d=

NASA

Contractor

"_t

Report

182076

Aerodynamic
Preliminary
Analysis
System
II
Part I- Theory

E. Bonner, W Clever, and K Dunn

R(_KWELL INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION
Los Angeles, California, 90009

CONTRACT NAS1-18015

APRIL 1991

N/ A
National Aeronautics
Sr_aqe Administration

and

Langley Research Center

Hampton, Virginia 23665-5225

(_,JASA-CR- ] _3;?u76)
AFRO_DYNAM
ANALYSIq
SYSTFM
2. PART I:
[ntornation_l

Corp.)

14_

IC PEEL IMINARY
THEORY
(gockw_
i1
CSCL
OIA
p

N91-230_0

03/02

Unclds
0012354

AERODYNAMIC

PRELIMINARY

PART

By

North

American

E.

Bonner,

Aircraft

ANALYSIS

SYSTEM

II

I THEORY

W.

Clever,

Operations,

K.

Dunn

Rockwell

International

SUMMARY

An aerodynamic
analysis
system
based on potential
theory
at subsonic/
supersonic
speeds
and impact
type
finite
element
solutions
at hypersonic
conditions
is described.
Three-dimensional
configurations
having
multiple
non-planar
surfaces
of arbitrary
planform
and bodies
of non-circular
may be analyzed.
Static,
rotary,
and control
longitudinal
and
directional
characteristics
may be generated.

contour
lateral-

The
analysis
has
been
implemented
on a time
sharing
system
in
conjunction
with
an input
tablet
digitizer
and an interactive
graphics
input/output
display
and editing
terminal
to maximize
its responsiveness
to
the preliminary
analysis
problem.
Computation
times
on an IBM
3081
are
typically
less than one minute
of CPU/Mach
number
at subsonic,
supersonic
or
hypersonic
speeds.
Computation
times on PRIME 850 or a VAX 11/785
are
about
fifteen
times
longer
than
on the IBM.
The program
provides
an efficient
analysis
tradeoff

for
and

systematically
performing
evaluation
studies.

various

aerodynamic

configuration

TABLEOF CONTENTS
Page
i

INTRODUCTION
............................
LIST OF FIGURES .........................

SUBSONIC/SUPERSONIC
........................

Slender Body Solution .....................

Surface Solution ........................

19

Jet Flap ............................

40

Aerodynamic Characteristics
Drag Analysis

..................

54

.........................

70

HYPERSONIC............................
Aerodynamic Characteristics

45

..................

72

CONCLUSIONS
............................

74

REFERENCES
............................

75

APPENDIX
A SUBSONIC/SUPERSONIC
FINITE ELEMENT
DERIVATIONS....

78

APPENDIXB SURFACE
EDGEFORCES
..................

I01

APPENDIXC HYPERSONIC
FINITE ELEMENT
ANALYSIS ..........

116

ii

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure No.
IA
IB

Title
Singularities
Used to Simulate a Configuration .....
Singularities
Used to Simulate a
Configuration (M < I)
.................
Body Slope and Cross-sectional Variable ........
Cross-sectional Boundary Segmenting Scheme ......
Details of Variables Pertaining to Segmenti,i+l
of Boundary Cn .....................
Interpolation Procedure for Determination of
(a_/ax) i
pn

Coordinate

System
Constant

8
9
I0
II
12
13
A - i
A - 2
B I
B 2
B - 3
B-4

Page

"

"

"

....

Transformation

"

in Panel

of

....................
Normal
Section
Characteristics

Distant
Control
Surface
Geometry
............
Areas
and Forces
Pertinent
to the
Evaluation
of Wave Drag from the Far
Point of View
.....................

Mach

Cone
.

62

........

70
81

94

Envelope

......

Leading
Edge Suction
Region
.............
Wing Represented
By Line Segment
..........
Infinitely
Skewed
Wing Representation
........
Axis of Rotation
for First Transformation
in

I01
102
104
108

B-6
B-7

Leading
Edge Region
Axis of Rotation
for

................
Fourth
Transformation

B-IO

59
60

64

Configuration
Represented
by Surface
Quadrilarteral
Panels
.................
Integration
Over Panels
in X
Direction
o

30
39

Field

................
Second
Transformation
................
Third Transformation

B-9

......

Integration
of Momentum
Flux Trough
Large
Circular
Cylinder
...................
Trefftz
Plane Vortex
Wake Nomenclature
.........

Supersonic
Leading
Edge
Quadrilateral
Panels

18
19

Edge Region
Rotation
for
Edge Region
Rotation
for

B-8

........

14

Panel

Leading
Axis of
Leading
Axis of

B-5

"

8
I0
12

Reference

.......................
Pressure
or Constant
Source

Construction
Definition

in
109
in
Ii0
in

Leading
Edge Region
................
Axis of Rotation
for First Transformation
Along
Chord
.....................
Axis of Rotation
for Second
Transformation
Along Chord
.....................
Axis of Rotation
for Third Transformation

ii0

Along

114

Chord

.....................

iii

112
113

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
(continued)
Figure No.
Title
Page
C-I
C-2
C-3
C-4
C-5
C-6
C-7
C-8
C-9

Blunt Body Newtonian + Prandtl-Meyer Pressure

Results
.......................
Tangent-Cone and WedgeNotations ...........
WedgeFlow Shock Angle .................
WedgeFlow Angle Empirical Correlation
........
Conical Flow Shock Angle Empirical Correlation
Conical Flow Shock Angel Empirical Correlation
Delta Wing Centerline Shock Angle Correlation
Delta Wing Centerline Pressure Coefficient
Correlation
.....................
Force Componentson a Surface
............

iv

....
....
....

120
122
124
126
127
128
129
130
134

LIST

OF

TABLES

No.

I
A-I
A-2

Typical
Table
Table

Equivalent
of
of

X,
f,

Y,
7,

Sand

Roughness

Z Derivatives
f Derivatives

........

............
............

Page
57
99
i00

INTRODUCTION

Aerodynamic
numerical
analysis
has
developed
to a point
where
evaluation
of complete
aircraft
configurations
by a single
program
is
possible.
Programs
designed
for this purpose
in fact currently
exist,
but
are limited
in scope and abound
with
subtleties
requiring
the user
to be
highly
experienced.
Many
of the
difficulties
are
attributable
to the
numerical
sensitivity
of the associated
solution.
In preliminary
design
stages,
some degree
of approximation
is acceptable
in the interest
of modest
turn-around
time, reduced
computational
costs,
simplification
of input,
and
stability
and generality
of results.
The importance
of short elapsed
time
stems
from
the necessity
to systematically
survey
a large
number
of
candidate
advanced
configurations
or major component
geometric
parameters
in
a timely
manner.
Modest
computational
cost
allows
a greater
number
of
configurations
and/or
conditions
to be economically
investigated.
One approach
in this spirit
is to employ
panel
approximations
which
reduce
the
number
of simultaneous
equations
required
to satisfy
flow
boundary
conditions.
Surface
chord
plane
formulations,
locally
two
dimensional
crossflow
body
solutions
and
non-interfering
panel
simplifications
are examples
of approximations
which
can be used
for
this
purpose.
An alternative
approach
is to use surface
chord plane
formulations
again
for thin surfaces
which
can carry lift
and surface
panels
for
thick
body type regions.
Finite
limitations

element
analysis
and
estimated

for analyzing
general
at
modest
attitudes
compressible

when
viscous

combined
with
characteristics

aircraft
configurations
for
subsonic/supersonic

non-linearities

at high

Mach

and

numbers.

realistic
provides
aerodynamic
speeds
and

assessment
a valuable

of
tool

interactions
evaluation

of

LIST OF SYMBOLS
A
A

lj

Projected

oblique

Influence

coefficient.

to

panel

vortex

Area

of

cross-section

area

Normalwash

j of

unit

quadrilateral

at

control

point

i due

panel

strength

strength

panel

Reference

Local

Reference

cAV G

Average

chord

Cd

Section

drag

CD

Drag

coefficient

CF

Flat

plate

C.

Boundary

span

chord
chord

coefficient

average

skin

condition

for

friction

control

coefficient

point

C2

Section

C2,C m ' C n

Rolling,

CL

Lift

Section

C
P

lift

coefficient

pitching

and

yawing

Pressure

normal

force

coefficient

coefficient

(P-P)/q

Net

Leading

edge

suction

Leading

edge

thrust

coefficient

side,

normal

force

CT

Cx, Cy, Cz

coefficients

coefficient

C
pNET

moment

pressure

Axial,

coefficient

(P_-Pu)/q

coefficient

coefficient

and

vortex

(_ T)I(#T

Fx, Fy ' Fz

Force

g(x)

Axisymmetric

Radius

Unit
K

components

of

solution

curvature

vectors

Drag due
factor

outer

cross-sectional

in x,y,z

to

Equivalent

of

lift

to potential

direction

factor

distributed

or

boundary

respectively

skin

sand

equation

friction

grain

height

thickness

or

correction

attainable

suction

fraction

_(i,n)

Effective

length

Length

segment

i,

body

length

of

Equivalent

L/d

Body

fineness

Mach

number

Mx ' My ' Mz

Moment

i+l

of

or

contour

geometric

length

ratio

components

-+

Unit

p,q,r

Rolling,

normal
pitching

yawing

velocity

about

Nondimensional

Static

angular

velocities

pb/2U,

qc/2U

pressure

Prandtl

number

2
q

Free

Recovery

Unit

R[

x,

y and

p,q,r

and

stream

pressure,

I/(2pU

factor

Reynolds

Reynolds

Gas

dynamic

number

constant

number
based

or
on

radius
[ ]

of

curvature

and

rb/2U

Segment

arc

length

Body

SRE F

Reference

Static
leading

temperature
edge sweep

t/c

Airfoil

thickness

U,VpW

x,y,z

U,V

Freestream

V.

Jet

Complex

x,y,z

Body

axis

Cartesian

x,r,8

Body

axis

Cylindrical

Complex

cross-sectional

area

or

surface

area

area
0

nondimensional

of

quadrilateral

panel

perturbation

velocity

components

velocity

potential

number

Angle

of

Local

angle

Angle

of

function

of

attack

sideslip

or

Horseshoe

vortex

Deflection

or

surface

Kroneker

6.
3

Jet

6jT

Total

6v/6x

Body

Dihedral
thickness

system

coordinate

system

at

control

attack

Lateral

coordinate

y+iz

strength

Sweep

tangent

velocity

Vorticity

lj

or

ratio

6..

, R,

jet

unit

strength

impact

point

[II-M 2111/2

per

length

or

in Trefftz

ratio

of

specific

heats

plane

angle

coordinate

delta:

deflection

surface

i_j

i-j

angle

deflection

relative

to

trailing

edge

angle

slope
angle

angle

of

quadrilateral

panel

or boundary

layer

momentum

Absolute

viscosity

Kinematic

Density

Source

Side

viscosity,

density
edge

rotation

Perturbation

Total
See

Leading

camber

CG

center

edge

friction

lower

LE

leading

recovery

thickness

tip

TRAN

transition

upper

vortex

wave

of

potential

rotation

factor

gravity

conditions

surface
edge

point

surface

freestream

"

potential

edge

Subscript
c

factor

velocity

velocity

figure

Superscripts
'
first

_/p

condition

derivative

second

derivative

Eckert

reference

vector

quantity

or

quantity

temperature

based

on

condition

effective

origin

SUBSONIC/SUPERSONIC
The arbitrary
configurations
which maybe treated by the analysis are
simulated by a distribution
of source and vortex singularities.
Each of
these singularities
satisfies
the linearized small perturbation potential
equation of motion
2

4xx
The
flow

the

singularity
is tangent

4yy

+ 4zz

strengths
are obtained
to the local surface:
8@/On

=
by

0
satisfying

the

condition

that

= 0

All
of the resulting
velocities
and pressures
throughout
the flow may be
obtained
when
the singularity
strengths
are known.
A configuration
is
composed
of bodies,
interference
shells
and aerodynamic
surfaces
(wings,
canards,
tails etc.).
There are two alternative
types of singularities
used
to represent
the configuration.
Figure
I shows the first type, which
can be
used at all Mach numbers,
and figure
2 shows
an alternative
method,
which
can be used only at subsonic
Mach numbers.

wing

chord

fuselage

face

and

sourle

Figure

I A.

plane

nacelles

llne

and

vertical

source

and

tail

vortex

panels

_Jx

segments

Singularities

Used

"

vortex

to

Simulate

panels

a Configuration.

In
of

the

first

obtaining

nacelles,

an

is

revolution
component,

the

(y,z)

to

of

same

step

The

body

two-dimensional

the

surface

compressible

the

local

crossflow

is

this

surface

solution.

When

perturbation
other

regions

The
lift

the

effects

of

on

of

the

strength.

of
The

source

is
with
that

planar,

dihedral

may

be

For

while

the

spanwise

effects

of

twist,

centroid

of

each

panels,

an

surfaces

interference

induced

by

zero.

The

vortex

The
source

source

thin

and

for

except

conditions

are

those

panel

are

on

satisfied
of

its

at

body

which
usual

the

entirely

boundary
normal

each

chord.

effects

The

of

chord.

centroid

composed

velocity
the

transfer
mean

point

the

percent

panels

(although

the

control

attack

at

varying

The

the

of

shell,

satisfied

vortex

extending

stream

allows

at

the

are

or

numbers.

interference

of

program

linearly

free

nacelles.
the

this

lift,

singularities

single

87.5

and

and

source

plane

of

at

the

and
that

in

Mach
the

located

source

vorticies

theory

angle
and

by

chordwise

the

at

thickness

thickness

eliminate

interference

such

of

to
to

panel

fuselage

singularities,

boundary

or

Therefore,

simulated

trailing
of

is

effects

used

airfoil

point

account

are

the

of

supersonic

satisfied

camber,

the

determined,

of

of

the

conditions
to

the

it

surrounds,

control

shell
points

panels.

second
panels

arbitrary
The

on
shell

all

at

control

to

in

obtain

the

constant

to

conditions

vortex

used

of
use

option

non-circular,
is

are

to

surfaces,

be

incidence

are

the

used

aerodynamic

effects

system

since

conditions

is

independently.

can
the

The

no

boundary

thickness,

aerodynamic

for

and

allow

considered

having

edges

have

conditions

equation

strengths
the

distributions

an

panel

they

cylindrical,

vortex

vortex

as

of

crossflow

boundary

formulation

on

for

have

included),

boundary

panel.

be

infinity.

sonic

singularities

These

panels

a body

incompressible

Laplace's

The

for

theory

to

panels

provided

is

surfaces

and

downstream

are

airfoil

accounting

vortex

panel

+ _zz

of

and
uses

properties.

component

an

consists

fuselage
analysis

field

dimensional

solution

induce

surfaces

source

near

and

the

evaluated.

quadrilateral

to

associated

is

thin

and

three
a

procedure

present

axisymmetric

singularity

aerodynamic

The

form

undeflected

on

of

The

area

they
are

solution
simulating

distribution

body

field,

singularities

the

the

the

aerodynamic

respectively.
in

the
which

assumptions

and

vortex

source

velocities

the

solution.

_yy

in

singularities

cross-sectional

, satisfying

plane.

the

predict

composed

of

first

of

isolated

theory

solution

the

strengths

from

slender-body

the

method,

the

alternative
to

quadrilateral

aerodynamic
and

vortex

method

represent
shape

surfaces
panels

body

and

may

are
as

uses

the

were

be

constant

doublet

panels

and

surface.

These

panels

can

inclined

represented
used

in

by
the

to
the

first

the
same

method.

direction
type

of

constant
be

of

an

of

flow.

chord

plane

Alternative

fuselage
source
and

for

wing
and
plane
source

chord

- surface

method

doublet

panels

subsonic

flow

only

vertical
tail
and vortex
panels

Figure

i B.

This

second

Singularities

method

Used

can

be

to

used

Simulate

at

a Configuration

subsonic

Mach

(M <

numbers

i).

only.

At

supersonic
Mach
numbers,
the doublet
panels,
which
are
equivalent
to
quadrilateral
vorticies,
produce
infinite
perturbation
velocities
in certain
regions
of the
flow,
and thus cannot
be used.
The body source
and doublet
strengths
are chosen
to satisfy
both an arbitrary
normal
velocity
boundary
condition
on the body,

and
body

to have

zero

perturbation

a@lSn

- V

potential

in

n
the

entire

region

interior

to

the

surface.
_=0

The
Included

following
sections
are
discussions

define
of the

the details
of
isolated
body

the solution
procedure.
analysis,
surface
finite

element
analysis
considering
edge
effects,
and
evaluation
characteristics
including
drag.
References
are
cited
interested
in further
pursuing
a particular
point.

of aerodynamic
for
the reader

SLENDER

BODY

SOLUTION
1

2
'
the flow
body
may
be

According
to slender
body
theory
sufficiently
regular
three-dimensional
perturbation
potential
of the form
- _(y,z;x)
_(y,z;x)
is a
plane
satisfying

- jv

8_/an

near
by

+ kw

- O,

a
a

(i)

+ g(x)

solution
of the 2-D Laplace
equation
the following
boundary
conditions

V_

disturbance
represented

in

the

(y,z)

cross

flow

= 0

on

C(x)

(2)

C(x) and n are defined

in figure
2.
A general
solution
for _ may be
as the real part of a complex
potential
function
W(Z) with Z - y+iz.

written

oo

- R W
e

= R

[ A0(x)in

An(X)Z_n

n=l
A

useful

Green's

alternative
3
theorem.

representation

of

_ and

is obtainable

with

the

aid

of

r
I

R W e

-2 R

(3)

a(f)in(Z-f)ds
e J

C(x)
where

a(f)

coordinates

is
of

a "source"
a point

density
on

the

for

values

contour

C(x).

of

f - Yc

iz c'

(yc,Zc)

being

The function
g(x) obtained
by matching
_ of equation
(i) which
is valid
in the neighborhood
of the body with an appropriate
"outer"
solution,
g(x)
is then found to depend
explicity
on the Mach
number
M and
longitudinal
variation
of cross-sectional
areas S(x)

g(x)

I/(2_)[S'(x)In(0.5_)-I/2_S"(t)In(x-t)dt

-1/2

S'(0)In

-1/2

+I/2[IS"-x (t)in(t-x)dt

M<I

S'(1)in(l-x)]

(4)
g(x)

1/(2_)[

S'(x)ln(0.5_)

ix

M>I

S"(t)ln(x-t)dt]

oO

of

The body axis

equation
(I)

perturbation

velocities

are

obtained

by

differintiation

My, q

M
Z

5x

,p
X

II

c(x)

i(0 -_/2)
5_=5v

C(x+6x)
I

Figure

2.

Body

Slope

and

Cross-sectional

i0

Variables.

u = 4x = _x + g'(x)

v = 4y

At supersonic
speeds,
zone
w = 0 for x - _ r < 0.
Solution
of the
method
of reference

CROSS

FLOW

of

_Z

influence

preceding
3.

considerations

equations

is

based

require

on

an

that

extension

of

the

COMPONENT

The
reduction
of computations
to a numerical
procedure
utilizes
the
integral
representation
of _ given
in equation
(3) by discretization
of the
cross-sectional
boundary
into
a large
number
of short
linear
segments
(figure
3) over each of which
the source
density
a is assumed
constant
at a
value
determined
by boundary
conditions.
Computation
boundary

of

condition

a(i,n)

over

equation

the

(2)

represents
the velocity
vector,
cross
flow
plane
is obtained
respect
to Z:

The

contribution

by

the

- iw =

the

contribution

ot

each

segment

-2_

Noting
axis,

the

i+l

a(f)/(Z-_)

located

we

d_
and

i,

proceeds
of

the corresponding
by differentiation

sources

P.,
is first
evaluated.
j n
respect
to the horizontal

at

segment

that

If

i+l

- iw(j,n)]

-2a(i,n)e

"iS(i'n)

i,

i+l

makes

(5)

may

to

an

be

[Zj,_f]'ldf

[i,n

ii

+ kw

in the
(3) with

(5)

the

angle

velocity
0(i,n)

i8(i,n)

in equation

the

= q = _v

complex
velocity
of W in equation

fi+l,n
A[v(j,n)

V_

ds

segment
i,

applying

have

= ds

integral

on

by

written:

at
with

Si+ 1

)
i,n

i+l

Si. 1

Y
Cn+ 1

Figure

3.

Cross-section

Boundary

12

Cn

Segmenting

C n-i

Scheme.

After integration
of the last term and summation over all
segments, the result may be written
v(j ,n)-iw(j

,n)=-2_

o(i,n)e-iO(i'n){in[R(i+l,j

,n)/R(i,j

contributing

,n)]+i6(i,j

,n)}

(6)

i
in which

referring

defined

by

the

to

figure

4,

the

quantities

6(i,j,n)
insure

uniqueness

assigning
4, these
when

define
P.
l,n
to

of

values
to
are measured

facing

#(i,j,n)

point

just

2_.

The

= _(i,j,n)

complex

Pi+l,n'

angle

8(i,n)

6(i,j,n)

are

= _j ,n " [i ,n

to

same

point

right

holds

true

j,n

As

of

care

and
from
P

0(i,n)

the

@(i,j,n)

velocity,

the angles
_(i,j,n)
counter-clockwise

to

Pi,n

the

an
to

and

relationships

R(i 'j,n)e i#(i'j'n)

To

R(i,j,n)

be

exercised

_(i,j,n).
Referring
the positive
y-axis
just

.
Pj,n

i,i+l,

for

must

to

the

left

traverses

%b(i,j,n)

_(i,j,n)

of

as Pj,n

to figure
so that

i,i+l

path

increases

in

from

traverses

shall

around
0(i,n)

path

around
In consequence
of these
definitions
6(i,j,n)
becomes
-_ when
Pi+l ,n"
approaching
i,i+l from the right and _ when approaching
from the left.
This
discontinuity
reflects
that exhibited
by the stream
function
upon traversing
any closed
path which
encloses
a distribution
of finite
sources.
From

the

boundary

condition

-(a_/@n)j,n
After

substitution

of

equation

(2),

and

from

have

w(j ,n)cos8 (j ,n)

= v(j,n)sinS(j,n)
v

we

equation

(6),

this

last

expression

becomes
-(0_/0n)j,n

= _

a(j,i)a(i,n)

i
where

a(j,i)

2{sin[8(j,n)

6(i,j,n)

- 9(i,n)]

cos[8(j,n)

in[R(i+l,j,n)/R(i,j,n)]

- 8(i,n)]}

13

(7)

_(i ,j,n)

Pi+l,n

R(i+l,j,n)

6(i,j ,n)

n(i,n)

-_
u(i,n)
INFLUENCED

R(i,j

POINT

,n)

_(i,j ,n)

Figure

4.

Details

of Variables

Pertaining

14

to

Segment

i,i+l

of

Boundary

Cn.

The surface normal perturbation

velocity
(a_/an)j, n may be written
terms of the body slope (av/ax)j,n,
the angles of attack _, and sideslip
and the angular velocities p,q,r as
- (a_/an)j, n -

(av/ax)j ,n +

Satisfying
yields

equation

a set

of

AXISYMMETRIC

of

each

equations

for

of

+ py/U]

+ p(Z-Zcg)/U

the

points

P.
j,n

cosS(j,n)

] sinS(j,n)

on

a given

contour

boundary

a(i,n).

COMPONENT

the

of

improper

g'(Xn)

g(x)

i/(2_)

must

integrals

i/(4_)

-S'(0)/x

g'(x n)

[_ - r(X-Xcg)/U

7 at

Differentiation
nature

[_ + q(X-Xcg)/U

in

carried

S'(1)/(l-Xn)

out

-I)]

due

concern

(4).

)] + In(Xn)

S_(0)In

S"(Xn)in[0.25(M

with

in equation

S"(Xn)In[0.25(l-M

n +

1/2

be

appearing

The

for

result

the
is

- Jn(Xn)

Xn

- S"(1)In(l'Xn)}

Jn(Xn)

S"(0)In

M<I

M>I

Xn}

where
I
In(X n)

- _

n-I
In(xn-t)

S'''(t)dt

[Sm+
I''

- S"m_] in(Xm-Xn)

n
x
Jn(Xn)

m=n
n-I

- _o ln(xn't)

S'''(t)dt

[S"m+l-

S"m_] In(xn'Xm)

m=O
xm

To

compute

area

required

differences
Xm)/2
Finally
x

and

the

are

second
for

between
then

S"(Xm)

(Xm+l+

derivatives
g'(x),
Xm

found
is

Xm)/2

the

of

the

first

equivalent

derivatives

and

Xm+ I.

Second

by

finite

differences

determined

by

linear

at x

derivatives
between

interpolation

Xm+l"

15

body

cross-sectional

are

found

S"(Xm)
S'
of

at
S"

by

finite

at

Xm-(Xm+l

xm

and

"

(Xm)

Xm+l

between

PERTURBATION
VELOCITIES
The axial velocity u dependson a_/Sx and the axisymmetric solution
g'(x),
a_/Sx is obtained by differentiation
of the integral in equation (3)
to first obtain an exact expression which is then approximated by evaluating
the result over the segmentedboundary.
The derivation of 8_/8x must take into account the fact that the path of
integration
in equation
(3) is a function
of x.
Referring
to figure
2
increments
of a dependent
variable
taken along C(x) are denoted
by d( ) and
increments
taken
normal
to C are
denoted
by 6( ).
Differentiation
of
equation
(3) then yields
P

8_/8x

-2 R

[ _
e
J

(6o/6x)

+ _ _(f)
From

figure

To

evaluate

Introducing

a_/ax--2

Again,
constant

In(Z-f)

_
J

a(_)/(Z-_)(6_/6x)ds

(8)

(6(ds)/6x)]

2
6(ds)

where
h([)
from figure

in(Z-_)ds

is the
2

6G/6x

radius

we

of curvature

- 6u
of

ds/h([)

C(x)

e i(8

6_/6X

-- 6v/6X

6o/6x

- lim [a(i,n+l)
6x_o

(9),

_[(6a/6x)o

assuming
that
over i,i+l,

(a_/ax)j, n

6_d8

(9)

at

In

_.

addition,

we

0.5_)

have

(io)

note,

equations

Re{

(i0),

+ a/h

and

6v/6x

quantities

(ii)

into

a(i,n)]/6x

equation

I In(Z-_)ds

in

the

2 > {[(6a/6X)o

(Ii)

(8),

i _[o(6_,/6x)

brackets

of

+ o/h(6w/6x)]i,

the

I df/(Z-_)}

integrands

are

n A_(i,j,n)/a(i,n)

a(i,n)

(6u/6x)i,n

6(i,j,n)}

where
&_(i,j,n)/a(i,n)

= { R(i+l,j,n).](i,n)

in R(i+l,j,n)

R(i,j,n).](i,n)

in R(i,j,n)

R(i,j ,n)-_(i,n)

6(i,j,n)

2(i,n)
)

The
radius
approximated

of curvature
h(i,n)
at the mid-points
of

and
the

the
derivatives
segments
i,i+l
16

as

6G/6x,
follows

6u/6x

are

6a/6x

the

derivative

at

the

mid-point

of

the

interval

n
Xn

'Xn+l

a(i,n)

is
and

set

then

- referring
by

to

linear

figure

i/h

at

of

The

lateral

and

the

at

between

67

6fi,n
6w/6x

at

stations

between
these

displacement

represents
the

difference

interpolation

6a/6x

5,

between

x'

is

determined

and

6fi+l,n.

Xn"

Linear

then

yields

6w/6x

.
P.
l,n

8(i,n)

equal
at

divided

between

then

interpolation

the

Linear

yields

interpolation

6_/(Xn+l-Xn)

at

to

a(i,n+l).

derivatives

6v/6x

equal

to

is

determined

at

Pi,n

the

by

The

divided

interpolation

curvature

difference

I/h

between

at

between

Pi,n
@ at

values

is

then

Pi+l,n

set
and

P.
l,n.
vertical

perturbation

velocities,

and

, are

obtained

from

Integration

v(j,n)

over

iw

(j,n)

the

boundary

2_

iw

with

2 _

a(_)/(Z-[)

constant

ds

segment

source

density

a(i,n)eiS(i'n){In[R(i+l,j,n)/R(i,j,n)]

yields:

- i6(i,j,n)}

Thus

@y

>

o(i,n){In[R(i+l,j,n)/R(i,j,n)]cos

8(i,n)

6(i,j,n)

sin

8(i,n)}

a(i,n){In[R(i+l,j,n)/R(i,j,n)]sin

e(i,n)-

6(i,j

cos

0(i,n)}

w-

4z-

2 >
i

17

,n)

Pi+l.

6_i+i,

l,n

_(i,n)

-I

6Ui, n

Pi+l,

i%

C
n

Figure

5.

Interpolation

Procedure

for

18

Determination

n+l

of

(6w/6x)i,n.

SURFACE

CHORD

SOLUTION

PLANE

SOURCE

AND

VORTEX

PANELS

The wing,
canard,
vertical
and horizontal
tail
are
simulated
by a
system
of swept tapered
chord plane
source
and vortex
panels
with two edges
parallel
to the
free
stream.
The coordinates
of the panel
corners
are
specified
with
respect
to an (x,y,z)
system
having
its x-axis
in the free
stream
direction
and its z-axis
in the lift direction.
The panel
influence
equations
are written
in terms of a coordinate
system
having
a z-axis
normal
to the panel
and an x-axis
along
one
of
the
two
parallel
edges.
A
coordinate
transformation
is necessary
to obtain
the coordinates
in the
panel
reference
system.
If the plane of the panel
is inclined
at an angle
with
respect
to
the
y,z
plane
a
transformation
into
the
panel
coordinate
p
system

(Xp,yp,Zp)
X

is accomplished

as

shown

in

figure

6.

yp
z

cos

0p

- y

sin

+z

sin

+ z cos

control
point
panel

influencing

W
C

panel

Yp

jep
Y
U

vc =

Wc

Figure

6.

Coordinate

Transformation

19

v p cos

-Vp

in

sin

Panel

(0 c - 8p)

+ wP

sin

(0p-

0c)

(8 c-

+ Wp

cos

(gp-

8c)

8p)

Reference

System.

A transformation of the (Up,Vp,Wp) velocities into the coordinate system of

the panel on which the control point is located (Uc,Vc,Wc) results in the
axial, binormal and normal velocities induced on the panel.
For the image of the influencing panel, the signs of Yc' 8c and v C are
changedwhile using the samecalculation procedure.
QUADRILATERAL

SOURCE

AND

For subsonic
Mach
planar
quadrilateral
four points
arbitrarly
a mean surface
through

DOUBLET

PANELS

(PANELED

BODIES)

numbers
the body may be represented
by a system
of
constant
source
and constant
doublet
panels.
Since
selected
on a surface
may not lie in the same
plane,
the four points
is selected
to represent
the panel.

Let

(xi,Yi,Zi)

represent

the

four

points

on

the

body

surface,

and

(_i,Ni,_i)

represent

the

four

points

on

the

mean

surface.

(x2,Y2,Z2)

"i
(_

(xl,y:,z,)

This
i.

mean

surface

is chosen

The
direction
of the vectors

d31

in

the

following

manner.

of the panel normal

is found
representing
the diagonals.

d42

31

20

by

taking

the

cross

( xs-xl

, Ys'Yl

, zs'zl

( x4-x2

, Y4-Y2

, z4"z2

product

2.

The
out
of plane
pairs
of points.

distance,

6,

is

calculated

S12

( 712+ s34)

The

coordinates

vectors

determined

( Xl-X2

, YI"Y2

Zl'Z2

( x3-x4

, Y3"Y4

, z3"z4

by

n
S34

3.

using

of

the

mean

surface

are

calculated

by

adding

or

-+

subracting

6 n

from

each

of

the

corner

points,

i.e.

( xz,

Yl,

zl)

( nl,

n2,

n3)

( f2, _2, _2)

( x2,

Y2,

z2)

( nz,

n2,

n3)

( fz, _3, _3)

( x3,

Y3,

z3)

( nl,

n2,

n3)

( f4, _4, _4)

( X4'

Y4'

Z4)

( nl,

n2,

n3)

The

_1'

_I'

normal

_1)

computed

original

body

determined

by

to

_,

then

to

be

true.

for

points,
the

the

line

four

From

these

since

lie

in

any

12+

_+

a34)

the

the

two
same

same
are

of

as
the

the

the

four

plane.

normal

same.

This

If

points
is

for
a
is

easily

definitions,

a12

is
vectors

joining

must

above

points

diagonal

segment

points
the

four

the

( f_-f2

, _i'_2

, _1"_2

( fs'f4

, n3-n4

, _3-_4

-+

but

_34

f3"_4

'

_3-_4

'

_3"_4

[ (_3"_I)
' (VS-V_)
-+

' (_3"_I)

(_4"_2) + (_-_=)

or

a12+

a34)

similarly

and

all

a12.

a12"

four

points

must

lie

in

2a"

the

same

21

plane.

34"

G41e

71

the

vector
normal
shown

BOUNDARY

Vortex

at

CONDITIONS

Panels

At the vortex
panel
control
points
a panel
control
point
must
be

with

perturbation

-_

-+

-+

( e +r*

oo

velocities

the resultant
zero.
Using

(Uc,Vc,W

c)

at

the

control

velocity
along the normal
a local coordinate
system,

points,

cos ec

+ eb

sin

8c

cos

0c

-+

- e

sin

c +

eb

U._=U

[ e

+ u c ex +

= U

with
For

[ (l+uc)ex.n

n small

[e n

- (dZc/dX)

perturbations

Therefore

Body

(Vc+

(Wc+

sin

8c)

cos

_b

8c)

(Wc+

_ cos

0c)

_n

].5

] = 0

i x]
(l+Uc)_x._

Wc i

(dZc/dX)i

- (dZc/dX)i

cos

and

_'_n =

ec

Panels

The
boundary
condition
on body panels
will involve
the normal
component
of
velocity.
If we set the normal
component
equal
to zero,
we have
the usual
flow tangency
boundary
condition.
Nonzero
normal
components
can be used for
jets or inlets
Given
the boundary
condition
on the surface
and
the
field
at
infinity,
the solution
for the external
flow
is unique.
It can be
satisfied
by an infinite
number
of combinations
of source
and doublet
distributions
on the surface.
However
each combination
will result
in a
different
condition

field inside
the body surface
will make the source
and doublet

Specifying
distribution

an

internal
boundary
unique,
and can have

a powerful
effect
on the numerical
behavior
of a solution
involving
a finite
number
of elements.
The internal
boundary
condition
which we have chosen,
with these numerical
considerations
in mind, has zero perturbation
potential
on the internal
boundary,
and therefore
due to the nature
of the governing
equation,
zero perturbation
potential
inside.
Below,
we will
show
that
by
first
correctly
choosing
the surface
source
distribution,
we can
also
satisfy
the external
normal
velocity
boundary
condition
by satisfying
the
internal
surface
boundary
condition
on 4.

surface
and

_.

Consider
have
a
The

a closed
region
distribution
of

surface,

S, will

divide

determined
sources
and
the
22

by the
doublets

interior

and

surface
S.
Let
the
with local strength
o
exterior

regions.

rior

_e

_terior

a,

Define

on

the

subscript

denoting

properties

exterior

to

the

subscript

denoting

properties

interior

to

the

external

-+

normal

to

( n

the

perturbation

prescribed

velocities

normal

velocity

source

strengths

, n

y,

due

to

on

)
z

and

_.

(exterior)

We

can

set

the

satisfy

the

We

set,

value

of

external

the

surface

boundary

to

^
will

adjust

the

everywhere

on

value

the

of

_,

interior

in

the

entire

and

still

=
n e

and

any

[22_

other

of

S,

to

S,

n 2 +
y

singulartity

n 211/2
z

strengths,

such

that

region

_i

surface

4i=

Then

value

and

any

condition.

interior

u.1 =

V4

-+

and

Since

the

gives

_i

a continuous

normal

velocity

across

S,

using

Appendix

C,

u.
e

u..
i

n.
1

n
e

- U

n
_

+
e

U
n
e

or
->

-+

(U

-+

as

required

on

S.

Therefore
substituting

the

normal

a boundary

velocity
condition

boundary
for

23

condition
on

the

internal

can

be

boundary

satisfied
surface.

by

PANEL

INFLUENCE

Each
space.
following

COEFFICIENTS

of the panel
types induces
a perturbation
potential
everywhere
in
If panel
j has
unit
strength,
we can
say
it will
induce
the
velocities
and velocity
potential
at the control
point
of panel
i.

u
(Aij,

Therefore,
Cpj
panel

v
Aij,

A4
ij )

for

vortex

ij )

for

body

doublet

u
v
w
S4
(Sij, Sij, Sij, ij)

for

body

source

u
(Tij'

for

thickness

(Dij,

Dij,

Dij,

v
rij'

assuming

#j

w
Aij,

aj

rj

influence

D4

w
rij'

there
are

T4
ij )

are

the

panel

coefficients

can

ntv
u.
z

j -i

A.. C
z3
Pj

j =i

w.z

be

Cpj

D.. _j
lJ

or

strengths

Dij

ntb

?j :I

#j

S_j

o.3 +

ntb

ntv

Dij

_j

z3 a.3 +
sW..

j =I

j =I

j =I

j =I

ntv

ntb

ntb

ntv

j =I

j =I

, vo

source

, wo
i

, 4o
i

lj a p +
j =i

) refer

to

the

perturbations

singularities,

e.g.

set

r.
]

u0

of

slender

24

ntv

ntb

Lw

and

j =I

ntv

panels,

following

a. +
3

j-i

Cpj

body

ntv

j :I

Aij

panels

the

j =i

i
body

and

j -i

(u 0

source

ntb

13 _p

where

panels

ntb

iv

panels

written:

ntb

AVj

panels

singularity

ntv

v i

vortex

ntb

T- u

ntv

panels

bodies.

ri]

r.j +

vi

Tij

rP +

wo

ij

Tp +

4o

j =I

induced

by

any

other

PANEL

SINGULARITY

Source

STRENGTHS

(Thickness)

The

Panels

source

singularity

directly

by

equating

thickness

distribution

strengths

each
at

source
its

control

where

Z t refers

Body

Source

the

correct

The

to

the

shape

for

panel

of

thickness

point.

panels

strength

to

For

the

panel

may

be

slope

found

of

the

to

give

(dZt/dx)i

the

thickness

distribution.

Panels

source

singularity
normal

perturbation

strengths

velocity

for

body

boundary

potential

is

zero.

- U

For

source

panels

condition

panel

i we

are

when

set

the

internal

set

(_

a.
1

n.
=o
i

=
ni

[22

fl

x"t

Yi

211/2
zi

normal

of

,4

is

where
the

n i

normal

Vortex

and

the

set

Body

boundary

Doublet

step

the

points

on

the

the

For

Cpj

and

Dij

panels

on

the

ntv

ntb

j_l

j-1

utilizing

vortex

to

symmetrical

panel
They

the
the

panels

U n i

and

singularity

are

panel

obtained

strengths
by

influence

boundary
the

w
_p

to

solving

equations

conditions

equation

w
I

internal

w 0
i

boundary

it

_a

13 _p

hand

be

at

to

control

satisfied

is,

(dZc/dX)

j-i

body

known

i.

doublet

procedure.

j-i

right

panel

panel

ntb

The

outward
for

vortex

solution

strengths

surface.

Aij

for

is

condition

equations

ntv

and

the

singularity
the

Panels

of
in

simultaneous

relate

, n z i

n Yi

determination
final

of

nxi

velocity

The
is

perturbations
side.
or

from

others

Corresponding

antisymmetrical

loading.

25

_o
i

singularities
sets

is,

of

have
equations

been
may

placed
be

written

on

the
for

UNIT SOLUTION
BOUNDARY
CONDITIONS
Several types of basic and unit boundary conditions are considered and
can be classified
as either symmetric or antisymmetric.
Linearized theory
allows the superposition of these basic unit solutions.
The p, q and r
rotary
derivative
boundary conditions are the result of placing the
configuration at _ = 0, _ - 0 in a flow field rotating
at one radian per
second.
Symmetric:
la)

Basic - vortex panels

(dZc/dX) - wo wo - wo
B
r
a

(dZc/dX)

w o

surface

normalwash

w o

body

=
r

w o

(U.

Basic

body

panels

(internal

normalwash
source

=
a

+U

velocity

26

camber

slender

camber

induced

=-

velocity

source

and

by

thickness

by

body

panels

source

4o

by

and

induced

( e.
x

boundary)

4o

twist

panels

Ib)

to

induced

normalwash

_)

due

thickness

source

--

slope

4o

potential

n)

-n

+
x

- 4o

induced

by

thickness

induced

by

body

panels

potential
panels

U
n

2a)

Unit

alpha

- vortex

panels

--

180

cos

dihedral

0c

_B

aa

angle

- normalwash
induced
at unit alpha

_B
w

=-

Unit

alpha

- body

slender

_ normalwash
induced
by
source
panels
at unit

2b)

by

(U"

n)

--

(e.

180

body

body
alpha

n)

180

nZ

panels
a

4_

s velocity
body at

potential
unit alpha

induced

by

2
3a)

Unit

q rotation

- vortex

panels
(X-Xcg)

6
w

3b)

Unit

q rotation

- body

8c

- wqB

- Wqa

body

qB

= normalwash
undergoing

induced
by slender
unit q rotation

qa

= normalwash
undergoing

induced
by body
unit q rotation

a -

cos

- ( U

) -

2
c

[ (X_Xcg)

panels

(Z-Zcg)

panels
_qa

qa

4a)

Unit

flap

- vortex

= velocity
panels

panel

"

4b)

Unit

flap

- body

potential
undergoing

180

i.

for

flap

= 0.

for

others

panel

27

induced
unit
q

panel

a =

by body
rotation

nx ]

Antisymmetric:
la)

Unit beta

vortex panels

18--Osin

dihedral

- w

_B

_o

angle

w.
_B
w
_a

= normalwash
induced
at unit sideslip

- normalwash
induced
by
source
panels
at unit

180

ib)

Unit

beta

- body

by

Unit

rotation

- vortex

(y-Ycg)

- body

0c +

normalwash
undergoing

Pa

= normalwash
undergoing

oo

rotation

cos

PB
w

- --n
180

potential

induced

by

panels

Unit

panels

"

2b)

body

body
sideslip

( _y " _

= velocity
body

2a)

slender

(z-z

sin

8c

- wpB

induced
by slender
unit p rotation
induced
by body
unit p rotation

2
--_- [ (y-Ycg)n

(Z-Zcg)

- Wpa

body

panels

ny

panels
_Pa

- velocity
potential
panels
undergoing

28

induced
by body
unit q rotation

2
3a)

Unit

r rotation

- vortex

panels

(x-Xcg)

w
rB
w

r
a

a--

(U.

n)

Unit

r rotation

- body

0e

- w rB

- w ra

_ normalwash
undergoing

induced
by slender
unit r rotation

- normalwash
undergoing

induced
by body
unit r rotation

b2

oo

3b)

sin

panels

[ (X-Xcg)

ny

(y-Ycg)

body

panels

nx ]

_r
a

_r
a

4a)

4b)

Unit

Unit

flap

flap

vortex

body

- velocity
potential
panels
undergoing

panel

180

i.

for

flap

O.

for

others

panel

29

panel

a -

induced
by body
unit r rotation

CONSTANT

SOURCE

AND

CONSTANT

VORTICITY

PANEL

INFLUENCE

EQUATIONS

The
source
finite
elements
have
a discontinuity
in normal
velocity
across
the
panel
surface
while
the
vortex
finite
elements
have
a
discontinuity
in the tangential
velocity
in a direction
normal
to the panel
leading
edge.
The magnitude
of the discontinuity,
in each case,
is constant
over
the
panel
area.
In addition
the vortex
panels
have
a system
of
trailing
vorticies
extending
undeflected
to downstream
infinity.
A
be

can

constant
pressure
or constant
source
constructed
(figure
7) by adding
or

panel with
subtracting

a quadrilateral
shape
four
semi-infinite

triangular
shaped
panels.
These semi-lnfinite
triangles,
each determined
by a corner
of the
quadrilateral,
can be assumed
to induce
a velocity
perturbation
everywhere
in the flow.
However,
each corner
represents
only
an integration
limit,
and all
four
corners
must
be included
to make
any
sense.
These perturbation
potential
expressions
are derived
in Appendix
A.

(x,y,z)

_(x-xl,

Y'Yl,

z,T21)

_(x'x2,

Y-Y2,

z,T21)

"

_(x'x3,

Y-Ys,

z,T43)

_(x-x4,

Y'Y4,

z,T43)

T21
"

"

X2-

X 1

Y_"

Yl

l)

_Y

(x2,y2,0)

(x3,y3,0)

_
+
X 4 -

X3

Y4"

Y3

T43

Figure

7.

Constant

Pressure

or

Constant

30

Source

Panel

Construction.

For one corner, having sides determined by y - 0 and x-Ty - 0:

2

y +

constant

R-

source

x + _ r

k-

_ 2<

0 I

/_ -

I-M

co

B =

T + _

panel
2

_s(X,y,z,T

) -

ak

- -4_

y _

R+x
log

-R-x

z tan _i

(x-Ty)

zR 2
xy-Tr

BR+(Tx+_

- _
B

log

y)
2

BR-(Tx+_

y)

ok
u

(x y,z,T)
s
'

BR+(Tx+_

i i
_ log
B

....
4_

y)
2

BR- (Tx+_

y)
2

ak
v

(x,y,z,T)

- -4_

(x,y,z,T)

ak
-4_

constant

vorticity

I ,
T - _ log
B

R+x

log

_
R-x

BR+(Tx+_

y)
2

BR-(TE+_

y)

zR

tan

2
xy-Tr

panel
2

R+x
4v(X,y,z,T)

kCp
8_

(x-Ty)

Tz _i log

2 1 z
z B
- _ log
B

R-x

zR

_I

i
[ Tz _ log

(2-k)

tan

BR+(Tx+_

y)
2

BR- (Tx+_

y)

2
r

(xTy)

i Y
-

tan

xy-Tr
kCp

_i

zR
(2-k)

(x,y,z,T)

_ tan

kCp
v (x,y,z,T)
v

- -8_

tan

8_

ly}
z

xy-Tr
(
_ T

_i
tan

l
]

zR
+--f
r

zR
xy-Tr

(2-k)

[ T

tan

_i Y
z

zx
- -_
r

kCp
w

(x,y,z,T)

-8_

r
_

i
T F

R+x
log

(2-k)

Only the
M >1

real

(not

imaginary),

-R-x

i
[ T _ log

do--stream,

31

2 1 i
B
- _ log
B

2
r

yx
-_
r

BR+(Tx+_

y)
2

BR-(Tx+_

+
y)

yR
--2
r

contributions

are

considered

when

CONSTANT

SOURCE

AND

CONSTANT

DOUBLET

PANEL

INFLUENCE

EQUATIONS

Source
and vortex
panels
used
to represent
body
shapes
may
have
an
arbitrary
quadrilateral
shape,
i.e. they need not have two streamwise
edges.
The influence
equations
may be written
in the z = 0 plane,
and a coordinate
transformation
used to obtain
the perturbations
of a panel having
arbitrary
orientation
(see Appendix
C).
A quadrilateral
source
panel
of arbitrary
shape
can
be
constructed
by combining
quadrilaterals
with
streamwise
parallel
sides.
(xl,yl,0)

T41

= TI4

(x2,y2,0)

X 3 -

X 4

Y3

Y4

X 3 -

X 2

Ys"

Y=

(xs,ys,0)
-

I\

#(x,y,z)

=
+

_s(X'Xl

, Y'Yl,

z,T21)

_s(X-X2,

y-y_,

z,T3e)

_s(X-X2,

y-y_,

z,T2 I)

_s(X-Xs,

Y'Ys,

z,Ts2)

_s(X'Xs,

Y-Ys,

z,Ts4)

Cs(X-X4,

Y-Y4,

z,T34)

_s(X-X4,

Y'Y4,

z,T41)

_s(X'Xl,

Y-Yl,

z,T41)

_s(X'Xl,

Y-Yl,

z,T21)

_s(X'Xl,

Y'Yl,

z,T41)

_s(X-X_,

y-y_,

z,Ts2)

_s(X'X2,

Y-Y2,

z,T12)

_s(X-Xs,

Y-Ys,

z,T4s)

_s(X'Xs,

Y'Ys,

z,T2s)

_s(X'X4,

Y'Y4,

z,T14)

_s(X-X4,

Y'Y4,

z,Ts4)

Therefore
each corner
consists
of the difference
between
the perturbations
induced
by the two sweep angles.
Therefore
we can omit terms
independent
of
T, since
they
will
cancel
when
the
two
contributions
are
combined.

32

Therefore, ommiting terms independent of T, the perturbation velocities and

perturbation potential for an arbitrary quadrilateral constant source panel
are:
Constant source panel
2

_s(X,y,z,T)

-ok{
4=

(x-Ty)

-I _1 log
B

BR+(Tx+fly2 )
BR- (Tx+fl
y)

z tan _1

zR
xy-Tr

Us(X,y,z,T)

ok

-4_

- _
B

BR+(Tx+fl
log

y)
2

BR-(Tx+fl

y)

v S (x,y,z

w S (x,y,z

T)
'

T)
P

ak
-4_

ak
- --

T z
- _ log
B

y)

zR
2

xy-Tr

doublet
panel.

_1

panel

#k
_d(x,y,z,T)

y)

BR-(Tx+fl

tan

4_

A constant
constant
source

BR+(Tx+fl

is obtained

_1

zR

-4=

tan

#k

-4_

[(x-Ty)

_k

Tz

-4=

[(x-Ty)

#k

4_

xy-Tr
2

Ud(x'Y'z,T)

(Tx+fl y)
2

2 2
+ B z ]
2

Vd(X,Y,z,T)

(Tx+fl y)
2
+

_ 2
B z ]

Wd(X'Y'z'T)

(x-Ty) (Tx+fl y)
2
[(x-Ty)

2 2
B z ]

33

by

taking

the

z derivative

of

the

Since the sweep angle could become infinite,

we can write the above
equations in a different form. First, the sweep angle can be written as
^2

where

Now

e.g.

for

for

the

AY

then

'

AX

T - T12

source

define

panel,

using

AX

x2 - xI

AY

the

previous

definitions,

AY

y_

Yl

we

can

_s(X'Y'z'T)

ok

-4_

1
( x AY

- y AX

) _ _
B

_i

log

AY

zR

AY

- r AX

BR

( x AX

+ _ y AY

^
BR

( x AX

2
_ y

z tan
xy
^

ak
u S -(x,v,z,T)
-

AY

I
log

4w

ak

AX

4_

^
B

BR
^
BR

( x AX

( x AX

+ _ y AY
2
+ _ y AY

(x,y,z,T)

(x,y,z,T)

ak
-4_

The

constant

I
log

_I

doublet

zR

AY

2
- r AX

panel

_k
_d(x,y,z,T)

AY

tan
xy

tan

#k

-4_

_
R

#k

+ _ y AY

+ _ y AY

is now.

_i

-4_

BR + ( x AX
^
BR o ( x AX

AY
xy AY

zR
2
- r AX
2

Ud(X,y,z,T)__

z AY

( x AX

+ fly
2

[ (xAY

yAX)

AY

^2

+Bz

AY

Vd(X,y,z,T

z AX

( x AX

+ _ y AY
2

....
4_

_k

-4_

( x AY

- y AX

^2

+Bz

Z_Y

Wd(X,y,z,T)__

( xAY

y AX

( x AX
2

( x AY

- y AX

34

+ _ y AY
^2

+B

write,

AY

AY

LINEARLYVARYINGSOURCE
PANELINFLUENCE
EQUATIONS
In supersonic flow constant source panels having a sonic edge have a
real singularity
along an extension of this edge. The singularity
occurs
because:
2

lim
T(y-y I)

(x-x I)

I
e

I
_ log

_R1+[T(x-xl)+_
eR1-[r(x-xl)+_

_R_+[T(x-x2)+_

(Y'Yl)]
2 (Y'Yl)]
2

(T+_)

_0

(Y-Y2)]
2

log
_R2"[T(x'x2)+_

oo

(Y'Y2)]

z
)-T(y-yl)

(x-x2)-T(y-y2)

(x2.Y2)

_ _-_

Control
points
which
are near the extension
of this edge will have large
u
and v velocities
induced
upon them.
The singularity
can be eliminated
by
using
panels
which
have
a source
distribution
which varies
linearly
in the
chordwise
direction.
The resulting
continuous
source
distribution
eliminates
the singularities.
The linearly
varying
source
panel
influence
equations
can be found by integrating
the constant
source
panel
influence
with respect
to x.
2

u10

= --k { y _1 log
2_

-R+x
R-x

(x-Ty)

-1 _I log
B

2y)
y)

BR+(Tx+_
BR-(Tx+_

z tan

i
zR 2
xy-Tr

ok (
v10

I
(x-Ty)

R+x
log

2_

1 I

-Rox

T(x-Ty)

log

y)
2

BR-(Tx+_

y)

zR

_I

Tz

- _
B

BR+(Tx+_

tan

2
xy-Tr

w10

-k {
2_

Tz

_i log

-R+x
R-x

B _z -1 FI log
B

BR+(Tx+,
BR-(Tx+_

2y)
y)

(x-Ty)

tan _I

zR 2 }
xyoTr

(x-Ty)

tan _I

zR 2 }
xy-Tr

_i0

= --k{
2_

Tz F1 log

-R+x
R-x

B 2 z 1- _1
B

log

BR+(Tx+,

BR- (Tx+B

35

2 y)

y)

These

velocity

components

for

proportional
with

components

the
to

constant
(x-Ty).

The

the

following

properties.

I.

All

leading

2.

panel

edges

are

Each

source

adjacent

The

at

satisfy

source

source

and

the

panels

panel

trailing

constant

same

except

criteria

that

finite

edges

as

the

source

elements

are

at

are

constant

the

velocity

strength

is

constructed

(x/c),

side

finite

y.

element

is

composed

of

a pair

of

chordwise

panels.

source

leading

strength

edge

strength

is

maximum

on

of

varies

panel

proportional
the

panel

linearly

pair,
to

edge

with

i.e.
the

the

local

joining

the

chord

measured

maximum

from

value

chord

and

panel

pair.

of

attains

the

the
source

this

\
\
\
\

\
\

= (x/c)

31

\
\

(x/c) = (x/c)

(x/c)

\
= (x/c)

\
53

(x/c) - (x/c)

(x/c)
6

\
\
a

The

perturbation

contributions

u(x,y,z)

velocities
from

six

induced

a/As1[ulo(x-xl,

-Ul0(X-X_,

/Ass[u10(x'xs,

-u10(x'xe,

If

there

are

singularities
variation
at

the

in
leading

undesired
panels

N
or

panels

restriction
is

panel

z,

T I)

- Ul0(X-X

y-y_,

z,

T=)

Y'Ys,

z,

T5)

Y-Ye,

z,

Ts)

the

source

source

and

this

Y-Yl,

in

unknown

the

by

pair

are

composed

of

corners.

and

Y'Ys,

z,

Ts)

- u10(x-x4,

Y'Y4,

z,

T4)

u10(x'x3,

Y'Ys,

z,

Ts)

Y-Y4,

z,

T4)]

- Ulo(X-X

chordwise

strengths

distribution

trailing

edges

each

therefore

the

optional.

36

4,

direction
associated

means
of

s,

the
span
use

there
with

value

of

station.
of

linearly

will

them.
dz/dx

The
must

This

may

varying

be

N-I

linear
be

zero
be

an

source

EDGE

EFFECTS

The low pressure

created
by high velocities
around
a surface
subsonic
leading
edge results
in a suction
force.
As the edge becomes
thinner
or the
angle
of attack
increases,
the flow
deviates
from
potential
conditions
resulting
in a progressive
loss
of theoretical
suction
and an increase
in
&

drag.
Generalizing
a concept
due
to Polhamus
leading
edge vortex
created
by the detached
flow
suction
force perpendicular
to the local surface.
In
spanwise

order
to
variation

theory

and

that
the

the
lost

implement
this
philosophy,
a method
of determining
of potential
suction
was developed
using
linear
thin

the
wing

involves

finding

the

, it is assumed
in effect
rotates

coefficient

of

the

I/Jx

chordwise
net pressure
distribution.
The analysis
is applicable
surface
problems
of arbitrary
planform
in the presence
of bodies
number.
If the chordwise
net pressure
distribution
on a thin
given
span station
is expanded
in a series

term

in

the

to multiple
at any Mach
wing
at any

N
ACp

= Ao

cot(C)+

>

A sin(n_)n

n=l
(12)
f

it is shown
in appendix
force per unit length
is

= x/c

B that

I
2

(1-cos

the

leading

sin 2 (

_) _

edge

nondimensionalized

suction

A0
C

(y)

ATHRUST
c by q_

- --_
8

(13)
2

JT+_
2

where
and

c is

T -

tan

AL. E

the

local

'

- I-M

CO

chord.

Only the first term in equation

12 contributes
to the thrust,
since
it
is the
only
one which
is infinite
at the leading
edge.
If the chordwise
pressures
are known
at M points
along
the chord,
the
coefficients
A
are
,
n
obtained
by fitting
a least square
error curve described
by N terms of the
series,
through
the points,
where
N < M.
The pressure
distribution
is
obtained
using
constant
pressure
panel
analysis.

37

The
to

that

method
for

flow,

it

Cs(f)

used
the

is

shown

AF

/(q

to

compute

leading
in

CTAX

appendix

the

edge.

suction

By
B

that

force

using
the

the
tip

at

surface

tips

irrotational

suction

-(_/32)[CAvG/(CT_MAX)]Cn0

is

similar

property

force

of

the

is

[f 0 f(x)dx]

(14)

where

surface

CAVG

cT

_MAX

average

tip

chord

tip

surface

chord

lateral

_,x

faction

of

Cn(_)[c(_)/CAVG]NMAX

surface

dimension

chord

[ (_MAX

-1/2
N2)/2]

n o

is

local

section

normal

force

coefficient

and

as

_MAX

the

ACp(f,N)

The

sectional

net

pressure

[I-(N/NMAX)2]/2

leading

edge

coefficient

}1/2

suction

is

assumed

(CAvG/C(N))

attained

in

to

be

of

the

form

Cn 0 f([)

the

real

flow,

(y),
s

6
estimated

by

Cs(Y)

Ks(Y)

Cs(Y)

where
0.6
Ks(Y

) -

2 MeI(I-M_)

[(tn/Cn)

(rn/Cn)0"4/(#nCs,n)

38

_<i

is

and
Me - P z

/_

_-Ip

[(i+_p2)I/2

_n

Cp,LIM

' _n

111/2

(I-M_)1/2
2

2
(.05+.35(I-M

Cp,LIM--2/(TM2n

)[(Rnx

(Cn/C)

106)/(RnX

cos(ALE

10"6+

10(4"3Mn

n)

)]

c
2

s,n

Mn

The
maximum

chord

M_

of

normal
tn,

leading

(ALE)

cos(ALE)__

the

thickness,

associated

(C/Cn)/COS

edge

section

at

the

radius

'

n'

mid-chord
is

designated

is

defined

as

indicated

by

so

as
in

to
figure

place

the

8.

The

result

of

Leading
Edge

Maximum
M

Thickness

Cn/2

t
n
Figure

8.

Potential
vortex

formation

Definition

tip

suction
in

the

of

Normal

is

assumed

present

Section

to

analysis.

39

be

Characteristics.

fully

rotated

as

JET

FLAP

A
thin

completely

airfoil

and

all

linearized

theory.

entrainment

infinitesimally
unit

of

This

back

to

sufficient).
are

Since
they

of

planform

The

and

points

The
of

forms
a

the

condition

direction

considering

extend

jet
but

the

assumptions

and
is

represented

finite

by

momentum

the

trailing

edge

two

chord

lengths

and

maintain

the

an
per

or

momentum

of

irrotational

from

one

the

of

the

of

the

is

deflection

jet

segment

planform

the

of

and

is

the

set

constant

of

linear

conditions

previously

across

momentum.

unit

boundary

having

these

at

jet.

planform

condition

of

solving

downwash

difference

jet

discontinuity,
panels

strengths

by
the

pressure

quadrilateral

determined

on

the

of

The

satisfy

pressure

boundary

can

system

vorticity.

are

on

jet

which

condition.

the

of

panels

boundary

quantities

to

flow

practice

on

inviscid
The

mass

transverse

by

equations

control

tangency
in

of

based

be

neglected.

(In

effects

used

to

zero

assumed

represented

vortex

simultaneous
set

is

distributions

pressure

are

having

sheet

the

both

continuous

sheet

is

assumed

neglected.

both

are

is

infinity.

The

sheet

approach

flow

effects

thin

span.

surface
jet

The

The
on

the

the

described

jet

causes

equation

flow
change

relating

jet

and

can

the

velocity

be

these

derived

by

depth.

/
iI

Ii
p

P+AP

The

mass

rate

assume

theorem

applied

of

flow

pressure

through

the

difference
to

the

differential

of

jet
AP

is

and

across

element,

we

or

where

is

the

radius

of

curvature

of

the

40

the

jet.

jet,
write

then

is
from

the

V.

If
momentum

we

The reaction of the jet on the flow external

F

A vortex
reaction

of

strength

per

unit

flow

RAP

equating

these

external

given

A_

length

to

two

the

p U7

forces,

jet

by

we

along

the

jet

would

produce

A_

calculate

replacing

the

the

jet

action

with

of

running

the

jet

vortex

on

the

strength

by
-

For

nearly

horizontal

jet

mVj/(pU

with

I/R

where

is

of
F -

Hence,

to the jet

is

local

downwash

R)

large

of

curvature

dz/dx

velocity

radius

dw/dx

(nondimensionalized

with

respect

to

).

Then

_2_1

_z_
AC p

pU

&v.

----/qC

___z
pU

dw
dx

a
or

c # (y)

which

is
To

equation
direction.

the

boundary

apply
is

C(y)

the

_x

w(x

condition
jet

integrated

flap

y)

ACp(x,y)

written

boundary

between

for

to

control

I
-_-x

w(x,y)

dx

the
such

control
an

evaluated
following

point

is

second

integral

point

is

assumption
from
the
relation:

i,

the

the

above

streamwise

ACp(x,y)

dx

(15)

ci-1

i-1

control

in

X
C.

the

point

points

flap.

The

control

jet

C.
1

simplify

dimensional

X
C.

C(y)

three

condition

adjacent

C # (y)

located
in

exactly

have

at

been

leading

C_C

at

[w i

be

trailing

edge.

edge

- ACp.aXi
1

41

each

assumption

negligible.

trailing

- Wi.l]

of

the

panel
to

the

percent

(15),

the

shown
to

87.5

equation

is
The

chord.
made
effects

Equation
of

panel

panel

To
that
of
(15)

yields

(16)

the

The
pressures

downwash
on the

at each control
point
quadrilateral
panels:

is

written

in

terms

of

the

net

N
w.i _ L

A..
zj ACp .

j-1

\
wi-I

- ___

Ai-lj

ACp.

j-1
Equation

(16)

is

then

written

N
> {C

C[Aij

Ai_lj ]

6ijAxi}

AC P

- 0

j-I
where

any

6..
13

is

the

Kroneker

delta.

For
a flap
panel
adjacent
jet deflection
angle relative

C C

[wi

to the jet exit, equation

to the surface
trailing

(wi-i

6j)]

ACp

(16)
edge.

must

iAx.I m 0

or

C C

[w.i - W._l
] - ACp.AX
I
i

where

6.
3

is

the

jet

deflection

i = C # C6.3

angle.

Then
N
{C#C [Aij

Ai_lj]

_ijAxi}

ACp

j-I

42

C C6.
_
J

include

The complete set of linear

and the jet flap is then written

simultaneous equations for both the surface

N
Eij Acp

j-i

Ci

i -

I,N

(17)

where

ao

13

Aij

for

i on

the

C C[Aij-Ai_Ij]

for

i on

the

surface

C C6 i for
0
for

i on

the

jet

1
Ci -

surface

- 6ijAx i for

i elsewhere

i on

jet

adjacent
on

the

the

to

the

exit

jet

Both
symmetric
and antisymmetric
jet deflections
are considered.
Thus,after
calculating
the influence
matrices
and boundary
conditions
in the
usual
manner,
the appropriate
rows are modified
and
combined
to produce
a
linear
symmetric
or antisymmetric
system
as described
by equation
(17).
Because
of
derivative

the rotational
quality
of
calculations
are generally

the flow fields,

the p,
not valid
for jet flap

q and r rotary
configurations.

INLETS

A jet
boundary
between
two flows
with
different
characterized
by a discontinuity
in tangential
velocity,
value
of Cp.
This
flow
can be replaced
by a flow

total
energies
is
but
a continuous
with
the
same total

energy
everywhere,
but now having
a discontinuity
in Cp across
the jet
boundary,
instead
of a discontinuity
in total energy.
The jet boundary
will
be represented
by a vortex
sheet having
the same discontinuity
in tangential
velocity,
and
the velocities
will be the same everywhere
in the two flows.
If the jet is such that the perturbation
velocities
are small compared
with
the

free

simulated

stream
by

velocity,

constant

&Cp

i.e.

chord

u,v,w

plane

<<

panels.

, this
It

first
order,
this value
of ACp is constant
on the
u be the x component
of the perturbation
velocity.
addition
to the jet flow, write
the energy
equation

43

will

jet
be

boundary
shown

can
that,

be
to

entire
jet boundary.
Let
Then,
assuming
energy
across
the jet boundary:

[(l+u)2 +v2

AH

+w]

P_

ii
[(l+uj)
P_

_pU

inside

pj

, Uj

Uoo(l+u j)

, U

+ wj]

vj

_-.u J I l / ll/////ltLl_
outside

(l+u)

To

first

order,

_
P_

Mu
oo

therefore
2

[ 1

to

Mu
co

first

] [(l+u)

order

the

+v

+w

energy

[ i +

2
(I-M)(uj-

therefore

z
_pU

equation

2
(2-M)u

[ i

M u_j] [(l+uj)

[ i +

2
(2-M)uj]

AH
1
2
_pU

AH
1
2
_pU

ACp

(uj-

u)

ACp

is

in

the

direction

of

p U

The value
unit value
Therefore

2
M u)

of this
expression
of ACp across
each
a linear
equation

average
of the mass
of
field
points.
equation

(I

is supplied

the

normal

pointing

into

(I + u)

[ I +

2
(I-M)u

the

const

the

jet

flux
mass

flow

over
flux

a set of
per unit

can be calculated,
on each field point,
for a
panel of the configuration
and jet boundary.
can be written
to constrain
the value of the

flux, and therefore

the inlet mass
The
additional
unknown
required
by

_pU

The inlet is simulated

by specifying
an average
mass
field points
within
the inlet region.
The nondimensional
area in the x direction
can be written:
p_U

W.]

AH
2

=
(2-M)

where

2
+

*
_ ACp
2

or

2
+V.

becomes,

u)

AH

(constant)

value

44

of ACp

flux,
for

across

on a given
set
the additional

the

jet

boundary.

AERODYNAMIC
CHARACTERISTICS
Longitudinal
thickness,
twist
A

velocities
the various
Slender

and lateral-directional
forces and moments due to
and camber, pitch, sideslip, and the dimensionless rotary

p, q, and r are obtained

from
configuration
components.

surface

pressure

integrations

of

Bodies

body

The
pressure
theory,
is

CP =

(P-P=)
q_

coefficient,

2 { _x

+ g'(x)

Paneled

to an

r
^

[ _

b/2
(X-XcG)

approximation

consistent

q^ (X'XcG)
c/2

P
^

b/2
(Z-ZcG)

with

Y
P^ b-_

] 4z

_y }

slender

_y2

" _z2

(18)

Bodies

For paneled
bodies
a surface
differentiation
of the perturbation
potential
is used to obtain
the perturbation
velocity
components
tangential
to the surface.
The velocity
normal
to the surface
is obtained
from
the
imposed
boundary
condition.
A formula
for the pressure
coefficient
can be
derived
using
the energy
equation.
Although
the perturbation
velocities
were
obtained
using
a linear
equation,
on body surfaces,
which
may be quite
thick,
a better
approximation
to the pressure
coefficient
is obtained
using
a nonlinear
formula.
Assuming
the freestream
is at an angle of attack
a and
an angle
of sideslip
_, and the perturbation
velocities
are nondimensional,
we can write
for the freestream,

cos

cos

cos

sin

x
For

the

vR
7-1

energy
T

equation
I
Us
--_- =o

we

sin

can

write,

[
L

( u +

cos

( w +

sin

=
cos

( v

- cos

,_

sin

--7--_R T
7-1
_

( v

i U2

and

since

co

M
oo

v-i
2

H2
_

7RT

[
L

2
I

( u +

cos

(w+

sin_)

cos

T
cO

45

- cos

sin

__7_LLI
M
2

2 ( u cos _ cos _
2

v cos

c*

Ix]

7-1

for

small

"-P--

values

of

/J

P=o

sin

_,

and

this

_r"l

M2

sin

isentropic
temperature.

( u cos

cos

sin

cos

flow,

+ w

becomes

2 ( U - _ V + _ W )

U2 +

V2 + W2

oo

or

-P-- -

_-1

p_

2 u+
M2

( v - B )

Using

the

above

expression

P_

the

isentropic

i
I 2
_TM

( w + _ )

pressure

formula

for

is:

-2-P_

co

For

small

we

can

values

of

the

_._v_:!_l

6,

2 ( u

expand

quantity

the

_v

exponentiation

in

an

=w)

infinite

series

in

+w

6.

___%__
_2_
p_

_ i

7-i

"

46

M
2

+ w

Since
the existence
of a velocity
potential
assumes
use the isentropic
relationship
between
pressure
and

_2__
p_

sin

__X__
_-i

[ _ 6 +

i
2

i
_-i

62

we

can

Retaining only terms up to order 2 in _, B, u, v, w, we have,

_P__ I
p_ -

"

_X_
2 _

"

( u - _ v + _ w)

+ (I-M)

u + v

+ w

22

or

I
2
_ 7 p M

2 u

Where,

to

first

Planar

The

u2

order,

the

_+

(u

- _v+=w)

( v

- B

freestream

)2

is

(I-M)

_2

( w + e

represented

2 2]
+

)2

by,

Components

signs

(u/U)IN D
vortex
(u/U)

refer

consists
and

Cp

to

the

of

source

influence

distributions
are
linearized
form

the

matrices

total

CPNET

the

FORCES
Slender

and

basic

AND

and

upper

the

u/U
and

calculated

-2[(u/U)IND
and

lower

induced

These

values

unit

velocities

by

for the
vorticity

(u/U)

-2u/U

panels.

term
accounts
distribution
of

all

(I-M)oo2

Surface
pressure
the first-order

using

velocities

appropriate

perturbation
changes
sign
are

the

result

for

CPNET/4

surfaces
by

the

are
panel

components

]
respectively.

isolated

obtained

taking

The

bodies
by

The

induced
to lower
linear

and

term
other

multiplying

strengths.

velocity
from upper
of

planar

the

CPNET/4

by the
local
surface.
The

combinations

of

solutions.

MOMENTS

Bodies

The
forces
and
be
an
element
nondimensionalized
integrals
at each

moments
of arc

are obtained
length
at

with respect
to
section
and then

from the surface

integrations.
given
x section,
and
let

the body length

L.
integrating
over x
I

x2
L

I _
0

Cp(BV/ax)ds

47

dx

First
gives,

performing

Let ds
x be
line

F
----'Y--_ q L

f _
0
1

F
z,
q L

f _ Cpdy
0

dx

_ _ f _ (z_%G)Cpd_dx _ f _ yCpdydx

q.L

M
--Y-- 3
q L

_ f
0

(X-XcG)

_ Cpdy

dx

(X-XcG)

C P dz

dx

M
=
q L

In
terms
of
coefficients
are

CdXp
dz

these

expressions,
F
C

the

L
2

SREF

_
Y

q L

SREF

q L

SREF

C2

q L

SRE F

__M

3
q_oL

SREF

C
n

q L

L
3

48

SRE F

commonly

used

aerodynamic

where L is the body length and c, b and SRE

F are configuration
chord, span and area, respectively.

reference

Cross-coupling between the pitch, sideslip, and rotary motions through

the product and quadratic terms in equation (18) is neglected.
Paneled

Bodies

A surface
differentiation
done on the perturbation
potential
for each
of the basic
and unit solutions
to obtain
the velocity
components
tangential
to the surface.
The velocity
normal
to the surface
is obtained
from
the
imposed
boundary
condition.
These
unit
solution
surface
velocities
are
combined
to obtain
the resultant
pressure
coefficient.
To obtain
the
section
forces
and moments,
component
forces
and moments,
and configuration
forces
and moments,
a surface
integration
is done.
Each
computed
pressure
coefficient
is multiplied
by the panel
area and the proper
component
of the
surface
normal,
and the result
is summed
over all of the body panels.
Planar

Components
The

perturbation

velocities

for

each

of

the

basic

and

unit

are
combined
to give the resultant
pressure
coefficient.
The
and pressure
coefficients
are
then
integrated
numerically
section
forces
and moments,
component
forces
and moments,
and
forces
and moments.
Since
integration
unit
force

the vortex
panels
have a constant
pressure
distribution,
a block
scheme
is employed.
With the exception
of drag, these basic
and
and moment
coefficients
are combined
in a linear
manner
to

produce
the aerodynamic
characteristics
for any
Since
drag varies
in a parabolic
manner,
it must
point
basis
as defined
in a later section.
The

longitudinal

normal

each solution.
The load
the
body
is given
by
longitudinal
station.
Normal

solutions

net pressures
to give
the
configuration

force

distribution

distribution
integrating

on

desired
flight
condition.
be considered
on a point by

on

the
over

the

bodies

interference
all vortex

is

calculated

shell
panels

for

portion
of
at a given

Force
N
C

w
n

where
body,

N is
Ax is

area,

and

the
the

number
length

C I - 2 for

This carryover
isolated
body

_
_

Ci
LAx

>
i-I

CPNET

of panels
around
of the interference

a centerline

body

or

the shell,
L is
shell
segment,
CI -

load
distribution
is added
longitudinal
load distribution.

49

Aicos (0 i )
I

to

i for
the

an

off

the
A.
i

length
of the
is the panel

centerline

previously

body.

calculated

The section characteristics

of planar components are determined by a
chordwise summation of panel data at each span station and are given by the
following equations:
Local Normal Force:
Nc

i
c As

_--

Cp

i-i
Weighted

Normal

A.
NET. i
l

Force:
Nc

Cp
n

Weighted

Lift

cAV G

cAV G As

i=l

Ai
NETi

Force:
Nc

C2

cAV G

cAV G As

Cp

Center

Of

Aicos(gi

NET.
i

i=l
Pressure
Nc

i
X

c.p.

2
c As

L
i-I

where
and

Nc
As

is

is

the

the

number

width

of

of
the

chordwise
span

panels,

station

The

section

calculated

Reaction

by

taking

the

where

6jT

Reaction

is

Lift

the

Component
following

dihedral

angle

by

1/2
]

to

the

component

reaction
of

CAV G

the

total

CAV G

deflection

the

of

reaction

jet

flap

are

force.

C
sin

6_
Tj

angle

of

the

CAV G

6_
Tj

jet.

Force:
C

C2

given

section

Force:
C

+ Az

due

appropriate

is

[ay

characteristics

Normal

Ai(xi-XLE)
NETi

@ is the

and

As

Cp

CAV G

C
-

forces
and
equations:

cos

CAVG

moments

including

50

edge

vortex

effects

are

given

by

Lift:
N
CLSREF-

FI

Ns

>

Cp

Aicos(0i)

+ >

NET.
I

i-i

2
+ Cr

(l'Ksj) Csj cJ asJ _Lj

j-i

i CT
CskA(X/CT)

k TL k

k-i
Side

Force:
N
CySREF-FI

Ns

>

Cp

i-I

Aisin(8i)-

>

NET.I

(l-Ks)

j=l

cjAsj_y

S.

NC T
CT

Rolling

_
k-i

CskA(X/CT)k

Ty k

Moment:
N
C2bSRE F --F2

_
i-i

CPNET.Ai[(Yi'YcG)CS(0i
l

)+

(zi'ZcG)Sin(0i)]

Ns

->

(I-K s

j-i

) C

] [(YLE'YcG)_L.
cjAs'.

S.

- CT i CT Csk(AX/CT)

(ZLE'ZCG)_y.

+
J

[(YT'YcG)TLk

]
]

(ZT-ZcG)TYk

k=l
Pitching

Moment

:
N

CmC SRE F -- F I

CPNET'Ai
i

i-i

(xi-XcG) cs (8 i )

Ns
_
j -i
Yawing

Moment

2
(I-K s )C s cjAsj(XLE'XcG)_L.
J
J

" CT
J

NCT
_
k-i

CskA(X/CT)kTYk

:
N

CnbSRE F -

F2

}
i-i

CPNE T Ai(xi-XcG)Sin(Oi)
i
NC T

Ns

+ } (I-K s )Csj c J As'.

-xCG)_y
+ CT(X
T
xCG ) _
]
2
j-i
J
(xeEj
J
e .p.
k-i

where
(or

N
total

is

the

for

an

number

of

asymmetrical

vortex

panels

component)

51

on
and

half
FI,

of
F=

a
are

C skA(X/CT)kTYk

symmetrical
given

by

component

symmetric

loading:

F I

F_

antisymmetric

loading:

F z

F2

For

the

spanwise

leading

panels

chordwise

and

for

panels,

side

both

asymmetric

symmetric

asymmetric

symmetric

asymmetric

symmetric

asymmetric

symmetric

edge

vortex

component

x T

is

geometry
geometry

geometry
geometry

geometry
geometry
geometry
geometry

terms,

halves,

the

axial

Ns

NC T

location

is

is
of

the

total

the
tip

number

number

of

of

vortex

tip

center

of

c.p.
2
pressure,

As'

appendix

Leading

Edge

GL

and

AsJl

Vortex

sin

and

is

coefficient

(cos

(cos

_ sin

vortex

Side

where
side

the
Ao

rotation

and

are

derived

in

cos

cos

cos

6 +

sin

8 sin

cos

sin

angle

of

cos

(cos

6)

equation

sin

9 cos

slope
(from

6)

the

(cos

leading

13)

is

0 sin

_ cos

sin

edge

used

to

sin

sin

sin

sin

cos

6)

sin

6)]

6]

camber

line

determine

and

the

the

sign

of

direction

of

rotation.

Edge

6
and

coefficient

Vortex

Rotation:

T L =

cos

Ty

cos

# +

is

the

slope

negative

for

(from

sin

Cno/ICno

angle
the

Cno/]Cno

of

right
equation

[ (sin

I sin

the
side

of

14)

52

sin

cos

is

plus
and

cos

cos

6)

for

the

left

the

sign

camber
the

is

rotation.

cos

tip

n o
vortex

factors

below.

+ Ao/[AoI[sin

where

the

Rotation:

cos

defined

+ Ao/IAol[sin

_y

line,

configuration

used

to

determine

the

direction

of
of

The

x-coordinate

of

the

center

of pressure

x c.p. -

given

by

-CmC/C L + xCG

For
interference
shell
components,
corresponding
isolated
body are added

of

is

the total
forces
and
to those of the shell.

Jet
reaction
forces
and moments
are
the jet flap section
characteristics:

obtained

from

moments

a spanwise

of

the

summation

Lift:
N
-

FI
SREF

CLjET

Side

}
i-I

(C c).6._
As.cos
_
i 3r i
l

0.
l

(C c).6.ml
J_iAs'sinl

0i

Force:
N
_

-F 2
SREF

CYJET

Rolling

>
i=l

moment:
N

"F__22

C2JET

Pitching

bSREF

i=l

(C c)i6JTiASi[COS

8i

(yi-YcG)

sin

8 i (zi-ZcG)]

moment:
N

"FI
_S_EF

mjEr

Yawing

i=l

(C#c)i6jT.ASiCS
1

8i

(xi'XcG)

moment:
N
C

njET

where

previously

is

F2
bSREF

the

>
i-1

(C_c)i6jT

number

of

As.sin
l

spanwise

jet

8
i (xi'XcG)

flap

stations

and

F I and

F_

are

as

defined.

The
forces
summing
those of

and
the

moments
for the complete
individual
components.

53

configuration

are

obtained

by

DRAG

ANALYS

IS

Estimation
of configuration
aerodynamic
efficiency
requires
calculation
of drag.
The analysis
separates
the computation
into
friction
and pressure
drag components
that are assumed
to be independent
each
other.
The
polars
as a result

following
form
is
of the incorporation

CD -

The specific
below.

SKIN

C Dviscous

techniques

used

CD wave

for

considered
of edge

+ C D base

the

various

the
skin
of

and produces
nonparabolic
force considerations.

+ CDI ift

drag

evaluations

are

discussed

FRICTION

Several

well

established

semiempirical

techniques

for

the

evaluation

of

adiabatic
laminar
and turbulent
flat plate
skin friction
at incompressible
and
compressible
speeds
are used
to estimate
the viscous
drag of advanced
aircraft
using
a component
buildup
approach.
A specified
transition
point
calculation
option
is provided
in conjunction
with
a matching
of the
momentum
thickness
to link
the two
boundary
layer
states.
For
the
turbulent
condition,
the increase
in drag
due to distributed
surface
roughness
is treated
using
uniformly
distributed
sand
grain
results.
Component
thickness
effects
are
approximated
using
experimental
data
correlations
for two-dimensional
airfoil
sections
and bodies
of revolution.
Considerations
such as separation,
protuberances
(e.g.
antennas,
drains,
accounted
for separately.
In the
evaluation
multiple
weighted
44.

following,
in order

subscripting.
summation

a discussion
to simplify
of

component
interference,
and
aft
facing
steps,
etc.)

is presented
writing
of the

The
total
the various

discrete
must
be

for a single
component
equations
and eliminate

result
is obtained
component
analyses

by a surface
area
as described
on page

Laminar/Transition
A specified
transition
option
principal
function
of the calculation
to initialize
the turbulent
solution.
length
and momentum
thickness
Reynolds

XTRAN

RgTRAN

R(XTRAN/L)L

0.664

is provided
in
the
program.
The
is to provide
the conditions
required
In particular,
the transition
point
numbers
are required.

JRXTRANC
54

where
*

/T

Tr/T

(_

solution

conjunction
permits
can

with
an

be

is

i +

0.72

1 +

JP-r

2.270

based

maintained

liklihood
extent.

on

Eckert's

assessment
such

[(Tr/T

(7-1)/2

I0 -8

the

- i]

M 2

the

the
a

laminar

1 +

0.851(7-i)/2

specified

result

(8,

transformation
in

skin
be

It

drag

does

realized

chapter
9.

friction

extent.
will

M 2

Ib-sec/ft

Blasius

reduction

condition

T3/2/(T+I98.6)

compressibility

of
for

that

/T

This

.
/,_)(T

in

This

if

not

VII)
option

laminar

flow

establish

practice

in

or

the
to

what

Turbulent

Smooth

and

analysis.
momentum
That

either

thickness
is,

an

established

For

distributed

In

the

at

the

effective
for

the

RAx

RAx

surface

the

origin

C F RAx

is

point

(commonly

have

been

produced
referred

by
to

RAx

for

C_

0.242[sin-i

a virtual

the

solution.
origin)

is

CF

CF

from

equation
known

(19)
C F RAx

XTRAN

Ax

using,

sin - i_]/

[(_-I)/2M

C_] I/2=

log,0(C_)

- _

then,
CF

laminar

the

(R)(_)

R_

solve

in

matching

case

ROTRA

by

the

as

for
Ax

provided

initialized

analysis.

smooth

options

solution

transition

turbulent

hydraulically

CF

rough

case,

28x_/t

(28TE/2)(_/L)

55

C_(2/e)

log10(Tr/T

(19)

where
R'IR

XTRAN -

(2A 2

B[B 2

A 2

(7-1)/2

B 2

[I

0.88

o_

0.76

r,

The

XTRAN

compressible

B)[B

2 +

4A2]

4A2]

"I/2

M 2_ (T_/T

(7-1)/2

turbulent

-I/2

r)

M_](T_/Tr)"

flat

plate

method

used

here

is

that

proposed

I0

by

Van

Driest

conjunction
XXIV)
For

as
the

with
applied
distributed

based
the
to

on

the

Von

Squire-Young
a

flat

mixing
for

length

profile

hypothesis
drag

(8,

in

chapter

plate.

rough

AX

Karman

formulation

case

XTRAN

[1.89

CF

1.62

"2'5[1

loglo(AX/Ks)]

r(7-I)/2

M_] "I

RAx

CF I

RSTRA

-i
AK

RAxi+

- XTRAN

[1.89

C_

CF

CF

1.62

Ax

-2-5[i

loglo(2/Ks)]

(_/L)

MAX [c

,
FSMOOTH

]
CFRouGH

56

r(T-l)/2

M2] "I

The
turbulent
flat
plate
method
used
here
is that of Schlicting
(8,
chapter
XXI) which
is based
on a transposition
of Nikuradse's
densely
packed
sand grain
roughened
pipe data.
The effect
of compressibility
is due to the
11
reduction
in density
at the wall as proposed
by Goddard.
The selection
of
the

equivalent

is made

sand

with

the

grain

aid

of

roughness

Table

for

II which

a given
was

TABLE

Type

of

taken

from

Clutter.

smooth

sheet

finish

Equivalent
Sand Roughness
K
(inches)
s

metal

Natural

surface
12

II

Surface

Aerodynamically
Polished

manufacturing

0.02
metal

- 0.08

0.16

x i0

0.25

0.40

x I0

x I0
-3

-3

-3
Smooth

matte

paint,

carefully

applied

i0
-3

Standard

camouflage

Camouflage

paint,

Dip-galvanized
Natural

average

mass-production

metal

surface

Thickness

paint,

of

application

-3
x I0
-3
6x
I0
-3
i0 x I0

1.20

spray

surface
cast

iron

Corrections

The foregoing
evaluations
produce
an estimate
of the shearing
forces
on
a flat plate
(at zero angle of attack)
for a variety
of conditions.
As an
actual
aircraft
has
a finite
thickness,
an estimate
of pressure
gradient
effects
on skin
friction
and boundary
layer
displacement
pressure
drag
losses
is required.
A common
procedure
for accomplishing
this and the one
which
will be used here
is based
on non-lifting
experimental
correlations
for
symmetric
two-dimensional
airfoils
and axisymmetric
bodies.
The
following
relations
derived
by
Horner
(13,
chapter
VI)
are
used,
respectively.

K - Cd/(2CF)

m I +

K I (t/c)

- I + 1.5

(d/L) 3/2

60

(t/c) 4

+ 7

(d/L) 3

- CD/CDF

Horner
chord

and

recommends
K I - 1.2

for

K I - 2 for
NACA

64

airfoils

and

65

series

best information
available
to an analyst
for
be used.
This is especially
true for modern
the supercritical
airfoil.

57

with

maximum

airfoils.

thickness
In

his particular
high performance

this

at

regard,

contour
shapes

30%
the

should
such as

Total

Viscous

Drag

The aircraft
total
the preceding
analysis
tail, etc.).
That is

viscous-drag
over
all

coefficient
is estimated
by
components
(i.e. wing,
fuselage,

a sum
of
vertical

N
CD

vlscous

CF.(Sj/SREF)Kj

j-i

The component
length
used
in the calculation
of
coefficient
is the local
chord
for planar
component
physical
length
for bodies
and nacelles.

BASE

the
skin
segments

friction
and
the

DRAG
Blunt

base

increments

are

estimated

at

subsonic

and

supersonic

speeds

by

where

ACDBAs E

.CPBAsE

-CPBAs E

The
expressions
for
the
base
correlation
of flight
test results
the space
shuttle.
Power effects
the

present

CPBAsE

0.139

SBAS E / SREF

0.419

M -2_

0.57

(M

- 0.161) 2",

M "4_

",

M_<

M _>

pressure
coefficient
are derived
from
for the XI5, various
lifting
bodies,
and
are treated
as reductions
in base area in

analysis.

58

POTENTIAL
DRAG
One hundred percent suction drag due to lift
and supersonic wave drag
due to thickness can be evaluated by integration
of the momentumflux
through a large circular cylinder centered on the x-axis and whose radius
approaches infinity
(figure 9).

_.._

wave

drag

,,

flux

momentum

..s

+ + "__,'...;;__

=:o,,ooo.,

vor

\Trefftz

Figure

The

9.

Integration

resulting

of Momentum

expression

for

the

Flux

total
2

CDSRE F -

-2 ff
A 2

"

_x_rdAe

Through

pressure

Large

drag

plane

Circular

Cylinder.

is

+ ff(_y
A3

+ _z)dA3

- CDwSRE F + CDvSRE F

The first
term represents
the wave drag due to momentum
losses
thru the
side of the cylinder
caused
by standing
pressure
waves
at supersonic
speeds.
The
second
term
represents
the vortex
drag which
arises
from the kinetic
energy
left behind
in the Trefftz
plane by the system
of trailing
vorticies.

Vortex

Drag

The vortex
drag
may be computed
when
the distribution
vorticity
in the Trefftz
plane
is known.
The assumptions
of
wing theory
result
in a vortex
sheet which
extends
directly
all
lifting
surfaces.
By changing
a
a line integral
over the vortex
sheet
expressions
for lift and drag result.

surface
in the

59

integral
Trefftz

of trailing
linearized
thin
downstream
of

for kinetic
plane
the

energy
to
following

CL - (CAvG/SRE
F) _ Cn(N)cos 9(7) dN

CDv- (CAvG/SREF)
{ Cn(N)w_(N)dN
where
C
n
w

vortex sheet contour

weighted section normal force coefficient
asymptotic normal velocity

Cn(C/CAvG)

on the vortex sheet

vortex sheet branch coordinate

0

inclination

of vortex sheet with respect to y-axis

The analysis computes the normal velocity

on the vortex sheet, w

i
by assuming the vortex sheet is composed of finite
trailing
horseshoe
vorticies whose strength is proportional to the local section Cn(S). The
normal velocity
is computed at a control point located midway between the
trailing vortex segments (figure i0).

control

. _

point

(Yc. 'zc. )
l
l

(Yi,Zi)

Figure

i0.

Trefftz

Plane

Vortex

60

Wake

Nomenclature.

CAvGFj/(2_r)

e4

e4

[C

C
n.

]/2

//

..............)

n.

\\1 \/

,,F _

(Yi+l'Zi+l)

/
/
/
(Yi,Zi)

-+

[(Yc.-Yj

)gy+

(Zc.-

zj)ez]

A_ i =

(Yi+l-Yi)ey

AYie y
_I

_4

[-(Zci-

zj)_y+

-+

V.n

co

cAV G /(2=r

Therefore

(Yci-yj)_z]/r

2{

CD

Asi)

As.i

(Zi+l-zi)e

Az.ze z

_+

[-Az.e
ly

+ Ayi_ z ]

I
- z
ci

)Az i +

(Yc

_ w _.
1
i

yj)AYi_

F.
J

- Aij Fj

n. A_i
1

where
_i

Aij Fj

J
Wave
The

Drag
integral

for

wave

drag

CDwSRE F =

-2If
As

4x4rrdxd#

may be simplified
by allowing
the cylindrical
surface
of integration
to
recede
infinitely
far from the disturbance.
Under
these
conditions,
the
spatial
singularity
simulations
can
be reduced
to a series
of onedimensional
distributions.
The basis for this reduction
is the finding
by
Hayes
(14)
that
the potential
and
the gradients
of interest
induced
by a
singularity
along an arbitrary
trace on a distant
control
surface,
say PP'
of figure
ii (or alternately
described
by the
cylindrical
angle
0), is
invariant
to a finite
translation
along
the surface
of a hyperboloid
emanating
from
the trace
and passing
of the hyperboloid
is a great distance
along
a surface
which
is essentially
to as an "oblique
plane".
differential
equation,
all

Since
a
singular

through
the singularity.
As the apex
away, the aforementioned
movement
is
plane;
it will be henceforth
referred

singularity
solutions

61

is
which

a solution
lie on the

of a linear
surface
of

/
Figure

Ii.

Distant

Control

62

Surface

Geometry.

the

same

hyperboloid

equivalent
the

point

individual

along

the

as

of
This

distribution

of

angle,

the

stations
equivalent

The
side

At

fixed

each

the

for

the

single
sum

of

(momentum)

reducing

of

cut,

wave

series

the

group

lineal

drag

0.

At

distribution

plane"

the

angles,

lineal

"oblique

lineal

three-dimensional

cylindrical

at

general

equivalent

the

equivalent

comprising

2_
(4_U)'2

of

an

along

form

algebraic

potential

for

series

distribution

length.

singularities

series

spatial

far-field
expression
force
elements
is

CDwSREF

technique
surveying

produces

to

the

singularities.

basic

to
same

by

at

grouped

the

accomplished

collapsed

point

induces

the

its

is

be
equal

to

survey

along

singularities

is

individual

the

is

cutting

thus

singularities

longitudinally

systematically

may

strength

which

provides

distributions.

and

group

distribution

each

and

the

finding

spatial

plane)
whose

strengths

trace

This

(oblique

singularity

of
of

to

by

longitudinal
intercepted

form

one

of

the

distribution.

of

general

system

of

lift,

f0 __
f

__
f

ht(_le ,0)h_(e2,0)inl_1-e21

deld_2d0

where

h (e 8) =
e

'

f(e,8)
is

the

the

(e,O)

equivalent

angle

equivalent

source

equivalent

lifting

_-I

gy(e,8)

equivalent

side

are

by

equipotential

surfaces.

the

of

vicinity

strengths
flow

are

For

the

to

at

the

the

approximate
expressions
slender
lifting
object.

object

per

unit

length

length

dimensional

singularity
principle

such

surfaces

The

Lomax

unit

are

individual
by

(15)

in

singularity

the

requirement

derived

singularity

along
planar

the

following

strengths

and

a/ae[A(e,e)]

gz(e,8)

(_U)/2

Ic

Cpdy

gy(e,8)

(_U)/2

fc

CpdZ

A(e,8)

at

length

per

consideration

equivalent

figure

unit

strength

three

boundary.
the

8
strength

superposition

observer
under

per

strength

configuration.

solid

between

the

cos

singularity

element

the

distant

(e,e)

(see

of

(e,0)

force

from

singularity

related

tangency

deduced

application

gy

strength

gz(_,8)

strengths

lineal

cylindrical

These

where

sin

_-I

distributions

of

gz(e,8)

12)

is the Y-Z
projection
cross-sectional
area

of

is

the

the

contour

around

63

the

obliquely

surface

in

cut

the

oblique

cut

Figure

12.

Areas
Wave

and
Drag

Forces
from

Pertinent
the

Far

64

to
Field

the
Point

Evaluation
of

View.

of

Utilizing
the
following
expression
Hayes
is obtained

singularity
strength
expressions
for wave resistance
based
on the

2_
CDwSRE F -

L(e)

L(9)(

i _ f
f
(4_)
0 -L(0)

fl/2

derived
by
far field

f
ta
-L(8)

/a_,[A(e1,8)]

Cp(el,8)dy

cos8

_/2

Cp(e,,8)dz]}

O/0e_[sinO

Cp(e 2 ,O)dy

cos0

In[_l-e21

the
of

a/a_,[sin9

a /Oe_[A(e_,8)]
{22

Lomax,
theory

Cp( e2,0)dz]

deld_2d8

In order
to facilitate
manipulated
into the following

subsequent
form

discussion,

CDwSREF=[4_2L2(8)]I

f0 fo fo 0 /0et[Ae(el,O)]0

where

the

above

result

is

/Oee[Ae(e2,O)]in[el-e2[delde2d8

(20)
the

effective

Ae(e,0)

requirement

A'(O,8)
e

A(e,0)-

for

this

is

given

B/2

by,

Cp(e,0)[sin

transformation

+ cos

dz]

de

is that

= 0

A'(L,8)
e

In accordance
with equation
20,
average
of the wave drag of a series
The
drag
of
longitudinal

0 dy

each
of these
distribution

the
of

bodies
is
of normal

wave drag
equivalent

of

a configuration
is the
bodies
of revolution.

calculated
from
cross-sectional

knowledge
of its
area.
For
each

equivalent
body,
these areas are defined
to be the frontal
projection
of the
areas
and
the accumulation
of pressure
force
in the
theta
direction
intercepted
on the original
configuration
by a system
of parallel
oblique
planes
each inclined
at the given Mach angle.
The common
polar
angle
(0) of
the system
identifies
the equivalent
body under consideration.
Nacelles
are assumed
to swallow
air supersonically.
That is, the duct
is
operating
at
a mass
flow
ratio
of unity.
Consistent
with
this
assumption,
the equivalent
body
cross-sectional
area
distribution
is
increased
by the
oblique
projected
duct capture
area at all stations
ahead
of the duct which
are intercepted
by an oblique
plane.
Blunt
base
components
sectional
area)
sufficiently
the base.
In

addition

distribution
analysis
is

to

are
extended
far downstream

a geometric

acting
used
for

description,

on the configuration
this
purpose.
The
65

(maintaining
constant
to prevent
flow
closure

definition

of

is required.
The
thickness
pressures

the

crossaround

pressure

vortex
panel
for planar

components have tacitly

been neglected under the assumption that
surfaces are sufficiently
thin that the net pressure
coefficient
representative of pressure acting on the oblique section.

the
is

Estimation of the wave drag based on equation 20 depends on solution

integrals of the type
I i

of

2_

G"(xl)G"(x2)Inlx*"

x21dxldx2

00
of a numerically

given function
16

G(x).

Evaluation of such forms has been

17

studied
by Eminton
'
for functions
having
G' (x)
(0,i) and G'(0) - G'(1) = 0.
In such situations,
Fourier
sine series.
It can then be shown that

continuous
G'(x) can

on the interval
be expanded
in a

oo

NA N
N=I

where
_T

G'(x)sin(N_)d_

AN=
0
Eminton
in

then

I being

solved

for

a minimum,

G(x)

be

exact

This

approach

for

an

--

--4

value

of

to

the

arbitrarily

produces

the

subject

the

Fourier

condition

specified

following

[G(1)-G(0)]2

the

set

result
n
_

coefficients
that

the

which

resulting

of points

(0,i),

result

series
El,

i-l,n.

i=l

j-i

C.f.
ij
lj

where

C.l

#i

_I

- G(_i)

-G(0)

cos -l(l-2ei)

-[G(1)-G(0)]_i

(l-2ei)
J 2 ei(l'Ei)

i
e.
l

fij

"
'

(n+l)

I<

i<n
-

-i
[Pij ]

]
(_i-ej)

In

[_i+ej - 2e i _.+
]

2Jei(j(l-

[(i+_j - 2_i_ j-

2Jeiej(l-ei)(l-_

(_.+E.
i
j

eiej)Jei_j
66

ei ) (i-()j

(l- _i) (I- ej)

j)

]
]

for

The solution of equation

following identities.
G(Ei,8 )

20 for wave drag is accomplished by use of the

-

Ae(_i,8)
2

CDw(0)SRE

I(0)/

(8)
_/2

2_
CDw

2_i

CDw(0)d0

67

- !_

f C DW (0)d8
-_/2

DRAGDUETO LIFT
In the discussion which follows, certain limiting (zero and one hundred
percent suction), and attainable edge force polars are defined.
They are
related to one another as indicated in the following sketch.
C

Iuu_CDI00
If CDI00
>
slenderness

CD0, there is a
problem
in the

_/
I

CL

CDI00 calculation.
In this
case the CD0calculation
is considered more reliable
and the CDLcurve is found
relative to CD0and the suction level.
The

fixed

given

by

CDI00

- CDv

one

equations

hundred
20

DL

CD L

percent

suction

22.

Specifically

through

drag

due

to

lift

(i.e.

CDI00)

is

M<I

M>I
- CDv

+ CDw

- CDwITHICKNESS

The
zero
suction
drag
due
to
lift
is calculated
by numerically
integrating
the net pressure
distribution
times
the projected
area
in the
streamwise
direction
over each of the planer
surfaces.
The following
block
integration

scheme

is used

to

sum

over

all

quadrilateral

panels.

N
CD0

FI(SREF

)I _
i=l

CPiAi_i

where

Cp.

Cp.
l

+ _ 8Cp./a=

i= 0

+ 6 aCp./86

and

_0iis

due

to

for

control

for

symmetric

Edge

twist

and

surface

panels

geometries

forces

are

camber,
and
and

neglected

6 is

the

a. i

0 for

F I _ 1 for

in this

control
non

surface
control

asymmetric

deflection,
surface

panels.

and

a.=ll

FI - 2

geometries.

evaluation.

The drag due to lift for the total configuration

is based on linearized
potential
(i00
percent
leading
edge suction)
calculations
plus corrections
to account
for suction
losses
and associated
edge vortex
forces

68

Ns
CD L = CDI00

Nc T

+ -ISREF _ (I
)C
c.As'._
+ C 2 (SREF) -i _
i=l
"Ksj
sj j
J uj
k=l

Ns
- CD0

+
i=l

and

the

leading

derivation

_D

edge

in Appendix

cos

the

CSkA(X/CT)kTD

Nc T
(1-K s .)Cs.
3
3

side

+
J

edge

A cos

a cos

6 + sin

A sin

k=l

rotation

(cos

6 + sin

is the slope
angle of
the sign of coefficient

direction

factors,

_D

and

TD,

are

(see

B)

_ cos

+ Ao/IAoI[-cos

where
6
edge and

and

Csk_(X/CT)kTD

8 sin

(cos

- sin

9 cos

_ sin

6 + sin

0 sin

the camber
line perpendicular
A 0 from equation
13 is used

of vortex

rotation.

sin

A cos

to
to

6 )

sin

6)]

the leading
determined

-I
TD

where
6
the left
sign
of
of

vortex
An

complete

+
-

sin

C n01Cn0

(-cos

sin

5 +

sin

cos

8 cos

is the chordwise
slope angle of the tip camber
line, plus
side and negative
to the right side of the
configuration
coefficient
C
from equation
14 is used to determine
the
no

6)

refers
to
and
the
direction

rotation.
estimate

of

configuration

SUCTION

the

average

is based

on

level
the

of

leading

following

(CDL-

1.0

; =>

L.E.

<

1.0

; =>

L.E. Suction
is partly
remainder
is converted

L CDIo0)'

Suction,

drag.

69

where

if

suction

for

equation:

CDL)/(CD

edge

CD L

any,

is

CD L for

Ks -

totally

recovered.

recovered,
to vortex

the
lift

and

the

HYPERSONIC
High Machnumber analysis is based on non-interfering
18
finite element analysis.
An arbitrary
configuration
is approximated
quadrilateral panels as indicated in figure 13.

Figure 13.

constant pressure

by a system of plane

Configuration Represented by Surface Quadrilateral

Panels.

The pressure acting on each panel of a vehicle component is evaluated

by a specified
compression-expansion method selected from the following
options.

70

Impact
i.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9
i0
ii
12
13
14
15
16

Modified

Flow

Shadow

Flow

Newtonian

Modified
Newtonian+Prandtl-Meyer
Tangent
wedge
Tangent-wedge
empirical
Tangent-cone
empirical
OSU blunt body empirical
Van Dyke Unified
Blunt-body
shear force
Shock-expansion
Free molecular
flow

I.

Newtonian

(Cp -

0)

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Modified
Newtonian+Prandtl-Meyer
Prandtl-Meyer
from free-stream
OSU blunt body empirical
Van Dyke Unified
High Mach base pressure
Shock-expansion
Input pressure
coefficient
Free molecular
flow

Input pressure
coefficient
Hankey
flat-surface
empirical
Delta wing empirical
Dahlem-Buck
empirical
Blast wave
Modified

tangent-cone

A discussion
of the various
Specific
analysis
recommendations
by component
basis.

methods
is presented
in appendix
C.
are provided
by the program
on a component

In each
method,
the only geometric
parameter
required
for determining
panel
pressure
is the impact
angle,
6 , that
the quadrilateral
makes
with
the free-stream
flow or the change
in angle of a panel
from a previous
point
where

6 -

x/2-8

cos e -(n-V)/(Inl IVl)

and

-'

V_

-ni+nj
x

(V_cos

= p_

7 -

Panel
switching
former
case and

+nk

cos

- q_

(X-XcG)_

"

fl)i - (V sin

(% sin

cos

-'

#)k

rk

(y-YcG)_

between
impact
or shadow
6 < 0 in the latter.

71

(Z-ZcG)_

conditions

is based

on

6 >

0 in

the

AERODYNAMIC

CHARACTERISTICS

The
panels

pressure
(except

local

pressure

That

on
the

each

panel

is

shock-expansion

coefficient

calculated

method).

must

be

independent
If

corrected

the
to

vehicle

of
is

all

other

rotating,

free-stream

the

conditions.

is
_+ 2
Cp

Cp

IVI

2
/V

local

Vehicle

component

summing

panel

forces,

which

are

in

the

body

axis

system,

are

obtained

by

forces

AC x

SREF
-i

Cpnx A

AC y

-I
SREF

>

CpnyA

AC z -

SREF
-i

Cpnz A

_C_

(bSREF)I

Cp(Z-ZcG)nyA

Cp(y-ycG)nzA

ACre--(

CSREF)I

Cp(X'XcG)nzA

Cp(Z'ZcG)nxA

Cp(X-XcG)nyA-

Cp(Y-YcG)nxA

AC n

(bSREF)I

panel

coordinates

where

x,y,z

Configuration
appropriate

The
the
lift
relations.

and

vehicle

are

calculated
moment

attitude

of

conversion

The
and

buildup

summation

from

drag

CL

by

of

and

total

component

the

C x cos_

centroid

vehicle

coefficients

body

axis

system

is

cos_

based

method

- C y sin E

characteristics

derivatives,
of

small

are

to
on

-Cxsin_

stability
the

panel

are

obtained

by

contributions.

coefficients

CD

static

area

the

the

C z sin_

CzCOS_

which

are

perturbations.

non-linear,

angle

72

these

wind

axis

standard

system

for

trigonometric

cos_

in

the
Since

body
the

parameters

axis
basic
vary

system,
force
with

Cx

[(Cx)

- (Cx)

]/As

(Axial)

Cz

[(C z)

- (Cz)

]/As

(Normal)

Cm_

[(Cm)

+A

[(Cy)

+A_

Cy_

- (Cm)_]/As

(Pitch)

- (Cy)

(Side)

]/A_

Cn_

[(Cn)

_+n_ - (Cn)_]/A_

[(C_)
- (C_) }/A_
_+A_

The
damping
derivatives
similar
manner

C ^
mq

(Yaw)

due

{[(Cm)

to

vehicle

(Cm)
q+Aq

]/Aq}

(Roll)

rotation

/[(c)/(2V)

rate

are

obtained

in a

etc.
Similarily

the

CL6

control
m

surface

[(CL )

6+A6

derivatives

- (CL)

are

]/A6

Cm6

C26

CY6

[(Cm) 6+A6 - (Cm) 6 ]/A6

[(c_)6+A6 - (c_)6 ]/A6

[(Cy)

6+A6

- (Cy)

]/A6

etc.
It is the
calculated

last
term
and printed

in the numerator
of these
in the program
output.

73

definitions

that

are

being

CONCLUSIONS

An aerodynamic configuration evaluation program has been developed and

implemented on a time sharing system with an interactive graphics terminal
to maximize responsiveness to the preliminary analysis problem.
The solution
is based on potential theory with edge considerations at
subsonlc/supersonic
speeds and impact type finite
element analysis at
hypersonic conditions.
Three-dimensional
configurations having multiple
non-planar surfaces of arbitrary planform and bodies of non-circular contour
may be analyzed.
Static,
rotary,
and control longitudinal
and lateraldirectional characteristics
may be generated.
IBM 3081 computation time of less than one minute of CPU/Machnumber at
subsonic, supersonic or hypersonic conditions
for a typical simulation
indicates that the program provides an efficient analysis for systematically
performing various aerodynamic configuration
tradeoff
and evaluation
studies.
PRIME 850 and VAX 11/780 computation times are approximately
fifteen times longer.

74

REFERENCES

Ward,
G. N. Linearized
Theory
University
Press,
1955.

Adams,
M.
Extension,"

Werner,
Bodies

C.

of

Steady

High

Speed

Flow,

Cambridge

and Sears,
W. R. "Slender-Body
Theory-Review
and
Journal
of Aeronautical
Sciences,
February
1953.

J. and Krenkel,
A. R., "Slender
Body Theory
Programmed
with Arbitrary
Cross-section,"
NASA CR 145383,
February

Woodward,
Subsonic
Nov-Dec.,

for
1978.

F. A., "Analysis
and Design
of Wing-Body
Combinations,
at
and Supersonic
Speeds,"
Journal
of Aircraft,
Vol. 5, No. 6,
1968.

Polhamus,
E. C., "A Concept
of the
Wings
Based on a Leading-Edge-Suction

Carlson,
H. W., Mack, R. J., and Barger,
Attainable
Leading-Edge
Thrust
for Wings
Speeds,"
NASA TP 1500, October
1979.

Tulinius,
J. et al., "Theoretical
Prediction
of Airplane
Stability
Derivatives
at Subcritical
Speeds,"
NASA CR-132681,
1975.

Schlichting,
H.
Co. Inc. 1958.

Eckert,
E. R.
WADC TR54-70,

Boundary

Layer

G., "Survey
1954.

of

Vortex
Lift
Analogy,"

Theory,

Heat

R
at

L., "Estimation
of
Subsonic
and Supersonic

Fourth

Transfer

of Sharp-Edge
Delta
NASA TN D-3767,
1966.

Edition,

at

High

i0.

Van Driest,
Engineering

ii.

Goddard,
F. E., "Effect
of Uniformly
Distributed
Skin Friction
Drag at Supersonic
Speed,"
Journal
January
1959, pp. 1-15, 24.

12.

Clutter,
D.W.,
"Charts
for Determining
Smooth
and Rough
Plates
at Mach Numbers
Heat Transfer,"
Douglas
Aircraft
Report

13.

Hoerner,
S. F., Fluid Dynamic
Drag, Published
Drive,
Midland
Park, New Jersey,
1958.

14.

Hayes,
W. D., "Linearized
Supersonic
Inc Report
No. AL-222,
1947.

15.

Lomax,
H., "The Wave Drag of Arbitrary
Flow as Determined
by Areas
and Forces
A55AIS,
1955.

E. R.,
Review,

"The Problem
of Aerodynamic
October
1956, pp. 26-41.

75

McGraw-Hill

Speed,"

Heating"

Aeronautical

Roughness
Aero/Space

on Turbulent
Sciences,

Skin Friction
Coefficients
up to 5.0 With and Without
No. ES-29074,
1959.

Flow,"

by

North

Book

Author,

American

148

on

Busteed

Aviation,

Configurations
in Linearized
in Oblique
Planes,"
NACA RM

16.

Eminton, E., "On the Minimization and Numerical Evaluation of Wave

Drag," RAEReport Aero 2564, 1955.

17.

Eminton, E., "On the Numerical

British R & M 3341, 1963.

18.

Gentry, Arvel, E., "Hypersonic Arbitrary-Body

Aerodynamic Computer
Program, Douglas Report DAC61552, Vols. i and 2, April 1968.

19.

Love, E. S., Henderson, A, Jr., and Bertram, M. H., SomeAspects of

the Air
Helium Simulation and Hypersonic Approximations,
NASATN D-49, October 1959.

20.

Kaufman, L. G., II.,

Pressure Estimation Techniques for Hypersonic
Flows Over Blunt Bodies, Journal of Astronautical Sciences, Volume X,
No. 2, Summer1963.

21.

Ames Research Staff, Equations,

Flow, NACATR 1135, 1953.

22.

Korn, G. A., and Korn, T. M, Mathematical Handbookfor Scientists

Engineers, McGraw-Hill, April 1961.

23.

Liepmann, H. W., and Roshko, A., Elements of Gasdynamics, John Wiley

and Sons, Inc., 1957.

24.

Bertram, M. H. and Henderson, A., Jr., Recent Hypersonic Studies of

Wings and Bodies, ARSJournal, Vol. 31, No. 8, August 1961.

25.

Gregorek,
G. M. , Nark, T. C. , and Lee, J. D. , An Experimental
Investigation of the Surface Pressure and the Laminar Boundary Layer on
a Blunt Flat Plate in Hypersonic Flow, ASD-TDR-62-792,Volume I, March
1963.

26.

Van Dyke, M. D., A Study of Hypersonic Small-Disturbance Theory,

Report 1194, 1954.

27.

Shapiro, A. H., "The Dynamics and Thermodynamicsof Compressible Fluid

Flow," The Ronald Press, 1953.

28.

Hayes, W. D., and Probstein, R. F., "Hypersonic Flow Theory, Academic

Press, 1959.

29.

Van Tassell,
W., "Free-Molecular
and Newtonian Coefficients
Arbitrary Bodies," RAD-TM63-63,August 1963.

30.

Hankey, W. L., Jr., "Optimization

ASD-TDR-62-1102,March 1963.

31.

Dahlem, V. and Buck, M. L, "Experimental and Analytical Investigations

Vehicle Designs for High Lift-Drag Ratios in Hypersonic Flight," AFFDLTR-67-138, June 1967.

Evaluation

Tables,

of Lifting

76

of the Drag Integral,"

and Charts for Compressible

and

NASA

for

Re-Entry Vehicles,"

32.

Lukasiewicz, J.,
1961.

"Hypersonic Flow-Blast

33.

Jacobs, W. F., "A Simplified Approximate Method for the Calculation

of
the Pressure Around Conical Bodies of Arbitrary Shape in Supersonic and
Hypersonic Flow, JAS, December1961, pp 987-988.

77

Analogy,

AEDC-TR-61-4, June

APPENDIX

SUBSONIC/SUPERSONIC

VELOCITY

PERTURBATION

The

velocity

for

the

Integrations
are

used

to

arbitrary

for

potential

are
obtain

a point

out

in

( ex,

ey,

velocity

given

by

for

Consider

_z )

are

potential
the

by
the

expressions

orientation.

the

for

q-

DERIVATIONS

to

obtain

vortex

and

and
a

expressions

finite

coordinate

source

elements.

transformations

doublet
unit

panels

in

the
at

(x,y,z)

the

point

coordinate

system.

(Xo,Yo,Zo)

on

ka
-

" 4=R

(x-x0)

therefore

(x,y,z)

more

the

where

induced

easily

by

if

we

[]

distribution

transform

(I-M)

of

(Z-Zo)

to

----f +
ax

---_
By

sources

variables

on

the

coordinate

2
az

surface
system

which

has

the

source

should

rotate

the

also

coordinate

In

potentials

derived

transformation
First
normal.

[] _s

velocity
is

is

[(Y'Y0)

2
2

expression,

4s (x'y'z)

The

having

normal,

located

used

S having

vectors

source

be
and

plane

surface

unit

z=0

can

source

constant

The

ELEMENT

source

induced

carried

where

FINITE

POTENTIAL

potential

velocity

resulting
(

where

system

by

eliminate

plane.

the

component

n+o
z

n +n
z

system

, 0,

sin

cos

sin

COS

COS

cos

the

differential

cOS

to

the

governing

on

the

coordinate
-sin

distribution
preserve

+ n
y

z
78

normal

will

have

components

This
equation.
of

the

There

finally

results

the

following

change

of variables

cos

(Y'Yo)

sin

^
X

sin

[ (Z-Zo)

(X-X0)

COS

(X-Xo)

sin

[ cos

sin

sin

(Y-Yo)

cos

[ (z-z o) cos

(Y'Yo)

sin

[ cos

2
_

1/2

(Z-Zo)

cos

or

written

in

terms

of

the

panel

sin

2
_

1/2

normal,
2

^
x

[ (Y'Yo)

(z-zo)

y
[ n

[ (Y-Yo)

+n

[ n

^
z

[ (Y'Yo)

2
y

+n

z
+

the

points

(x,y,z),

joining

these

+ n

+n

1/2

1/2

+n

and

[ n

1/2

(Z-Zo)

(x-x o)

y
2
[ _n

If

2
[ #n

1/2

(z-z o) ny

+
x

nz

] _ n
z

^
y

]
z
2

(X-Xo)

n
x

1/2

(xo,Y0,Zo)

both

lie

in

the

plane

S,

then

a vector

-+

(x-xo)

points
n

must

(Y'Yo)

be
n

perpendicular
+

(Z-Zo)

to n,
=

z
A

and

therefore

preserves
write,

the

the

points

governing

2
2

(I-M)

and

if again

+ _

point

A2

( y

the

plane,

2
2

(Xo,Yo,Zo)

lies

(X-Xo)

79

0.

This

since

---f + ----f+
ax
ay
on

transformation

equation,

S,

(I-M)

^2

+ z

differential

2
a

^---F
+
^---f
+
^2
ax
ay
az
the

in

Prandtl-Glauert

^2

lie

for

2
az

any

+ _

(x,y,z),

[ (Y-Yo)

(Z'Zo)

we

can

The

velocity

potential

density

is

elements

over

for

obtained
the

by

an

area

in

the

integrating

area.

Dropping

z -

the
the

[1

dxody

we

can

0 plane

having

influence

and

of

using

constant

source

infinitesimal

transformed

source

coordinates

we

have,

Cs(X'Y'Z)

"

4_

J"

f
J

R-2

2
and

since

at

[(Y-Yo)

z2 ]

[] -Ss

doublet

(X-Xo)

Xo,

Yo,

z0.

is

the

say

[]

derivative

of

point

source:

2
ka_
_D(x,y

'

Integrating
doublet

or

z)

from

_s_X,Y,Z'Zo)

aZ o

to

horseshoe

infinity

k_

_
4_

Xo=fo

elementary

(Z-Zo)

yields

(Z-Zo)

44

the

potential

for

line

vortex.

(X-fo)
_H(x,Y

,z)

_DdXo

k#
--

fo

Z0

And

an

area

expression

of

the

_F(x,Y,

z)

44

[(Y-Yo)

2
+

[(2-k)

constant

over

vortex

panel

strength

is

obtained

by

integrating

this

area:

(x-x0)

'JI

_
44

[ (Y-Yo)

[(2-k)

2
+

_]

dx0dY

Q
IIIII
IIIII
IIIII

The

solution

integrals

The
velocity

of
may

be

velocity
potentials

these

integrals

checked

using

is

expressions
using

table

performed

tables

may

be

I.

80

in

and

at

obtained

the
the

following
end

by

of

sections.
this

All

Appendix.

differentiating

the

SOURCE

PANELS

First
as

shown

the

integration

in figure

is performed

over

the

panels

in

the

x o direction

I.
xB

I
R

iB

dx o =

- _ log
*

R+(x'Xo)
R-(X-Xo)

xA

xA

Yo
(xl,Yl)

X2"X

Xo-

X o

xA(Yo)

X4-X
T4

T21

Y2 "Yl

/
/
I
I
I
/
I
/

Y4 -Y3

_,Y2)

(xA.

xl)

= T21(Y A-

Yl)

/_.
(xs,Y3)

--Ii--

(x4,Y4)

(x A-

Figure

To

integrate

when

with

is

Integration

respect

(X-Xo)

T(y'Yo)

Tz

xo -

xB

which

i.

a change

Panels

(Y-Yo)

T = T4s

T(y-y o)

of

is

introduced:

(x-x o)

T43(yB-y3)

in x o Direction.

of variables

T(y-y o)

(X-XB)

independent

to Yo

Over

xs)

(x-x3)

Yo.

81

- TB(y-ys)

i
T
i

22

Therefore

using

Y2

T b

R+(x_Xo

T + B

, and

log

dy o

Y2

Yl

with

_ constant

R+(f+7)

R- (x-xo)

integrating

log

d7
R- (f+7)

Yl
2

-1
T

This

R+(f+7)
R-(_+q)

7 _I log

integration

may

Each

four

of

the

quadrilateral.

be

checked

and

setting

using

integration

Placing

the

corner,

f -1 31 log
b

bR+(f+B
bR+(_+B

table

limits

origin

of

27)
7)

_ tan

=1

_- R

}71
72

_7-_

2.

corresponds
the

Xo,

Yo

to

corner

coordinate

system

of
at

the
one

- T + fl , the

contribution

to

becomes:
2

ak
_(x,y,z,T)

- -4_

R+x

Y _

log -R-x

and

combining

(x,y,z,T)

VORTEX

the

each

of

the

tan

four

(x-Ty)

zR 2
xy-Tr

i x
- 7 log
B

y)
2

BR-(Tx+fl

y)

corners:

_(x'xl,

Y-Y1,

z,

T21)

_(x'x3,

Y'Y3,

z,

T43)

_(x-x

2 , y-y2,

z,

T21 )

_(x-x4,

y-y,,

z,

T43)

the

integration

PANELS

Analogous
to
x 0 direction.

z2
[(Y'Yo)

2
+

the

[(2-k)
]

source

panels

(X'Xo)
+ ---]
R

dx o

(
_

" z

variables

and

integrating

with

82

respect

is

first

performed

[ (2-k)(x-Xo)
2
2+ R
[(Y-Yo)
+ z ]

xA

changing

BR+(Tx+_

to

in

Xo=X B
Xo-X A

fY2
-

- z

/J
Yl

(2-k)

[ (2-k)(x-x0)
+ R
_
2
[(Y'Yo)
+ z ]

_ tan _I _

[ (2-k)(f+7)
2
2
7 +_"

71

_ _i log

_
j

dYo

+ R

]
d7

_72 +
(7 2+ _ 2 )_71

71

_R
+

- [ _I log

therefore

for

one

+ b 2 _ -i _, log
B

R+(f+7)
R-(f+7)

corner

or

integration

27)
7)

bR+(f+B
bR+(f+B

- f tan _I

72

limit
2

kCp
_(x,y,z,T)

[
_

,
Tz

R+x

log

8_
_I
+

(x-Ty)

2 1 ,

-R-x

z B

- F
B

zR

tan

(2-k)

BR+(Tx+_
log

[ Tz

2
BR-(Tx+_

I
_ log

y)
y)

2
r

(x-Ty)

tan

.ly-] }
z

xy-Tr
and
(x,y,z,T)

Velocity

_(x'xt,

Y'Y*,

z,

_(x-xs,

Y-Ys,

z, T4s)

Component

T21)

_(x-x

2,

Y-Y2,

+ _(x-x 4, Y-Y4,

z,

T21)

z,

T4s)

Transformations

The
velocity
expressions
may
be obtained
by differentiating
velocity
potentials.
The results
of this are given on page
33.
Since
integrations
were
done
in the ^ coordinate
system,
we must consider
variable
transformation
to obtain
the actual
perturbation
velocities.
A

--

cos

[ cos
2

a
-ay

sin

c,

_(x,y,z)

ax

[ _

sin

c,

sin

1/2

w cos

] sin

_(x,y,z)
[ cos
2

[ _

sin

COS

1/2

sin

w cos

] cos

_(x,y,z)

,%

az

2
[ cos

2
_

83

2
sin

1/2
a

sin

the
all
the

We

can

also

write

this

in

u(n

terms

+n

1/2

^
w

( n

_ = n

^
w

n 2
z

_ 2 n

n 2
z

] 1/2

( n = +
y

n 2
z

n =
z

) 1/2

^
v n
z

n 2
y

+
x

] n

1/2

) 1/2

( n

^
v

] n
y

n 2
y

)
z

^
u

1/2

) 1/2

2
- fl

( n 2 +
y

]
z

x
n 2
z

1/2

( n 2 +
y

wn
2

^
u n

normal,

panel

the

2
[

of

] 1/2

( n = +
y

n 2
z

) 1/2

where

^
u

.....

-w

4(x,y,z)

ax

The
using

To
following

i,

of
i,

VERIFICATION

and

OF

the

are

THE

establish

velocity

given

these

must

equation

be

page

VELOCITY

are

expressions

be

the

correct

perturbation

satisfied

+_

+_

xx
equivalent

=0

yy

zz

_u

+v
x

....
^

4(x,y,z)

may

be

obtained

by

EXPRESSIONS

the

33.

met:

must

fie

or

az

potential

on

PERTURBATION

that

criteria

Laplace's

.....
4(x,y,z)

ay

derivatives
table

a
-w

+w
y

=0
z

84

velocities

the

The correct
discontinuity
or jump
in the perturbation
velocity
must
occur at the surface
of the quadrilateral
panel area.
For the source
panel
the jump occurs
in the normal
or w velocity
and on the vortex
panel
there must be a jump of constant
magnitude
in the u perturbation
velocity
over the panel area.
The perturbation
velocities
should
be
continuous
elsewhere,
except
on the trailing
vortex
sheet of the vortex
panel.

The perturbation
approached.

For
the vortex
panel
the trailing
vorticity
must extend
straight
back
to downstream
infinity.
This means
that any discontinuity
in the v
velocity
must be zero outside
the spanwise
boundaries
of the panel
and
must be zero upstream
of the panel.

The
first
table
i.

criteria

The

criteria

second

velocities

can

can
_x

If we

to

by

established

at z - 0.
from all four

zero

by

as upstream

using

noting

the

that

infinity

derivatives

all

terms

is

given

in

except

_1
and

tan

Consider
these
corners
must be

terms
keeping
included.

in mind

that

the

let

(x-x

1)

T(y-yli0_
2

Ri =
and

be

go

established

z R
2
2
xy-T(y
+z )

tan

are continuous
contributions

be

must

(x-x i)

(x-x)

+ /_ [(y-yi )

T(y-y

use
tan

_t

A +

tan

_i

B =

tan

_x

A + B
I

then the contributions

as follows.

from

_1
f(z)

both

corners

- AB
on

_1

z RI
2

tan

the

leading

edge

z R2

tan

f(y-yl)-Tz

f(y-y_)-Tz
2

_1
-

[f(y-y_)-Tz

2
]R x

tan
[f(y-yl)-Tz

can

][f(y-y_)-Tz

85

[f(y-yx)-Tz
2
]
+

]R_
2
z

RxR 2

be

combined

If

we

define

1
sgn(z)-

_i
lim
a_O

a
_

[tan

z>0}

{-I

] -

z<O

b>o}

{_Osgn(a)

-_

b<O

_I
(c)

_< tan

_<

and

lim

tan _,

discontinuity,

Af(z)

tan _,

f(y-yl)-Tz

_
The

z R,

z_O

0
-_r sgn(z)sgn(_)

or

R 2

lim
z_O

_(y-y2)-Tz

jump,

lim+[f(z)]
z_O

in

(Y'Yl)(Y-Y2)
(Y'Yl)(Y'Y2)

f(z)

at

>
<

f(z)

0 }
0

0 becomes,

lim_[f(z)]
z_O

Af

Y-Yl

Therefore
of

source

in

the

when
panel

a
and

perturbation

AW

similar
we

procedure

subtract

is

the

carried

results,

we

out
obtain

for
the

the

velocity.

AW

86

AW

a
- -4_

trailing

following

Af

edge
jump

For the vortex

both additional

panel
terms
_I

f(z)

(subsonic)
we
from the leading

(Y-Yl)

_I

tan

i im {

t an _i

(Y'Yl)

tan _I

_I
=

tan _i

(Y'Y2)

tan _i

(Y-Y_)

0
sgn(z)

} - {

0
2_

Af

2_

Af

Y=Yl

Therefore

combining

z R:
f(y-yl)-Tz

the

Considering

z(Y2"Yl)
(y-yl)(y-y2)+z

(Y-Yl)

term.

tan

A {

an additional
corners:

(Y-Y2)

tan
z

Z-+0

have
edge

(Y'Yl)(Y-Y2)
(Y-Yl)(Y'Y2)

>
<

(Y'Yl)(Y'Y_)
(Y'Yl)(Y-Y_)

> 0
< 0

Af(z)

Since

contribution

terms

tan _I

lim [f(z)]
z_0 +

AU

(Y-Yl)(Y-Y)
otherwise

from

C
_
---P-- A
8_

each

tan

_i

- T ---P-- A {
8_

tan
Z

- lim [f(z)]
z_0"

f<0

> 0

panel

corner

zR

is:

tan

_
+z

z R
tan

tan

xy-T(y

+z

i}

87

i }
E

_I
-

_I

z R2
f(y-y2)-Tz

xy-T(y

C
Av

Y=Y2

, or
0
-4_

_ 1 Y'Yl
tan _I

0 1
0

Y-y_

tan
Z

after summingall
for Au and Av

four panels corners (both edges), we obtain the following

Au = 0
Av - 0

_-X1)

T21(y-yl)

i
- _ Cp

Au

Av

- T12

Cp

(X-X

AU

- 0

Av

=
_

(T21-T4s)

T43(y-y

s )

3) - 0

Cp

region
of
trailing
vorticity
Y'Y*-Y3

To
approach

Y=Y=-Y4

verify
the third
criteria
zero when all four corners

we
are

must
show
considered

i
log

R+x
-R-x

1
_ log

2
(y +

2
z )

I
_ log

" 7

88

1
_ log

log

(R-x)

the

functions

(y +z )
_
(R-x)

that all of
as x _ -_

"

2
2
(y + z )

log

/3

Therefore

considering

lim

JR]

both

corners

on

the

leading

edge

of

the

panel

Ixl

X_-_

Rz+(x-x
lim

I)

log

i log

----R2+(X'X2)

R:-(x-x:)

X-+.

lim

RI+(x'xl)2

x_-_-

(Y'Yl)

lim

R 2 - (x-x2)

_* log

---2
(x-x2)

x_-_--

(x-x,)

+z

B+T
lim

-1
B

x_-=

and

_I

therefore

trailing

log

this

edges

perturbation

limit

are

_1 log

also

zero

when

considered.
are

(Tx

far

log

is

an

both
these

this

of

edges

the

same

z =

for

the

are

values

each

be

_
2

the

removed

trailing

and

the

for,

or
the

[(x-Ty)

+B

log

z ]

BR- (Tx+3

y)

line

by
edges

of

of

leading

or

T(y-yi)

the

accounted

2
+B

along

may

leading

of

y)

[ (x-Ty)

singularity

singularity

corners

the

apparent

(x-xi)

are

log

y)

(x-Ty)

However

[(x-Ty)

BR+(Tx+_

there

terms

y)

BR-(Tx+3

all

corners

upstream.

y)

both

Since

zero

BR+(Tx+_

-B - T

y)

is

velocities

Since

2 y)

BR+(Tx+_
BR- (Tx+_

panel

corners.

89

combining
of

the

the

contributions

panel.

Along

from
either

of

/
\

/
I

/
(xl'yl'O)2

/
/
2

T(x-x

(x-x2)+fl(Y-Y)2

<0//

)+_

(y-y)
x

< 0

/
/

////T(x-x^

(y-y)

> 0
2

/
/

/t/

/
/

_)+_

(x

/ \

\_
\

,0)

,y

(x - x )
i

T(y

-y

) - 0
i

/ T(x-x
/

)+fl (y-y)>0
I
I

\
2

It can be seen from the above diagram

sign
on a point
(x,y,0)
which
lies
quadrilateral.
Therefore
outside
the

that
(Tx + _ y) will
have
the
same
outside
the spanwise
boundaries
of the
spanwise
boundaries
the term

log
can

be

canceled

by

[(x-Ty)

combining

both

+ B z

corners,

and

the

resulting

term

1 I
- _ log
B

will not
spanwise

BRI[T(x'xx)+_
BR2[T(x'x2)+_

be singular
boundary
an

The

(Y-Yx)]
2

term

(Y'Y2)]

if the correct
actual
singularity

x
_ log

R+x
R--xx also

R+x

x
- _ log

has

or
occurs

a possible

sign
is chosen.
Within
on the panel
edge.

singularity.

This

term

written
2

x
7

log

R-x

(R+x)
2

(y+z)

For

the

source

panel

the

singularity

may

be

removed

which

are

outside

of

the

panel
90

boundaries.

for

points

along

can

the

be

If

(x-xl)

and

(x-xs)

have

the

same

sign

the

combination

of

the

two

terms

gives

R1+(x'xl)

log

RI-(x-x

where

the

edge

the

Rs+(X-Xs)

log

I)

RI(x-xz)

log
Rai(x-x

Rs-(x-xs)

correct

sign

is

singularity

is

chosen

real

to

and

remove

cannot

the

be

3 )

singularity.

On

removable

(y-y)

z -

(y-y)

a vortex

panel

1
_-

Both

R+x
-R-x

log

have

real

singularities
panel

and

as

(y

on

terms

<

2
+

edge

, and

singularity

real

singularity

z -

for
of

y (R+x)
2
2
(y+z)

and

(upstream).

the

real

(subsonic)

1
_" log(y

singularity

singularities

for

edges

the

panel

For

the

removed.

>

The

the

(downstream)

real

trailing

and

singularities

vortex

removable

occur

on

the

sheet.

) _

..(x-xi)

<

(upstream

edge

extension)

Ri -

(x'xi)

fir

(x-x

i)

r 1

l+fl

(x-x i)
and

combining

the

contributions

from

leading

and

trailing

edges,

(X3"X

lim
2
r _ 0

2
[R:+(x-x,)]
r

2
[Rs+(x_x3)]
r
91

22

(x-xs)(x-x

1 )

1)

VELOCITY

FLUX

FROM

AN

The
perturbation
expression

INCLINED

(BODY)

velocity

un

SOURCE

normal

vn

to

2
[_n+n+n]

panel

surface

is

given

by

the

2
2
1/2
ny + nz )

^
2
w nx

wn

^
u nx(

PANEL

1/2

un

w (n

+n

( n 2 + n _ ) 1/2
y
z

_2 n

1/2

] n

n_
y

+
x

v n

n2
z

]1/2

n
y

+
( n2 +
y

n2
z

)1/2

2 ^
[ - _
u n

^
w

( n

+
(n

+n

+ n

1/2

^
w

^
u

1/2

] n

z
+

1/2

(n

+n
y

z
)

1/2

2
;_ ] nx(

[ 1
2

2
2
1/2
ny + n z )
2
1/2
+
n
]
z

Since

across

surface

is

the

given

panel

surface

A u =

0,

the

rate

of

outflow

by,
^

Aw
[

+
x

1/2

and

since

across

A w

the

panel

surface

* n

+
x

where

and

- signify

the

upper

and

lower

92

y
surfaces

2
z

1/2

from

the

panel

SUPERSONIC
VELOCITIES SPECIALCONSIDERATIONS
The velocity
perturbation influence equations for supersonic flows are
treated by taking only the real parts of the expressions. This meansthat
2
2
2
2
1/2

R = Ix + _ (y + z )]
is set equal to zero for points
which
lie outside
the downstream
Mach cone from any given corner.
Therefore,
R and
i
R+x
log R-x
are zero for points
which
lie outside
the downstream
Mach cone.
2

For

If

(T + _

(T + _

) > 0,

there

are

no

problems

using

this

method.

) < 0

and

T+_
_

2 ] 1/2

iB

where

i - J

- I

I
i B

I I 9
2 _o=

(Tx+_

y)+iBR

(Tx+_
and

combining

two

_!_l tan-i
B

B R
2

y)-iBr

(Tx+8

y)

corners,
2

1 I
- _ log
B

F 2

tan

(y-yl)]+BR1

[T(x-xl)+_

(y-yl)]-BR

[T(x-x2)+8

(Y-Y2)]

RI

the

[T(x-x_)+8

either

value

of

R I or
F2

R2

is

zero

and

we

(Y-Y2)]'BR2

(Y'Yl)]

(y-y=)l[T(x-xl)+

(Y-Y2)]+BR2
2

[T(x-xz)+8

z _ 0 and

zero,

[T(x'x2)+8

-i
[T(x-x=)+_

If

1 1
- _ log
B

B
i
= -B

[T(x-xl)+8

(Y'Yl)]

allow

B Rie 2

the

other

[T(x'xz)

[T(x-xl)

approach

(Y'Yl)][T(x-x2)

- 8

(Y'Yl)][T(x'x2)

" 8

(Y'Y2)]

<

(Y'Yl)]

> 0

z
2

Therefore
from

to

becomes

F2

R_

if R I and

the

leading

F2

R 2 are

edge

zero

(see

but

figure

we

2),

are
the

inside
value

the
of

envelope

F2

is

set

of Mach
equal

B
2

(Y'Y2) ] < 0
if

R_
< 0
[T(x-xl) 2

R2
> 0
(Y-Yl)][T(x-x
2
2

(x-Ty)

>

(8
93

)z

2)

to

cones

T =. tan

2
,8 -

,4

[ (x'xl)

T(y.y_

) ]2

" [(-x 2)

2
I"

>

(X'x_)

2
2

(X'2)

<#
<

.8

[(Y'Y_)
2
[(y.y2)

- T(y.y2)

> (B -:r2)z

+ z ]

+z]

94

!_-Ty)

<

-8

2
- T

/
_ "\\

(x-Ty)

0
/t I\

\
\

F 2 -- 0

>

I
I
I

/
I

\
\
\
\

/
/

I^

io

I
\

\
\

/
\
\

/
I

l
I
l
I

I
Figure

The

2b

Supersonic

intersection

of

2
(x-Ty)

the

2
-

(8

2
-T

Leading

lines

Edge

Mach

determind

Cone

Envelope

by

2
)z

and
2
x

- 8

ccurs

(y

the

2
+

line

y -- bx
}z
ax

2
therefore

i
2
I-2aT+T

4
8

2
(I-2aT+T

therefore

(8

(a

+ b

2
-T

2
a

(1- 8

)
2

)b

2
) =

2
- 28

2
a

2
8

2
a

2
)(8

2
-T

2
) =

2
(8

2
-T

2
)b

2
Ta

the

Tx

2
- B y

Tx

4b _

82

is

determined

line

=>

T2

=>

by

(x-Ty)

T2

(8

(8

T2)x 2

or
2

2
y

2
T

2
)z

95

]1/2

\
\
\
\

2
AS

T _

(sonic

leading

edge)

the value

of

(T

2
- _

) _

] >

(RI-R 2 )
T

[(x-xl)-T(y-yl)

'

[(x-xi)-T(y-yl)

96

0.

In

this

case

SONICEDGES
2

As
the

numerical

0,

B
T +
function,

difficulties

arise

1 i
- _ log
B

BR+(Tx+_

the

evaluation

of

y)
2

BR-(Tx+_

in

i
B

=
y)

i
_ log

BR+[T(x-Ty)+B

y]
2

BR-[T(x-Ty)+B

y]

However,
for small
values
of B , this
function
numerically
by using
a few terms
of a series
series,
first we set

can be
expansion.

easily
evaluated
To generate
the

T(x-TvJ+B

( T

and

- B

[ (x-Ty)

+ B z

BR
b

therefore
2

a
2

BR

aBR

( I+6

( 1+6

therefore
2

BR+[T(x-Ty)+B
log

BR-[T(x-Ty)+B

y]
2

y]

i
_

( 1+6)1/2+

log

(i+6) I/2-

61/2
61/2

6
i

;
0

dt
[ t(l+t)

]1/2

6
i
t I/2

i
2

131
2

2!

1351
3

3!

...

61/2

[6(I+6)]1/2

i
3.2

1-3 2
5.2

I
2!

62

1-3-5a
7.2

i
3!

63

.. ]

I
3.2

1-3 2
5.2

i
2!

62

1.3.53
7-2

I
3!

63

..- ]

I
2

1.3_
2

I
2!

62

3
1.3-5
2

i
3!

63

-..

97

2
aBRb

2
--6
3

3.5

5.7

5-7.9

10

11

7.9.11

3.7.11.13

5-9.11.13

15

16

5.9-11-13-17

5.11.13.17.19

18

19

10

11

3.7.11.13-17-19

3.7.13.17.19.23

22

23

12

13

7.13.17-19-23.25

e
m

This

7.17.19.23-25.27

for

small

series

converges

rapidly

98

values

of

6,

or

small

values

of

TABLEI
TABLEOF DERIVATIVES
2

y+z

+fir

/32 -

- M2

T+fl

0X

R+x

R-x

log
2

0
ax

BR+ (Tx+/3 y)

2 log

xy-Tr

BR- (Tx+/3 y)

[(x-Ty)

+ B z

zR
0

.I

-8x

tan

z (Tx+/3 y)

xy-Tr

+ B z

[(x-Ty)

/3y
O

8y

2 log

R+x

xy

R-x

O
Oy

BR+ (Tx+/3 y)

- _" log
B

BR- (Tx+/3 y)

[(x-Ty)

Tz

[(x-Ty)

+ /3 z

x(x-Ty)

+ B z

z R
___

tan

.I

(Tx+fl y)

8y

xy- Tr

XZ

xy

+ B z

/3z
0
Oz

x
R+x
_" logR-x

XZ

0
Oz

x
2 log

BR+ (Tx+/3 y)

(Tx+/3 y)

BR- (Tx+/3 y)

[(x-Ty)

(x-Ty)

+ B

]
2

zR
8z

tan

xy- Tr

(Tx+fl
2

99

[(x-Ty)

y)
2

+ B z ]

+
2

TABLE
TABLE
2

7 +

R_

OF

(f+7)

DERIVATIVES

(b -l)p

(f+7)

(f+b

T b

T +

R
tan

af

7)

R+(f+7)

(_"

R-(f+7)

(7

-f7)
2

+_"

bR+ (f+b
a7

- _
b

log

7)

7)

bR-

(f+b
R

___

tan

i _ (f+7)

-!

a7
R

(7+_)
2

(b -i)

_"

R+(f+7)

I { (f+7)

R-(f+7)

R (7+g)

bR+ (f+b
ag b

2 log

7)

7)

[f +b

bR- (f+b

(f+b
2

7)

af

(f+b

7)

tan
2

i00

[f +b

,7 (f+7)

(7+f)

APPENDIXB
SURFACE
EDGEFORCES
LEADING

EDGE

POTENTIAL

SUCTION

In the limit as the wing thickness

goes to zero, the increasingly
reduced
pressure
acting
over a decreasing
area results
in a limiting
suction
force
at the leading
edge.
If we consider
the leading
edge region,
(figure
I) the force on the airfoil
may be obtained
by integrating
over a control
surface
in the flow,

co

S
x
S
F
F-

ff

[P_ +

(p])

u.n]

dS

S
n

Figure

where

S is

the force
becomes
a

a control

I.

surface

Leading

into

Suction

Region.

the

leading

edge

which

on the area enclosed

by
line integral
and since

S.
for

= dy

2
(u+v)

i
2

_
X

p=

dy

where

C is

force

per

As
(figure
around

the
unit

around

leading

the wing thickness

2) and the flow in
a

180

degree

2
2
(u + v ) ] dy

[2uv

dx +

"I
+ pu

[u dy

(v 2 - u)2

- v dx]

dy]

contour
of

F is

integral
flow

p [

and

o dx
x

penetrates

In two dimensions
the surface
incompressible,
irrotational

1
--p
2

P=P

n dS

Edge

corner.

the

edge

leading

edge

of

the

airfoil

and

is

the

length.

approaches
the leading

zero,
edge

Incompressibly,
I01

the wing becomes

a line segment
region
is identical
to the flow
it

is described

by

cos(8/2)

r
u0

cos

sin

oo

a
- --

sin(0/2)

_ION
C

Figure

where

and

2.

(r.0)

C is

is a

the

Therefore.

Wing

Represented

coordinate

circle

POINT

By

system

Line

Segment.

centered

at

the

u = Ur

cos

0 - u 0 sin

v = Ur

sin

0 + u 8 cos

dy

R cos(,)

d,

dx

- R sin(,)

d,

leading

edge.

and

r = R.

since

P dy

= 0

C
as R_0

JR

= a

[ cos(l,)cos

, +

sin(_,)sin

,] =

a cos(l,)

= a

[ cos(l')sin

, +

sin(l,)cos

,] =

a sin(_,)

(F')

- cos

2_
2

pa

- cos(F#)

sin(T,

) sin

, +-_--[

sin

(T$)]cos

d,

0
2f{
I

2 pa

J
0

[ sin

, + cos

] d, =

- _

i02

pa

(i)

To

relate

-F

the
X

near

the

leading

edge

suction

force

to

the

pressure

distribution

leading

edge,

the

AC

across

the

line

segment

must

be

evaluated.

On

the

top

8 -

--

On

the

bottom

0 =

2_

--

, v

, v

x/c

Jx
i
AP

4a

-_-p

4a
and

if

is

the

chord

length

AC

--

Jc

J_

--

Ct

c Az

I
c -_--pU

q_

A
or

AC

C
j_

_"

_
--

2
U_

I4a
1
Jc

4a

J_
oo

These

expressions

distribution

In

general

relate

,ACp,

at

can

write

we

the

the

leading

leading

edge

thrust

coefficient

to

the

net

edge.

co

(4)

I Z

= Ao

cot(74)

sin(nS)

A
n

n=l
where
-

cos(_4)
1
ct(74)

i
2

[ l-sin

(74)
2,]1/2

is

the

force
to the

sin

of

the

since
only
suction.

4 "1/2
the

term
term

and

therefore

which

is

Ct

1
(74)

sin(74)

coefficient

edge
suction
contributes

(l-cosS)

sin(74)

A0

x
c

M_

103

infinite

determines
at

the

the
leading

leading
edge

For linearized
be applied

compressible

'lit

ctTo
3)

flow

the

following

--_-P Ao

derive
the expression
is considered

swept

3.

Let the subscript

leading
edge.
Then

infinitely

skewed

wing

l_y

Skewed

superscript

Wing

Representation.

o denote

]ko cot(4/2)

the

variables

normal

sin(n4)

n=l
and
Ato
Ct o

_oko

o
q_

CoAYo

the

ratio

of

thrust

per

unit

length

is

identical

o
CoCto

AC

and

dynamic

in

the

pressure

q_

freestream
q

in either

At
= c Ctq _ =

coordinate

Ay

system

Ay

are

based

q_

cos
0

AC
AC

=
P

8
0

q_

P
q_

AC

cos
P

104

system

At

Thus

q_

(figure

Uo- u cose

/o

co

AC

must

Infinitely
or

an

!
Ay o ._/_
/

Figure

wing,

I,,

correction

- i -M

I bql

,,_.

number

for

Mach

on

freestream

to

the

0
CO

and

q_

C
Ctc

q_

cos

cos

to

to c

therefore

and

80

I-M

- cos

therefore

- cos

[1/cos

[tan

combining

-M

] -

cos

[tan

0 +(I-M

)]

8 + _

terms
0

At
Ct(Y)

CoAY

_
q_ =

2
8

_A

q.

Co

q_

2
8

cos

[ tan

8 + _

2 1/2
]

A o cos

when

AC

cos

8 cos
0

[ tan = 8 + _ 2 ]I/2A _

is given

by

P
co

AC

Aocot(_)

?--

sin

n_

n=l

SIDE

to

EDGE

POTENTIAL

SUCTION

The method
used
that used for the

to compute
the
leading
edge.

-8y

8x
introduce

a change
let

of

Au

suction
force at surface
tips
Since the flow is irrotational

a
-ax

Av(x,y)

Av

ay

ACp(X,y)

coordinates

_ be

the

fraction

of

T be

the

slope

a constant

of

chord

i05

f line

T -

T(_,N)

is similar

7max-

l!_

dr-

[dx_Tdy

surface

tip

d_ - dy

5Y

or

at

[ T(t,_)

ACp(t,N)

--1

ACp((,7)

then

e(7)

[_--]

07

integrating

av(t,.)

Near

the

i2

tip,

nCp(t,.)

T(t '7) ACp(t,7)

we

assume

a net

pressure

,7

at
(2)

coefficient

of

the

form
I

_c (t,7)

l_!__
7max

Z_

(_max
2

]1/2

,7 ) J

12

2
(Tmax

2 ] 1/2
_ 7 )

I f(_)dt

CNo f(t),

where

CN

c
c avg

i
7max

CN

Differentiating
c

I
2

7
Nmax

I
2
-2-- (_max

106

7)
2

]-i/2

f(t)
c

CN o

Then as _ _ _max' equation 2 gives (keeping only the largest term)

[ _max( _max- _ ) ]-1/2

Av(_,N)

Nmax ( Nmax"

]_ij2 ;
Cavg

CNo

f(x)

dX

&v(f,_)-

2 a(f)

_>

[ Nmax(

a(f)

_max-

iu8

-I/2
_max

_ ) ] "I/2

Cavg

f(x)

CN 0

dx

0
Using
the expression
derived
for flow around
a corner
(equation
conjunction
with this relation,
the suction
force at the tip is

(f)

CTAX

2=
cT q_

q_

I
2

avg
CTNma x

i) in
given

=
CN o
0

_____R__
cT

_
32

q_o

where

cT

avg

=
CN o

CTr;max

____ll__
Srefq =

_
=

is

32

the

Cavg

CT

SrefNma

chord

i
i{I

f(x)

x CN o

dimension

at

dx

}2
df

the

tip.

107

by

EDGE

FORCE

AND

MOMENT

INCREMENTS

To account
for edge
corrected
to reflect

are

vortex
losses

effects,
the linearized
forces
and moments
in suction
and the associated
formation
of

vortex
forces
for leading
and side edges.
The corrections
are applied
to
the standard
lift, side force and drag coefficients.
The corresponding
increments
in the total moment
coefficients
are calculated
by applying
the
above
force increments
at the appropriate
x,y,z
coordinates
for the leading
edge stations
and center
of pressure
for the side edges.
For leading
station
is

span

edge
given

force
by

calculations,

where
As'

C
is

is

the

recovery

the

coefficient

local

station

(K s-

I -

factor.

subtracted

from

entered

a force

of

the

as

the

rotation

equation

for

of

span

width

direction

edge

(i

suction

by

the

suction

the

is

leading
This

the

section

leading

90 about
of

the

the

the

for

local

edge

vortex)

sign

force

each

suction,
is

lost

- no
to

rotated

- K

edge

and

normal

determined

leading

As'

leading

full

component

is

the

suction

force

is

edge

leading

chord,

and

edge.

coefficient

A 0 in

reThe

sign

the

suction.

The change
in the total lift, side force and drag is calculated
for
each span station
and is written
as a function
of four coordinate
system
rotations
whose
rotation
angles
are known
from the leading
edge geometry.
The origin
of each coordinate
system
is located
at the leading
edge of the
section
camber
line.
The

first

(x4,y4,z4)
system
as

transformation

, whose

(xz,y3,z3)

indicated

in

x-axis

is

, whose
figure

involves
tangent

x-axis

it

to

the

rotation

the

local

tangent

Axis

system

camber

corresponding

line,

to

the

chord

plane

Edge

Region.

z s

normal
camber
line

x4

4.

the

the

4:

z4

Figure

to

of

normal

of Rotation

for

First

Transformation

108

in Leading

where

6 =

-tan

(dz/dx)c

(dz/dx)

.I{

[ (dz/dx)

(dz/dx)

(dz/dx)

is

streamwise

slope

due

to

camber

is

streamwise

slope

due

to

twist

is

streamwise

slope

due

to

flap

is

the

$F

) ] /

cos

A}

(dz/dx)6

A
The

sweep

the

direction

The

term

local

converts
normal

two

leading

to

edge

the

total

the

leading

coordinates

deflection

sweep

angle.

streamwise

systems

slope

to

slope

measured

in

edge.

are

related

by

the

following

transformation

matrix:
x s

Y
[

The

second

(xs,Y3,Z3),

cos6

sin6

cos6

z 3

transformation

involves

whose

y-axis

is

tangent

(x_,y2,z2)

, whose

y-axis

is

normal

the

of

plane

the

surface

-sin6

(figure

the
the

Z 4

rotation
leading

of

the

edge,

to

configuration

system
the

center

system
line

and

in

5).

leading

C y4

the

to
to

{i}

edge
- Y2

X 3
X 2

Figure

5.

Axis

of

Rotation

for

Second

Transformation

109

in

Leading

Edge

Region.

The two coordinates systems are related by the following

matrix:

transformation

cicx2
illJ'c

Y2
Cz 2

The

third

(x_,y_,zz)
system

. -

transformation

, whose

z axis

(xl,yl,zl)

, whose

cosA

sinA

[-slnA

cosA
0

(figure
is
x,

6)

normal
Y2

to

and

[Cx

cy 3
z s

involves

the

the

local

axes

are

rotation

surface

in

the

of

plane,

body

axes

the

to

system

the

direction.

z
z 2

/
_

Figure

The

6.

Axis

rotation

of

is

angle.
The
transformation

two

Rotation

about

the

coordinate
matrix:

for

x_,

Third

Transformation

x I axis

systems

and

are

of

in

Leading

magnitude

related

by

0,

the

Edge

the

local

Region.

dihedral

following

C
i

x I

C
0

cos9

-sinO

y_

C
0

z I

The
the

fourth

body

axis

and
system

final

sinO

cosO

z 2

transformation

(xl,yl,zl)

to

(figure

the

wind

axes

7)

involves

system

the

rotation

(D,Y,L).

zl

f
x 1

Figure

7.

Axis

of

Rotation

for

Fourth

Transformation

Ii0

in

Leading

Edge

Region.

of

The

rotation

attack.
matrix:

is about

The

the

coordinate

(yx,Y)-axis

systems

and

are

of

related

magnitude
by

the

, the

following

angle

of

transformation

leD
Icy
lc
I0
i
i fl,
llx
CL

The

composite

(D,Y,L)

where
previous

transformation

coordinate

is

-sin=

system

between
can

then

the
rotation
matrix
specified
transformation

Cx4,Cy

Expressing

0 cos=j

and

the
be

z,

(x4,y4,z4)

expressed

obtained
from
matrices.

, in terms

coordinate

and

as

multiplication

of

system

the

of

leading

edge

the

four

suction

z 4

parameters,
C

x 4

c As'

__(1-K
s)

Y4

we can now write

force
rotation
at

z4

Ao/

the change
in drag,
each span station:

I
Ao]

side

c As'

force

(I-K)
s

and

CD

C s c As'

(1-Ks)

OD

A Cy

C s c As'

(1-Ks)

Oy

A CL

C s c As'

(1"Ks)

OL

6)

+ sin

lift

resulting

from

the

where

_D

[cos

(cos

+A0/IAol[-cos

A cos

(cos

sin

6) +

(-sin

0 sin

sin

(sin

Iii

A cos

8 sin

6 + cos

sin

0 sin

6 + cos

6)]

8 cos

6)]

_y

[cos

sin

+Ao/IA01[cos

cos

6 +

sin

sin

sin

sin

sin

8 cos

and

_L

[-sin

(cos

+A0/IA01[-sin

For
station

cos

6)

=(-cos

side

edge

given

is

force

cos

sin

6)

(-sin

cos

calculations,

sin

(sin

the

lost

cos

sin

6 +

cos

sin

6 +

cos

suction

force

sin

at

6)]

cos

each

6)]

chord

by
2

Cs CT

where

Cs

A(x/c)

is

is

the

the

coefficient

local

of

side

A(x/c)

edge

nondimensional

suction,

chord

cT

increment

is

the

over

tip

which

chord

and

is

acting.

This

force

entered
the

is

as

is

for

In

chord

force

rotation

equation

the

subtracted

side

edge

side

increment

The

first

is
is

rotated

the

to

that
and

are

as
on

transformation

, whose

axis

(x_,y2,z2)

, whose

axis

about

of

the

to
the

the
tip

coefficient

the

function

from

the

the

chord

parallel

tangent

leading

edge

coefficients

(figure
is

is

for

known

located

(xs,ys,zs)

normal

90

sign

drag

written

angles

coordinate
system
chord
increment.

direction

tip

chord

chord.
CN0

and

The
in

sign

to

of
tip

three
at

involves
the

the

local

tip

forces,

the

calculated

The

the

beginning

the

rotation

camber

change

for

coordinate

geometry.

line

8)
to

is

system
origin

line,

of

of

of

the

system

to

the

system

chordwise
camber

line

x 2

Axis

of

Rotation

for

First

Transformation

Along

-i

where
6

(dz/dx)c

tan

[ (dz/dx)
is

streamwise

(dz/dx)_
slope

due
112

+
to

(dz/dX)6F)
camber

each

each

chord.

tip

in

each

z 2

8.

of

the

z 3

Figure

re-

suction.

force

and

whose

the

by

similar

lift,

rotations

component

determined

manner

total

from

Chord.

(dz/dx)_ is streamwise slope due to twist

and
(dz/dX)6F) is streamwise slope due to flap deflection
The two coordinate systems are related by the following
matrix:

z=
The
system

second

transformation
whose

(xl,yl,zl)

, whose

x,

=o_I [z_

Lsin60

(x_,y_,z_),

(figure

y-axis

y,

and

transformation

is

z-axes

9)

involves

normal

to

are

the

in

the

the

tip

body

rotation

chord,

axes

of

to

the

the
system

direction.

z 2

Y2

Figure

The

rotation

9.

is

dihedral
angle.
transformation

Axis

about
The
matrix:

of

Rotation

the
two

for

Second

(x_,yl)-axis
coordinate

Transformation

and

of

systems

magnitude

are

related

Along

Chord.

9,

the

local

by

the

following

{ li
xl}
001
f x21
cy I
Z 1

cos#
sin8

-sin8

cosOJ

113

icY 2
[

z2

the

The
body

third and final transformation

axes system
(x 1,yl,zl)
to the

(figure
I0) involves
the
wind axes system
(D,Y,L).

rotation

El

Figure

The

i0.

rotation

Axis

of

is about

attack.
The
transformation

Rotation

the

for

Third

(y1,Y)-axis

two coordinate
matrix:

systems

and
are

Transformation

of

magnitude

related

by

the

Along

, the

Chord.

angle

of

following

C
X

cD
iIcos
0sin

. Cy

iCL
The

-sins

(D,Y,L)

transformation
coordinate

between

system

can

0 cos_

the
then

(x3,y3,z
be

3)

coordinate

expressed

system

and

the

as

C
CxY3

Z 3

where

is

previously

the

rotation

specified

Expressing

matrix

transformation
, C

X3

obtained

and
Y3

from

multiplication

of

the

matrices.
in terms

Z3

parameters,

114

of

the

side

edge

suction

three

of

-0

x 3

C Y3

--CsC T A(x/c)

Cza

we can now write

the change
force
rotation
at each side

(CNo/ICNol)CsC

in drag,
side
edge station:

force

and

T A(x/c)

lift

resulting

from

the

AC D

CsC T A(x/c)T

ACy

CsC T A(x/c)Ty

AC L

CsC T A(x/c)T

where

The
the

TD

sin(_)sin(8)

(CNo/ICNol)[-cos(_)sin(6)+

Ty

+ cos(0)

(CNo/ICNol)[sin(8)cos(5)

TL

(CNo/ICNol)[sin(a)sin(6)+

cos(_)sin(8)

minus
sign on
configuration

the
and

sin(a)cos(8)cos(6)]

cos(_)cos(8)cos(6)]

first term of each equation

is for the right side of
the positive
sign is for the left side.
These
force

increments
are numerically
total
change
in lift, side

integrated
force and

along each
drag due to

I15

tip chord
side edge

to obtain
the
force rotation.

APPENDIX
C
HYPERSONIC
FINITE ELEMENT
ANALYSIS

High Machnumber analysis has a number of optional methods for calculating

the pressure coefficient.
In each method the only geometric parameter
required is the element impact angle, 6, or the change in the angle of an
element

from

a previous

point.

The methods
to be used in calculating
the pressure
in
shadow
(6 < 0) regions
may be specified
independently.
program
pressure
options
is presented
below.

Impact
Modified

i*

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
i0
ii
12
13
14
15
16

impact
(6 > 0)
A summary
of

Shadow

Flow

and
the

Flow

Newtonian

Modified
Newtonian+Prandtl-Meyer
Tangent
wedge
Tangent-wedge
empirical
Tangent-cone
empirical
OSU blunt body empirical
Van Dyke Unified
Blunt-body
skin friction
model
Shock-expansion
Free molecular
flow

i.

Newtonian

(Cp

- 0)

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Modified
Newtonian+Prandtl-Meyer
Prandtl-Meyer
from free-stream
OSU blunt body empirical
Van Dyke Unified
High Mach base pressure
Shock-expansion
Input pressure
coefficient
Free molecular
flow

Input pressure
coefficient
Hankey
flat-surface
empirical
Delta
wing empirical
Dahlem-Buck
empirical
Blast
wave
Modified

C L and

CD

are

tangent-cone

in

the

stability

axis

system.

Other

coefficients

are

in

the

body reference
coordinated
system.
It should
also be noted
that side force
and pitching
moment
coefficients
are invariant
in an (_,_) transformation,
whereas
the yawing
and rolling
moment
coefficents
are not invariant.
A brief

MODIFIED

review

of

these

methods

will

be

presented

in

the

following

text.

NEWTONIAN

This method
is probably
the most widely
used of all the hypersonic
force
analysis
techniques.
The major reason
for this is its simplicity.
Like all
the force
calculation
methods,
however,
its validity
in any particular
application
depends
upon the flight
condition
and the shape of the vehicle

116

or componentbeing considered. Its most general application is for blunt

shapes at high hypersonic speed. The usual form of the modified Newtonian
pressure coefficient
is
C
P

sin

In true Newtonian
flow (M - _ , 7 - i) the parameter
K is taken as 2.
In
the various
forms of modified
Newtonian
theory,
K is given values
other than
2 depending
on the type of modified
Newtonian
theory
used.
K is frequently
taken
as being equal
to the stagnation
pressure
coefficient.
In other
forms
it is determined
by the following
relationship
(Reference
19).
2

/sin

Pnose

nose

where
the exact value of
coefficient
at the

C
Pnose

the pressure
nose or leading

edge
impact
nose
In

other

work

is

MODIFIED

determined
-

When modified
regions
(6 <

angle

at

the

nose

or

leading

edge

fn

purely

(M, _,

Newtonian
theory
0) is usually
set

NEWTONIAN

PLUS

on

an

empirical

basis.

shape)

is used,
equal to

the pressure
zero.

coefficient

in

shadow

PRANDTL-MEYER

This method,
described
as the blunt body Newtonian
+ Prandtl-Meyer
technique,
is based
on the analysis
presented
by Kaufman
in Reference
20.
The flow model used in this method
assumes
a blunt body with a detached
shock,
followed
by an expansion
around
the body to supersonic
conditions.
This method
uses a combination
of modified
Newtonian
and Prandtl-Meyer
expansion
theory.
Modified
Newtonian
theory
is used along the body until
point
is reached
where both the pressure
and the pressure
gradients
match
those
that would be calculated
by a continuing
Prandtl-Meyer
expansion.
The calculation
using
the blunt
I.

procedure
derived
for determining
the pressure
coefficient
body Newtonian
+ Prandtl-Meyer
technique
is outlined
below.

Calculate

free-stream

P =

= { 2/[(7

P_/P0

static

to

stagnation

](7/(7"I)){
I) M 2 ]_

117

pressure

[27M _ - (7

ratio

- 1)]/(7

i) }(1/(7

"1))

Assume

assume

starting
m

value

of

the

matching

Mach

number,

(for

7 -

1.4

1.35)

q
3.

Calculate

matching

point

to

free-stream

static

pressure

ratio

2 _(vl(v-l))
Q
4.

Pq/Po

Calculate

Pc

new

{2/[2

free-stream

i -

(7

static

(7 MqQ)/[4(Mq-

- l)Mql_
to

stagnation

i)(I

pressure

ratio

Q)]

5.

Assume
steps

a new matching
point Mach number
to obtain
a second
set of data.

6.

With the above

two tries use a linear
interpolation
equation
to
estimate
a new matching
point Mach number.
This process
is repeated
until
the solution
converges.

7.

Calculate

the

surface

slope

(Q

- P)/(I

- P)

at

the

(1.75)

matching

and

repeat

the

above

point

sin(6q)
8.

9.

Use

the

Prandtl-Meyer

the

surface

Calculate

element,

the

expansion

equations

to

find

the

M6

surface

pressure

ratio

2 -(71(_-I))
P6/P0

- _c[l

(7

- 1)/(2)

M6]

where

I0.

_c

is provided

P6

is

Calculate

P6/P
II.

the

pressure

the

(l/P)

the

an

empirical

on

surface

Calculate

as

the

to

correction

element

free-stream

2/(7M

interest

pressure

(P6/P0)

surface

pressure

coefficient

CP6

of

)(P6/P _

- i)

118

factor

ratio

Mach

number

on

The

results

Figure
at

of

I.

typical

Note

zero

impact
well

curvature

changes

This

is

shock

near

has

had

As

to

pressure

zero

being

the

nose
to

slope

reflected
as

back

onto

hemisphere

in

method

nose
the

these
if

distance

the

from

the

will

be

intersecting
body.
or

If

shown

in

coefficient

references

this

the

are

pressure

However,

some
by

near

procedure

several

shapes.

calculated

(such

above

a positive

in

blunt

characteristics

and
time

out

for

the

give

pointed

data

gradually

by

using

calculations

test

the

caused

system
not

with

point

reached

the

angle.

correlate

stagnation

calculations

that

blunt
too

the
the

high.

curved

zero

cylinder)

results

surface

slope

this

is

effect

occur.

TANGENT-WEDGE

The

tangent-wedge

the

pressures

and
on

respectively.
no

firm

more
is

These

methods

theoretical

exact
primarily

NACA

They

that

show

function

of

pressures

TR-II35

theories

are

basis.

theories

tangent-wedge
of

tangent-cone

two-dimensional

and

really

empirical

are

that

the

are

the

local

21).

frequently

bodies

basic

angle.

using

The

on

the

nature

the

surface

in

In

used

this

+ b[sin(Ss)

is

c[sin(Ss)

] +

d -

or
3

bR

cR

+d=0

where

shock

angle

wedge

angle

-(M

2)/M

I)/M

(2M

sin(6)

- 7

[(7

i)

/4

cos(6)/M

119

(7

I)/M

calculate

] sin(6)

they

the

have

results

of

impact

flow

program

shock

by

[sin(0s)

to

since

by

oblique

equation

used

revolution,

however,

pressure

impact

of
in

suggested,

calculated

(Reference

are

bodies

the

relationships
cubic

given

0
OV

0[: L
I

.. ; .....

O0 t
I

i ...........

08
,J

:_.-oo - 9..i_

09
J

01,
|

._i: :..... -._i _.:-_:.i:L

OZ
I

:: .....

_.:-....._::.-ii-lfi_

t
-0

lNlOa

DNIHDIVI4

.S"O

d
0
-0"!

-5"'1

0"_

Figure

I.

Blunt

Body

Newtonian

+ Prandtl-Meyer

120

Pressure

Results.

The roots of the above cubic equation may be obtained by using the
trigonometric solution procedure (see Reference 22) as indicated below.

Yl

2 _-p/3 cos (w/3)

b/3
o

-2

Y2 -

,/-p/3 cos

(w/3

60

b/3

b/3

Y3

-2

J-p/3

RI

Yl

- b/3

R2

Y2

" b/3

R3

Y3

" b/3

cos

(w/3

- 60

where
roots

Yi

of

the

reduced

cubic

equation

- (b /3)

2(b/3)

cos(w)

-q/(2J-

Ri

+ c
3

- bc/3

+ d

(p/3))

The

smallest

of

sin(Ss)
the

three

disregarded.
The largest
physical
actuality.

roots
root

roots

of

corresponds
is

also

the

cubic

to a

equation

decrease

disregarded

since

in

entropy

it never

and

appears

For small
deflections,
the cubic solution
becomes
very sensitive
to
numerical
accuracy;
that is, to the number
of significant
digits
carried.
Since
this is dependent
on the particular
machine
employed,
an alternate
procedure

is used.

When
the flow deflection
angle is
following
equation
is used instead
(Reference
23):

sin(0s)

equal to or less than 2.0 degrees,

of the above cubic relationships

I/M

(7 + 1)/(2)

121

6 /JM

the

is
in

Once the shock angle is obtained the remaining flow properties

from the relationship of Reference 21.
density
temperature

P2=

[6M

T2=

[7(M

sin(Ss)]/[M
2

sin(0
2
s) +

sin(0s)-l)(M
2

may be found

5] }

sin(#s)+5)]/[36M
2

sin(Ss)]
2

pressure
coefficient

CP-

[7M sin(0s)-l]/6

/(0.7M

where
(

conditions

)2

Oblique
shock detachment
found
to the above cubic
uses

the

Newtonian

conditions
are
relationships.

+ Prandtl-Meyer

TANGENT-WEDGE,
TANGENT-CONE,
NEWTONIAN
EMPIRICAL
METHOD

The tangent-cone
methods
used in
derived
below.

behind

and
this

AND

the

shock

reached
Under

when
these

method

DELTA

the tangent-wedge
program
are based

for

no solution
conditions

continued

may be
the program

calculations.

WING

(figure
2) Newtonian
empirical
on the empirical
relationships

Figure

For

wedge

2.

Tangent-Cone

and

Wedge

Notations.

flow

sin(0s)

sin(6w)/[(l

- _)cos(0 s-

6w)]

where

p/p2

(3'

i)/(7

122

i)

i +

2/[(7

- l)Mns

"_

For cone flow (thin

sin(Ss)
In

the

shock layer assumption)

limit

sin(6c)/[(l

as M _ _,

c =

_ lim

_/2)cos(0s- 6c)]

(7 - 1)/(7

+ I)

and

coS(Ss-

6) -

Therefore
cone
sin(8 s)

(7 +

1)/2

sin(0 s)

sin(6 w)

2(7

1)/(7

+ 3)

sin(6 c)

These
limiting
expressions
1135 (Reference
21) at 7 The exact
equations
contain

for 8 may now be compared

with the data of TR7/5 using
the following
similarity
parameters.
three variables
- 0S t 6
and e.
Noting
that for

7 - constant,

_ =

only,

the

form:

following

fn

(Mns)

the

preceding

equations

may

be

rewritten

in

cone
M ns

sin(6w)/[(l-_)cos(8

s-

M ns

6w)]

The parameter
(8 - 6) is approximately
near the shock detachment
condition.
two

variables,

and

sin

6.

- M

sin(6w)/[(l-_)cos(O

constant
and
The equations

These

are

used

as

independent
essentially
coordinates

s-

6w)]

of M except
contain
only
to

plot

the

ns

data
cone
with
For

for wedge
flow shown in Figure
3.
flow.
From the figure
it is seen
the use of these coordinates.
rapid

sin(6)that

calculation
satisfy

i.

The

2.

At

we
the

effect
M

relationships

following

of

sin(6)

need

shock

= 0,

A similar
plot could be
that the data are nearly

M ns as

function

of M

requirements:

detachment

for

obtained
for
normalized

is

neglected

ns

These

3.

The

4.

Have

solution

conditions

wedge

the

asymptotically

correct

lead

to

slope,

equations

K M'

ns

approaches

d[Mns] /

of

the

+ e-(%

KW

(7 + 1)/2

123

d[M

the

M - _

sin(6)]

at M

following

M'/2)

form

line
sin(6)-

REFERENCE"
NACA TR-II35
18-

_-:M

6 "" :

OM=8
O

"
M=10
M =

20

M=

M=

i0

M=

2
I

Figure

3.

Wedge

Flow

Shock

Angle.

124

sin

,;

|4

cone

ns

M'

e''Kc
M''(_

where

M'

sin(6)

2(v + 1)/(v + 3)

K
C

These
The

expressions
cone

data

are

are

compared

also

shown

with
in

the

data

Figure

of

6 with

TR-II35

the

in

same

Figures

scales

as

4
in

and

5.

Figure

3.

The

pressure

for

a wedge

coefficient
and

cone

may

now

be

obtained

by

the

wing

to

results

be

in

similarity
The
to

4/(7

2sin(6)

shown
with

the
and

derived

features.

The

I)/M

- l)Mns

[(7

pressure

with
for

ms

l)(Mns-

on

M'

the

theory

conical
wedge

resulting

For

two-dimensional

(M'<3.0)

expressions

these

have

agreement

parameter

previous
give

relationships

respectively.

Experimental

following

and

centerline
at

theory

cone

flows
are

l)Mns]

of

small

flow

relationships

2]/[4(7

values
at

have
given

higher
been

delta
of

the

values.
combined

below.

e-(Kc'Kw/2)M'

7/5
-(0.49Msin(6))
M

1.09Msin(6)

ns

The

similarity

parameter

relationship

for

The

shock

are

compared

angle
with

and

pressure
the

pressure

is

(4/(7

l)(Mns-

coefficient

experimental

i)

calculated

results

respectively.

125

(Reference

from
28)

the
in

above
Figures

equations
7

and

i0

(TR-II35)

=lqH'

K=

1.2

.......

- (KM'/2

ns

_t

0.4

0
0

Figure

4.

Wedge

Flow

Shock

Angle

Empirical

126

Correlation.

3.6

i0

sin

(TR-II35)

= K M'
S

+ e - (Kc>I' )

1.09

1.136

iK
C

il

o_

Figure

5.

Conical

Flow

Shock

Angle

127

Empirical

Correlation.

18

16

i0

oo

M'

=K

ns

e-(Kc

M')

=;

=
ns

M';
c

1.09

14

Figure

6.

Conical

Flow

Shock

Angle

128

Empirical

Correlation.

9-

'DATA:

ARS

JOURNAL,

AUG.

1961
0

OM

2-6.85

(2O POI_TS)

0
i i

....

9.6

DELTA

&

(27
WING

CORRELATED

ns

7-

POINTS)

M'

60

SHOCK

e_-'Kc'kw
"2"M'_[
(

A = 61 , 70 , 75
0

, 70

, 75

SHAPE

1.09

'

1.02

M
ms

= 1.09M'
ns

/
/
O_

o_

m:

2-D

WEDGE

CONE

FLOW,

FLOW,
M

2!

7.

Delta

Wing

i0

TR-II35

I0

3I
M

Figure

Centerline

4
sin

Shock

129

$!

M'

Angle

Correlation.

IO0.0

I
i

M2C
P

_7

i ........

2-D
M

WEDGE
= 10

FLOW

T
1.0

0.1
M

Figure

8.

Delta

Wing

Centerline

sin

_ = M'

Pressure

130

10.0

Coefficient

Correlation.

OSU

BLUNT

BODY

EMPIRICAL

METHOD

The OSU (Ohio State University)

blunt body empirical
equation
describes
the
pressure
distribution
about cylinders
in supersonic
flow.
The equation
was
presented
in Reference
25 and was stated
to match
"all the data obtained
on
the cylinders
in the present
test series
with a maximum
deviation
of 2.5
percent."
The expression
used is

PI/Pt

- 0.32

+ 0.455

cos(#)

+ 0.195

cos(2#)

0.035

(90

cos(39)

- 0.005

cos(48)

where
peripheral

angle

on

a cylinder
o

(- 0 at
PI
P

surface

total

the

stagnation

point)

8)

pressure

pressure

rise

through

normal

shock

oo

The

pressure

coefficient

is

calculated

from

the

relationship

[(PI/Pt

)(Pt
oo

/P_)

- I]/(TM

/2)

co

where
2

Pt

KTM

/P_

/2

stagnation

pressure

coefficient

= C
Pstag

VAN

P_

freestream

ratio

DYKE

UNIFIED

of

pressure

specific

heats

= 1.4

METHOD

This force
calculation
method
is based on the unified
supersonic-hypersonic
small
disturbance
theory
proposed
by Van Dyke in Reference
26 as applied
to
basic
hypersonic
similarity
results.
The method
is useful
for thin profile
shapes
and as the name implies
extends
down to the supersonic
speed region.
The similarity
equations
manipulating
the oblique
derivations
are shown on

that form the basis

of this method
are derived
by
shock relations
for hypersonic
flow.
The basic
pages
753 and 754 of Reference
31.
The result

131

obtained for a compression surface under the assumption of a small

deflection angle and large Machnumber is (hypersonic similarity
equation).
2

C
P

[(7 +

1)/2

+ J((?

+ 1)/2)

+ 4/H

where
H is the hypersonic
similarity
parameter
given by M6.
contribution
by Van Dyke in Reference
26 suggests
that this
will also be valid
in the realm of supersonic
linear
theory

The
relationship
if the

hypersonic
similarity
parameter
(JM
- i
in the calculations
for this force option
A similar
method
may also be obtained
no leading
edge shock such as on the
resulting
equation
is

C P

. .{

[2/(7H

)]

)6.
in

This latter
the arbitrary

for a surface
upper
side of

[(I-(7

in expansion
an airfoil.

,,

- I)H_2).

parameter
is used
body program.
flow
The

with

(27/(7"I)

unified

theory

where

again

is

SHOCK-EXPANSION

taken

to be

(JM

i )6

in the

approach.

METHOD

This force
calculation
method
is based
on classical
shock-expansion
(see Reference
27).
In this method
the surface
elements
are handled
"strip-theory"
manner.
The characteristics
of the first element
of
longitudinal
conical
flow
initial

strip of elements
may be calculated
by oblique
shock
theory,
or by a Prandtl-Meyer
expansion.
Downstream

element

the

forces

are

calculated

by

a Prandtl-Meyer

theory
in a
each

theory,
of this

expansion.

By a proper
selection
of the element
orientation
the method
may be used
both wing-like
shapes
and for more complex
body shapes.
In this latter
the method
operates
in a hypersonic
shock-expansion
theory
mode.

FREE

At

MOLECULAR

very

high

FLOW

for
case

METHOD

altitudes

conventional

continuum

flow

theories

fail

and

one

must begin
to consider
the general
macroscopic
mass, force,
and energy
transfer
problem
at the body surface.
This condition
occurs
when the air
sufficiently
rarefied
so that the mean free path of the molecules
is much
greater
than a characteristic
body dimension.
This condition
is known as
free molecular
flow and the
described
in Reference
28.
equations

used

were

by

taken

method
of analysis
selected
for this program
This method
was also used in Reference
29.

from

these

references

132

and

are

presented

below.

is

is
The

Pressure

coefficient
2
- (S

[(2-fn)/J_-

2
+

[(2-fn)(S

Shear

force

sin(6)

fn/2

JTb/T

__

sin(6)

1/2)

fn/2_

sin(6))

] e

"_

_Tb/T

S sin(6)][l

erf(S

sin(6))]

coefficient
2

Cf-

[cos(6)ft]/(_-S){e'(S

sin(6))+

J_-S

sin(6)[l

erf

(S

sin(6))]}

where

speed

ratio

normal

momentum

JT/2

accommodation

coefficient

n
1.0

for

Newtonian

0.0

for

completely

impact

diffuse

reflection)

angle
o

body

temperature,

o
T

free-stream

erf

error

temperature,

--

function

erf

(x)

-X

2_

dx

tangential

ft

The

pressure

readily
geometry

force

obtained

momentum

0.0

for

Newtonian

1.0

for

completely

acts

subroutines.

tangential

velocity
by

illustrated

in

element

The

shear

component

taking
figure

Vx

the

diffuse

9 where

i + Vy

+ V z

to

on

the
vector

the

the

normal
force

successive

coefficient

flow

perpendicular

since

determined

accommodation

reflection
surface

has

acts
surface

in

the

and

products.

incident

133

and

already

velocity

this

been
direction

of

this

direction

The

procedure

vector

direction

determined

is

is
in

the
is
is

defined

as

the

and

the

surface

normal

Nx

as

i + Ny

j + Nz k

Figure

First,
normal

a surface
tangent
vector
and velocity
vectors;
-+

TX

i +

Ny

VZ

-_

(T)

is

9.

defined

Force

by

the

Components

cross

on

product

a Surface

of

the

product

of

-+

Ty j + T Z k

where

TX

Ty

TZ

NZ VX

N X Vy

- N Z Vy

- NX V Z

- Ny

VX

Then the direction

of the shear force (S)
the surface
tangent
and normal
vectors;

is given

by

the

cross

-+

SX

i +

Sy j + S Z k

SX

TyNz - Tz Ny

Sy

T z Nx

- Tx

NZ

SZ

TX Ny

- Ty

NX

where

The
by

final

components

of

the

shear

force

134

in

the

vehicle

axis

system

are

given

SHEAR
X -

(SHEAR)(Sx)

/ STOTAL

SMEARy

(SHEAR)

(Sy)

SHEAR Z

(SHEAR)

(Sz)

/ STOTAL

STOTAL

where
SHEAR
equations.

is

the

shear

force

STOTAL

(Sx

as

calculated

Sy

SZ

by

the

free

molecular

flow

1/2

In using
the free molecular
flow method
the above analysis
must be carried
out over the entire
surface
of the shape including
the base,
shadow
regions,
etc.
When
the free molecular
flow method
is selected,
it is used for both
impact

and

shadow

region.

The plane
formed
by the velocity
vector
and the surface
normal
is referred
to as the velocity
plane
(shaded
region
in the sketch),
since both
the
incident
and surface
velocity
are in this plane.
This definition
is correct
for two-dimensional
flow, however,
it is only an approximation
to the shear
direction
in the general
arbitrary-body
case.

HANKEY

FLAT-SURFACE

EMPIRICAL

METHOD

This method
uses an empirical
correlation
for lower surface
blunted
flat plates.
The method,
derived
in Reference
30,
tangent-wedge
at low impact
angles
and approaches
Newtonian
angles.
The pressure
coefficient
is given by

pressures
on
approximates
at high
impact

1.95

DAHLEM-BUCK

sin(6)

+ 0.21

EMPIRICAL

This is an impact
Newtonian
results
the impact
angle.

for

6 <

22.5

for

6 _>

22.5

cos(6)sin(6)

METHOD

method
that has been derived
such that
are approximated,
respectively,
at low
The empirical
relationships
presented

CP -

2.0

I +

[sin(46)]

3/4

sin(6)

135

tangent-cone
and
and high values
of
in Reference
31 are

sin(6)5/4/[4cos(6)cos

(26) ]3/4

BLAST

This

WAVE

PRESSURE

method

uses

INCREMENTS

conventional

blast-wave

overpressure
due to bluntness
this procedure
must be added
(tangent-wedge,
tangent-cone,

parameters

to

calculate

the

effects.
Force contributions
determined
by
to the regular
inviscid
pressure
forces
Newtonian,
etc.) calculated
over the same

vehicle
geometry.
The specific
blast wave solutions
were derived
by Lukasiewicz
in Reference
32:

used

in

the

Program

2
P/P

(CD)(I/(I+J))/[(X

A M

0- X)/d] }<2+j)/3 + B

where

CD

is

the

nose

drag

is

the

nose

diameter

X0

and

the

coefficients

A,

Two

is a coordinate

This

TANGENT-CONE

method,

where

Ptc

thickness

reference

point

dimensional

0
]
i

0.121

0.56

0.067

0.44

METHOD

originally

sections,
modifies
deviation
from an
specifically,
the

or

B are

Flow
Axisymmetric

MODIFIED

coefficient

developed

for

use

on

cones

with

elliptical

cross

the tangent-cone
result
by an increment
representing
average
pressure
divided
by an average
Mach number.
following
equations
are used
(after Jacobs,
Reference

(Cptc

- C

Pavg

)/Mavg

is

the

surface

pressure

is

the

conventional

coefficient

P
C

tangent-cone

Ptc

136

pressure

coefficient

the
More
33):

C
Pavg

is the average pressure coefficient

A is element area

M
avg

is the average Machnumber, defined for an equivalent

cone having pressure coefficient C
Pavg

HIGH

MACH

BASE

PRESSURES

For a body in high speed flow

would
experience
total vacuum.

it might be
That is,

expected

that

any

base

regions

However,

the

viscosity

of

real

II(7M12)

gases

region
and experimental
data have
air.
Therefore,
the expression

causes

shown

some

this

2
C

has

been

included

in the

-I/M_

program.

137

pressure

to be

roughly

to be

felt

70%

vacuum

in base
for

Report
1. Repor_

Documentation

2. Government

No.

Access=on

Page

No.

3. ReCil3Wnt's

Catalog

No.

NASA CR-182076
4. Title

arl S-Dtitle

S. ReDort

Date

April 1991

Aerodynamic Preliminary Analysis System II

Part I - Theory

7. Author(s)

6. Performing

Organizatm

Code

8. Performing

Organization

R_l=ort

No.

E. Bonner, W. Clever, and K. Dunn

10. Work

Unit

No.

NA-91-1290
9. Performing

Organization

Name

and Addrm
11. Contract

Rockwell International Corporation

North American Aircraft
Los Angeles, California 90009
12. Sl_xaoring

Agenw

Nm

No.

NAS1-18015
13. Type

of Reoort

and

Period

Covered

and Addre=

National Aeronautical and Space Administration

Langley Research Center
Hampton, Virginia 23665
15. Suq_BMlmenta_/

or Grant

14. Sioonsonng

_gency

- Contractor

Co0e

Report

Note=

Langley Technical

Monitor: Chris I. Cruz

Part II Final Report

16. Abltract

An aerodynamic analysis system based on linear potential theory at subsonic / supersonic

speed and newtonian impact type finite element solutions at hypersonic conditions is describad.
Three dimensional configurations having multiple non-planar surfaces of arbitrary planform and bodies
of non-circular contour may be analyzed. Static, rotary and control longitudinal and lateral directional
characteristics may be generated.
The analysis has been implemented on a time sharing system in conjunction with an input
tablet digitizer and an interactive graphics input/output display and editing terminal to maximize its
responsiveness to the preliminary analysis problem. CDC 175 computational time of 45 CPU seconds/
Mach number at subsonic - supersonic speeds and 1 cpu second/Mach number / altitude at
hypersonic conditions for a typical simulation indicates that the program provides an efficient analysis
tool for systematically performing various aerodynamic configuration tradeoff and evaluation studies.

17. Key Words

(Suggested

18. DistnbuOon

by Autt'mr(sJl

Swtem_mt

aerodynamicanalysis
subsonic
supersonic
hypersonic
19.

Security

CJaa=f.

lot thi=

Unclassified - Unlimited

reoort!

20. Security

Unclassified

NASA

FORM

1626 OCT 86

_.

(of this page)

21.

Unclassified

For

sale

by the

NationaJ

TechnicaJ

Information

No. of gage=
138

Service,

Sprinl[eJd,

Virlinia

22161-2171

22.

Price