CHEMISTRY 103 Help Sheet #3

Chapter 3 (Part I)
Prepared by Dr. Tony Jacob
http://www.chem.wisc.edu/areas/clc (Resource page)
Nuggets: Types of Reactions; Mole Calculations; Molar Mass; Mass %; Empirical/Molecular formulas
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS: reactants (the starting reagents) yield products (the ending materials)
Be able to balance chemical equations; balanced reaction means the number of atoms and total charges on
each side of the reaction are the same
TYPES OF REACTIONS (more reactions shown in chapter 4)
Combustion: Hydrocarbon (hydrogen + carbon) reacting with O2 to form H2O and CO2
CxHy + O2(g) CO2(g) + H2O(g) (unbalanced)
in the context of Chem 103, a combustion reaction consumes O2 and produces CO2 and H2O
Combination: 2 or more substances combine to form one compound
6Mg(s) + 2N2(g) 2Mg3N2(s)
Decomposition: one compound breaks apart (decomposes) into multiple substances
H2CO3(aq) H2O(l) + CO2(g)
MOLE - a number equal to 6.022 x 1023 units (abbreviated mol)
Average atomic weights on Periodic Table (number below symbol) = weight in grams for 1 mol of that element
MOLAR MASS = sum of the individual elemental atomic weights
Example: Molar mass Ca(NO3)2 = 1(AWCa) + 2(AWN) + 6(AWO) = 1(40.08) + 2(14.01) + 6(16.00) = 164.10g Ca(NO3)2/1mol Ca(NO3)2

MASS PERCENT of elements within a compound

# molA x AWA
massA
x 100%
mass%A =
x 100% and mass%A =
molar mass compound
total mass
Example: Mass% N in Ca(NO3)2:
1. Assume 1 mol total mass = 164g; 2. Mass% N = [mass N/total mass] x 100% = [2(14.0)/164] x 100% = 17.1% N

! EMPIRICAL FORMULA: the simplest

! formula that shows the ratio between atoms
Determining empirical formula from mass percents:
1. Assume 100g
2. % g
3. g mol (if g originally given and not mass% start at step 3!)
4. Write chemical formula; divide by smallest number of moles
5. fractions: 1/2 (0.5) x2; 1/3 or 2/3 (0.33, 0.66) x 3; 1/4 or 3/4 (0.25, 0.75) x 4; need MW and
mass% to determine molecular formula
MOLECULAR FORMULA: the exact formula of a compound
For N2O4, the molecular formula is N2O4 and the empirical formula is NO2
You cant determine the molecular formula from mass percent, only the empirical formula
Determine Molecular Formula from Empirical formula using Molar Mass
molar mass of molecular formula
1. Determine ratio:
molar mass of empirical formula
2. Take empirical formula and multiply each subscript by the number from above ratio
!

Example: What is the empirical and molecular formula for an unknown compound that is 43.64% phosphorous and
56.36% oxygen with a molar mass of 283.88g/mol?
Empirical formula:
1. assume 100g
2. % grams: P: 43.64% x 100g = 43.64g P; O: 56.36% x 100g = 56.36g O
! 1mol!P $
! 1mol!O $
3. g mol: 43.64g!P #
& = 1.409mol!P ; 56.36g!O #
& = 3.523mol!O
" 30.97g!P %
" 16.00g!O %
4. Write EF: P1.409O3.523 and divide by smallest number of mol: 1.490: P1.409 O 3.523 !!!P1O2.500
1.409 1.409

5. Fractions: P1O2.500 !x!2!!!P2O5 = EF

Molecular formula:
1. Determine ratio: molecular formula mass/empirical formula mass; molecular formula mass given in problem;
empirical formula mass = 2(P) + 5(O) = 2(30.97) + 5(16.00) = 141.8; ratio: (283.88g/mol)/(141.8g/mol) = 2.00;
2. Multiply EF by ratio: P2O5 x 2 = P4P10 = molecular formula

CONVERTING BETWEEN MOL, GRAMS, AND ATOMS/MOLECULES

Use the flow chart to guide you for basic mole calculations
Example: How many grams of N are in 88.0g N2O?
This is a grams A grams B calculation; it requires 3 steps (counting the steps in the flow chart); in the calculation below, the fractions in the
parentheses have units on the bottom to cancel the prior units and units on the top that you want to end up with
! 1molN 2O $! 2molN $! 14.0gN $
st
88.0gN 2O #
&#
&#
& = 56.0gN (note: after 1 fraction units are mol A; after 2nd fraction units are mol B; after 3rd fraction units are gB)
" 44.0gN 2O %" 1molN 2O %" 1molN %

atoms or
molecules A

atoms or
molecules B

1 mol =
6.022 x 10 2 3

moles A

grams A

Chemical Rxn or
Chemical Formula

1 mol =
6.022 x 10 2 3

moles B

molar
mass

1. Balance the following equations.

a. Mg + SiO2 MgO + Si
c. CH3OH + O2 CO2 + H2O
e. P4O10 + H2O H3PO4

molar
mass

b. Ca(s) + N2(g) Ca3N2(s)

d. CaCl2 + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + NaCl
f. C6H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O

2. Write and balance reactions from the description given:

a. pentane (C5H12) is combusted
b. ethylene (C2H4) is combusted
c. sodium reacts with oxygen
d. calcium reacts with phosphorus
3. Write balanced reactions for each described reaction.
a. Dinitrogen pentaoxide reacts with water to form nitric acid
b. Ammonium nitrate decomposes to form dinitrogen monoxide and water
c. Manganese(II) carbonate breaks down to form manganese(II) oxide and carbon dioxide

grams B

4. a. Given 5.0g samples of H2O, N2O, and F2O, which of these samples has the most moles?
b. Which of these samples has the most molecules?
c. Which of these samples has the most atoms?
5. How many molecules of water will be found in 5.00ml H2O(l)? Assume the density of water is 0.997 g/ml.
6. If you have 1 gram each of the following elements, which contains the most atoms?
a. Na
b. F
c. S
d. O

e. all have the same

7. A flask contains 1.80 x 1024 molecules of O2. What is the mass of the oxygen in the flask?
8. Calculate the number of moles of each element present in 1.0 mol of the following substances:
a. NH3 b. Ca3(PO4)2 c. (NH4)2Cr2O7
9. How many moles are in each of the samples? a. 100.g H2O b. 500.g Fe c. 150.g Fe2O3
10. a. How many atoms of phosphorous are present in 1.0 mol Ca3(PO4)2?
b. How many grams of phosphorous are present in 1.0 mol Ca3(PO4)2?
c. How many moles of phosphorous are present in 1.0 g Ca3(PO4)2?
d. How many grams of phosphorous are present in 1.0 g Ca3(PO4)2?
11. a. Mercury, Hg, has a molar mass of 201g/mol. What does one atom of Hg weigh?
b. Acetone, CH3COCH3, has a molar mass of 58.1g/mol. What does one molecule of acetone weigh?
12. The mass of a single isotope of O2 is measured and found to weigh 5.978 x 10-23 grams. Which is the
correct isotopic version of O2?
a. 16O16O

b. 16O17O

c. 16O18O

d. 17O18O

e. 18O18O

13. The mass of a single isotope of H2O is measured and found to weigh 3.16 x 10-23 grams. Which is the
correct isotopic version of H2O?
a. 1H1H16O

b. 1H2H16O

c. 2H2H16O

d. 1H1H18O

e. 2H1H18O

14. What is the mass percent of nitrogen in ammonium carbonate, (NH4)2CO3?

15. Which compound has the highest mass percent of oxygen?
a. CO
b. CO2
c. CO3-2

d. H2O

e. all have the same

16. a. A compound is 52.2% by mass carbon and contains 2 carbon atoms per molecule. What is the molar mass
of this compound?
b. A compound is 46.7% by mass nitrogen with a molar mass of 60.0g/mol. How many nitrogen atoms are in
this molecule?
17. 15.00g of a metal chloride, MCl2, is completely broken into its elements and produces 9.583g Cl2. Identify
the metal, M.
18. A metal oxide, M2O, is 93.10% by mass metal, M. Calculate the atomic mass of the metal.

19. A compound of nitrogen and oxygen exists and contains 36.36% oxygen. What is its empirical formula?
20. The composition of adipic acid is 49.3% C, 6.9% H, and 43.8% O and the molar mass is 146 g/mol. What is
the empirical and molecular formula of adipic acid?
ANSWERS
1. a. 2Mg + SiO2 2MgO + Si b. 3Ca(s) + N2(g) Ca3N2(s) c. 2CH3OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 4H2O
d. CaCl2 + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + 2NaCl e. P4O10 + 6H2O 4H3PO4 f. 2C6H6 + 15O2 12CO2 + 6H2O
2. a. C5H12 + 8O2 5CO2 + 6H2O b. C2H4 + 3O2 2CO2 + 2H2O
c. 4Na(s) + O2(g) 2Na2O(s) d. 3Ca(s) + 2P(s) Ca3P2(s)
3. a. N2O5 + H2O 2HNO3 b. NH4NO3 N2O + 2H2O c. MnCO3 MnO + CO2
4. a. H2O (smallest molar mass) b. H2O (greatest mol) c. H2O (greatest mol and equivalent ratio of atoms per molecule)
5. 1.67 x 1023 molecules of water
6.

{D = m/V; m = D(V) = (0.997g/ml)(5.00) = 4.985gH2O;

4.985g H2O x (1mol H2O/18.02g H2O) x (6.022 x 1023 molecules H2O/1mol H2O) = 1.666 x 1023 molecules H2O}
d {if the mass is the same for each, then the atom/molecule that has the smallest mass will contain the most number of pieces or
atoms/molecules. Think about 10 pounds of ping pong balls, 10 pounds of tennis balls, and 10 pounds of baseballs; which will
there be the most balls? The lightest one will have the most; i.e., ping pong balls. The same is true with atoms or molecules.}
95.7g O2 {1.80 x 1024 molecules O2 x (1mol O2/6.022 x 1023 molecules O2) x (32.00g O2/1mol O2) = 95.65g O2}
a. 1.0 mol of N, 3.0 mol of H {1mol NH3 x (1mol N/1mol NH3) = 1mol N; 1mol NH3 x (3mol H/1mol NH3) = 3mol H}

7.
8.
b. 3.0 mol Ca, 2.0 mol P.0, 8.0 mol O

{1mol Ca3(PO4)2 x (3mol Ca/1mol Ca3(PO4)2) = 3mol Ca;

1mol Ca3(PO4)2 x (2mol P/1mol Ca3(PO4)2) = 2mol P; 1mol Ca3(PO4)2 x (8mol O/1mol Ca3(PO4)2) = 8mol O}

c. 2.0 mol N, 8.0 mol H.0, 2.0 mol Cr, 7.0 mol O {1mol (NH4)2Cr2O7 x (2mol N/1mol (NH4)2Cr2O7) = 2mol N;
1mol (NH4)2Cr2O7 x (8mol H/1mol (NH4)2Cr2O7) = 8mol H; 1mol (NH4)2Cr2O7 x (2mol Cr/1mol (NH4)2Cr2O7) = 2mol Cr;
1mol (NH4)2Cr2O7 x (7mol O/1mol (NH4)2Cr2O7) = 7mol O}

9. a. 5.55 mol H2O {100g H2O x (1mol H2O/18.02g H2O) = 5.549mol H2O}
b. 8.95 mol Fe {500g Fe x (1mol Fe/55.85g Fe) = 8.953mol Fe}
c. 0.939 mol Fe2O3 {150g Fe2O3 x (1mol Fe2O3/159.70g Fe2O3) = 0.9393mol Fe2O3}
10. a. 1.2 x 1024 atoms P {1mol Ca3(PO4)2 x (2mol P/1mol Ca3(PO4)2) x (6.022 x 1023atoms P/1mol P) =
b.

1.204 x 1024 atoms P}

62g P {1mol Ca3(PO4)2 x (2mol P/1mol Ca3(PO4)2) x (30.97g P/1mol P) = 61.94g P}

c. 6.5 x 10-3mol P {1g Ca3(PO4)2 x (1mol Ca3(PO4)2/310.2g Ca3(PO4)2) x (2mol P/1mol Ca3(PO4)2) = 6.448 x 10-3 mol P}
d. 0.20g P {1g Ca3(PO4)2 x (1mol Ca3(PO4)2/310.2g Ca3(PO4)2) x (2mol P/1mol Ca3(PO4)2) x (30.97g P/1mol P) = 0.1997g P}
11. a. 3.34 x 10-22g/atom Hg {201g Hg/1mol Hg) x (1mol Hg/6.022 x 1023 atoms Hg) = 3.338 x 10-22g/atom Hg}
b. 9.65 x 10-23g/molecule CH3COCH3 {58.1g CH3COCH3/1mol CH3COCH3) x
12.
13.
14.

(1mol CH3COCH3/6.022 x 1023 molecules CH3COCH3) = 9.648 x 10-23g/molecule CH3COCH3}

e {(5.978 x 10-23g/molecule O2) x (6.022 x 1023 molecules O2/1mol O2) = 36.00g/mol O2; now compare the 36 to the
masses of isotopic versions of O2; a = 32g/mol; b = 33g/mol; c = 34g/mol; d = 35g/mol; e = 36g/mol}
b {(3.16 x 10-23g/molecule H2O) x (6.022 x 1023 molecules H2O/1mol H2O) = 19.03g/mol H2O; now compare the 19 to the
masses of isotopic versions of H2O; a = 18g/mol; b = 19g/mol; c = 20g/mol; d = 20g/mol; e = 21g/mol}
29.2% {mass% N = (mass N/total mass) x 100%; assume 1 mol total mass = molar mass = 96.09g;
mass N = 1mol (NH4)2CO3 x (2mol N/1mol (NH4)2CO3) x (14.01g N/1mol N) = 28.02g N; mass% N = (28.02/96.09) x 100% =
29.16%}
{since there is more O in CO3-2 than in CO or CO2, CO and CO2 can be eliminated; could ballpark that there is more
%O in H2O because H is so small or do this with a calculation; for H2O: mass% O = 16/18 x 100% = 89%; for CO3-2:
mass% O = 48/60 x 100% = 80%}

15. d

16. a. 46.0g/mol {mass% A = [(#atoms A)(AWA)/(molar mass)] x 100%; 52.2 = [(2)(12.01)/(molar mass)] x 100;
molar mass = 46.02g/mol}

b. 2 atoms N {mass% A = [(#atoms A)(AWA)/(molar mass)] x 100%; 46.7 = [(x)(14.01)/(60.0)] x 100; x = 2atoms N}
17. Ca {Need to determine AW of M; to do this you need g M and mol M; gtotal = gM + gCl gM = 15.00 9.583 = 5.417g M;
mol M: 9.583g Cl2 x (1mol Cl2/70.90g Cl2) x (2mol Cl/1mol Cl2) x (1mol M/2mol Cl) = 0.1352mol M;
AWM = 5.417g M/0.1352mol M = 40.07g/mol Ca}

18. 107.9g/mol {Need to determine AW of M; to do this you need g M and mol M; assume 100g 93.10gM;
19.

if 93.10% is M, then 100.00%-93.10% = 6.90%O; 6.90g O x [1mol O/16.00g O] x [2mol M/1mol O] = 0.8625mol M;
93.10g M/0.8625mol M = 107.94g/mol}
N2O {36.36%O; 100-36.36 = 63.64%N; assume 100g; 36.36gO x (1mol O/16.00gO) = 2.273mol O;
63.64g N x (1mol N/14.01g N) = 4.452mol N; N4.452O2.273; divide by 2.273: N1.959O1 = N2O}

20. C3H5O2 is the empirical formula; C6H10O4 is the molecular formula

{assume 100g; 49.3gC x (1mol C/12.01gC) =

4.105mol C; 6.9g H x (1mol H/1.008g H) = 6.845mol H; 43.8g O x (1mol O/16.00g O) = 2.738mol O; C4.105H6.845O2.738;
divide by 2.738: C1.499H2.500O1 C1.5H2.5O1; fraction of 0.5 x2 C3H5O2 = EF; molar mass EF = 73.07g/mol;
ratio = molar massMF/molar massEF = 146/73.07 = 1.998 = 2; C3H5O2 x 2 = C6H10O4 = MF}