ALLUVIAL BEDFORMS AND ROUGHTNESS

Transport Sedimentation Paper

Lecturer: Dr. Very Dermawan, ST.,MT

Munfarid
Adam Wiguna
Reta Lilyananda Puspasari
Hana Arum Rossy Tamaya
Marianty Patabang
Danang Kiswanto
Rifqi Muhammad Iqbal
Annida Lisyahadah
Ria Puspasari
Moh. Ali Mabrur
Ivan Dwi Prabowo
Ganisa Elsina Salamena
Yuvika Rega Siswanti

(135060400111035
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(135060401111058
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(135060407111027

Ministry of Education and Culture

Brawijaya University
Faculty of Engineering
Water Resources Engineering
Malang, Indonesia
2014

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I. GENERAL
The basic form sediments which occur in alluvial channel flow rate related to
the flow regime. Flow regime, which is a form that affects the flow of the
layer configuration. The following classification shows the relationship
between flow velocity and sediment transport modes (sediment transport), the
concentration of the transported sediment and forms the basis of the
relationship between phase and water (surface water).

Flow regime can be related to the Froude number characterizes whether flow
will be calm or fast. Froude number is an expression of the ratio between the
inertia (the force needed to stop the moving particles) and gravity.
F <1 tranquil flow (lower flow regime)
F = 1 critical flow conditions (flow regime transition)
F> 1 rapid flow (upper flow regime)
In general, the basic shape of the flow regime, sediment is classified into:
A. Regime low flow
B. Regime transition flow
C. Regime high flow
A. Regime Low Flow

(Froude number <0.4 to 1 with ramps transition)

1. Flat bed, is a sediment transport without deformation and the
movement details are tossing and turning. And the magnitude of the
shear of stress is exactly above from the critical.

2. Ripples, the size is <0.6 mm and the shear of stress is become smaller
than before. Sediments which has an regular shaped waves with
wavelengths of 5-10 cm and a height of 1 cm (base shaped like a
regular wave amplitude is relatively small compared with the
wavelength).

3. Dunes, all sizes of sediment and the shear of stress increases to the
front side. The front side is slope slightly, the back side is steeper.

Erosion can occur on all sides of the upper reaches, and deposition
occurs at the bottom of the downstream side.
4. Dunes, all sizes of sediment and the shear of stress increases to the
front side. The front side is slope slightly, the back side is steeper.
Erosion can occur on all sides of the upper reaches, and deposition
occurs at the bottom of the downstream side.

B. Regime transition flow

(basic configuration of the dunes towards the plane bed or anti-dunes)
C. Regime high flow
(Froude Number> 0.4 to 1, a relatively small flow resistance and large
sediments transport)

1. Plane bed, Plane bed, has a flow rate gradually rising, sediment
transport has a flat height. The movement of the Grain is rolling or
sliding and changes at a particular place. A fine material occurs saltasi.

2. Antidunes, has sediment materials occurs in the upstream dunes,

erosion on downstream. More or less symmetrical waveforms.
Antidunes move downstream and occurs at Fr> 1

3. Chute and Pools, occurs in the slope, velocity and sediment discharge
which are relatively large. The basic form is a hill - a large sediment
hill. The state of the flow in chute is supercritical or subcritical.

I. Bedform Forecast
Determining the criteria of bedform, approach used by the sediment
continuity equation as follows:

=0

description:
s = specific weight of bed material
y = height of bedform at x along the river
t = time
qs = sediment flow in a weight unity wide and time
The first limitation showed a decrease in the rate of sediment at the base, and
the second limit sediment transport shows the change in the change of the
distance x along the river. It turns out that both these limits gradually always
opposite in sign, when the base is formed
.

positive and

negative.

The image above shows the cross-sectional shape at time t and t + dt from the
bedform that moves downstream. In the upper part of the lower forms of the
basic situation which is a function of time, so

From this equation, seemingly that

negative.

positive, so that qs increases

continuously until it reaches its peak.

Exner (1925), assumed that:
qs = Ao. uo
Ao = constant
Uo = flow velocity near the base
By entering Ao and Uo into the sediment Equalition continuity before, then
obtained :
s

+ Ao

=0

In 1963, Kennedy introduced the relation between the wavelength L of a

change in the bedform of the Froude number
Results of Kennedys investigationed to the dominant wavelength of the form
- the bedform is:
Fr2 =

Specification:
Fr = Froude number
d = depth of flow
U = velocity of flow
k = 2 / L = wave number
L = wavelength
j = / d = deceleration factor
= distance which can lead to changes in local sediment flow deceleration and
change of pace near the base
The concept of "lag distance" was first proposed by Kennedy (1963) and is the
most important factor.

Pictured above is the theoretical curve obtained kennedy with entering data
into the equation the dominant wavelength (the relationship between Fr and
kd).
Seen in Fr2, greater than (1 / kd) tanh kd, and the kd <2
Curve Fr2 = (1 / kd) tanh kd give upper limit for ripples and dunes Fr.
Transition area between Fr = 1 and Fr = 0.844
Kennedy proposed a simple relationship between the wavelength L antidunes
with average speed U as follows:
U2 =

This equation is known as the equation for the wave speed in

the water.
From experiments K/ennedy (1963) obtained results that were passed antidunes
surface waves break when the position is steep. Comparison between wave
height to wavelength is between 0.13 and 0.16 and between the retrieved value
is 0.14 for the water wave steepness at the time began to break.
II. Kekasaran alluvial
In an alluvial channel, the various regimes of bed forms are the results of
complicated interactions between the overlying flow and the mobile bed
sediments. The physics of bed form is complicated because the flow boundary is
not fixed but changes dynamically according to the sediment characteristics,
channel shape and flow strength, among other factors. The variable bed forms
modify the flow resistance and therefore the stage-discharge relationship of the
channel conveyance. The mobile bed resistance depends on many interrelated
factors including the skin or grain resistance and form drag or bed form resistance.
The former is dependent on the depth of flow and grain size at the boundary
surface while the latter is the resistance associated with the eddy formations and
secondary circulations set up by the flow over the bed form. Whereas the flow
resistance for a given flow depth and velocity in a rigid boundary channel is

approximately constant with time, it is not so for a mobile bed channel with bed
forms. The flow resistance in the latter needs to consider the contribution of both
the grain and bed form resistance. Generally, the equation for total shear stress
acting on a sand bed is given by:
0=gRS _______________________(equation 1)
= fluid density
g= gravitational acceleration
R= hydraulic radius related to bed
S= energy slope

The current practice is to treat the total bed shear stress as the sum of two shear
stress components corresponding to the grain and bed form resistance, which is:
0= 0+ 0*_______________________(equation 2)

1. Einstein-Barbarossa (1952)
Divide hydraulic roughness to 2 parts: R and R
Which is R=R+R
U* (Shear velocity related to grain size), calculated with ks (correction factor), in this
relathionship with Chezy method: U/U*=5,57log[12,27(R/ks)x]

Einstein-Barbarossa Graphic

2. Engelund-Hansen (1976)
They assumed a constant pgR on both sides of equation (2) andintroduced an
alternative approach based on the direct summation of two energy slopes.
Equation (2) becomes:
S=S+S
Where: S is the energy slope due to grain resistance and S is the component due
to the bed form resistance. The argument is that the additional energy loss

associated with S is the result of the sudden expansion of flow at the lee side
of the bed forms.
Moreover, Engelund and Hansen make the f(function of bed form steepness):
f = f+f
f = f+(H2)(hL)

Engelund-Hansen Graphic

3. Lovera-Kennedy (1969), Alam-Kennedy (1969)

Restrictions for Lovera-Kennedy dan Alam-Kennedy:
a. Base sediment characteristic =D50
b. Limited analysis for gravel and water
c. Gravity reaction=0 and there is no free surface waves
The analysis result is: =f(Re=(U.R)/v.R/D50)
v= kinematic viscosity of fluid
R= hydraulic radius
=friction factor Darcy Weisbach

REFERENCES:
Priyantoro, Dwi. 1987, Teknik Pengangkutan Sedimen, Himpunan
Mahasiswa Pengairan FT-UB, Malang
Engelund, F., and E. Hansen (1967), A monograph on sediment transport
in alluvial streams, report, Tech. Univ. of Denmark, Copenhagen.
Einstein, H. A., and N. L. Barbarossa (1952), River channel roughness,
Trans. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., 117, 1121 1146.
Kennedy, J. F. (1963), The mechanics of dunes and antidunnes in
erodiblebed channels, J. Fluid Mech., 16(4), 521 544.
Chien, N., and Z. Wan (1999), Mechanics of Sediment Transport, Am.
Soc. of Civ. Eng., Reston, Va