UC Berkeley College of Chemistry

Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 140

Introduction to Chemical Process Analysis

Design of a Polystyrene Plant for Differing

Single-Pass Conversions

Authors:
Daniel Du, Aditya Limaye, Jonathan Melville, and Giulio Zhou
Emails:
du.daniel.x@berkeley.edu, amlimaye@berkeley.edu, jmelville@berkeley.edu, gzhou123@berkeley.edu

Instructor:
Clayton Radke

November 25, 2013

Contents
1 Introduction

2 Design Approach

3 Results

4 Recommended Design

Appendices

A Equations

A.1 Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

A.1.1 Rate Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

A.1.2 Reactor Givens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

A.1.3 Other Givens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

A.2 Useful Derived Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

A.2.1 Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

A.2.2 Reactions and Rate Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

B Derivations

B.1 Necessary Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

B.1.1 Rate Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

B.1.2 Other Given Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

B.2 Non-Differential Single-Pass Conversion Dependents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

B.2.1 Derivation of Initial Monomer Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

B.2.2 Derivation of Volumetric Steady Flowrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

B.2.3 Derivation of the Concentrations at Any Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

B.3 Differential Equation Derivations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

B.3.1 Derivation of Mass Balances in Terms of Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

B.3.2 Derivation of the Pressure Differential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

B.4 Solving the Rest of the System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10

B.4.1 Determining Feed

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10

B.4.2 Determining Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10

B.5 Cost Calculation Reasoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10

C Graphs

11

C.1 Cost vs. Monomer Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11

C.2 Cost vs. Input Flowrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11

C.3 Cost vs. Reactor Volume

12

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

D MATLAB Code

13

Introduction

In this project, our aim was to provide specifications for a plant for the polymerization of polystyrene
from styrene in terms of single-pass conversion, with the ultimate goal of optimizing the total cost of
the reactor in terms of the single-pass conversion. As such, we divided our work into two major
phases:
First, to define several characteristics of the reactorincluding volume, flow rate, total conversion,
and pressure dropin terms of the single-pass conversion of the reactor, and
Second, to minimize the cost of the reactor (which we can calculate in terms of the variables from
the previous phase) in terms of the single-pass conversion of the reactor.
The overarching goal of these two phases was to find the optimal reactor design such as to minimize
the necessary capital required, as if in an industry environment.

Design Approach

We began with a process flow diagram of the plant, as seen in Figure 1. A constant feed of styrene
(F) is mixed with a small amount of initiator (I) and fed into a plug-flow reactor (PFR). The reactor
output is fed into an evaporator, which separates an amount of styrene into a recycle feed (R)
necessary to satisfy a given recycle ratio, while the remainder is released in an output stream (P)
containing polystyrene product, unreacted styrene, and trace amounts of unused initiator.

Figure 1: A process flow diagram of the plant.

Due to the 1:1 recycle:feed ratio, the value of the reactor styrene monomer conversion is
constrained between 0% to 50%, since at least half of the monomer from the reactor feed must remain
unconverted to be recycled. The volumes, pressure drops, and total reactor feeds for each reactor
conversion are found by using MATLAB to integrate numerically the following differential equations
for monomer conversion, initiator conversion, and the pressure drop across the reactor:
dXI
rI
=
dV
QI

(1)

dXM
rM
=
dV
nsty,in

(2)

dP
0.079 2v 2
=
dV
A Re1/4

(3)

(Derivations for these equations are provided in Appendices B.3.1 and B.3.2, on page 9.)
3

The given cost per cubic meter of PFR was $200. The given cost per Watt was $15 105 . The
cost of the monomer feed was $70 per kg/hr of feed into the system. We used these cost values to find
the total cost of each reactor and to obtain the minimum total cost reactor. The total cost is the sum
of the costs of feed into the system, power, and reactor volume (Equation 4):
Costtotal = $200 V + $70 (F + I) + $15 105 P ower

(4)

We found the reactor values pertaining to this particular PFR and these values are stated in the
following results section. Graphs of reactor cost vs. conversion, feed, and volume can be found in
Appendix C on page 11, and the MATLAB code used to generate these graphs can be found in
Appendix D on page 13.

Results

By implementing the design equations, we obtain a graph (Figure 2) representing total cost as a
function of single-pass monomer conversion, with a minimum cost of $107,087.10 at 37.5% conversion
(Figure 2). From our cost analysis, we know that the total capital and operating costs depend on the
volume, feed, and power costs. The volume cost scales directly with monomer conversion, but factors
minimally into the total cost and is thus negligible. The minimum cost, therefore, depends on how the
feed and power costs scale with increasing conversion. While higher single-pass conversion rates
decrease feed requirements, they lead to higher mixture viscosities, increasing the pressure drop across
the reactor and the power required to pump the mixture. As a result, the overall cost is minimized
when the sum of the feed and power costs is at a minimum.

Figure 2: The relative costs of production of a reactor in relation to the constraints of the problem and
the single-pass conversion of the reactor is shown. We see a minimum at 37.5% styrene conversion.

Recommended Design

Based on the previous calculations, we recommend constructing a polystyrene plant that utilizes a
PFR operating at a monomer conversion of 37.5%, requiring a reactor volume of 36.05 cubic meters.
Given a reactor diameter of 0.1 meters, the reactor length must be 4.6 kilometers. This is a
reasonable length because the volume of a PFR may be arranged in any fashion, meaning the reactor
tube may be coiled in order to save space.
At these reactor specifications, 1.33 103 kilograms of styrene monomer1 and 2.94 grams of
azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator must be fed every hour. Due to the changing viscosity of the
reaction mixture across the length of the PFR, the reactor must be outfitted to withstand a pressure
drop of 5.49 105 atmospheres. Such a large pressure drop across the reactor requires special safety
precautions, such as thick, reinforced walls and process control systems to prevent any catastrophic
reactor accidents.
Furthermore, in order to operate at a recycle ratio of 1, 1.33 103 kilograms of unconverted
styrene monomer must be recycled back into the feed stream from the reactor outlet. The final cost of
operating the reactor, considering the feed cost, reactor size, and pumping costs, totals to $1.07 105 .

1
Because approximately 1000 kgs of polystyrene come out for every 1,330 kg of reactant in, the resultant purity of the
1000
polystyrene product is about 1330
, which is approximately 75%.

Appendices
A

Equations

A.1

Constants

A.1.1

Rate Constants

Symbol

A.1.2

Value

kd

1
0.85 105 sec

kp

m
0.145 molsec

kt

m
5.8 104 molsec

Reactor Givens
Given

Symbol

Initial Initiator Concentration

A.1.3

Expression
22 mol
m3

CIO

Temperature

(60 + 273.15)K

Diameter of the PFR

0.1m

Area of a Plug

2
( D
2)

Other Givens
Given

Symbol

Expression

Desired Polymer Flowrate

kg
(0.2778) sec

Density

kg
909.3 m
3

Molar Mass of Styrene

A.2

Mstyr

g
104.15 mol

Useful Derived Expressions

A.2.1

Expressions
Parameter

Symbol

Initial Monomer Reactor Mass Feed

m
sty,in

Initial Monomer Reactor Mole Feed

n sty,in

Flowrate (Volumetric)

Expression
P kg
xM sec
m
sty,in mol
Mstyr sec
m
sty,in m3

sec

Initial Initiator Reactor Feed

QIO

(CIO Q) mol
sec

Initial Monomer Concentration

CM O

n sty,in mol
Q m3
Q m
A sec

A.2.2

Velocity of the Fluid

Initiator Concentration

CI

CIO (1 xI ) mol
m3

Monomer Concentration

CM

CM O (1 xM ) mol
m3

Reactions and Rate Equations

d
I
2R

kp

rI = kd CI

R + M RM

(5)

kp

RMn + M RMn+1
k

rM = kp (

t
Mi + Mj
Mi+j

2kd cI 1
) 2 cM
kt

(6)

Derivations

B.1

Necessary Conversions

Throughout the givens list, there are inconsistencies in units. This section is dedicated to converting
those to a single system of standards involving:
Volume: m3
Mass: kg
Moles: mol
Time: s
Temperature: K
Pressure: Pa
There are two exceptions to this rule, which are in the average molecular mass of the polymer chains
and the mass flowrate of the total feed into the system. The molecular mass term is calculated in
terms of g/mol. The mass flowrate term is calculated in terms of kg/hr.
B.1.1

Rate Constants

kd = 0.85 105 s1
1m3
1000L
L
107 mols
=

L
kp = 145 mols

m
= 0.145 molsec

kt = 5.8

5.8 107

B.1.2

1m3
1000L

m
= 5.8 104 molsec

Other Given Constants

Polymeric Flowrate (P) = 1000 kg hr1 = 1000 kg hr1

1 hr
3600 s

0.2778 kgs1

Densities (styrene = polystyrene = mixture ) = 909.3 kgm3

Molecular Weight of Styrene (Msty ) = 104.15 gmol1 = 104.15 gmol1

1 kg
1000 g

= 0.10415 kgmol1

Diameter of the PFR (D) = 0.1m

Temperature (T ) = 60 C = (60 + 273.15) K = 333.15 K
Initial Initiator Concentration (CIO ) = 0.022 molL1 = 0.022 molL1

B.2

1000 L
1 m3

= 22 molm3

Non-Differential Single-Pass Conversion Dependents

We assume that we are given a certain conversion wanted and label this conversion Xwant . We have
all the givens mentioned in the previous page.

2
Area of a Plug (A) = D
2
B.2.1

Derivation of Initial Monomer Flow

At any given moment, we know that the moles flowing out of any particular volume is equivalent to
the moles into that volume subtracting away the conversion of the moles in. In equation form, this
becomes: nout = nin nin X
If we multiply through by molar mass M , we get: mout = min min X
Solving for min , we find: min =

mout min
X

mconverted
,
X

where mconverted is the converted mass of the

particular species.
Applying this result to the design problem, we see that the amount of styrene converted is the
amount of polymer exiting the reactor. Taking the conversion wanted, the mass of styrene going into

the PFR is:

msty,in =

kg
1000
3600Xwant s

(7)

msty,in
Msty

(8)

Initial Monomer Flowrate in Moles:

nsty,in =
B.2.2

Derivation of Volumetric Steady Flowrate

In order to use the following flowrate, we must assume several things:

1. The initiator contributes no volume to the total reactor feed.
2. The initiator is completely soluble within the styrene and polystyrene mixtures.
Therefore, we can use the density of the mixture (mixture ) to find the volumetric flowrate.
Volumetric Flowrate
Q=

msty,in m3
mixture s

Initial Monomer Concentration

CM O =

(9)

nsty,in mol
Q m3

(10)

mol
s

(11)

Initial Molar Initiator Flowrate

QI = Q CIO
Velocity of the Flow
v=
B.2.3

Qm
A s

(12)

Derivation of the Concentrations at Any Conversion

We first find the moles at any conversion constrained by the other variables affecting the PFR. We
take the earlier result: n = nin nin X
We divide by the flowrate in order to find the concentration:
n
nin nin X
=

Q
Q
Q
C = C0 C0 X
= C0 (1 X)

(13)

We apply this result to the initiator and the monomer concentrations and obtain:

B.3
B.3.1

CI = CIO (1 XI )

(14)

CM = CM O (1 XM )

(15)

Differential Equation Derivations

Derivation of Mass Balances in Terms of Conversion

Conversion as stated in the section title refers to the conversion at any point along the PFR
constrained by the wanted conversion and any other variables derived from it.
For the mass balance of a particular species along a single plug of the reactor, we have:
mout = min + M rdV , where M is the molar mass, r is the rate at which the mass of amount of
species changes as it is generated or consumed, and dV is the volume of the plug.
8

Dividing through by molar mass, we have a mole balance: nout = nin + rdV
By solving for r, we achieve the relation:

nout nin
dV

=r

If we take the plug to be a very thin slice, we obtain a differential of the change in moles with respect
to the change in volume of a single thin plug:

dn
dV

=r

Now we take the definition of moles along a plug in relation to conversion from our earlier results and
have n = nin nin X
By taking the derivative of this in relation to volume, we have:

dn
dV

= nin dX
dV

Relating the conversion differential and the rate differential, we have our final conversion differential
equation:

dX
dV

= nrin

When we apply this result to the initiator and the monomer, we have:

B.3.2

dXI
rI
=
dV
QI

(1)

dXM
rM
=
dV
nsty,in

(2)

Derivation of the Pressure Differential

We are given the following formulas for friction factor:




dP
D
0.079
f=
,
=
2
dx
2v
Re1/4

(16)

where f is the friction factor within the PFR at any distance x, P is the pressure at any distance x,
and Re is the Reynolds number (defined later). The last part is the particular friction factor that
obeys the Blasius relation for a simple liquid in a circular pipe.
The Reynolds number is defined as:
Re =

Dv
,

(17)

where is the viscosity within the mixture.

Viscosity is defined as:
= exp 13.04 +

2013
T
1K

Mw0.18 (3.915wp

5.437wp2

0.623 +

1387
T
1K

!
wp3

(18)

where Mw is the average molecular mass (in g/mol) of polymer at a certain point, wp is the mass
percentage of polymer in the mixture, and is measured in Pas.
The average molar mass of the polymer formed is
s
Mw =

2+3

!
2kt
(CM O CM ) Msty 1000 g/kg
kd CI

(19)

Looking at wp , we remember that the initiator is very dilute within the reaction mixture. Taking this
into account, we realize that the weight percentage of polystyrene is merely the converted amount of
styrene(XM ).
Rearranging the friction factor relation and dividing by area:
0.079 2v 2
dP
=
dV
A Re1/4
9

(3)

B.4

Solving the Rest of the System

B.4.1

Determining Feed

The most important part of the system in determining the amount of cost required to run the reactor
is the amount of total feed entering the system. To calculate this, we need to take into account the
recycle stream, for which we have a recycle ratio to the amount of styrene coming into the system. If
we take the feed to be F , and the recycle to be R, then the recycle ratio is:

R
F

= Y . The fraction of

the total styrene feed entering the system is thus the reactor styrene feed times the following fraction:
1
Y +1 .

We must also take into account the amount of initiator entering the system. This term is:

minit,in = Minit QCIO , where Minit is the initiator molar mass in kg/mol.
Thus, the total amount of mass entering the system is:
F = msty,in
B.4.2

1
+ Minit QCIO
Y +1

(20)

Determining Power

Power is defined as: Power =

dWork
dt

d(P V )
dt ,

where P is pressure, V is volume, and t is time.

Continuing the derivation:

Power =
=
=
=
=

d(P V )
dt
dP
dV
V +
P
dt
dt
dP
V
dt
V
P
dt
QP

(21)

where P is the overall pressure drop across the PFR and the second term in the second line
disappears since the volume of the reactor does not change over time.

B.5

Cost Calculation Reasoning

We merely multiplied all the costs by their respective streams for multiple wanted conversions and
found the optimal (i.e. minimum) total cost.

10

C
C.1

Graphs
Cost vs. Monomer Conversion

Figure 2: The relative costs of production of a reactor in relation to the constraints of the problem and
the single-pass conversion of the reactor is shown. We see a minimum at 37.5% styrene conversion.

C.2

Cost vs. Input Flowrate

Figure 3: The relative costs of production of a reactor in relation to the constraints of the problem and
the feed of the reactors is shown. We see a minimum at 1330 kilograms per hour.

11

C.3

Cost vs. Reactor Volume

Figure 4: This graph shows the relative costs of production of a reactor in relation to the constraints
of the problem and the volumes of the reactors. We see a minimum occur at 36.05 meters cubed.

12

MATLAB Code

function[] = PFR Cost Calc()

2
3

Y = 1;

%Recycle Ratio

VR = 0:0.05:50;
XI0 = 0;
XM0 = 0;
P0 = 0;

%Volume Range from 01000 m3

%Initial Initiator Conversion
%Initial Monomer Conversion
%Initial Pressure [Pa]

4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

VReq = ones(1, 400);

Power = ones(1, 400);
F = ones(1,400);
MF = ones(1, 400);
IF = ones(1, 400);
global ConvWant;
ConvWant = .1;

17
18

for i = 1:400

19
20
21

% Calculation for given wanted conversion

[V, X] = ode45(@rates, VR, [XI0; XM0; P0]);

22
23
24
25

%Finding Volume and Pressure Drop Index

index = 1;
for a = 1:size(X(1:end, 2), 1)

26

if abs(X(a,2)ConvWant) < abs(X(index,2)ConvWant)

index = a;
end

27
28
29
30
31

end

32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39

VReq(i) = V(index);
%Calculation for Power
dense = 909.3;
poly = 1000/3600;
sty m = poly./ConvWant;
Q = sty m./dense;
Power(i) = 1.*X(index,3).*Q;

40
41
42
43

if (abs(ConvWant0.375) < .001)

disp(X(index,3));
end

44
45
46

%Next conversion.
ConvWant = ConvWant + .001;

47
48
49
50
51

M AIBN = 164.21;
CI0 = 22;
%Flowrate of Total Feed in kg/hr
MF(i) = (1000/ConvWant)*(1/(Y+1));

13

%g/mol
%mol/m3

IF(i) = Q*CI0* M AIBN/1000;

F(i) = MF(i) + IF(i);

52
53
54
55

end

56
57
58
59
60
61

%% Cost
VCost =
WCost =
FCost =
TotCost

Calculations
VReq.*200;
Power.*15*10(5);
F.*70;
= VCost+WCost+FCost;

62
63

%% Minimum Cost Calculations

64
65
66

Conversion = 1:400;
Conversion = Conversion.*.001+.099;

67
68

[MinCost, MinIndex] = min(TotCost);

69
70
71
72
73
74

IdealConv = Conversion(MinIndex);
IdealVolume = VReq(MinIndex);
IdealFeed = F(MinIndex);
IdealMF = MF(MinIndex);
IdealIF = IF(MinIndex);

75
76
77
78
79
80
81

fprintf('Ideal
fprintf('Ideal
fprintf('Ideal
fprintf('Ideal
fprintf('Ideal
fprintf('Ideal

Cost: %f\n', MinCost);

Conversion: %f\n', IdealConv);
Volume(m3): %f\n', IdealVolume);
Feed(kg/hr): %f\n', IdealFeed);
Monomer Feed (kg/hr): %f\n', IdealMF);
Initiator Feed (kg/hr): %f\n', IdealIF);

82
83
84

%% Plot
plotall(Conversion, VReq, F, TotCost, VCost, WCost, FCost, IdealConv, ...
IdealVolume, IdealFeed, MinCost);

85
86

%% Diffeq Function

87
88

function [ddV] = rates(V, X)

89
90
91
92

%ddV(1) is dXIdV
%ddV(2) is dXMdV
%ddV(3) is dPdV

93
94

%%Constants

95
96
97
98
99

%Rate Constants
kd = 0.85*10(5);
kp = .145;
kt = 5.8*10(4);

%Initiator Dissoc in s(1)

%m3/(mol*s)
%m3/(mol*s)

100
101

%Given Constants

102
103
104
105

poly = 1000/3600;
dense = 909.3;
M sty = .10415;

%kg/s
%kg/m3
%kg/mol

14

CI0
T =
D =
A =

106
107
108
109

= 22;
60+273.15;
0.1;
pi*D2/4;

%mol/m3
%K
%m
%m3

110

%%Calculated PFRDependent Constants

sty m = poly./ConvWant;
%Initial Monomer Flowrate kg/s
n sty = sty m./M sty;
%Initial Monomer Flowrate mol/s
Q = sty m./dense;
%Flowrate m3/s
QI = CI0.*Q;
%Moles of Initiator mol/s
CM0 = n sty./Q;
%Monomer Initial Concentration mol/m3
vel = Q./A;
%Velocity of the Fluid in m/s;

111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118

%%VolumeDependent Variables
CI = CI0.*(1X(1));
%Concentration of I at Volume V mol/m3
CM = CM0.*(1X(2));
%Concentration of M at Volume V mol/m3

119
120
121
122

%%Rate Laws
ri = kd.*CI;
rm = kp.*(2.*kd.*CI./kt).(1/2).*CM;

123
124
125
126

%%Pressure Laws
Mw = (2+3.*(2.*kt./(kd.*CI)).(1/2).*(CM0CM)).* M sty. *1000;
wp = X(2);
mu = exp(13.04+2013./T+(Mw./1).(0.18).*...
(3.915.*wp5.437.*wp2+(0.623+1387./T).*wp3));
Re = D.*vel.*dense./mu;

127
128
129
130
131
132
133

%%Difeq Mass and Pressure

ddV = [ri./QI; rm./n sty;...
(0.079./(Re.(1/4).*D)).*((2.*dense.*vel.2)./A)];

134
135
136
137
138

end

139
140

%% Plotting Function

141
142

143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159

function[] = plotall(Conversion, VReq, F, TotCost, VCost, WCost, FCost, ...

IdealConv, IdealVolume, IdealFeed, MinCost)
% Plotting Conversion X Axis
figure
plot(Conversion, TotCost, 'k');
hold on;
plot(Conversion, VCost, 'k:');
plot(Conversion, WCost, 'k');
plot(Conversion, FCost, 'k.');
plot(IdealConv, MinCost, 'kx', 'MarkerSize', 15);
hold off;
xlabel('Monomer Conversion','FontSize', 20, ...
'FontName', 'Baskerville');
ylabel('Cost in Dollars','FontSize', 20, 'FontName', 'Baskerville');
a = legend('Total Cost', 'Volume Cost', ...
'Power Cost', 'Feed Cost', 'Ideal PFR System');
legend('boxoff');
set(a, 'Location', 'NorthWest', 'FontName', 'Baskerville', 'FontSize', 15);
set(gcf, 'color', [1 1 1]);

15

160

% Plotting Volume X Axis

figure
plot(VReq, TotCost, 'k');
hold on;
plot(VReq, VCost, 'k:');
plot(VReq, WCost, 'k');
plot(VReq, FCost, 'k.');
plot(IdealVolume, MinCost, 'kx', 'MarkerSize', 15);
hold off;
xlabel('Volume of the Reactor (m3)','FontSize', 20,...
'FontName', 'Baskerville');
ylabel('Cost in Dollars','FontSize', 20, ...
'FontName', 'Baskerville');
a = legend('Total Cost', 'Volume Cost', ...
'Power Cost', 'Feed Cost', 'Ideal PFR System');
legend('boxoff');
set(a, 'Location', 'NorthWest', 'FontName', 'Baskerville', 'FontSize', 15);
set(gcf, 'color', [1 1 1]);

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% Plotting Feed X Axis

figure
plot(F, TotCost, 'k');
hold on;
plot(F, VCost, 'k:');
plot(F, WCost, 'k');
plot(F, FCost, 'k.');
plot(IdealFeed, MinCost, 'kx', 'MarkerSize', 15);
hold off;
xlabel('Feed (kg/hr)','FontSize', 20,...
'FontName', 'Baskerville');
ylabel('Cost in Dollars','FontSize', 20, ...
'FontName', 'Baskerville');
a = legend('Total Cost', 'Volume Cost', ...
'Power Cost', 'Feed Cost', 'Ideal PFR System');
legend('boxoff');
set(a, 'Location', 'NorthWest', 'FontName', 'Baskerville', 'FontSize', 15);
set(gcf, 'color', [1 1 1]);

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end

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end

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