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between
an
electric
motor's magnetic
Found in applications as
diverse
as
industrial
fans,
motors
by direct
can
be
current
AC MOTOR
An AC motor is an electric motor driven by an alternating current (AC). The
AC
motor
commonly
consists
of
two
basic
parts,
an
outside
magnetic
field,
and
an
by
permanent
magnets,
DC MOTOR
A DC motor is any of a class of electrical machines that converts direct
current electrical power into mechanical
power. The most common types rely on
the forces produced by magnetic fields.
Nearly all types of DC motors have some
internal
mechanism,
electromechanical
or
either
electronic,
to
DC motors were the first type widely used, since they could be powered
from existing direct-current lighting power distribution systems. A DC
motor's speed can be controlled over a wide range, using either a variable
supply voltage or by changing the strength of current in its field windings.
Small DC motors are used in tools, toys, and appliances. The universal
motor can operate on direct current but is a lightweight motor used for
portable power tools and appliances. Larger DC motors are used in
propulsion of electric vehicles, elevator and hoists, or in drives for steel
rolling mills. The advent of power electronics has made replacement of DC
motors with AC motors possible in many applications.
exactly equal
integral
of AC cycles.
Synchronous
motors
contain
to
an
number
multiphase
current in
to
produce
is
torque
obtained
byelectromagnetic
induction from
the magnetic field of the stator winding. An induction motor therefore does
not require mechanical commutation, separate-excitation or self-excitation
for all or part of the energy transferred from stator to rotor, as
in universal, DC and large synchronous motors. An induction motor's rotor
can be either wound type or squirrel-cage type.
Three-phase squirrel-cage induction motors are widely used in industrial
drives because they are rugged, reliable and economical. Single-phase
induction motors are used extensively for smaller loads, such as household
appliances like fans. Although traditionally used in fixed-speed service,
induction motors are increasingly being used with variable-frequency
drives (VFDs) in variable-speed service. VFDs offer especially important
energy savings opportunities for existing and prospective induction motors
in variable-torque centrifugal fan, pump and compressor load applications.
Squirrel cage induction motors are very widely used in both fixed-speed
andvariable-frequency drive (VFD) applications. Variable voltage and
variable frequency drives are also used in variable-speed service.
CONSTRUCTION
Rotor
In an electric motor the moving part is the rotor
which turns the shaft to deliver the mechanical
power. The rotor usually has conductors laid
into it which carry currents that interact with the
magnetic field of the stator to generate the
forces that turn the shaft. However, some rotors
carry permanent magnets, and the stator holds
the conductors.
Stator
The stator is the stationary part of the motors electromagnetic circuit and
usually consists of either windings or permanent magnets. The stator core
is made up of many thin metal sheets, called laminations. Laminations are
used to reduce energy losses that would result if a solid core were used.
Air gap
The distance between
the rotor and stator is
the air gap. The air gap
has important effects,
and is generally as small
as possible, as a large
effect
on
the
Windings
Windings are wires that are laid in coils,
usually wrapped around a laminated soft
iron magnetic core so as to form magnetic
poles when energized with current.
Electric machines come in two basic magnet
field pole configurations: salient-pole machine
and nonsalient-pole machine. In the salient-pole machine the pole's
magnetic field is produced by a winding wound around the pole below the
pole face. In the nonsalient-pole, or distributed field, or round-rotor,
Commutator
input
of
most
DC
of
slip
ring
segments
revolving
commutator,
which
motor
increasingly
fields,
being
electromechanically
displaced
by
commutated
externally
motors
commutated
are
induction