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Chapter 12: Patterns of Heredity and Human Genetics

Pedigree
• _________________________________________________________
• _________________________________________________________
• _________________________________________________________

Carriers:
Heterozygous for recessive allele

I I: 2 carriers

II: __ carriers
II

III: 1 affected ____ (male or female)

III
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Recessive disorders
• Genetic disorders caused by a recessive allele
• Only shows up in people that are __________________________
• _________ __________: thick mucus builds up in lungs and digestive system
due to a defective protein in the cell membrane
• ______________: certain lipid cannot be broken down and builds up in the
central nervous system
• ______________: phenylalanine amino acid cannot be broken down and builds
up in the central nervous system

Dominant disorders
• Genetic disorders caused by a dominant allele
• Shows up in people that are ___________ ____________ or ____________
• __________________: certain parts of the brain break down

Incomplete dominance
• ___________________________________________________________
• Example: red flower (RR) x white flower (WW)
= ________________________
• All letters are capital because all the genes are dominant

Codominance
• ___________________________________________________________
• Example: black chicken (BB) x white chicken (WW)
= _________________________________
• All letters are capital because all the genes are dominant
• __________________: Hemoglobin protein, which carries oxygen in the
blood, is mutated which causes red blood cells, which are normally round, to be
shaped like bananas
o Serious, very painful illness
o Sickle cell anemia shows codominance between the sickle gene (S) and the
normal hemoglobin gene (N)
 _____: healthy individual with all normal hemoglobin
 _____: carrier, mostly healthy because half the hemoglobin is normal and
half the hemoglobin is sickled
 _____: individual has sickle cell anemia with all sickled hemoglobin
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Multiple alleles
• ____________________________________________________
• However, an organism can only have 2 of these alleles for a trait
• Example: __________________________
• Blood type is controlled by multiple alleles: ____________________
o O is _____________, A and B are _________________
o Genotype Phenotype
AA, AO ____________
BB, BO ____________
OO ____________
AB ____________

Sex determination
• Humans have _____ chromosomes
o 44 of these chromosomes are ____________ (do not determine the sex of
an organism)
o 2 of these chromosomes are _____ _____________ (determine the sex of
an organism)
 Sex chromosomes are ___ and _____

 Females are ____, Males are _____

• Females can only make eggs with the X chromosome

• Males make sperm with the X or Y chromosome, so it is the males that
determine the sex of a baby

Sex-linked traits
• ____________________________________________________
• Example: _____________ (h) is a recessive disorder in which you cannot clot
your blood. Normal blood clotting (H) is dominant. These genes are located on
the X chromosome.
o For sex-linked traits, you must write genotypes like:
 X X : _______________________
h h

 X X : _______________________
H h

 X Y :
h
_______________________
 X Y : ________________________
H
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• Example: _________________: an individual cannot tell the difference
between red and green
• Sex-linked traits occur more so in males than females because
o _______________________________________________
o _______________________________________________
Polygenic trait
• Trait that is controlled by _____________________________
• Example: height and skin color for humans is a polygenic trait

Abnormal numbers of chromosomes

• Karyotype: ________________________________________
o Will show if the person has extra or missing chromosomes
o Extra or missing chromosomes is caused by mistakes in meiosis leading to
the wrong number of chromosomes in an egg or sperm cell
• ______________: three of chromosome-21, which causes mental retardation
• Individuals can have the wrong number of sex chromosomes
o XO, XXX: female (no Y chromosome)
o XXY, XYY: male (at least one Y chromosome)

_____________

____________________

________________