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"BE" PRESENTE: AFIRMATIVO

USO:
Para conectar el sujeto con el resto de la sentencia.
FORMA:
am, is, are (en el the Present Tense)
[SUBJECT + BE + REST OF SENTENCE]
I
You
He
She
It

am
are
is
is
is

We
You
They

are
are
are

EJEMPLOS:
"My name is Maurice."
"I am your waiter."
"We are hungry."
"BE" PRESENTE: PREGUNTAS SI/NO
USO:
Realizar preguntas cuya respuesta sea "yes" o "not".
.
FORMA:
El sujeto y el verbo cambian de lugar.
Afirmativa:
Pregunta Si/No:

They are at work.

Are they at work?

Afirmativa:
Pregunta Si/No:

That store is expensive.

Is that store expensive?

EJEMPLOS:
"Are you angry?"
"Is Bob in France?"

"BE" PRESENTE: CONTRACCIONES

USO:
Unir el sujeto y la forma de "BE" y convertirlos en una palabra. Se utiliza en conversacin.
FORMA:
FORMAS AFIRMATIVAS
Regular Form
I am
You are
He is
She is
It is
We are
You are
They are

Contracted Form
I'm
You're
He's
She's
It's
We're
You're
They're

FORMAS NEGATIVAS
Forma regular
I am not
You are not
He is not
She is not
It is not

Forma contraida
I'm not
You're not
You aren't
He's not
He isn't
She's not
She isn't
It's not
It isn't

We are not
You are not
They are not

We're not
You're not
They're not

We aren't
You aren't
They aren't

EJEMPLOS:
"Who's next?"
"I'm next!"
"No, you aren't. We'renext!"
"BE" PRESENTE: RESPUESTAS CORTAS
USO:
Para responder a una pregunta si/no.
FORM:
[SI + SUJETO + BE]
(nunca con contracciones)

n.

[NO + SUJETO + BE + NOT]

(con frecuencia con contracciones)
AFIRMATIVO
Yes, I am.
Yes, you are.
Yes, he is.
Yes, she is.
Yes, it is.
Yes, we are.
Yes, you are.
Yes, they are.
NEGATIVO
No, I'm not.
No, you're not.
No, he's not.
No, it's not.

No, you aren't.

No, he isn't.
No, it isn't.

No, we're not.

No, you're not.
No, they're not.

No, we aren't.
No, you aren't.
No, they aren't.

EJEMPLOS:
"Is this your dog?"
"Yes, it is."
"Is this your dog?"
"No, it isn't."
THIS/THAT THESE/THOSE
USO:
Indicar objetos especficos.
FORMA:
"This"/"That"
se utilizan con sustantivos en singular
"These"/"Those"
se utilizan con sustantivos en plural
"This"/"These"
se emplean con sustantivos cercanos al hablante
"That"/"Those"
se emplean con sustantivos que no estn cerca del hablante

EJEMPLOS:
"Is this your hat?"
(Un sombrero especfico cercano a la persona que habla.)
"No, that is my hat."
(Un sombrero especfico que est un poco ms lejos.)
"Are these your gloves?"
(Guantes especficos que estn cerca.)
"No, those are my gloves."
(Guantes especficos que estn ms lejos.)
"I'm going to visit friends this Friday."
(El viernes especfico, ms cercano en el tiempo.)
SUSTANTIVOS: SINGULAR/PLURAL
USO:
Indicar dos o ms unidades del mismo objeto.
FORMA:
Aadir una "s" al sustantivo.
a dollar many guitars
a guitar two dollar
Muchos sustantivos cambian su ortografa al hacer el plural.
Cuando un sustantivo termina en "s", "ss", "x", "sh" o "ch", aadir "es".
a watch
watches
NOTA: "es" se pronuncia "ez"
Cuando un sustantivo acaba en consonante + "y" cambiar la "y" por "i" y aadir "es".
a baby
babies
Cuando un sustantivo termina en "o", a veces aadir "es".
a potato
potatoes
PERO
a radio
radios
Cuando un sustantivo acaba en "f" o "fe", cambiar la "f" por "v" y aadir "es" o "s".a shelf shelves
A veces la forma plural del sustantivo parece totalmente distinta:
a foot / feet
a woman / women

a man / men
a mouse / mice
a person / people
a child / children
THERE IS / THERE ARE
USO:
Indicar que algo existe o est presente.
FORMA:
Singular: [THERE IS + RESTO DE LA ORACIN]
Plural: [THERE ARE + RESTO DE LA ORACIN]
Interrogaciones: [IS/ARE THERE + RESTO DE LA ORACIN]
EJEMPLOS:
"Are there any cookies left?"
"There is one more left."
ARTICULOS
USO:
"a" y "an" se utilizan con todos los sustantivos contables en singular.
"the" se utiliza para referirse a un sustantivo especfico, singular o plural.
FORMA:
Con las palabras que comienzan por consonante se utiliza la forma "a". Las palabras que comienzan por
vocal utilizan la forma "an".
EJEMPLOS:
"Give me a sandwich please."
(Sandwich es singular y puede contarse.)
"This is a dog."
(Dog comienza por "d", una consonante.)
"This is an orange."
(Orange comienza por "o", una vocal.)
"I want the English book."
"I want the English books."
("the" se utiliza igualmente con sustantivos en plural o en singular.)
"I want water, please."
"I want the water, please."
(Water no puede contarse, por tanto solo puede utilizarse "the" y no "a".)

PRESENTE PROGRESIVO: AFIRMATIVO

USO:
Describir acciones que estn ocurriendo ahora o en el futuro.
FORMA:
[SUJETO + BE + VERBOing + RESTO DE LA ORACIN]
I
You
He/She/It

am
are

We
You
They

are
are
are

is

waiting
for you.
eating
my cake.
sleeping
now.
going
walking
studying

tomorrow.
too fast.
English this year.

EJEMPLOS:
"I am trying to study."
"He is eating an apple."
"Our secretary is eating lunch."
"We are meeting them tonight."
PRESENTE PROGRESIVO: PREGUNTAS SI/NO
USO:
Realizar preguntas que requieren "s" o "no" como respuesta
FORMA
El sujeto y la forma de "BE" cambian de lugar.
Enunciado:
Pregunta SI/NO:

He is sleeping.
Is he sleeping?

Enunciado:
Pregunta SI/NO:

They are working now.

Are they working now?

EJEMPLOS:
"Are you listening to me?"
"Is your sister moving to New York?"
PRESENTE PROGRESIVO: RESPUESTAS CORTAS
USO:
Responder a una pregunta s/no.

FORMA:
[YES + SUJETO + BE] (nunca se utiliza con contracciones)
[NO + SUJETO + BE + NOT] (a menudo se utiliza con contracciones)
AFIRMATIVA
Yes, I am.
Yes, you are.
Yes, he is.
Yes, she is.
Yes, it is.
Yes, we are.
Yes, you are.
Yes, they are.
NEGATIVA
No, I'm not.
No, you're not.
No, he's not.
No, it's not.

No, you aren't.

No, he isn't.
No, it isn't.

No, we're not.

No, you're not.
No, they're not.

No, we aren't.
No, you aren't.
No, they aren't.

EJEMPLOS:
"Marie, are you enjoying the party?"
"Yes, I am."
"Are we leaving now?"
"No, we aren't."

PRESENTE PROGRESIVO: NEGATIVO

USO:
Describir una accin que no est ocurriendo ahora o en el futuro.
FORMA:
[SUJET + BE + NOT + VERBO+ing (+ REST)]
I
am not
driving.
You
are not
listening.
She
is not
working.
He
is not
working.
It
is not
working.

We
You
They

are not
are not
are not

studying.
waiting.
talking.

EJEMPLOS:
"It is not raining anymore."
"I am not going to the party tonight."

PRESENTE PROGRESIVO: PREGUNTAS -WH

USO:
Realizar preguntas que comienzan con las siguientes palabras de interrogacin: WHAT, WHEN,
WHERE, WHO, WHY, HOW
FORMA:
[PALABRA DE INTERROGACIN + BE + SUJETO + VERBOing + RESTO]
NOTA: el sujeto y la forma de "BE" cambian de lugar.
They are working at home now.
Are they working at home now?
Where are they working now? (Wh-Question)
EJEMPLO:
"What are you doing now?"
"I'm watching a movie on TV."

"BE" PRESENTE: NEGATIVO

USO:
Hacer una sentencia negativa
FORMA:
Agregar "not" despues del verbo "BE".
[SUJETO + BE + NOT + RESTO DE LA SENTENCIA]
I
You
She
He
It

am not
are not
is not
is not
is not

We
You
They

are not
are not
are not

EJEMPLOS:
"This dress is not my size."
"They are not happy."

PRESENTE PROGRESIVO: CAMBIOS DE ORTOGRAFIA

USO:
La ortografa de algunos verbos cambia cuando se aade "ing".
FORMA:
En la mayora de los verbos que terminan en consonante- vocal-consonante, se duplica la ltima letra:
stop - stopping
En los verbos que acaban en "e", eliminar la"e" antes de aadir "ing":
have - having
give - giving
EJEMPLOS:
"I'm having a great time in Paris."
"The bus driver is stopping the bus."
SUSTANTIVOS: POSESIVO
USO:
Mostrar a quin o a qu pertenece una cosa.
FORMA:
Aadir " 's " al nombre de la persona, lugar o cosa a la que pertenece el sustantivo. En los sustantivos
en plural, colocar el " ' " despus de la "s".
EJEMPLOS:
"The boy's pizza."
(La pizza pertenece al nio.)
"The boys' pizza."
(La pizza pertenece a los nios.)

PRESENTE PROGRESIVO: CONTRACCIONES

USO:
Unir el sujeto y la forma de "BE" y convertirlos en una palabra. Se emplea en conversacin.
FORMA:
FORMAS AFIRMATIVAS

Forma Regular
I am going.
You are going.
He is going.
She is going.
It is going.
We are going.
You are going.
They are going.

Forma Contrada
I'm going.
You're going.
He's going.
She's going.
It's going.
We're going.
You're going.
They're going.

EJEMPLOS:
He is taking the bus.
He's taking the bus.
FORMAS NEGATIVAS
I'm not working.
You're not working.
He's not working.
She's not working.
It's not working

You aren't working.

He isn't working.
She isn't working.
It isn't working.

We're not working.

You're not working.
They're not working.

We aren't working.
You aren't working.
They aren't working.

EJEMPLOS:
"Frank is not driving to work today."
"Frank isn't driving to work today."
"Frank's not driving to work today."

PRONOBRES: SUJETO
USE:
Hacer referencia al sujeto de una oracin en lugar de utilizar nombres propios.
FORMA:
Para referirse a personas: I, you, he, she, we, they
Para referirse a cosas: it, they
EJEMPLO:
"I am Mack."
"She is Matilda."
"He is little Spike."
"We are your new neighbors."

PRONOMBRES: OBJETO
USO:
Hacer referencia al objeto de una oracin en lugar de utilizar un nombre propio.
FORMA:
Para referirse a personas: me, you, him, her, us, them
Para referirse a cosas: it, them
EJEMPLOS:
"Do you know him?"
"No, but I know her; she's my boss!"

PRONOBRES: POSESIVO
USO:
Indicar pertenencia sin utilizar el nombre del propietario.
FORMA:
ADJETIVO
Seguido siempre por el sustantivo al cual describe: my, your, his,
her, its, our, their
SUSTANTIVO
Sin el sustantivo al cual que describe: mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs
EJEMPLOS:
"Is it your turn?"
"No, it's his."
"It's not my turn, it's hers."

BE PASADO: FRASES
USO:
Conectar el sujeto con el resto de la oracin y hablar acerca del pasado
AFIRMATIVO
FORMA:
[SUJETO + WAS/WERE + RESTO]
I/She/He/It
You/We/They

was
were

in the kitchen.
late.

NEGATIVO
FORMA:
[SUJETO + WAS/WERE + NOT + RESTO]
WASN'T/WEREN'T
I/She/He/It
was not
angry.
I/She/He/It
wasn't
here.
You/We/They
You/We/They

were not
weren't

early.
on time.

EJEMPLOS:
"Diana was at home yesterday."
"She wasn't at school."
"They were late to work."
"They weren't early."

BE PAST: PREGUNTAS
PREGUNTAS SI/NO
USO:
Realizar preguntas cuya respuesta es "s" o "no".
FORMA:
El sujeto y el verbo cambian de lugar.
Afirmativa: They were at home.
Pregunta Si/No: Were they at home?
Negativa: He wasn't at school.
Pregunta Si/No: Wasn't he at school?(Se utilizan siempre con contracciones.)
Respuestas:

Yes, I was.
No, I wasn't.

PREGUNTAS-WH
USO:
Realizar preguntas que comienzan con estasexpresiones interrogativas:WHAT, WHEN, WHERE,
WHO, WHY, HOW.
FORMA:

Preguntas acerca del SUJETO:

[PALABRA-WH + BE PAST + RESTO DE LA SENTENCIA]
Afirmativa: Juan was at home.
pREGUNTA -Wh: Who was at home?
Preguntas acerca del RESTO DE LA ORACIN:
[WH-WORD + BE PAST + SUBJECT + REST OF SENTENCE]
Afirmativa: He was in Philadelphia.
Pregunta - Wh Where was he?
Afirmativa: He was there in 1990.
Pregunta - Wh: When was he there?
EJEMPLOS:
Police: "Where were you last nightat 9:30?"
Man: "I was at home all night."
Police: "Was Big Bob with you?"
Man: "No, he wasn't. I was alone."

SUSTANTIVOS y QUANTIFICADORES:
SUSTANTIVOS INCONTABLES y CUANTIFICADORES
USO:
Los cuantificadores son palabras o frases
que indican el nmero o la cantidad de
un objeto. Algunos cuantificadores se emplean tanto con sustantivos como con incontables. Otros solo
se utilizan
con sustantivos contables o incontables
pero no con ambos.
RECUERDA: Los sustantivos incontables toman solo la
forma singular del verbo!
some (enunciado):
"There is some water in your glass."
any (preguntas y sentencias negative):
"Is there any money in the handbag?"
"There isn't any time left."
a lot of
"There is a lot of butter on your bread."

much
"I haven't got much money."
"How much milk do you want?"
a little
"I only want a little juice."

NOUNS AND QUANTIFIERS:

COUNT NOUNS and QUANTIFIERS
USE:
Quantifiers are words or phrases which show the number or amount of an object. Some quantifiers are
used with both count and non-count nouns. Some other quantifiers are used only with either non-count
nouns or count nouns, but not with both.
some (statements):
"There are some books on the shelf."
any (questions and negative sentences):
"Are there any girls in your class?"
"There aren't any onions in the salad."
a lot of
"There are a lot of red apples."
many
"I haven't got many friends."
"How many chairs are in that classroom?"
a few
"He has a few books."
EXAMPLE:
"Are there any small nails down there, Harry?"
"Sorry, there aren't any, but I have some big nails.
Is that OK?"

PRESENTE SIMPLE: ENUNCIADOS

USO:
Hablar de acciones, estados o hechos que suceden en cualquier momento, de forma repetida o
continuamente.

AFIRMATIVA
FORMA:
La tercera persona del singular aaden una -s final.
[SUJETO + VERBO(s) + RESTO DE LA ORACIN
I/You/We/They
He/She/It

work
has

in a bank.
brown eyes.

ORTOGRAFIA
Los verbos que acaban en ss, sh, ch, x, o aaden la terminacin es a la tercera persona del singular.
kisses,matches, goes, watches
Para verbos que terminan en la consonante + y,cambian la y por la terminacin -ies:
carry/carries,try/tries, copy/copies
NOTA: el presente simple se utiliza tambin con adverbios y frases adverbiales: Always, Never,
Often,Sometimes, Usually, Every day/week, On Sundays, Twice a month, year, etc.
EJEMPLOS:
"I often go to basketball games."
"He never watches TV."
"My brother goes to the health club twice a week."
"I always have coffee for breakfast."
NEGATIVA
FORMA:
[SUJETO+ DO NOT/DON'T+ VERBO+ RESTO DE LA ORACIN] DOES NOT/DOESN'T)
I/You/We/They
He/She/It

don't drive
doesn't have

in the city.
brown eyes..

EJEMPLO:
"Bill calls Mary, but he doesn't call me."

PRESENT SIMPLE: YES/NO QUESTIONS

QUESTIONS
USE:
To ask questions about actions in general time that need an answer of "yes" or "no".
FORM:

Put DO or DOES in front of the subject.

[DO/DOES + SUBJECT + VERB + REST]
Does
Do

he/she/it
I

AFFIRMATIVE:
YES/NO QUESTION:

like
know

milk?
him?

She likes milk.

Does she like milk?

ANSWERS
USE:
To answer a yes/no question.
FORM:
[YES,
Yes,
Yes,
[NO,
No,
No,

SUBJECT +
I/you/we/they
he/she/it
SUBJECT +
I/you/we/they
he/she/it

DO/DOES]
do.
does.
DON'T/DOESN'T]
don't.
doesn't.

EXAMPLES:
"Do you work on Saturdays?"
"Yes, I do."
"Does he work on Saturdays?"
"No, he doesn't."

PRESENTE SIMPLE: Preguntas Wh

USO:
Realizar preguntas acerca de acciones en tiempo general
que comienzan con los siguientes interrogativos: WHAT, WHEN, WHERE, WHO, WHY, HOW.
FORMA:
Preguntas acerca del SUJETO:
[WHO-WHAT + VERBO + RESTO]
Who
lives
here?
Preguntas acerca del RESTO DE LA ORACION:
[WH-WORD + DO/DOES... VERBO...]
When
do
you

go home?

Where

does

he

live?

EJEMPLOS:
"Who lives in that house?"
"The Porters."
"What does Jack want to do?"
"Go to the movies.
"Where do they work?"
"At the bank."

COMPARACIN: IGUALDAD
USO:
Comparar dos personas o cosas que son semejantes.
FORMA:
AFIRMATIVA:
[AS + ADJETIVO + AS]
Bob is as tall as Marty.
NEGATIVA:
[NOT AS + ADJETIVO + AS]
Her hair is not as long as mine.

COMPARACIN: COMPARATIVOS
USO:
Comparar una o ms persona(s)/cosa(s)con otras personas/cosas.
FORMA:
[FORMA COMPARATIVA DE ADJETIVO + THAN]
John is older than Bart.
Betty is more beautiful than Barbara.
La mayora de adjetivos aaden la terminacin -er:
long/longer, old/older, tall/taller
Los adjetivos que acaban en -e toman la terminacin -r:
nice/nicer, late/later

Los adjetivos que acaban en vocal + consonante

duplican la consonante:
fat/fatter, big/bigger, hot/hotter
En los adjetivos que acaban en y, eliminar la y; aadir la terminacin -ier:
happy/happier, easy/easier
La mayora de los adjetivos de dos o ms slabas
forman el comparativo con more:
intelligent - more intelligent
beautiful - more beautiful
Los adjetivos "good" y "bad" tienen una forma comparativa irregular:
good - better
bad - worse
EJEMPLOS:
Todd: "Samurai Sam is winning. He's stronger than Viking Vick."
Ron: "Yes, and he's more popular, too!"

COMPARACIN: SUPERLATIVOS
USO:
Comparar una o ms personas o cosas con
un grupo.
FORMA:
[THE + FORMA SUPERLATIVA DE ADJETIVO]
John is the tallest boy in the class.
They are the most beautiful shoes in the store.
La mayora de los adjetivos adquieren la terminacin -est: long/longest, old/oldest
Los adjetivos que acaban en -e toman -st: nice/nicest, late/latest
Los adjectives que terminan en una vocal + consonante duplican la consonante: fat/fattest, big/biggest,
hot/hottest
Los adjetivos que acaban en y eliminan la y; aaden la terminacin -iest:
happy/happiest, easy/easiest
La mayora de los adjetivos de dos o ms slabas
forman el superlativo con most:

honest - most honest

beautiful - most beautiful
The adjectives "good" and "bad" have an irregular superlative form:
good - best
bad - worst
EJEMPLOS:
"Come to Mad Mo's. We have the cheapest,
the biggest, the most terrific store in New York! We are the best!"

PASADO SIMPLE: ENUNCIADOS

USO:
Hablar acerca de acciones y hechos del pasado.
AFIRMATIVO
FORMA:
El pretrito simple de los verbos regulares acaba en -ed.
[SUJETO + VERBO+ed + REST]
EJEMPLOS:
"Joe
"We

walked
played

home alone last night."

football last week."

SPELLING
Los verbos que acaban en -e solo aaden -d: live/lived.
Los verbos que acaban en consonante + y cambian la y por i:
carry / carried
try/ tried
NOTA: el pretrito simple se utiliza a menudo con adverbios: Yesterday, Last week/month/year, A...
ago.
NEGATIVO
FORMA:
Poner did not (didn't) antes del verbo.
[SUJETO + DID NOT + VERBO + RESTO DE LA ORACIN]
/DIDN'T
They
did not
call
me last week.
Ruth
didn't
study
last night.

EJEMPLOS:
"He didn't work at all last week."
"I didn't like the movie last night."

PASADO SIMPLE: VERBOS IRREGULARES

FORMA:
Algunos verbos tienen formas irregulares en el pretrito simple. Tiene que aprendrselos de memoria.
Estos son algunos de los verbos
verbos frequentes :
come do drink eat find get drive go have hear know leave make meet -

came
did
drank
ate
found
got
drove
went
had
heard

put read say sell sit sleep speak take tell think -

put
read
said
sold
sat
slept

spoke
took
told
thought
knew
understand understood
left
wear wore
made
write wrote
met

PASADO SIMPLE: PREGUNTAS

PREGUNTAS SI/NO
USO:
Realizar preguntas acerca de acciones/hechos del pasado cuya respuesta es "s" o "no".
FORMA:
Put DID / DIDN'T delante del sujeto.
[DID / DIDN'T + SUJETO + VERBO + RESTO]
Did
Didn't

you
they

walk
buy

yesterday?
the book last week?

PREGUNTAS - WH
USO:
Realizar preguntas acerca del pasado que comienzancon estos interrogativos: WHAT, WHEN,

WHERE, WHO, WHY, HOW.

FORMA:
Questions about the SUBJECT:
[WHO/WHAT + PAST VERBO + RESTO]
Who
told
him?
What
made
that noise?
Preguntas acerca del RESTO DE LA SENTENCIA:
[PALABRA-WH + DID + VERBO...]
When
did
you
leave school?
Where
did
they
buy that?
EJEMPLOS:
John: "Did you ask the boss about money?"
Rose: "Yes, I did."
John: "Well, what did she say?"
Rose: "She said no."

PRESENTE SIMPLE: PREGUNTAS CON COLETILLA

USO:
Realizar una pregunta s/no cuando ya answer is already expected.
FORMA:
Aadir una pregunta corta de dos palabras al final de la frase.
Si se espera un "s":
[ORACIN AFIRMATIVA + DON'T/DOESN'T + SUJETO]
You drive,
Carl paints,

don't
doesn't

you?
he?

Si se espera un "no":
[ORACIN NEGATIVA + DON'T/DOESN'T + SUJETO]
You don't smoke,
Mary doesn't drive,

do
does

you?
she?

EJEMPLOS:
"You like coffee, don't you?"
"Yes, I do." (La respuesta esperada es un "si")
"She doesn't work here, does she?"
"No, she doesn't."(La respuesta esperada es un "no".)

MODALES y SEMI-MODALES: CAN

USO:
El modal CAN se utiliza con verbos y aade un significado especial. Como la mayora de los
modales,CAN tiene ms de un significado.
SIGNIFICADO:
"Joe can speak French." (HABILIDAD)
"You can leave early." (PERMISO)
"It can be hot here." (POSIBILIDAD)
FORMA:
Al igual que otros modales, CAN va antesdel verbo y tiene solo una forma.
AFIRMATIVO
[CAN + VERBO]
John can swim quickly.
You can go to the movies with your friends.
NEGATIVO
[CAN + NOT + VERBO]
Diane can't swim.
Beth cannot meet us tonight.
PREGUNTAS SI/NO
[CAN + SUJETO + VERBO + RESTO DE LA ORACION]
Can you help me?
Can Ileave now?
Respuestas:
Yes, you can.
No, you cannot/can't.
PREGUNTAS - WH
[PALABRA-WH + CAN... VERBO...]
When can you help me?
EJEMPLOS:
Danny: "Can you open it?"
Keith: "No, I can't. I can't open it."
Danny: "Let's ask Butch. He can do it."