil
water (78%), side dish (81%), and cooking rice (20%).
The lower percentage in using the stove for cooking rice
were due the fact that the size of the stoves were too small
for cooking rice for large family members, since it is normal in the rural area of Palangka Raya that one house is
occupied with family member that is larger than 10. The
controllable flame intensity of UB biomass stove may be
the reason why the stoves are mostly used for preparing the
side dish.
Finally, in Tab. 2 we show the saving potential of both
firewood and kerosene. The data was collected at the time
the project was approaching to end. On average, the use of
UB biomass stove could reduce the real consumption of
woods up to 59% compared to using traditional clay
stoves, and reduce the use of kerosene up to 50%. The
comparisons were made based on the monthly needs, before and after implementing the UB biomass stove. The
saving in using kerosene was found to be depend on the
kerosene supply and whether the biomass stoves were used
exclusively or in combination with other stoves.
From Tab. 1 and Tab 2 we can immediately see that the
households in Habaring Hurung, which are mostly transmigrant from Java, could be better accepting the cooking
new habits compared to households in Petuk Bukit, which
are predominated by Dayak native. The reason are proba-
th
bly the Java transmigrant could better adapt the new habits, that by the condition, they are far away separated
from their families in Java and thus must hardly struggle
for surviving in the new land.
TABLE. 2:
THE COMPARISON OF MONTHLY NEEDS OF FUELS, BEFORE
AND AFTER IMPLEMENTING THE UB STOVE.
Project
tion
Loca-
Habaring Hurung
Petuk Bukit
Type of
fuel
After
Woods
Kerosene
Wood
Kerosene
102 kg
11.8 L
86.9 kg
15.1 L
41.3kg
5.8 L
40.8 kg
7.7 L
Saving
(%)
59%
51%
53%
49%
Despite the difference level of results in habaring Hurung and Petuk Bukit, it is clear for Tab. 2 that the beneficiaries required less wood for their daily cooking. Less
fuel means also less smoke in the kitchen, since the emission is always proportional the amount of combusted fuel.
Thus, in regards to the deforestation, the use of UB biomass stove could help preventing the people from cutting
the woods in forest and thus reducing the potential of deforestation.
IV. CONCLUSION
As conclusion, a UB biomass stove pilot project to
measure the real reduction of biomass usage for cooking
has been performed in rural area of Palangka Raya district,
Central Kalimantan for one year. The sample areas were
chosen to be the Habaring Hurung and Petuk Bukit village,
[13] Global
Alliances
for
Clean
Cookstoves:
http://www.cleancookstoves.org/
[14] Hedon Household Energy Network: http://www.hedon.info/tikiindex.php
[15] Carlos Torres-Duque, Daro Maldonado, Rogelio Prez-Padilla,
Majid Ezzati, and Giovanni Viegi "Biomass Fuels and Respiratory
Diseases", Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society, Vol. 5,
No. 5 (2008), pp. 577-590.
[16] http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i2000e/i2000e00.htm.
[17] M. Nurhuda, Kompor Biomass Dengan Gasifikasi Terpanaskan
Dan Pembakaran Turbulen, paten register number P00201000217,
2010.
[18] M, Nurhuda, Kompor Briket Dengan Pre-Heating dan
Pembakaran Secara Counter Flow, patent register number
P00201100059, 2011.
[19] David Beritault and Veronique Lim, Stove Performance Report,
UB03, Envirofit G3300 and M5000, Ezystove, Geres, Phnom Penh,
Cambodia, 2013.
[20] Anonymous, INOTEK END-PROJECT COMPLETION REPORT FOR EEP
INDONESIA, 2013.
th
I. INTRODUCTION
HE use of insecticides is one of the effective way to
control mosquitoes, cockroaches, ants or other insects
that are common in the home. Insecticides are sold
widely in various forms both fuels and aerosols. For aerosol itself there are various brands available in the market
such as Baygon, vape, Mortein and others.
Bioefficacy emerging insecticides that used today is one
push aerosols. Aerosol is a term used for the preparation of
thin mist spray with high-pressure system. Aerosol types
can also be distinguished by size. Aerosol particle size is
usually expressed in particle radius assuming a sphereshaped particles. According to the version of the Aitken
particle size divided into three categories, namely:
Aitken particles (nucleation mode) with a size range between 0.001-0.1 m;
large particles (accumulation mode) measuring between
0.1-1 m, and
giant particles (particle coarsa mode) which size > 1 m
radius. [2].
The use of one push aerosol somewhat more efisient because just a single tap is enough to free us from mosqui-
th
To calculate the total concentration of particles of insecticide used the following equation
(2)
Information:
III. RESULT
From the measurement, the total concentration of aerosol particles in one push can be seen in Figure 1. The concentration of particles in the early minutes to 0.50 minutes
product A the average particle concentration reached
17703 pt/cc , product B 18350 pt / cc, and for products C
10037 pt /cc. And then decreased at minute 1:25, 2:00
By using ANOVA analysis shows that the three products had average concentrations were significantly different. From the ANOVA analysis was obtained that Product
B has an average particle concentrations are higher than
most other products, whis are 7427.7 pt/cc . The average
particle concentration of the second highest is a product
that is 4478.9 pt / cc and the lowest concentration is the
product C is 3340.9 pt / cc.
Can be seen in Figure 1 that at minute 3:00, the particle
concentration decreased , suggesting that at minute 1:25 ;
2:00 and 2:50 of the particles undergo deposition around
the surface of the glass and experience the deposition
chamber where the material will undergo a process of
change in the form of a gas or liquid that is small be solid
also called desublimasi so that the particles can not be exploited by the P - trak .
At minute 3:00, the active ingredient volatile at temperatures above the room temperature, causing the particles are
shaped colorless crystals undergo evaporation. When it is
evaporated, the solid particles are transformed into a gas
that can be sucked back by the P-Trak. This is why at the
minute 3:00, particle concentration values increase. The
workings of the active ingredients contained in insect repellent one push aerosol is is pyrethroid which attack the
nervous system of the mosquito Aedes aegypti that can
th
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I. INTRODUCTION
th
signal).
The schema for alignment by the pump and the probe
pulses is the following. The probe pulse is given
after
the pump pulse. We let the probe pulse to interact with the
molecule at a given time and then take the some expectation values
and plot as function of the delay
is the quantum measurement of dytime .
namical alignment of a rotating molecule, given by
, which is the expectation value of the
with is the angle between the molecular axis and the pump/probe polarization direction; the
double angular brackets stand for the expectation value
with respect to the wave packet states (inner brackets) and
the statistical average with respect to the Boltzmann distribution (outer brackets) of the initially occupied rotational
states.
In this paper, I calculate two expectation values of a diatomic linear molecule
, those are the first alignment
degree
, which is the first term in ionization
signal [5], and the second alignment degree
, which is the first term in high harmonic generation signal [4]. The properties of
are
listed in Tab. I.
TABLE I
PROPERTIES OF O2
Symbol
Quantity
Value
Rotational constant
parallel polarizability
perpendicular polarizability
number of even-j wave function
number of odd-j wave function
1.4297 cm-1
2.35 (A3)
1.21 (A3)
0
1
th
Fig.
shows
the
Fourier
spectrum
of
. The dynamic of
is associated with phase differences
. While
the
transition
with
is
related
to
series
of
Fig. 3. The revival structure at
(panel a),
(panel
(10,18,26,34,.)Bc, the transition with
is assob),
(panel c), and
(panel d) of
of ciated with phase differences with
for double pulses. The pulses parameters and temperature are similar to those in Fig. 2.
,
(5)
To see more clearly, we Fourier transform the dynamic
signal and get the spectrum in frequency domain, as shown
in Fig. 4 for
and Fig. 5 for
.
From Fig. 4, one can see that there is no difference between spectrum of single and double pulses. Both spectrum consist of peak series located at (10,18,26,34,.)Bc
or
. As we know, the
generates a transition with
The transition with
J = 0 creates a peak at frequency zero, whereas the transition with
is associated with phase differences
with
(4)
with c in cm/s. The absence of series (4Jeven+6)Bc indicating that O2 has Jodd only. The series is peaked at 50 Bc
corresponding to
. I note here, that the revival
structure at
does not contribute in Fourier spectrum
and related to series of (28, 44, 60, 76, 92, 108, 124,
140,.) Bc. According to Eqs. (4) and (5), the Fourier
spectrum of
of O2 consists of series of
and
. It was shown in Fig. 5,
that both Fourier spectrums show series of (10, 18, 26,
34,.) Bc as representation of
and series
of (28, 44, 60, 76, 92.)Bc due to
transition. The series
is peaked at 50 Bc corresponding to
, similar to those of
. On the other hand, the series
is peaked at 140 Bc corresponding to
. The detail of Fourier spectrum and its role in
dynamic alignment can be found in Ref. [10].
I also note that the Fourier spectrum of
of
double pulses has similar intensity compare to that of single pulse. It is related to the depth modulation of two dynamic signals. On the other hand, the intensity of the
Fourier spectrum of
is smaller than that
of single pulse. It can be understood, because the depth
for
th
IV. CONCLUSION
In summary, it has been demonstrated that the probe
pulse does not change the signal, in both time and frequency domain. Then, we can neglect the effect of probe pulse
th
I. INTRODUCTION
HE Teluk Mandar is located around Makassar strait
between 3.556 oS and 4.9853 oS latitudes; and
119.4083 oE -- 120.3083 oE longitudes, is situated
within a complex tectonic region at the edge of Eurasian
plate, covers an area of about 12.869 km2(Figure 1). It is
well-known that Sengkang sedimentary basin is located in
the onshore of South Sulawesi province.
Gravity data from Geosat and ERS-1 satelites are
analyzed using advanced gravity data processing to
determine structures that affected the basin and to estimate
the sedimentary thickness. It is known that gravity
interpretation suffers from non-uniqueness. Different
subsurface features produce same gravity field. Care was
taken to constrain the analysis results using integrated
gradient method [4].
1)
Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science,
University of Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, Indonesia, 16424
2)
Aso Volcanological Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto
University, Minami Aso, Aso, Kumamoto 869-1404, Japan
*)
Corresponding author: supriyanto@sci.ui.ac.id
th
th
H H
H ( x, y ) =
+
x y
2
(1)
The map of horizontal gradient from Teluk Mandar is
shown in Figure 5. It shows that the boundaries/faults are
located at the maxima of the horizontal gradient. Some
new faults were detected as well. These faults are located
at, or near the volcanic area. Moreover, some geological
faults are not corroborated by the horizontal gradient
technique. This discrepancy may be the fact that the
horizontal gradient detects only faults that displaced
formations vertically causing density contrasts.
Fig 7. SVD value variation along AB line. The fault type is normal fault
because absolute maxima number is greater than absolute minima
number.
V. CONCLUSION
Integrated gradient interpretation techniques, Horizontal
Gradient (HG) and Second Vertical Derivative (SVD).
Have ssuccessfully detected many faults and several
sedimentary basin that are characterized by negative
Bouguer gravity anomalies. The structural high interpreted
from SVD analysis high has covered the area around of
250 km2.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like to acknowledge the support of the
Directorate of Research and Public Service, University of
Indonesia, who gave us financial support under the Hibah
Penelitian Unggulan Perguruan Tinggi (PUPT) BOPTN
2013
scheme
with
the
contract
number:
1350/H2.PPK/HKP.05.00/2013.
th
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
Reid, A.B., Allsop, J.M., Granser, H., Millett, A.J., Somerton, I.W.,
(1990). Magnetic interpretation in three dimensions using Euler
deconvolution. Geophysics 55, 80e91
Sandwell, D. T., and W. H. F. Smith (2005), Retracking ERS-1
altimeter waveforms for optimal gravity field recovery, Geophys. J.
Int., 163, 7989, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02724.x.
Thompson, D.T., (1982). EULDPHda new technique for making
computer-assisted depth estimates from magnetic data. Geophysics
47, 31e37.
Wessel, P., and D. Bercovici (1998), Interpolation with splines in
tension: A Greens function approach, Math. Geol., 30(1), 77 93,
doi:10.1023/A:1021713421882.
th
Prodi Kimia FMIPA UNLAM, Jl. A. Yani Km 35,5 Banjarbaru, Kal Sel; ***Mahasiswa Kimia FMIPA
UNLAM, Jl. A. Yani Km 35,5 Banjarbaru, Kal Sel; **Prodi Matematika FMIPA UNLAM, Jl. A. Yani
Km 35,5 Banjarbaru, Kal Sel; ****Museum Lambung Mangkurat, Jl. A Yani Km 35, Banjarbaru,
*****
Pusat Aplikasi Teknologi Isotop dan Radioaktif-Badan Teknologi Atom Nasional (PATIRBATAN), Jl. Lebak Bulus Raya No. 49, Pasar Jumat, Jakarta,
*#
AbstractArchaeological fragments of bone that are exposed to a wetland environment take up fluorine from the
surrounding soil. The fluorine ion exchanged the hydroxyl
group in the hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2)of the bone,
forming
chemically
more
stable
fluorapatite(Ca10(PO4)6(F)2). Based on our data 14C radiocarbon,
the age of two Tambans subfossil are 485- 5 and 5684
16year ago, respectively. The IR spectrum is sharp band
3500-4000 cm-1 in the hydroxyapatite. Tambans subfossil
and Tahuras bone that spectrum is assigned to the OH stretching mode and considering the fossilization have been a conservations in wetland environment. In the region 800-900 cm1, the subfossil and bone implies that carbonate and silicon
substitution dont induce vacancies at the OH- site. In here,
we report that modeling Ca2+replaces Cu2+, Cd2+ and
Zn2+ions, which can be described by a diffusion model, contain information on the exposure duration of the Tambans
subfossil object, several attempts to use metal profiling as a
relative dating method.
Keywords14C, FTIR and relative dating method.
I. INTRODUCTION
HE chemical composition of the mineral and the
organic part of bones has been used palaeodiet and
palaeoclimate reconstruction. However, the burial
period, bones have been in contact with sediments, soil
and water. Partial of complete dissolution, erosion, and
precipitation, recrystallization, ion uptake by sorption and
diffusion, hydrolysis, and polymerization may lead to
changes in the chemical composition and structures. The
state of preservation is very variable and depends mainly
on direct environmental conditionsuch as groundwater and
sediment temperature, soil hydrology, and pH, reductionoxidation (redox) potential and temperature, mechanical
pressure, biological factors and particle transport. They are
of great importance to understand the alteration process in
soils and the impact of environments conditions on
bone/fossil conservation[1]. Very few studies have addressed multi-element ionic exchanges between soil solution and bones. Ionic interactions with soil solution would
th
molecular divergence indicative of a Pleistocene coloniza- conclusions. The sharp band 3500-4000 cm-1 in the HAp,
tion of Borneo and subsequent isolation.
Tambans subfossil and Tahuras bone spectrum is assigned to the OH stretching mode; presence this mode
from the spectra of Tahuras bone and Tambans subfossil
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra were implies the carbonate content and silicon substitutions did
recorded on Bruker Optic IFS66s/S interferometer not induce vacancies at the OH sites. The increase in inequipped with an attenuated total reflectance (ATR) unit. tensity with decrease in carbonate content and the presence
The range frequencies was 650-4000 cm-1 and the typical of structurally bound OH in the little carbonated Tahuras
experimental condition utilized a resolution of 4cm-1, a bone and Tambans subfossil has been reported in a very
velocity of 6-10 KHz, a gain of 16x, an apodization Black recent work.
Table 1, shows the 650-900cm-1 region of the IR specHarris 3-term, a Mertz phase correction and zero filling 2,
on a double sided, forward-backward acquisition mode. A tra of all the samples. In the region, all substituted samples
KBr beam splitter was used for the M-IR source. Subse- display very weak bands that can be assigned to the vibraquently, aliquots of approximately 2 mg subfossil Tam- tion4CO32- (4 CO32-)and 2 CO32- modes at energies
bans elephant were ground and pressed into a KBr pellet similar to the previously reported exceptfor the Tahuras
and the infrared spectra were measured on a Perkin Elmer bone and Tambans subfossil [8]. The absence 2CO32-,
the subfossil and bone implies that carbonate and silicon
Spectrum One instrument [8].
For isotope 14C dating, carbonate in calcined subfossil substitution dont induce vacancies at the OH- site, probaTambans elephant obtained is the most reliable source of bly considering the fossilization have been a conservation
inorganic carbon. The subfossil was demineralized in a 1% in wetland environment. The weak intensity of the absorphydrochloric acid (HCl) solution several days. The ex- tion band near 1640cm-1 corresponding to CNH of the
tracted gelatin-like collagen was thoroughly washed with amide group [1]. According to Abeyratne et al (1997) [14],
distilled water. In order to remove the humic acid, the col- FTIR trace for bone and fossil, phosphate is indicated by
lagen was treated with an 0.1 N sodium hydroxide (NaOH) double troughs around 600cm-1 and width trough at 1036
for several days. The remaining collagen was again washed cm-1. Carbonate is shown bay the narrow dip at about 875
with distilled water, dried and carbonized by heating at cm-1 and the wider one at 1425cm-1. The Tambans sub800oC in an oxygen-free environment. The phosphorous fossil and Tahuras bone was measured with FTIR by excompounds were removed by treating the collagen with amining the splitting factor of PO4 anti-asymmetric bendaqua regia, a mixture of nitric acid (HNO3) and hy- ing mode peak at wave number 563cm-1.
The FTIR spectra of both bone and subfossil are characdrochloric acid (HCl). The cleaned collagen was then
terized
by intense band between 1300-2000cm-1 and
washed with distilled water, dried, and used for carbon
2300-3000
cm-1 indicating an abundant contribution of
dioxide gas (CO2) preparation [9].For metal Cu, Cd and
Zn carried out by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) alkyl chains. Strong aliphatic absorptions centered at
[10]. Modeling dating relative referenced to Lagrange me- around 2860-2930cm-1 are assigned to asymmetric stretching vibrations from CH2 and symmetric stretching vibrathod of interpolation [11], [12] and [13].
tions from CH2 methylene group, respectively. The absorption of symmetric bending of CH3 with possible conIII. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
tribution from (CH)n bending. The presence a long polymethelynic chains (n 4) is indicated by the absorption at
A. Examination of sample preservation by FTIR
around 720cm-1. The absorption at 1710cm-1 shows the
The major peculiarities for a diagenetically altered bone
presence of carboxyl group. The weak absorption signal
are an increase in crystal size and a decrease in protein
attributed to aromatics C=C ring stretching vibration peaks
content. Thus information on the state of degradation can
at round 1620cm-1.
be obtained from FTIR spectroscopy (Fourier Transform
Infrared Spectroscopy) by observing the characteristic
splitting of the double peaks at 563-604 cm-1 correspondB. Radiocarbon Dating and Originality of Boring to phosphate vibration (PO4)3- indicating mineral
neosElephant
phase modification, e. g changes in crystallinity and ion
In the Indian subcontinent, the dispersal elephants carexchange. A low value for the splitting factor (SF) indi- ried out by human intervention through trade and warfare.
cates a high amount of amorphous material in the mineral Human activity has changed the natural distribution pattern
phase and obtained as described in Reiche et al. (2003). of elephants. Special originality Borneos elephants still
The intensity of the organic CO-signal at 1650 cm- discussion. There are two popular hypotheses, first, refer
1(compared to the signal of inorganic CO32- at 1450 to the documents that the sultan of Sulu has received a gift
cm-1 provides an indication of the degree of collagen de- elephant from the Indian (Elephas maximus indicus) in
gradation and expressed as C=O and C-C bonding, where a 1750 and domesticated in North Borneo[6]. According to
high value represents a high degradation of collagen in the Medway (1977)[7], elephant Borneo derived from Sumasample [8].
tran elephant or Elephas maximus sumatrensis. The next
The IR spectra of all specimens (Tahuras bone , Tam- hypothesis is indigenous or not introducer. Fernando
bans subfossil and Antonakoss data) show broad bands in (2003) [3] stated that based on the analysis of D-loop
the high energy region that are propably water related band mtDNA fragment, population showed evidence of indi(table 1). They show peak positions without leading to any genous and not introducer. Mac Kinnon (1996) [4] also
th
stated that the Borneo elephants have colonized the Pleistocene about 18,000 years ago when the bridge was
formed Sundaland shift. Our 14C dating data also show that
the findings of the elephant subfosil from Tamban village,
district Batola shows the age range 4855 and 568416
years ago. This information supported the second hypothesis.
TABLE 1.
ROOM TEMPERATURE OBSERVED IR MODES AND THEIR
ASSIGNMENT
HAp
574s
856
wbr
CHAp
15M
577s
CHAp
25M
584s
SiHAp
CFAp 530
CFAp 840
592s
590s
602s
674
vm
noisy
[759vw
805vw
844m]
872s 880m
893w
954sh 961s
668 m
[713vm
760vw
813vw
847sh]
873s
880m
933sh
961s
680vw
spectrum
668 vw 690w
720w
668w
754vm
865s 877s
864m 876m
2 CO3
956sh
992sh
1 PO4
1029vs
1060sh
1094s
1029vs1061sh1093vs
961s
noisy
873w 882w
936sh 962s
964s
Tambans
Subfossil
563s
727w
871vw
vm
Tahuras
Bone
563s
760
871vw
963s
1015s
1029vs
1060sh
1029vs
3400br
3567m
1029vs
1045vs
1060sh
1091s
1174m
1223m
1409m
1427m
1444m
1468sh
3700br
4073br
1410s
1450s
1470s
1498sh
1568sh
3553br
3460br
1030vs1060sh
1093vs 1160m
1427s
1456s
1468s
[1482sh
1506vm
1518vm
1538vm
1558vm]
3400br
1025vs1045sh
1093s
1146m
1162w 1424m
1452m
[1470sh
1506vm
1518vm
1538vm
1558vm]
3750br
1033vs
1334vm
1411m
1550vm
1658m
1982vm
2075vm
2252vm
2337m
2939m
2970m
3425br
3927m
1041vs
Assignment
4 CO3and
1 PO4
4 CO3
3 PO4 and
1 CO3
3 CO3 and
SiO4
1411m
1627m
2291vm
2368m
3410br
3749m
OH ion or
moisture
Sample
FG
Ash%
Organic%
Cu%
Cd%
76.667
21.260
0.011
0.008
61.290
38.710
0.003
0.005
60.000
61.290
70.968
73.333
67.857
63.333
23
40.000
34.630
18.832
14.907
18.143
24.907
70
Zn%
0.488
0.004
0.009
0.007
0.253
0.005
0.007
0.002
0.008
0.008
0.4
0.009
0.009
0.499
RG
0.013
0.007
0.406
0.006
0.008
0.32
0.118
0.017
0.692
0.0008 0.0003 0.0180
4148
59.70
32.29
3
1
FG: Elephant subfossil buried 485 and 4148 year (BP) from Tamban
village; RG: Elephant bone buried 7 year from Tahura park
TABLE 3.
MODELING DATING RELATIVE BASED ON MATERIAL VS TIME
(YEAR).
Materit2 (year)
t (year)
C
(conal
stant)
Ash
1.2178e-005
-0.049814
64.138
Organic -1.163e-005
0.045528
33.06
Cu
-3.2659e-008
0.00013609
0.004815
Cd
-3.1.3912e1.3912e0.0053648
005
005
Zn
-1.4333e-007
0.00063794
0.14854
A
B
Figure 1. Equation shown that type related between ash and organic
material (%) vs t (time-year) (A), equation Cu, Cd and Zn content(%)
versus t (time-year) (B).
th
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
th
I. INTRODUCTION
EOTHERMAL is one of the natural energy
sources originated from the rocks interaction and
heat flow in the earth. Indonesia has 40% of the world
geothermal sources, from Sumatera, Java, Nusa Tenggara
to Sulawesi. One of them is Cangar hotspring in East Java.
Some researchs have been conducted to find geothermal
potential using some geophysics methods such as:
geoelectric, geomagnetic and gravity. Research results
used geoelectric method showed the existence of the
geothermal potential south to the hotspring in the depth of
24,7 meter [1]. Research used geomagnetic method
showed the existence of the geothermal sources in the
north and west direction from the hotsprings[2]. Meanwhile,
researchs used gravity method predicting that there is
geothermal potential as much as 2.064.640 m3 in the
coordinates of 7.7406 S and 112.5339E [3]. Nevertheless,
research using seismic method based on the microseimic
analysis to find area having geothermal potential has never
been conducted yet. Geothermal energy can be defined as
energy that naturally produced by the earth. Earthquake in
the geothermal area connected to sesar movement along
the geothermal fluids flow [4]. Earthquake with magnitude
less than 3, known as microearthquake. According to Holland (2002) [5], by studying microeartquake on the
geothermal location, inrerrelationship of the crack sytems
th
Start
300
Amplitudo
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Secondary
Data
200
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50
0
0
10
15
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35
40
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50
Frekuensi
Data Selection
Data Conversion
FFT
Spectrogram
Frequency
Spectrum
Figure 3. Microseismic Spectrogram
Filtering
Particle Motion
Interpretation
60
50
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40
40
30
30
20
20
10
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W
-2 5 0 -2 0 0 -1 5 0 -1 0 0
Epicenter; Hypocenter
0
-5 0
-1 0
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0
50
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-250
0
-200
-150
-100
-50
50
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250
-10
-2 0
-20
-3 0
-30
-4 0
-40
-5 0
-50
-6 0
-7 0
.
Finish
T
B
"
8
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'
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B
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7
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'
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N
W
Malang
S
L
"
1
3
'
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L
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7
#
Keterangan:
Episenter gempa
#
S
1
#
2
#
3
#
4
#
5
Stasiun CGR02
Stasiun CGR01
#
S
#
#
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L
"
4
3
'
4
4
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L
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30
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th
30 Meters
T
B
"
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0
'
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2
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B
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7
0
'
2
3
2
1
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0
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B
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B
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0
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B
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B
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1
0
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B
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0
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'
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T
B
"
9
5
'
1
3
2
1
1
T
B
"
8
5
'
1
3
2
1
1
.
Figure 5. Geothermal Distribution Map in Cangar Area, East Java
III. CONCLUSION
Particle motion analysis on the horizontal and
vertical components can be used for predicting the
location of the epicenter and hypocenter of the
microeartquake. Based on the research, the center of
the earthquake is in depth of 16 to 60 meter.
Epicenter distribution are on the 5 points which are:
(112322,04 E; 74432,208 S), (112322,04 E;
74432,1 S), (112320,96 E; 74431,49 S),
(112323,57 E;74432,58 S), and (112323,44
E; 74432,67 S).
1. Epicenter and hypocenter determination related
to the hydrothermal activities in the subsurface. A
high dominant frequency spectrum showed that there
are fluid activities heated by the hot rocks around
them.
REFERENCES
[1] Rakhmanto, F., 2011. Tomografi Geolistrik Daerah Panasbumi Welirang-Arjuno (Studi Sumber Air Panas Cangar Batu). Tesis S2. Universitas Brawijaya Malang.
[2] Afandi, Akhmad. 2011. Studi Potensi Panas Bumi Di Daerah Cangar
Kota Batu Jawa Timur
[3] Zaman, Muhammad Badaruz. 2011. Studi Potensi Panas Bumi Di
Pemandian Air Panas Cangar, Kota Batu, Jawa Timur Dengan
Menggunakan Metode Gayaberat. Skripsi S1. Universitas Brawijaya
Malang.
[4] Holland, Austin Adams. 2002. Microearthquake Study Of The Salton
Sea Geothermal Field, California: Evidence Of Stress Triggering.
The University Of Texas. El Paso.
[5] Utama, W., Tri Martha Kp, Dwa Desa W., And Makky S. Jaya. 2013.
Application Of Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (Eemd)
For Identification Of Hydrothermal Dynamics In The Subsurface,
Case Study Mt. Lamongan, East Java. Proceeding Itb Geothermal
Workshop. Bandung.
[6] Ihsan, Agung Budi. 2011. Karakterisasi Mikrotremor Di Daerah
Sekitar Sungai Porong Desa Kebonagung Sidoarjo. Skripsi S1. Universitas Brawijaya Malang.
th
MATHEMATIC
AND
STATISTIC
th
2), 3), 4)
e-mail: ani_budi@ub.ac.id
AbstractMicroarray is an analysis for monitoring gene expression activity simultaneously. Microarray data is data generated from microarray experiments having characteristics of
very few numbers of samples where the shape of distribution is
very complex and the number of measured variables is very
large. Due to this specific characteristic, it requires special method to overcome this. Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) is a
Bayesian solution method that is capable to handle microarray
data with a best single model constructed by combining all possible models in which the posterior distribution of all the best
models will be averaged. There are several method that can be
used to select the model components in Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA). One of the methods that can be used is the Occam's
Window method. The purpose of this study is to measure the
performance of Occam's Window method in the selection of the
best model components in the Bayesian Model Averaging
(BMA). The data used in this study are some of the gene expression data as a result microarray experiments used in the study
of Sebastiani, Xie and Ramoni in 2006. The results showed that
the Occam's Window method can reduce a number of models
that may be formed as much as 65.7% so that the formation of a
single model with BMA only involves the model of 34.3%.
KeywordsBayesian Model Averaging, Microarray Data,
Model Components Selection, Occams Window Method.
I. INTRODUCTION
Microarray data is the data obtained from a microarray
experiment that is an experiment with a particular analysis
technique to monitor the activity of thousands genes expression simultaneously [1]. Microarray data have several characteristics i.e. -limited availability of the number of samples
because of limited budget, resources and time. Though the
availability of the number of samples is limited, the measurable characteristic variables can be hundreds or even thousands of gene expression. By these special characteristics, it
is possible that the nature of the distribution of gene expression data will be very complex in which the distribution of
the data is probably not a normal distribution [2]. Due to
these specific characteristics, it requires special method to
overcome this.
Bayesian is a statistical analysis method that does not
consider the number of samples (especially for very small
sample size) and to any form of distribution. Moreover,
Bayesian method is based on information from the original
data (driven data) to obtain the posterior probability distribution which is a product of the prior distribution and the likelihood function [3]. Model Parameter in Bayesian method is
viewed as a random variable in the space of model parameter
and allows for the formal combination of different from the
prior distribution and facilitates the iterative updating of new
information which thus overcome the problem of uncertainty
and complexity of the model in the data [4] .
Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) is a Bayesian solution to model uncertainty in which the completion of the
model by averaging the posterior distribution of all the best
models. The basic principles of the BMA is form the best
single model by considering all possible models that could
be formed so that the purpose of the BMA is models incorporate uncertainty and obtain the best model [5]. There are
several method that can be used for the model components
selection in the BMA of which Occam 's Window method of
[5]. This method is quite simple and widely used in research
related the BMA in which obtained quite good results in the
model components selection in the modeling of the BMA [5]
and [6].
Various studies have been done related to the Bayesian
Model Averaging (BMA), among others [6], [7], [8], [9],
[10] and [11]. In this study will be used Occam's Window
method of [5] to select the component model in the modeling
of the BMA for microarray data.
before
th
prior
f ( x | ) p ( )
f (x)
p ( | x ) =
( 2 . 1)
where
f ( x) = E[ f ( x | )] =
f ( x | ) f ( ) d
if
x R
continous and
f ( x) = E[ f ( x | )] = f ( x | ) p( ) if discrete.
xB
p( | x) f ( x | ) p( )
Posterior Likelihood Function x Prior
(2.2)
Equation (2.2) shows that the posterior probability is proportional to the product of the likelihood function and the prior
probability of the model parameters. This means that the
update's information prior to use information of samples in
the data likelihood to obtain the posterior information that
will be used for decision making [16].
B.1.1. Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) Algorithms with
Gibbs Sampler Approach.
According to [17], [18] and [19], MCMC algorithms
with Gibbs sampler approach can be described as:
Step 1. Set initial values for
(0)
(0)
1
,...,
(0)
r
(k )
at
k = 0 so that
j from the
1( k +1)
from
p 1 | x, 2( k ) ,..., r( k )
2( k +1)
2.2. Sampling
( k +1) in
from
from
p 2 | x, 1( k ) , 3( k ) ,..., r( k )
.
.
r( k +1)
2.r. Sampling
p r | x,
(k )
1
(k )
2
,...,
(k )
r 1
th
P( | x) = P( | M k , x) P( M k | x)
( 2.3)
k =1
where q is the sum of all the models that may have formed.
Posterior distribution of if known the data x is the average of the posterior distribution if known models weighted
by posterior probability models. While the posterior probability of the model M k is:
P( M k | x) =
P(Y | M k ) P( M k )
q
P(Y | M
l =1
Mk .
is
p ( k | M k ) and
and
p ( M k ) is the prior probability of M k if model M k is true.
Implicitly, all probabilities depend on the model M so that
the expected value of the coefficient of obtained by averaging the model of M , that is:
q
( 2 .6 )
k =1
k if known model M k
p( k | M k ) is the likelihood
( 2.8)
( 2.5)
E ( | x) = P( M k | x) E ( | M k , x)
max l ( P ( M l | x ))
c}
P( M k | x)
(2.4)
where
Prior probability of
A= {M k :
) P(M l )
P ( x | M k ) = P ( x | k , M k ) P ( k | M k ) d k
| x) is the
value of the posterior probability of the model-k. In the various applications of Occam's Window method is generally
able to reduce the large number of components model so that
it becomes less than 100 models of even less than 10 models.
Reduction of component model that only one or two models
are very rare but may occur [5].
III. MATERIAL AND METHODS
The data used in this study are some of the data used in
the study [22]. Selection of component models in the BMA
modeling begins with determining the most appropriate form
of distribution to the data and parameter estimator and then
based on the distribution model raised several distribution
models by MCMC method with the Gibbs sampler approach
to obtain some models that might be formed. Selection of
component in the BMA modeling using Occam's window
method [5] with the following formula:
A= {M k :
th
TABLE 4.2
DISTRIBUTION SHAPE DAN ESTIMATOR PARAMETER
FOR GENE EXPRESSION DATA WITH MRNA METHOD
Figure 4.1. Mean Value of Gene Expression with Poly Detector Method
Based on Figure 4.1 and Figure 4.2 for the 10 ID genes were
observed known that there are differences in gene expression
for diseased and healthy conditions in which there are several ID genes showed that in healthy condition is more expressive than the deseased condition that is H55933, R39465-2,
U14973, R02593, T51496, H80240 and T55131 for Poly
Detector method and U14973 for mRNA method and otherwise there are several ID genes showed that in deseased condition is more expressive than the healthy condition that is
R39465-1, R85482 and T65938 for Poly Detector method
and H55933, R39465-1, R39465-2, R85482, R02593,
T51496, H80240, T65938 and T55131 for the mRNA method.
B. Identification of Distribution and Parameter Estimator for
the Data
The results of the identification to distribution and parameter estimator for gene expression data can be seen in
Table 4.1 and Table 4.2 below:
TABLE 4.1
Based on Table 4.1 and Table 4.2, it can be seen that there
are some differences in the distribution of ID genes in diseased and healthy conditions that is 6 ID genes with Poly
Detector method and 5 on the mRNA method and some other ID genes that have the same distribution that is 4 ID genes
in Poly Detector method and 5 on the mRNA method. In
addition, most of the data have non normal distributions that
is lognormal distribution and there are some others have 2parameter exponential distibution.
C. Model Components Selection in BMA with Occam's
Window method.
The results of the identification to model components
selection in BMA with Occams Window method can be
seen in Table 4.3 and Table 4.4 below:
TABLE 4.3
th
TABLE 4.4
PERCENTAGE OF COMPONENT MODELS INCLUDED IN THE BMA
MODELING WITH OCCAM'S WINDOW
FOR MRNA METHOD.
This research is part of the doctoral research at the Statistics Department of Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember
(ITS), Surabaya, Indonesia. We would like to thank the
group of researchers Sebastiani, P., Xie H. and Ramoni,
M.F. to the use of data, Head of the Mathematics Department and Dean of FMIPA UB Malang.
REFERENCES
[1] Knudsen, S. (2004). A Guide to Analysis of DNA Microarray Data.
Based on Table 4.3 and Table 4.4, it can be seen that the
total of overall mean to percentage of the component models
included in the BMA modeling at 34.3% that is derived from
this calculations (32.54+63.64+4.17+36.88)/4). This means
that in a study with Occam's Window method can reduce the
component models in the BMA modeling was 65.7% so that
in the formation of the BMA modeling involves only 34.3%
of the overall model may be formed.
V. CONCLUSION
Based on the results of research conducted, it can be
concluded that most of the gene expression data as a result of
microarray experiments have nonnormal distributions both in
healthy and diseased conditions. In addition, there are different type of data distribution in healthy and diseased conditions and there is also the same type of data distribution in
healthy and diseased conditions . There are several genes ID
that have the value of the expression in diseased condition is
stronger than healthy condition and otherwise there are sev-
Second Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New Jersey, Canada.
[2] Muller, P., Parmigiani, G., Robert, C., and Rouseau, J. (2002), Optimal Sample Size for Multiple Testing: the Case of Gene Expression
Microarrays, Tech. rep., University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center.
[3] Gosh, J. K., Delampady, M. and Samanta, T. (2006). An Introduction to
Bayesian Analysis Theory and Method. Springer, New York.
[4] Gelman, A., Carlin, J. B., Stern, H. S. and Rubin, D. B. (1995). Bayesian Data Analysis. Chapman & Hall, London.
[5] Madigan, D. and Raftery, A. E. (1994). Model Selection and Accounting for Model Uncertainty in Graphical Models Using Occams
Window. Journal of the American Statistical Association.Vol.89.
428: 1535-1546.
[6] Hustianda, V. F. (2012). Comparison of Bayesian Model Averaging and
Multiple Linear Regression in Predicting Factors Affecting
Number of Infant Death in East Java. Thesis. Statistics Department.
FMIPA-ITS, Surabaya. (in Indonesia).
[7] Liang, F. M, Troung, Y, and Wong, W. H. (2001). Automatic Bayesian
Model Averaging for Linear Regression and Applications in Bayesian Curve Fitting. Statistical Science, 11(4): 1005-1029.
[8] Brown, P.J., Vannucci, M. and Fearn, T. (2002). Bayesian Model Averaging with Selection of Regressors. J. R. Statist. Soc. B Part 3. 519
536.
[9] Sebastiani, P., Xie H. and Ramoni, M.F. (2006). Bayesian Analysis of
Comparative Microarray Experiments By Model Averaging. International Society For Bayesian Analysis.1, number 4, pp. 707-732.
[10] Purnamasari, R. (2011). The use of Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA)
method with Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approach for
Wind Speed Daily Averages Forecasting in Juanda Meteorological
Station. Thesis. Statistics Department. FMIPA-ITS, Surabaya. (in Indonesia).
[11] Kuswanto, H. and Sari, M. R. (2013). Bayesian Model Averaging with
Markov Chain Monte Carlo for Calibrating Temperature Forecast
from Combination of Time Series Models. (on Review).
[12] Shoemaker, J. S. and Lin, S. M. (2005). Method of Microarray Analysis IV. Springer, New York.
[13] Duggan, J. D., Bittner, M., Chen, Y., Meltzer, P. and Trent, J. M.
(1999). Expression Profiling Using CDNA Microarrays. Nature Genetics. 21: 10-14.
[14] Box, G. E. P. and Tiao. (1973). Bayesian Inference in Statistical
Analysis. MA: Addison-Wesley, Massachusetts.
th
[15] Zellner, A. (1971). An Introduction to Bayesian Inference in Econometrics. John Wiley, New York.
[16] Iriawan, N. (2003). Simulation Technique. Teaching Modules. ITS,
Surabaya. (in Indonesia).
[17] Gamerman, D. (1997). Markov Chain Monte Carlo. Chapman & Hall,
London.
th
I. INTRODUCTION
ICE is a staple food source in almost all regions of
Indonesia. Therefore, the increasing of population
resulted the increasing of the demand for rice. However,
the extent of agricultural area more and more reduced and
turned into residential area and other uses. Thus, continuos
monitoring and identification of the rice plant are needed to
determine the availability of rice.
Satellite image is one of the method that can be used to
monitor rice plant during its growth. This process can be
done by using the data of spectral characteristics of the plant
during its growth phase. Some research on monitoring crop
growth have been carried out. Most of these research utilizes
a medium resolution imagery such as NOAA-AVHRR and
MODIS [1]-[5] and RADARSAT [6][7]. In Indonesia, the
prediction of the greenery rate of agricultural crops,
especially rice has been conducted continuously by Space
Agency (LAPAN) using NOAA and MODIS satellite
imagery. But, for a small scale of agricultural land parcell,
this image could not be used because in one pixel contains a
variety information of land uses. This will reduce the
accuracy of the identification process [8]. Occording to this
limitation of small resolution imagery, some research were
conducted by using medium resolution imagery such as
Landsat ETM + [9][10]. This image with a resolution of 30
m could be used for small scale agricultural land parcel.
ETM+ imagery also has a revisit time every 16 days, so that
appropriate if it is used for monitoring the growth of rice that
has a growth cicle between 110 to 125 days .
In the study was conducted by Nuarsa et al, the spectral
th
Sub District
Dasarian (BPPT)
*MT I/
*MT III /
MH
MK II
Field Survey
Blimbing
Oct II - III
Jun II III
Jul, Sep
Kedungkandang
Nov I - II
Jul I II
Lowokwaru
Oct II - III
Jun II - III
Sukun
Nov I - II
Jul I II
Karangploso
Oct II - III
Jun II - III
Kepanjen
Nov I - II
Jul I II
Lawang
Oct II - III
Jun II - III
Pakis
Nov I - II
Jul I II
Pakisaji
Oct II - III
Jun II - III
10
Singosari
Oct II - III
Jun II - III
Sep, Oct
Aug, Sep, Oct,
Nov
Sep, Oct
B. Landsat-8 Data
Landsat 8 satellite provide data in the form of digital values with a spatial resolution (pixel) 30m to the visible
region, near infrared and middle infrared. The characteristics
of Landsat 8 are recognized using Operational Land Manager sensors (OLI). Landsat 8 has shorter bands interval than
Landsat ETM+ intervals and with the addition of two bands.
Landsat-8 allegedly had better geodetic and geometric accuracy.
Data collected to LDCM Mission by the Operational Land Imager (OLI) instrument will improve the measurement capability in the future. With the "Ultra-Blue" band
(Band 1) which is used for coastal and aerosols study, as
well as Band 9 is useful for detecting cirrus clouds and two
thermal bands provide more accurate surface temperature
(TIRS 1 and TIRS 2). The spectral characteristics of Landsat-8 are shown in TABLE 2.
TABLE 2
SPECTRAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LANDSAT-8
Band
Spectral Range
(
m)
Band Division
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
0,43 0,45
0,45 0,51
0,53 0,59
0,64 0,67
0,85 0,88
1,57 1,65
2,11 2,29
0,50 0,68
1,36 1,38
10,6 11,19
11,5 12,51
Ultra Blue
Blue
Green
Red
NIR
SWIR1
SWIR2
PAN
Cirrus
TIRS 1
TIRS2
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
15
30
100
100
Overall Malang is located in Path 118 Row 066 on Landsat 8 image. Based on the field survey, the monitoring is examined for three varieties namely Ciherang, IR64 and Membramo. For this study, the sample data of rice field is planted
on early August. To monitor the characteristics for one rice
growth cycle is used as much as 6 time series images with
different acquisition date (August 13, 2013; August 29,
2013; September 14, 2013; September 30, 2013; October 16,
2013 and November 1, 2013). Some of the images that are
acquired on November and December can not be used due to
the existing of the clouds with a fairly high percentage.
C. Methods
The step of monitoring spectral characteristic for this
study consists of two parts. The first is calculating the vegetation index value to determine differences in the pattern of
the three varieties in one rice growth cycle. The second is
determines the relationship between the vegetation index and
rice age.
This study uses 135 pixels that representing the pixels for
IR64, Ciherang and Membramo for the analysis. These pixels are taken from 5 different agricultural areas in each acquisition date of Landsat image. Then, the average value was
used to represent the value of each variety. The vegetation
indices analysis in this study used normalized difference
vegetation index (NDVI). The calculation of NDVI uses
formula as in (1).
NDVI =
NIR R
NIR + R
(1)
Where NIR and R are Near Infra Red and Red bands
th
Ciherang
100
Rice Age
80
NDVI
60
40
20
0,5
NDVI
0,4
0,05
0,1
0,15
0,2
0,25
0,3
0,35
NDVI
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
17
33
49
65
81
Memberam o
Age (Day)
IR64
Ciherang
100
Memberamo
Rice Age
80
60
40
20
0
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
NDVI
IV. CONCLUSION
This study shows that all three varieties have different pattern of growth since it is evaluated using NDVI. Based on the
calculation of vegetation indices can be seen that the three
varieties have a different growth pattern, where IR64 variety
has a growth pattern that is most easily recognized than
Membramo and Ciherang varieties. Otherwise, the stronger
relationship between rice age and NDVI can be found in
Memberamo variety.
IR64
100
REFERENCES
Rice Age
80
[1]
y = 228,64x 1,5556
R2 = 0,2928
60
40
[2]
20
0
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
[3]
NDVI
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
th
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
th
*)
I. INTRODUCTION
HE system of shallow water equations is a well-known
mathematical model that describes shallow water waves
and flows. We are interested in solving these equations as
the solutions are useful in the simulations of real world problems such as dam break floods and tsunamis. In this paper we
implement a finite volume method to solve the shallow water
equations. The method is chosen due to its robustness in dealing with smooth and non-smooth solutions [9, 10].
In finite volume methods, a necessary condition for convergence is that the CourantFriedrichsLewy (CFL) condition be
satisfied [3, 9, 10]. This condition is related to the time stepping in the integration of the shallow water equations with
respect to time after the equations are discretized with respect
to space. This means that we can use either a fixed time step as
long as the CFL condition is satisfied at every time step or a
varying time step based on a fixed CFL number. Here a CFL
number represents a positive number such that the CFL condition is satisfied.
This paper investigates the influence of CFL number to the
accuracy of numerical solutions produced by the finite volume
method. The accuracy of the finite volume method, of course,
depends on the accuracy of the integration technique implemented to the space and time. To focus on our investigation,
we use a single integration technique for the space variable,
that is, we use a second order method for the space integration.
Then we compare the performance of a second order method
for the time integration by presenting the errors between implementing a fixed time step and a fixed CFL number.
This paper is organized as follows. In Section II we recall
the shallow water equations in one dimension. The finite volume method is presented in Section III. Numerical results are
given in Section IV. Finally some concluding remarks are
drawn in Section V.
II. GOVERNING EQUATIONS
The shallow water equations are
ht + (hu ) x = 0 ,
(hu ) t +
1
2
gh + hu
2
(1)
= ghBx .
(2)
where t denotes the time variable, x denotes the space variable, h( x, t ) is water height or depth, u ( x, t ) is velocity, B ( x)
represents the bottom elevation or topography, and g is the
acceleration due to gravity. The absolute water level (stage) is
defined as
(3)
w( x, t ) := h( x, t ) + B ( x) .
A number of authors have proposed numerical techniques to
solve these shallow water equations (1) and (2). Some of them
are [1, 2, 5-8, 11, 12, 15, 16].
III. NUMERICAL METHOD
As we mentioned, we use a finite volume numerical method
to solve the shallow water equations. In a semi-discrete form,
the finite volume method is
d
1
Q j (t ) =
F 1 (t ) F j 1 (t ) + S nj
(4)
2
dt
x j + 2
where Q is an approximation of the conserved quantity, F is
an approximation of the analytical flux and S is a discretization of the analytical source term. See the References [1, 6, 15]
th
RC
CFL=1.0
Error
0.058
2
RC
CFL=0.01
Error
0.056
9
RC
200
0.030
8
400
0.014
4
800
0.007
2
1600
0.003
6
Average rate
of convergence
0.934
3
1.094
0
1.001
4
0.992
5
1.005
5
0.030
4
0.014
3
0.007
1
0.003
6
0.935
9
1.091
7
1.001
4
0.990
0
1.004
7
0.029
6
0.014
0
0.007
0
0.003
5
0.940
5
1.082
3
0.999
4
0.986
0
1.002
0
TABLE II
COMPARISON OF DISCHARGE ERRORS BETWEEN IMPOSING A FIXED TIME STEP
AND IMPOSING FIXED CFL NUMBERS. THE FIXED TIME STEP IS 0.05 TIMES THE
CELL-WIDTH, WHEREAS FIXED CFL NUMBER ARE 1.0 AND 0.01.
Cell
number
0.471
4
200
0.244
8
400
0.117
7
800
0.058
9
1600
0.029
9
Average rate
of convergence
RC
100
0.945
5
1.056
2
0.998
4
0.979
1
0.994
8
CFL=1.0
Error
0.465
2
0.241
6
0.116
4
0.058
3
0.029
6
RC
0.945
3
1.053
3
0.996
4
0.977
8
0.993
2
CFL=0.01
Error
0.452
0
0.234
1
0.113
8
0.057
1
0.029
1
RC
0.948
8
1.041
4
0.993
8
0.970
7
0.988
7
TABLE III
COMPARISON OF VELOCITY ERRORS BETWEEN IMPOSING A FIXED TIME STEP
AND IMPOSING FIXED CFL NUMBERS. THE FIXED TIME STEP IS 0.05 TIMES THE
CELL-WIDTH, WHEREAS FIXED CFL NUMBER ARE 1.0 AND 0.01.
Cell
number
0.073
2
200
0.038
8
400
0.017
8
800
0.008
8
1600
0.004
4
Average rate
of convergence
RC
100
0.915
7
1.127
6
1.009
0
1.003
2
1.013
9
CFL=1.0
Error
0.072
4
0.038
4
0.017
6
0.008
7
0.004
4
RC
0.915
6
1.126
8
1.008
8
1.003
5
1.013
7
CFL=0.01
Error
0.070
5
0.037
3
0.017
2
0.008
5
0.004
3
RC
0.916
6
1.120
9
1.006
7
0.996
6
1.010
2
Our simulation results are summarized in Tables 1-3. Table 1 shows error comparison for stage (water surface) between three scenarios of simulations. Errors for discharge
(momentum) and velocity are summarized in Table 1 and Table 2 respectively. From these three tables, the highest convergence rate is achieved by setting a fixed time step, rather than
imposing a fixed CFL number. We should note that the average rate of convergence for imposing CFL number 1.0 produces a very close average rate of convergence to the fixed time
step setting. Furthermore imposing CFL number to be 1.0
gives the most efficient computation as it takes the shortest
running time. Setting CFL to be too small such as 0.01 gives a
low rate of convergence. Of course setting CFL number too
th
Fig. 1. The initial condition of the dam break problem (at time t = 0 using 100 cells. Solid line represents the exact solution. Dotted line represents
the numerical solution.
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
Fig. 2. Solution to the dam break problem at time t = 0.05 using 100
cells with the fixed time step. Solid line represents the exact solution. Dotted
line represents the numerical solution.
Figure 1 shows the initial condition for the test case. The
first subfigure is the stage or water level (free surface). The
second and third subfigures are the momentum and velocity
respectively. It is clear that initially we have only discontinuity
in the stage, while the momentum and velocity are continuous.
Figure 2 shows the stage, discharge and velocity of water after 0.05 seconds of dam break using the fixed time step. The
numerical solutions approximate the analytical solution well
based on this Figure 2. Here we see discontinuities in the
stage, momentum and velocity.
The convergence rate in our simulation is about 1.0 even
though we have implemented a second order finite volume
method, that is, second order in space and second order in
time. This is because the discontinuities of the solution occur.
The discontinuity appears in the measured quantities as well as
the derivative of the quantities. Again, see Figure 2 for these
discontinuities.
It is worth to note that the formal convergence rate of our
numerical method is two, because we use a second order method in space as well as in time. However this formal order is
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
J. Balbas and S. Karni, A central scheme for shallow water flows along
channels with irregular geometry, ESAIM: Mathematical Modelling and
Numerical Analysis, 43 (2009), 333351.
F. Bianco, G. Puppo and G. Russo, High order central schemes for
hyperbolic systems of conservation laws, SIAM Journal on Scientific
Computing, 21 (1999), 294322.
F. Bouchut, Nonlinear stability of finite volume methods for hyperbolic
conservation laws and well-balanced schemes for sources, Birkhauser,
Bassel, 2004.
N. Goutal and F. Maurel, Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on DamBreak Wave Simulation, No. HE-43/97/016/B, Departement Laboratoire
National dHydraulique, Groupe Hydraulique Fluviale, EDF, Chatou,
1997.
A. Harten, High resolution schemes for hyperbolic conservation laws,
Journal of Computational Physics, 135 (1997), 260278.
A. Kurganov and D. Levy, Central-upwind schemes for the SaintVenant system, ESAIM: Mathematical Modelling and Numerical
Analysis, 36 (2002), 397425.
A. Kurganov, S. Noelle and G. Petrova, Semidiscrete central-upwind
schemes for hyperbolic conservation laws and HamiltonJacobi
equations, SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, 23 (2001), 707740.
A. Kurganov and E. Tadmor, New high-resolution central schemes for
nonlinear conservation laws and convection-diffusion equations,
Journal of Computational Physics, 160 (2000), 241282.
R. J. LeVeque, Numerical methods for conservation laws, 2nd Edition,
Birkhauser, Basel, 1992.
R. J. LeVeque, Finite-volume methods for hyperbolic problems,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2004.
D. Levy, G. Puppo and G. Russo, Central WENO schemes for
hyperbolic systems of conservation laws, ESAIM: Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Analysis, 33 (1999), 547571.
X. D. Liu and E. Tadmor, Third order nonoscillatory central scheme for
hyperbolic conservation laws, Numerische Mathematik, 79 (1998), 397
425.
S. Mungkasi, A study of well-balanced finite volume methods and
refinement indicators for the shallow water equations, Thesis of Doctor
of Philosophy, The Australian National University, Canberra, 2012;
Bulletin of the Australian Mathematical Society, 88 (2013), 351352,
Cambridge University Press.
th
th
Migration
I. INTRODUCTION
ANY discipline of sciences interested in developing
migration model. It is because migrations are a complex
phenomenon that involves many dimensions. It requires
a comprehensive understanding which is not limited to particular disciplines. Multidisciplinary modeling approach couple
with the right chosen variables would be more beneficial than
just using any particular theory approach [2]. There are two
aspects that follow the process, those are individuals and regions. The individual data or the micro data requires specific
modeling to the individual characteristic related to the decision
to migrate. While the region data or macro data requires different modeling to characterize the region, as the origin and
the destination of migration. Figure 1 shows separation some
models that are used to elaborate migration viewed from the
availability of data.
This paper using individual data from populations census
in 2010 by BPS. For individual data there are 3 options,
namely logistic model, event history analysis, and schedule
models. Each model has its advantages and weakness when
applied to migration data in Indonesia. Based on the data used
in logistic model, it would be very hard in preparation for
analysis. It is due to the difficulty to have the entire population
data. Using logistic models on individual data migration, on
the other hand, will involve migrants and non-migrants.
Indonesia which still relies on census data for the analysis of
migrations, therefore, need the use of computational intensive
approaches due to the involving large data.
th
mx = a1 exp(1 x)
+ a2 exp{ 2 ( x 2 ) exp[2 ( x 2 )]}
+ a3 exp{ 3 ( x 3 ) exp[3 ( x 3 )]}
+ a4 exp(4 x) + c
The component with parameters 1 and 1 represent child migration, the component with parameters (2, 2, 2, 2)
represent young migration which in mainly labour migration,
the retirement age represented by the shifted exponential term
with parameters (3, 3, 3, 3), and post retirement age
represented by parameters 4 and 4.
Figure 3. Type of Migration Schedules Model
Where is an additional positive parameter. The mean mx and
the variance mx2/ of mx represent that mx declines as increases.
III. MIGRATION FLOWS IN EAST JAVA
1
2
2
3
3
c
=
=
=
=
=
=
xj
xh
xr
X
A
B
=
=
=
=
=
=
low peak
high peak
retirement peak
labor force shift
parental shift
Jump
mx = a0 + a1 exp(1 x)
TABLE I
MALE SCHEDULE MODEL PROPERTIES
Parameters
1 a0
Type 1
Type 2
Type 3
Type 4
0,003712
0,000128
0,003916
0,000004
a1
a2
a3
a4
alpha
alpha1
alpha2
alpha3
lambda2
lambda3
lambda4
mu2
mu3
deviance
DIC
mse
0,027810
0,104500
0,008710
0,069230
6,15
0,230700
0,137100
0,000000
23,97
0,026480
0,093340
0,326000
0,646100
15,81
0,207100
13,33
903,79
994,12
0,000021
875,10
957,22
0,000009
th
TABLE 2
FEMALE SCHEDULE MODEL PROPERTIES
Parameters
Type 1
Type 2
Type 3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
a0
a1
a2
a3
a4
alpha
alpha1
alpha2
alpha3
lambda2
lambda3
lambda4
mu2
mu3
deviance
DIC
mse
0,003026
0,030100
0,097130
0,000267
0,008568
0,068920
4,50
0,223700
0,151800
0,000000
20,34
0,031550
0,116800
0,511800
0,900600
14,20
0,196700
12,73
882,30
874,02
0,000022
858,30
942,76
0,000010
0,003106
0,069240
0,103500
0,014190
4,01
0,366500
0,192300
0,366800
0,635400
0,517600
13,42
29,95
878,10
969,89
0,000023
0,004615
0,082050
0,007638
0,000000
154,10
0,056460
0,121400
0,058040
0,509000
0,024270
0,186900
13,97
59,45
897,60
964,48
0,000006
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
Type 4
0,000022
0,008067
0,133600
0,002120
0,000001
141,60
0,024090
0,329600
0,280700
0,419700
0,089270
0,185300
15,43
55,24
900,70
969,74
0,000004
IV. CONCLUSION
Modeling migration must be adapted to the purpose of
research and the availability of data. For in-migration in East
Java having limited data requires the selection of an
appropriate model. For individual data, schedule models is
more probable because does not involve non-migrants such as
the logistic model and special surveis as event history analysis.
Bayesian approach was recommended, because it would be
more flexible as data driven approaches, but it requires
computational intensive capabilities. Pattern of in-migrations
to East Java by ages still characterize as young migration at
labor force migrants. Post retirement peak shows return
migrations is significant but further research is needed.
REFERENCES
[1] n Research (CEFMR) Assuncao, R.M., Schmertmann, C.P., Potter, J.E.,
and Cavenaghi, S.M., Emprical Bayes Estimation of Demographic
Schedules for Small Areas, Demography, Vol.2, No.3, pp. 537-558,
2005.
[2] Bijak, J., Forecasting International Migration: Selected Theories,
Models, and Methods, Central European Forum For MigratioWorking
Paper No. 04, Warsaw, Poland, 2006.
[3]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
[21]
[22]
[23]
[24]
th
[25] Rogers, A. and Castro, L.J., What the Age Composition of Migrants
Can Tell Us, Population Bulletin of the United Nations, No. 15, pp.
66-79,1983.
[26] Rogers, A. and Little, J.S., Parameterizing age patterns of demographic
rates with the multiexponential model schedule, Mathematical
Population Studies, ratesol.4., No.3, pp. 175-195,1994.
[27] Rogers, A. and Watkins, J.F., General versus elderly interstate migration and population redistribution in the United States, Research on
Aging, Vol.9, No.4, pp.483-529,1987.
[28] Rogers, A., and Raymer, J., The Spatial Focus of U.S. Interstate
Migration Flows, International Journal of Population Geography,
Vol.4, pp.63-80,1998.
[29] Rogers, A., and Raymer, J., Estimating the regional migration patterns
of the foreign-born population in the United States: 1950-1990,
Mathematical Population Studies, Vol. 7, No.3, pp. 181-216, 1999.
[30] Rogers, A., and Raymer, J., Fitting observed demographic rates with
the multiexponential model schedule: An assessment of two estimation
programs, Review of Urban and Regional Development Studies,
Vol.11, No.1, pp.1-10, 1999a. doi:10.1111/1467-940X.00001.
[31] Rogers, A., and Raymer, J., Using Age and Spatial Flow Structures in
the Indirect Estimation of Migration Streams, Demography, Vol.44,
No.2, pp.199-223, 2007.
[32] Rogers, A., Little, J., and Raymer, J., The Indirect Estimation of
Migration, Springer, London, 2010.
[33] Rogers, A., Willekens, F., and Raymer, J., Imposing age and spatial
structures on inadequate migration flow data sets, The Professional
Geographer, Vol. 55, No.1, pp. 56-69, 2003. doi:10.1111/0033-0124.
01052
[34] Safrida, S.B.M., Siregar, H., and Harianto, Dampak Kebijakan Migrasi
Internal terhadap Perilaku Pasar Kerja di Indonesia, IPB E-Jurnal,
2008, printed at http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/45432.
[35] Smith, P.W.F., Raymer, J., and Giulietti, C., Combining available
migration data in England to study economic activity flows over time,
Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society),
Vo. 173, No.4, pp. 733-753, 2010. doi:10.1111/j.1467-985X.2009.
00630.x.
[36] Tsegai, D. And Le, B.Q., District-level Spatial Analysis of Migration
Flows in Ghana: Determinants and Implications for Policy, Zentrum
fur Entwicklungforschung Discussion Papers on Development Policy
No. 144, Universiy of Bonn, Germany, 2010.
[37] Tsutsumi, M. and Tamesue, K., Intraregional Flow Problem in Spatial
Econometric Models for Origin-Destination Flows, Procedia Social
and Behavioral Sciences, Vol.21, pp.184-192, 2011.
[38] Van Imhoff, E., and Post, W., Microsimulation methods for population
projection, PopulationE, Vol.10, No.1, pp. 97138, 1998.
[39] Wilson, T., Model Migration Schedules Incorporating Student
Migration Peaks, Demographic Research, Vol 23, No. 8, pp.191-222,
2010.
th
*)
I. INTRODUCTION
athematics is a branch of science known as the Queen of
Science. Evident from many other disciplines that employ methods contained in mathematics. One area in
mathematics that great attention is graf.Teori graph theory is
part of mathematics that is widely used as a tool to describe or
represent a problem so that it is easier to understand, be understood and resolved. Many issues will be clearer to explain
if it can be formed into a graph [5].
Until now the use of graph theory is perceived role in various sectors of other sciences. One of the uses of science graph
in other disciplines, namely in the fields of chemistry, including hydrocarbon compounds that can be formed into a tree
graph.
Over time, the growing study of graph theory. One of the
topics in graph theory is graph labeling. Labeling graphs was
first introduced by Rosa in 1967 [2]. Labeling on the graph is
the mapping that carries graph elements to the values [1].
Based on the domain, labeling is divided into three, namely the
point of labeling, the labeling, and the labeling of the total.
Labeling is the point of labeling with domain the set point, the
labeling is labeling with domain the set of sides, and the total
labeling is labeling combined with domain the set of points
with the set side. One topic of total labeling of a graph is irregular total labeling introduced by Marzuki, Salman, and Miller
, then
th
, then
then
Research on the total irregular total labeling was also performed by Ramdani and Salmanin a paperen titled on the total
Irregularity strength of some Cartesian product graphs[6].
Inthe paper, given the total irregulariy strength of some Cartesian
product
graphs,
ie
, where
is
a path graph with n order,
is a circle graph with n order and
is a star graph with
order. The results are summarized in the following theorems.
Theorem 2.9 [6]
For
Theorem 2.10 [6]
For
Theorem 2.11 [6]
For
Theorem 2.12 [6]
For
D. Disjoint Union
Definition 2.13 [2]
Two graphs
and
said disjoint if
.
Definition 2.14 [2]
Let
and
are two disjoint graph.
Disjoint union from and , denoted
are graphwith
the set of vertex
and the set of edges
.
Example 2.15
and
III. RESULT
A. Wheel Graph
Definition 3.1 [2]
th
is a graph
and connect-
Thus
Moreover, based on theorem 2.6
Thus,
(3.1)
is as follows:
untuk
b. Labeling on
is as follows:
Figure3.1Wheel Graph
B. A Totally Irregular Total Labeling Disjoint Union of
Wheel Graph
Definition 3.2 [2]
graphis a disjoint union from copies of wheel graph
Figure 3.2
graph has a set of vertex
, where:
as follows:
a. Labeling on
Graph
and a set of edges
and
Theorem 3.3
Let
graph is a disjoint union from
graph
, then
copies of wheel
Proof.
There are two steps to proof theorem 3.3, ieby determining the
lower limit and the upper limit from
, as can be seen
in the following description
(i)
for
(ii)
for
is
Thus
is
(iii)
th
for
is
(ix)
for
is
.
(iv)
for
(x)
for
is
(v)
(vi)
for
is
(xi)
for
(xii)
for
is
for
is
is
(vii)
, for
(xiii)
for
(xiv)
is
is
(viii)
for
is
th
(xv)
for
(xvi)
, for
is
(xvii)
, for
(xviii)
, for
is
Example 3.4
As an illustration, the following will be given a totally irregular total labeling disjoint union of
based formula totally
irregular total labeling on theorem 3.3
is
Figure 3.3
Graph
Labeling the edges and vertices of
graph as follows
(xix)
, for
(xx)
, for
is
Figure 3.4 A totally irregular labeling of
graph
Sothere is noequal weight toeach vertices and no equal
weight on each edge.
th
[7]
[8]
graph
graph
IV. CONCLUSION
In this paper determined
for disjoint union from
copies of wheel denoted by
obtained from theorem 3.3
that
.The discussion of thetotalirregulartotallabelingis
stillopenfor other researcherstoconductsimilarstudieswithdifferenttypes ofgraphs, includinggraph
with
.
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
th
I. INTRODUCTION
th
y
1 qb
+
=0
t (1 p ) x
where: y = height of the river bed,
p = porosity,
qb= bed load
2.2 Confluence of Watershed
Confluence of two rivers is an interesting phenomenon and
very complex. Soburo Komura (Widodo, 2009) conducted a
study of the phenomena occurring at the confluence of two
streams using the balance equation, which is obtained by using
the equations of motion, continuity equation for sediment
transport, and the continuity equation for the shear velocity of
water flow. The equation obtained is less reflect the real situation on the ground. So that this equation can be used or can be
applied to things that are ideal. It is therefore necessary to find
or develop a new mathematical model to another or explain the
phenomenon approaching real state (Widodo,2009).
2.3 Two forms of Morphology Meeting Watershed
Morphology shape of confluence of two rivers is a natural
phenomenon that is very interesting, because we will see the
confluence of two rivers form the model that various kinds.
Some of these models have been widely studied as a model
and a model developed Shazy Shabayek, ie numeca.
In models shaped river Main stream and lateral stream has
been shown to result in sedimentation in the riverbed on the
research results (Widodo, 2009). In the study described also
that sedimentation is not only dependent on the flow of the
river upstream but also the morphology of the river, the river
mouth will be eroded due to the presence of scours caused as a
result of back water gate block of sedimentation (Widodo
2009).
Model confluence of two rivers that form a quarter-circle is
arc numeca as depicted at the Figure (2.1).
In the quarter-circle model of domain Numeca river is divided into 2 parts by volume control. The main river (main
stream) and two tributaries (lateral stream) on the flow curve is
expressed as a volume control 1 while at the confluence
straight expressed as volume control 2. For the forces acting
on the second volume of this control include hydrostatic force,
z Q
+
=q
t x
Q Q 2
z gQ | Q |
+
= vq cos
+ gA +
t x A
x AC 2 R
With:
A = cross sectional area of the flow
B = width of the surface flow
Q = flow rate
z = height of surface flow
v = velocity of lateral flow
= angle between the main flow and lateral flow
q = lateral flow width unity
C = Chezy coefficient
g = gravity
2.4 Method of Meshless Local Petrov - Galerkin (MLPG)
The main purpose of the meshless method is to avoid the
use mesh / grid. This method is very useful in problems with
the domain boundary that is not continuous or moving, or other difficulties may be found in the use of the finite element
method (Atlury and Lin, 2001).
Meshless method is known to be very effective implemented
in the field of computational science and engineering, but in
terms of speed and reliability still needs to be developed. Integration numerically to determine the convergence of this method numerical solution generated. Nodal shape functions of
the Moving Least Square (MLS) is used in this method is very
complex, so as to obtain accurate numerical Integration results
in weak form is very difficult to do , especially for a method
that is included in this type meshlessGalerkin (Ottevanger,
2005). MLPG predicted could replace the finite element method (FEM) in the future (Widodo, 2009).
2.5 Numerical Methods Basic Search Volume
Search volume can be approximated by the approach area
of the base multiplied by the height, so that the search is necessary to find the approach area of the base and height function numerically.
III.
FRAMEWORK CONCEPT
th
Figure 4.1 (a) Model Numeca Bow River Quarter Circle, and (b) Volume
Control
Main Stream :
Sediment transport :
With,
Number of bed load sediment
: 8.0
s=density of the sediment and = density of water,
g = acceleration due to gravity ,
d50 = median diameter of sediment,
= 1.0,
c = 0.047,
th
In the third simulation, shows that the flow with the initial
condition and depth = 0.3 after which time an increase in depth
up approximately 2.792678.
th
V. CONCLUSIONS
In this chapter provides the conclusions of the analysis and
discussion that has been done. Moreover, given also the advice
to do as a continuation or development of this research.
In Figure 4.14shows that the flow with initial conditions sediment height = 0.3 in all positions (x) and after the time of the
change in height of the sediment that is down approximately
2.792678.
4.4 Calculation Of Total Volume Sedimentation
Sedimentation Volume Calculation constructed from the results of the determination of the location of sedimentation to
be made sedimentation area L(A) multiply by a function of
position in the sediment height F (P) and summed according to
the grid (interval) is the sum Reimann as follows :
Limit
and used GAUSS Quadrature order to determine the sedimentation volume , this technique can produce a numerical 3D
shapes using software assistance in getting visualization.
For the data:
Initial depth h, = 0.3
Velocity v, = 0.2
Initial height of the sediment, =0.3
Time t, = 5
Delta t, = 1
The angle of the river, =
The angle of the river, =
The river discharge,
=0.3
5.1 Conclusion
From the analysis and discussion that has been done, it
is concludedthat:
Sediment distribution patterns along the flow is influenced by the shape of its morphology. Streams quarter-circle arc -shaped curve or a straight stream to experience the difference at each change of position of
the point, either change the depth, speed, and changes
in sediment height after a certain time interval.
River velocity will increase the speed of the bow section of the river that can allow scouring the bow section of the river. At confluence, the vector velocity
will increase and form a vortex as a result of the convergence of two different direction vectors river.
Sedimentation volume can be constructed from the results of the determination of the location of sedimentation to be made sedimentation area L(A) multiply
by a function of position in the sediment height F (P)
and summed according to the grid (interval) is the
sum numerical approaches can be searched and visualized in the form of 3 dimensions .
REFERENCES
1. Apsley, D. 2005. Computational Fluid Dynamic, Springer. New
York.
2. Asahi. 2003. Estimation of Sediment Discharge into Account Tributaries to the Ishikari River, Journal of Natural Disaster
Science. Vol 25 No 1 pp. 17-22.
3. Atlury and Lin. 2000.The meshless local Petrov-Galerkin (MLPG)
method for convection-diffusion problems, CMES. Vol. 1, No. 2,
pp. 42-60.
4. Atlury and Lin. 2001.The meshless local Petrov-Galerkin (MLPG)
method for solving incompressible Navier-Stokes Equations,
CMES. Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 117-142.
5. Atlury and Shen. 2002. The Meshless Local Petrov-Galerkin
(MLPG) Method: A Simple & Less-costly Alternative to the Finite
Element and Boundary Element Methods, CMES, vol.3, no.1,
pp.11-51.
th
Faculty of Sciences and Technologies Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung
2) 3)
Combinatorial Mathematics Research Group Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences,
Institut Teknologi Bandung
*)
AbstractLet
be a graph and k be a positive integer.
Total
k-labeling
of
G
is
a
mapping
. A total k-labeling of Gis called totally
irregular total k-labeling of G if every two distinct vertices x
and y inV satisfies
and every two distinct
edges
and
in Esatisfies
,
and
. The minimum k for
which a graph G has a totally irregulartotal k-labeling is
called the total irregularity strength of G, denoted by ts(G).
Thefriendship
is a graph obtained from wheel
by
missing every alternate rimedge. In this paper, we consider
the total irregularity strength of friendship.
where
I. INTRODUCTION
et
be a graph. A labeling of a graph is a
mapping that carries graphelements to the numbers
(usually to the positive or non-negative integers). A
labeling f is called edge labeling if the domain of f is E, a
labeling f is called vertex labeling if the domain of f is V ,
, then the labeling
and if the domain of a labeling f is
fis called total labeling. Graph labeling was introduced in
1963 by Sadlacek. There aremany kinds of graph labeling,
such as graceful labeling, harmonious labeling, magic
labeling, and anti magic labeling.
In 2007, Ba a, Jendro , Miller, and Ryan [1] introduced irregular total k-labeling.They studied two kinds of
irregular total labeling, namely edge irregular total labelingand vertex irregular total labeling. Let
be a
graph.
For
an
integer
k,
atotal
labeling
is called an edge irregular total klabeling ofG if every two distinct edges
and
in
E satisfy
, where
=
and
. The minimum k
for which a graph G has anedge irregular total k-labeling,
denoted by
, is called the total edge irregularitystrength of G. Some results about the edge irregular total
klabelingweregiven by Nurdin, Salman, and Baskoro in
Figure 3.The weights of vertices and edges under the labeling of Figure 2
Figure 1. Friendship
III. CONCLUSION
, then
.
Theorem 2.1.Let
Proof. has
vertices and
edges. The minimum
degree of is
and the maximum degree of is
.
From
(1)
and
(2),
weget
and
. There-
[1] M. Ba a, S. Jendro , M. Miller, and J. Ryan, On irregular total labelings,Discrete Mathematics, vol. 307, 1378-1388, 2007.
[2] S. Jendro , J. Mi kuf, and R. Sot k, Total edge irregularity strength
of completegraphs and complete bipartite graphs, Discrete Mathematicsvol. 310, 400-407, 2010.
[3] C. C. Marzuki, A. N. M. Salman, and M. Miller, On the total irregularitystrength on cycles and paths, Far East Journal of Mathematical Sciences, to be published.
[4] Nurdin, E. T. Baskoro, A. N. M. Salman, and N. N. Gaos, On the
total vertexirregularity strength of trees, Discrete Mathematics, vol.
310, 3043-3048, 2010.
[5] Nurdin, E. T. Baskoro, A. N. M. Salman, and N. N. Gaos, On the
total vertexirregularlabelings for several types of trees, UtilitasMathematica, vol. 83, 277-290, 2010.
[6] Nurdin, E. T. Baskoro, and A. N. M. Salman, The total edge irregular strengthof the union of
,JurnalMatematikadanSains
FMIPA-ITB, vol. 11,105-109, 2006.
[7] Nurdin, A. N. M. Salman, and E. T. Baskoro, The total edgeirregular strengthof the corona product of paths with some graphs,
Journal of CombinatorialMathematics and Combinatorial Computing,vol. 65, 163-175, 2008.
[8] Nurdin, A. N. M. Salman, N. N. Gaos, and E. T. Baskoro, On the
total vertex-irregular strength of a disjoint union of t copies of a
path, Journal of Combinatorial Mathematics and Combinatorial
Computing, vol. 71, 227-233, 2009.
[9] R. Ramdani, A.N.M. Salman, On the total irregularity strength of
some Cartesian product graphs, AKCE International. Journal of
Graphs and Combinatorics, vol. 10, No.2, pp. 199-209, 2013.
.
.
as follows:
into
REFERENCES
Fu ( u%, u%, x )
where Fu =
(C
or C
Rn.
R n be open and 1 p . If u Lp ( )
and
v Lp ( ) where
and moreover
uv
where
u =
u
, i = 1, 2, L , n .
xi
L1
Lp
Lp
'
Let
Lp
= ( , p ) > 0
Lp
W 1, p
so that
, u W01, p ( ) ,
or equivalently
u
(P)
1 1
+ = 1, then uv L1 ( )
p p'
'
I ( u ) = F ( u, u, x ) dx,
II. PRELIMINARIES
F
F
and Fu x =
, i = 1, 2,L , n. We
i
u
u xi
I. INTRODUCTION
Abstract This paper discusses the existence and uniqueness of minimizers of a functional in Sobolev spaces with
Direct method, and by introducing of Euler-Lagrange equation with the Classical method. Finally, we prove the existence solution of Euler-Lagrange equation in R n .
Lp
, u W01, p ( ) .
and every
[ 0,1] ,
f ( x + (1 ) y ) f ( x ) + (1 ) f ( y ) .
Theorem 4 Let
f : R n R and f C1 ( R ) , the
f ( x ) f ( y ) + f ( y ) ; x y , x, y R n
f ( y ) f ( y )
f ( y )
,
,L ,
f ( y ) =
and
x2
xn
x1
.;. denotes the scalar product in n .
where
Direct method.
Step 1: (Compactness)
Since
< m I ( u0 ) < .
Let
(1), i.e.
u L1loc ( ) so that
u ( x ) ( x ) dx = 0,
I ( uv ) inf { I ( u )} = m, as v .
From (A4) that for v large enough
C0 ( )
m + 1 I ( u v ) 1 u
Let R
boundary.
Let F C
( R R n ) , F = F ( u, u, x ) , satisfy
u F ( u , u , x )
(A1)
is
convex
for
4 u L 5 uv
and we can find
uv
1 > 0, 2 , 3 R
such that
use
the
fact
W 1, p
1, p
where u0 W ( ) with I ( u0 ) < . Then there
u% u0 + W
()
( u, u ) F ( u, u, x )
(A3)
x .
(A4) there exist p > 1 and
(R R
) and
1 > 0, 3 R
uv u% in W 1, p ( ) lim inf I ( uv ) I ( u% ) .
v
( uv , uv ) F ( uv , uv , x )
( u , u , x ) R R n
p 1
p 1
Fu ( u , u , x ) (1 + u + u )
Fu ( u, u , x ) 1 + u
where
and
Fu =
p 1
+ u
p 1
(2)
F ( u, u, x ) 1 u + 3 , ( u, u, x ) R R .
'
Fu ( u%, u%, x ) Lp ( ; R n ) .
(A5) there exist a constant 0 so that for every
and
such that
exists
Since
a minimizer of (1).
p > 1, there
that
Let
exists
7.
uv u% di W 1, p ( ) as v .
F ( u, u, x) 1 u +2 u +3, ( u, u, x) R R .
1, p
0
6 ,
W 1, p
7 > 0 so that
every
We
4.
Lp
( u , x ) R ,
(A2) there exist p > q 1 and
4 > 0 so that
u
+ 3 ,
p
Lp
F
, i =1,2,L, n
uxi
F
.
u
From
(A5)
and
u% W1, p ( )
where
1 1
p
+ ' = 1 p' =
,
p p
p 1
we have
Fu ( u% , u%, x )
p'
F ( u%, u%, x )
p'
1 1 + u%
W 1, p
W 1, p
)<
and
u
1 1 + u%
) < ,
y% u0 +W01, p ( ) .
1 being a constant.
We get
Since
Fu ( u% , u% , x ) Lp ( ) and
'
Fu ( u%, u%, x ) L ( ; R ) .
p'
uv W 1, p ( )
( uv u% ) Fu ( u%, u%, x ) L1 ( )
and
( u,u) F( u,u, x) is
convex
for
every
x , then
1
1
1 1 1 1
%,wx
%, ) F v%+ w
%, v%+ wx
%, =F( y%,y%, x)
F( v%,v%, x) + F( w
2
2
2 2 2 2
We get,
m=
Fu ( u%, u%, x ) ; uv u% L1 ( )
1
1
I ( v% ) + I ( w% ) I ( y% ) m.
2
2
We therefore get,
1 1
%, ) F v% + w
%, v% + wx
%, dx =0.
2F( v%,v%, x) +2F( w%,wx
2
2 2 2
Since
uv u% 0 in W
1, p
()
(i.e.
uv u% 0 di L
uv u% 0 di L ), then we get
p
and
F , positive
% and v% = w% we deduce that v% = w% alunless v% = w
most everywhere in .
Since the integrand is, by strict convexity
1, p
lim Fu ( u%, u%, x )( uv u% ) dx = 0,Fu ( u%, u%, x ) Lp ( ) Let u% u0 + W0 ( ) be a minimizer of
v
1, p
'
lim F u%,u%, x ;u u% dx = 0, F u%,u%, x Lp . where u0 W ( ) , then u% satisfies the weak form of
'
( )
We have
Step
3:
I ( uv ) inf { I ( u)} =m
Since
liminf I ( uv ) I ( u% )
Moreover,
and
( u, u ) F ( u, u, x ) is strictly con-
W01, p ( )
u% + u0 + W
().
Since
DI ( u% )( ) =
and let
then
that
x .
1, p
0
I ( u ) = F ( u, u, x ) dx,
Let R ,
inf I ( u ) = F ( u, u, x ) dx = m.
uA
%.
We prove v% = w
1 1
y% = v% + w% and observe
Denote
by
2 2
nimizers of (1).
Theorem 7 (uniqueness)
Proof: Let
F C 2 ( R R n ) and u% C 2 ( ) , then u%
Fu ( u%, u%, x )
If the function
If
m = lim inf I ( uv ) I ( u% ) .
We deduce that
(4)
then
1, p
0
lim inf I ( uv ) I ( u% ) .
v
d
I ( u% + ) ,
d
=0
and
DI ( u% )( ) =
d
F ( u% + , u% + , x ) dx
d
=0
I ( u% + ) I ( u% ) , W01, p ( )
then
and thus
DI ( u% )( ) = 0.
Furthermore, we get
i =1
if
every
From (5), we have that
1, p
0
( ) satisfies
and if
( u, u ) F ( u, u, x ) is
x .
(6)
x , then u% is a minimizer of
1 > 0, 2 , 3 R such
F ( u, u, x) 1 u +1 u +3, ( u, u, x) R Rn .
p
( u , u ) F ( u , u , x )
is
R n have
solution if function ( u , u ) F ( u , u , x ) is convex.
Moreover, Euler-Lagrange equation in
u% be a solution of (4).
Since ( u , u ) F ( u , u , x ) is convex for every
Proof: Let
(9)
I ( u ) = F ( u , u, x ) dx.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
or in other words
n
(8)
( u, u ) F ( u, u, x ) is
I ( u ) = F ( u , u, x ) dx.
I ( u ) I ( u% ) . We deduce u% that is
Fux ( u% , u%, x ) = 0,
i
xi
a minimizer of (7).
Corollary 10 (uniqueness)
If u% satisfies
then
u
Fu ( u%, u%, x )
[6]
[7]
AbstractCentral Java Through Health Spending, Education, health and income are the three pillars that are important in the economic development of a region (World Bank,
1993). By considering the importance of health for the improvement of the health of a region need to get the government's attention. Barro model offers economic growth
through health channels. With the healthy person's productivity will increase, so that the output will be generated will
increase the economic growth of a region. Central Java is
one of the provinces in Indonesia, which has a human development index (HDI) which is lower than the HDI and the
Indonesian island of Java. With the improvement of health in
Central Java, is expected to boost economic growth in Central Java, so that with the economic growth of Central Java
which will increase Indonesia's economic growth.
Keywords Economic growth, health
I. INTRODUCTION
evelopment is a tool used to achieve the goals of ecoDnomic growth of the nation and is one of the indicators
to assess the success of a country's development. Development paradigm that is being developed at this time is
economic growth measured by the human development
that seen with the level of quality of human life in each
country. One of the benchmarks used in looking at the
quality of human life is the Human Development Index
(HDI) which is measured by the quality of education,
health and economic (purchasing power). Through the
third increase this indicator is expected to increase the
quality of human life.
To see the extent of development and human wellbeing, UNDP has issued an indicator of the Human Development Index (HDI) to measure the success of a country's development and prosperity. Human Development
Index (HDI) is a benchmark figure of a region or state
welfare is seen by three dimensions: life expectancy at
birth, literacy rates and average length of the school, and
purchasing power. Life expectancy is an indicator to
measure
the
health,
indicator of the adult population literacy rate and the average length of the school to measure education and the
last indicator measures the purchasing power of the standard of living. (United Nations Development Programme,
UNDP, 1990).
The rate of economic growth in Central Java Province from 2005 to 2012 has increased. This suggests that
the economic development in Central Java Province has
increased. It will boost economic development and human
2005
5.35
2006
5.33
2007
5.59
2008
5.61
2009
5.14
2010
5.84
2011
6.03
2012
6.34
Source : BPS-Statistics of Central Java Province
capita (Ananta and Hatmadji, 1985). In economic activities, the three indicators of the quality of human resources
will also indirectly impact on the level of productivity of
human resources, in this case, especially labor productivity.
Year
s
TABLE II
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX IN CENTRAL JAVA
PROVINCE 2005-2013
Life
The averReal exLiteracy
Expecage Old
penditure /
rates
HDI
tation
School
per capita
(%)
(Year)
(Years)
(Rp.000)
2005
70.60
6.60
87.40
621.40
69.8
2006
70.80
6.80
88.20
621.70
70.25
2007
70.90
6.80
88.62
628.53
70.92
2008
71.10
6.86
89.24
633.58
71.60
2009
71.25
7.07
95.60
624.20
72.10
2010
71.40
7.24
96.10
624.60
72.49
2011
73.20
6.90
96.60
625.30
72.94
2012
73.50
7.00
97.00
625.80
71.72
97.30
626.20
71.68
2013
73.80
7.00
Source : BPS-Statistics of
Central Java Tengah Province
technology advances, formed a good basis for the neoclassical growth theories and the endogenous growth theories
developed after the middle 20 century.
The models of Solow (1956) and Swan (1956) use
a production function approach where there are constant
returns to scale but diminishing return to each input. The
equilibrium will exist if certain conditions are satisfied.
The growth rate of the economy is determined exclusively
by the exogenous technology. In other words, there will
be long-term economic growth only if there are continuous new technologies available. One important finding
of the neoclassical model is neoclassical models explain
everything except long-term growth. To overcome this
modeling deficiency, researches on endogenous growth
such as Romer (1986), Lucas (1988) and Romer (1990),
which emphasize the roles technology changes and human
capital accumulation in the form of education play, help to
generate some important results confirming the important
roles of technology changes and education in promoting
long-term growth. The theory of "conditional convergence" which shows that the growth rate of the economy
will be faster the further this economy is below its own
equilibrium level. The historical facts show that the positive rate of economic growth persists over a century and
there is no trend of decline. The property of diminishing
return of the inputs determines that the neoclassical models explain everything but long-term growth. To overcome
this modeling deficiency, researches on endogenous
growth such as Romer (1986), Lucas (1988) and Romer
(1990), which emphasize the roles technology changes
and human capital accumulation in the form of education
play, help to generate some important results confirming
the important roles of technology changes and education
in promoting long-term growth.
A. Economi Growth Via Health with Barro Model
Fogel (1991, 1997, and 2000) have used historical facts to demonstrate that health is a powerful engine of
economic growth. Barro (1991), used a-cross sectional
framework; that is, the growth and the explanatory were
observed only once per country. The main reason extend
to a panel set up is to expand the sample information. Although the main evidence turn out to ceme from the crosssectional (between-country) variation, the time-series
(within-country) dimension provides some additional information. Barro Model with initial level of GDP,initial
level of schooling and initial health status.
Initial Level of GDP
For given of the explanatory variables, the neoclassical model predicts a negatif coefficient on initial GDP,
which enters in the system in logarithmic form. The coefficient on log of initial GDP has the interpretation of a
conditional rate of convergence.
Initial Level of Schooling
Education appears in two in system : average years
of attaiment for male age 25 and over in secondary and
higher schools at the start of each period and an interaction between the log of initial GDP and theyears of male
secondary and higher schooling. Female schooling is importanat for other indicators of economic development,
such as fertility, infant morality and political freedom.
Specifically, female primary education has a strong negative relation with the fertility rate (see Schultz [1989],
Behrman [1990], and Barro [1994]).
Our idea of endogenous health depreciation rate is supported by Grossman (1972). In the Grossman (1972) paper, health has been identified as another important form
of human capital, which provides a good starting point for
researchers to analyze the relationship between health and
economic growth. However, as accepted by Grossman,
health depreciation rate should vary over time. To understand why the health depreciation rate should not be constant, we should first understand the definition of health
depreciation rate, which is the cost of maintaining the
current level of health.
There are many examples to show why the health
depreciation rate should not be a
constant. For example, before a major competition like the
Olympic Games, an athlete needs to spend time on training, to eat following the instruction of dietitian and to
check his/her body fitness regularly. In order to keep the
match fitness, the investment is huge. However, after the
competition, he/she no longer needs to keep that high level of match fitness and the
expenditure to keep his/her non-match fitness level of
health would be lower. Another example is that one of the
significant indicators of better health is life expectancy.
C. The Barro model of health and economic growth
Barro (1996b) proposed a one-sector model which
extended the neoclassical model to incorporate the impact
of health on economic growth. In his model, health affects
economic growth both directly and indirectly. First, health
directly enters production function indicating a direct impact of health on productivity. In other words, if other
determinants of the production function, such as physical
capital, labor and schooling, are all constant, an improvement in an individual's health would increase the productivity. Second, health also determines the depreciation rate
of both health and education. Therefore, health contributes to economic growth indirectly through its effect on
education.
D. The Barro growth model revisited
In the Barro model, health is a private good that is
financed totally by the individuals themselves. Investments in health include activities such as the purchase of
nutrition products, the leisure time spent on sports, the
money paid on doctors and medicines, a regular body
check, etc.
The economy is a one sector economy. First, total
output Y is determined in a Cobb-Douglas function by
physical capital inputs, K,individual's schooling and other
education related factors, S, the health capital of individual, H, and the amount of labor provided, L:
Y = AK S H (L)1---
where A is the knowledge stock parameter, which
represents the exogenously determined technology level.
The model assumes that > 0, > 0 , > 0 and + +
< 1.
th
Higher labor
productivity
Less illness
Increased
effective
labor
Longe working
hours
More Work
Energy
Higher Cognitive
Ability
Increasing
Return on
Education
Longer years
of working
Health
Higher life
expectancy
Population
structure
change
Lower
fertility
Lower
morbidity
Goods production
function:
Y=AF (K, H)
Fig. 1 The interaction network between health and growth at Barro Model
III.DATA
PDRB
Std. Deviation
8.49E7
2.935E11
19
Pop
3.1136E7
1.00281E10
19
Laborforce
1.7185E7
3.73047E10
19
Labor
1.4683E7
5.92126E9
19
69.7355
4335.65823
19
Lifeexpectation
Standard error of estimate (SEE) is 1.478 Milyar . The smaller the value of SEE will make more precise regression models
in predicting the dependent variable.
TABEL IV
Model Summaryb,c
Change Statistics
Model
1
R
.896a
R Square
.803
Adjusted R
Square
.746
R Square
Change
.803
F Change
14.242
df1
Sig. F
Change
df2
4
14
.000
DurbinWatson
2.065
th
From the ANOVA F test obtained or calculated value F calculated at 14.242 with probability 0.000. Because the probability
is much smaller than 0.05 then the regression model can be
TABLE V
ANOVAb,c
Model
Sum of Squares
df
Mean Square
Regression
1.244E24
3.111E23
Residual
3.058E23
14
2.184E22
Total
1.550E24
18
Sig.
14.242
.000a
(Constant)
Std.
Error
Standardized Coefficients
Beta
-4.290E9 7.221E8
95% Confidence
Interval for B
Lower
Bound
Upper
Bound
Sig.
-5.941
.000
-5.839E9 -2.741E9
Collinearity
Statistics
Correlations
Zeroorder
Partial
Part
Tolerance
VIF
Pop
-3.948
5.198
-.135
-.759
.460
-15.096
7.201
.576
-.199
-.090
.447
2.239
Laborforce
-.837
1.027
-.106
-.816
.428
-3.040
1.365
-.339
-.213
-.097
.827
1.209
Labor
-1.250
6.512
-.025
-.192
.851
-15.217
12.718
.327
-.051
-.023
.816
1.225
3.867E7
9.126E7
.960 5.299
.000
.888
.817
.629
.429 2.329
The coefficient of the independent variable (independent) can use unstandarized coefficients and standarized coefficients.
Unstandarized beta coefficients :
The four independent variables included in the model
OLS, Life expectancy variables significant at 0.05, while the
other three variables were not significant (because of the above
0:05).
Mathematical equation:
PDRB = -4.290E9 -3.948 Pop 0,837 Laborforce 1.250
Labor + 6.496E7 Life expectancy.
REFERENCES
[1] Baldacci, E. Hillman, A. and Kojo, N. 2004. Growth governance, and
fiscal policy transmission channels in low-income countries. European
Journal of Political Economy, 20 (3), 517-549.
[2] BPS-Statistics of Jawa Tengah Province
[3] Barro, Robert J. 1990. Government spending in a simple model of endogenous growth. Journal of Political Economy, 98, October, part II,103125.
[4] Barro, Robert J. 1991. Economic growth in a cross section of countries.
Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106, May, 407-443.
[5] Barro, Robert J. and Xavier Sala-I-Martin. 1991. Convergence across
states and regions. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1, 107-158.
[6] Barro, Robert J. and Xavier Sala-i-Martin. 1992. Convergence. Journalof
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I. INTRODUCTION
HE specific objective of mathematics teaching at
school is to train students with logical, critical,
precise, and applicale thinking as well as providing
students with ability to study sciences and technology for
further education. The teaching of mathematics has
experienced paradigm changes of learning technique.
This can be seen from the development of the
cooperative models in mathematics teachings which
focus on the students as the learning indivduals.
[Herman]1
On the other hand, according to Rastaman &
Rastaman (1997), laboratorium is a supporting media in
the process of teaching and learning. Optimum result
will be achieved when students are involved both
physically and mentally in the teaching process. Through
the simulation media being developed, it is expected that
teachers can easily explain the abstract mathematical
concepts becoming more concrete ones.
The problem to solve is how the Graphic User
interface (GUI-based) simulation media in the teaching
of mathematics can help convey materials and concepts
of mathematics problems solving. This study aims at
developing a GUI-based simulation media for
mathematics teaching that contain maerials and concepts
of mathematics problems solving.
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Start
Designing GUI
Model
IV. UNITS
Scripting
Implementation
No
Successful
Yes
Project Application
%
TRANSLASI, by itself, creates a new
TRANSLASI or raises the existing
%
singleton*.
%
%
H = TRANSLASI returns the handle to a
new TRANSLASI or the handle to
%
the existing singleton*.
%
%
TRANSLASI('CALLBACK',hObject,eventData,handles,
...) calls the local
%
function named CALLBACK in TRANSLASI.M
with the given input arguments.
%
%
TRANSLASI('Property','Value',...)
creates a new TRANSLASI or raises the
%
existing singleton*. Starting from the
left, property value pairs are
%
applied to the GUI before
translasi_OpeningFcn gets called. An
%
unrecognized property name or invalid
value makes property application
%
stop. All inputs are passed to
translasi_OpeningFcn via varargin.
%
%
*See GUI Options on GUIDE's Tools menu.
Choose "GUI allows only one
%
instance to run (singleton)".
%
% See also: GUIDE, GUIDATA, GUIHANDLES
% Edit the above text to modify the response to
help translasi
% Last Modified by GUIDE v2.5 23-Nov-2013
11:58:56
% Begin initialization code - DO NOT EDIT
End
Chart 1. Diagram of the Developing of GUI-Application for Maths
Teaching Simulation
IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
........
function edit7_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata,
handles)
% hObject
handle to edit7 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a
future version of MATLAB
% handles
empty - handles not created until
after all CreateFcns called
B. Scripting
After designing the GUI model, the computation code
is added to the m-file. This scripting process can be seen
in details in the appendix. Some parts of the stages are
as the following:
function varargout = translasi(varargin)
% TRANSLASI MATLAB code for translasi.fig
CONCLUSION
Based on the implementation result of the GUIModel simulation media and the study on the learning
theory of Dienes, the teaching media is found to be potential to contribute much in increasing the students
understanding towards the concept of transformational
geometry.
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
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