Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/262675568
DOWNLOADS
VIEWS
190
85
1 AUTHOR:
Saranraj Jp
Sacred Heart College
77 PUBLICATIONS 28 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
Pressmud
Bagasse
INTRODUCTON
India produces on average of 270 million tons of
sugar-cane per year [1]. During the production process
considerable amounts of by-products such as pressmud,
bagasse and sugar cane residue are produced part of
these by-products can be utilized for the production of
molasses and alcohol; however, there still remains a
considerable amount of waste to be disposed. Therefore,
there is considerable economic interest in the technology
and development processes for effective utilization of
these wastes [2]. As a result emphasis is now on aerobic
composting, that converts wastes into organic manure
rich in plant nutrients and humus [3] biodegradation of
lingo -cellulosic waste through an integrated system of
composting with bio-inoculants and vermicomposting
have been studied [4].
Currently, the major methods of waste management
are; a) recycling the recovery of materials from products
after they have been used by consumer, b) composting an
aerobic, biological process of degradation of
biodegradable organic matter, c) sewage treatment a
2029
2030
2031
2032
2034
lignin from the fiber cell wall, obviating the need from
chlorine for pulp bleaching in the brightening process.
A variety of materials such as pure xylan, xylan rich
natural substrates, such as sawdust, corn cob, wheat
bran, sugar beet pulp and sugarcane baggase have been
used for induction of xylanases.
Lynd and Zhang [70] reported cellulose hydrolysis
limits the rate of microbial cellulose utilization under most
conditions as may be inferred from the observation that
maximum growth rates on soluble sugars were usually
several fold faster than on crystalline cellulose.
Thermophilic cellulolytic and thermo tolerant cellulolytic
microbes exhibited substantially higher growth rates on
cellulose than do any of the mesophiles.
Thermostability of cellulases and xylanases is due to
the presence of an extra disulfide bridge which was absent
in the majority of mesophilic xylanases and to an extent of
an increased density of charged residues throughout the
protein [71]. Important enzymes involved in composting
process include cellulase, protease, lipases, phosphates
and arlyl sulphatases. High levels of protease, lipase and
cellulose activities have been detected throughout the
active phase of composting [72].
Goyal et al. [73] reported that the activities of
cellulases, xylanases and proteases were maximum
between 30 and 60 days of composting in various wastes.
Similar trend was observed with respect to mesophilic
bacterial and fungal population. Various quality
parameters like C:N ratio, water soluble carbon (WSC),
CO2 evolution and level of humic substances were
compared after 90 day composting. Statistically significant
correlation between C:N ratio, CO2 evolution, WSC and
humic substances were observed.
Factors Controlling Composting
Moisture: Optimum moisture content is essential for the
microbial degradation of organic wastes. Aerobic
decomposition can proceed at moisture content between
30 and 100 per cent if aeration can be provided. Initially
the moisture content may be between 45 and 75 per cent
with 50 to 65 per cent as optimum.
The materials can be stabilized at various moisture
levels depending upon several factors including initial
moisture, volatile solid content, turning frequency and
water added from rainfall. Floate [74] reported that
moisture content has less influence than temperature on
the decomposition of organic materials of plant and animal
origin. Consequently, high moisture content must be
avoided because water displaces air from the interstices
between particles and creates anaerobic conditions.
Very low moisture content may deprive the organisms of
2035
2036
2037
2038
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
REFERENCES
1.
2.
14.
2039
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
2040
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
composted
pressmud
and
vermicomposted
pressmud, Report and Opinion, 2(3): 79-82.
Bhosale, P.R., S.G. Chonde, D.B. Nakade and
P.D. Raut, 2012. Studies on Physico-chemical
characteristics of Waxed and Dewaxed Pressmud and
its effect on Water Holding Capacity of Soil, ISCA
Journal of Biological Sciences, 1(1): 35-41.
Ramaswamy, P.P., 1999. Recycling of agricultural and
agro-industry waste for sustainable agricultural
production. Journal of Indian Society and Soil
Science, 47(4): 661-665.
Rakkiyappan, P., P. Gopalasundaram and R.
Radhamani, 2005. Recycling of sugar and distillery
industry wastes by composting technology. 37th meet
of Sugarcane Research and Development Workers of
Tamil Nadu, Rajashree Sugars & Chem, Ltd, Theni,
Tamil Nadu, pp: 24-46.
Kapur, M.L. and R.S. Kanwar, 1989. Effect of
sulphitation and carbonation pressmud cakes and
farm yard manure on the accumulation and movement
of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium. Journal
Indian Society and Soil Science, 37: 56-60.
Virendrakumar, R and B. Mishra. 1991. Effect of two
types of pressmud cake on growth of rice-maize and
soil properties. Journal of Indian Society and Soil
Science, 39: 109-113.
Santhi, R. and G. Selvakumari, 2000. Use of organic
sources of nutrients in crop production status,
In: Theme papers on integrated nutrient management.
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore,
India, pp: 87-101.
Raman, S., A.M. Patel, B.G. Shah and R.R. Kaswala,
1996. Feasibility of some industrial wastes for soil
improvement and crop production. Journal of Indian
sSociety and Soil Science, 44(1): 147-150.
Namita, Joshi and Sonal Sharma, 2010. Physicochemical characterization of sulphidation pressmud
composted
pressmud
and
vermicomposted
pressmud, Report and Opinion, 2(3): 79-82.
Bhosale, P.R., S.G. Chonde, D.B. Nakade and
P.D. Raut, 2012. Studies on Physico-chemical
characteristics of Waxed and Dewaxed Pressmud and
its effect on Water Holding Capacity of Soil, ISCA
Journal of Biological Sciences, 1(1): 35-41.
Waksman, S.A., 1952. Soil Microbiology. John Wiley
& Sons, Inc., New York, pp: 73.
Rhy, D.D.Y. and M. Mandels, 1980. Celluloses:
biosynthesis and applications. Enzyme Microbial
Technology, 2: 91-102.
Marchessault, R.H. and P.R. Sundararajan, 1993.
Cellulose. pp. 11-95. In: G.O. Aspinall, (ed.). The
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
2041
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
2042
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
2043
2044