SIE 1010 Engineering Design Graphics

Lesson 1 Engineering Design Process

Dr Ivan Lee
Ivan.Lee@SingaporeTech.edu.sg

Learning Outcomes
Describe common types of views used in engineering
drawings, and appropriate views for different
situations
Create, visualise and analyse shapes and geometries
of parts in 2D drawings and 3D computer models
Combine different geometrical features to fully
describe a part geometry
Create a 3D assembly model by combining different
parts with logical constraints

Lesson Outline

Introduction to Design Process

Graphics Communication in Design
Engineering Design Phases
Traditional vs Concurrent Engineering
Model-Centred Engineering Design
Ideation
Refinement
Implementation

Product Lifecycle Management

Design Process
Design of a device or system can be done in one of two ways
Evolutionary
A product is allowed to evolve over a period of time with only slight
improvement
Done when there is no competition
Creative capabilities of designer limited

Innovation
Rapid scientific growth, technological discoveries, competition for
market share
Great emphasis on new products and innovation
Creative skills and analytical ability of design engineer critical

Design Levels
Adaptive design
In majority of instances, a designers work will be concerned with
adaption of existing designs, making minor modifications
Demands no special knowledge or skill, most problems easily solved

Development design
Considerably more scientific training and design ability needed
Designer starts from an existing design, but final outcome may differ
markedly from initial product

New design
Only a small number of designs are new designs

A Typical Design Process

Need
Goals
Market Analysis
Functions

Specifications
Conceptualization
Evaluating
alternatives
Analysis
Experiment
Marketing

Graphics Communication
Effective means of communicating technical ideas and
problem solutions
Engineering design visualizing, sketching, modelling,
detailing relies heavily on graphics communication
Engineering drawings and models a clear, precise language
with definite rules
In engineering design process, graphics serve as primary
means of communication
92% is graphical
8% is divided between mathematics and written/verbal

Breakdown of Engineers Time

3D Modeling and Documentation
Manufacturing Engineering
Funcational Design
Engineering Analysis
Others
0

10

% of Engineer's Time

15

20

25

30

Engineering Design Phases

Formulation

Gather information to understand problem

Identify functional requirements, constraints and
evaluation criteria
Develop engineering performance targets

Concept
design

Decompose product by component and function

Generate concept alternatives to meet subfunctions
Analyze feasibility of subfunction concept alternatives
Evaluate and select best concept alternatives

Configuration
design

Determine type and number of components

Determine their arrangement and relative dimensions

Detail design

Prepare detail drawings and specifications

Prepare package of information to manufacture
product

Technical Graphics
A standardized and complete language used in design for:
Visualization
Communication
Documentation

Precision of technical graphics is aided by tools

Historically done with pencil/pen, drafting tools and paper
Increasingly with computer-aided design (CAD) tools

Visualization and Communication

Visualization
Mentally picture things that do not exist in the mind
Most designers will initially capture mental images by sketching on
paper
Ability to visualize problem solutions and communicate through
sketches a very important skill!

Communication
Goal is to refine initial sketches so design solution can be
communicated to others without ambiguity
Add more details to sketches, then create 3-D model using CAD
software
Continue to refine design and update 3-D model

Documentation
Documentation
Permanently record design solution
Produce 2-D drawings for distribution and documentation
Store electronic copies of 3-D models and 2-D drawings in databases
to share with other users

Business Process
Business
Input
Societal Concerns
Customer
Needs/Demands
Materials
Capital
Energy
Time
Human Knowledge
Human Skills
People

Processes

Designing
Planning
Producing &
Constructing
Managing
Marketing
Financing
Documenting

Output

Products, Systems or
Structures for
Various Markets
Support Activities
Training
Service
Customer Satisfaction

Company Profits

Traditional Engineering
Specialized functions, serialized processes
Free exchange of information not encouraged
Designs are developed in isolation, then tossed over to
manufacturing
Manufacturing has to modify designs to meet process,
material and equipment constraints
Changes are time-consuming and costly, causing delays
Due to global competition, inefficiencies can no longer be
tolerated

Concurrent Engineering
Process-centric, team approach to product development
Cross-functional team members from critical business areas
Sales/marketing, industrial design, design engineering, industrial
engineering, manufacturing engineering, purchasing, production,
finance

Central motivation higher efficiency

Ensure manufacturing considerations are included early and
throughout the entire design process doing things concurrently!
Encourage open exchange of product information

Necessary for manufacturing companies

Shorten product development times less delays
Improve product quality and performance
Reduce product cost fewer errors and changes

Traditional vs Concurrent Engineering

Sales and marketing
Sales and
marketing

Industrial design

Design engineering

Industrial
design

Warehousing

Product
engineering

Final
product

Production

Design
engineering

Purchasing

Purchasing

Warehousing
Production

Product
engineering

Final product

Traditional

Concurrent

Collaborative Engineering
Product-centric approach: focuses on enterprise-wide
integrated product development process
Creates infrastructure and environment for effective team
collaboration
Cross-functional teams share information using computer
networks
Highly dependent on computer-based tools (CAD, CAM, CAE,
etc)

Model-Centred Engineering Design

Problem
Identification

Preliminary Ideas

Preliminary
Design

IDEATION

Modeling

Servicing

Design
Analysis
Design
Visualization

Financing
REFINEMENT

IMPLEMENTATION

Marketing
Producing
Planning

Manufacturing
Simulation

Documenting
3-D Model

Model-Centred Engineering Design

People and processes are brought together at very beginning

Establishes well-defined organizational and team structures
Highly structured business processes
3-D CAD models central to approach, allows all areas of an
enterprise to share information and work simultaneously
Highly dependently on computer-based tools
CAX Computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided manufacturing
(CAM), computer-aided engineering (CAE)
DFX Design for manufacturability (DFM), design for assembly (DFA),
design for serviceability, design for reliability
Office applications, Internet, etc

Model-Centred Engineering Design

Problem
Identification
Problem statement
Research
Data gathering
Objectives
Limitations
Scheduling

Preliminary Ideas
Notes
Sketches/models
Brainstorm
Synthesis

IDEATION

Preliminary
Design
Evaluation
Selection

Model-Centred Engineering Design

Problem
Identification
Modeling
Geometric
Simulation/Animation
Descriptive/Predictive
Charts, Graphs, Diagrams

Design Analysis
Property
Mechanism
Aesthetic/Functional
Human Factors
Market/Financial
Design Visualization
Rapid Prototyping
Manufacturing
Simulation

Preliminary Ideas

IDEATION

REFINEMENT

Preliminary
Design

Model-Centred Engineering Design

Problem
Identification

Preliminary Ideas

Preliminary
Design

IDEATION

Modeling

Servicing

Design
Analysis

Financing
REFINEMENT

IMPLEMENTATION

Marketing

Design
Visualization

Producing

Manufacturing
Simulation

Managing

Planning
Documenting

Concurrent Documentation

Design drawings and models

Production drawings and models
Technical illustrations
Technical reports
Presentation graphics
Patent drawings

Engineering Design Process

Virtual Product Representation

Prototyping
Productivity Tools
Product Data Management (PDM)/Configuration
Management (CM)
Internet, Intranet, Extranet
Product Lifecycle Management (PLM)
E-Business
Design Teams

Virtual Product Representation

3-D CAD models

Product Data Management
Large assembly visualizations
Packaging analysis
Tolerance analysis
Structural, thermal, flow analyses
Dynamic simulations for design and manufacturing
Virtual reality
Collaborative Web Technology

Product Lifecycle Management (PLM)

A model that facilitates simultaneous working of all
departments of an organization
Internal: Design, engineering, strategy, marketing and sales, planning,
production, procurement, finance, HR
External: Suppliers, partners, customers

An integrated IT environment that allows manufacturers to

create, manage, store and share product data and business
processes
A business process that manages the entire product lifecycle
From concept to design, build, maintain and disposal

A strategic business approach for effective management and

use of corporate intellectual capital

Product Lifecycle Management (PLM)

Diagram representing relationship of
various departments in an organization

Customers
E-Commerce

Internet

Support
Accounting

Design and
Engineering

Distribution

Information
Database

Sales
Business-to-Business
communication

Vendors

Manufacturing

Production
Intranet

Extranet

Key Learning Points

Use of graphics an effective means of communicating
engineering designs
Engineering design process and role of graphics
Model-centred design process in collaborative engineering
Role of 3-D modelling in engineering design process
Role of CM, PDM and PLM in engineering enterprise

References
Fundamentals of Graphics Communication, Sixth Ed
Gary R. Bertoline, Eric N. Wiebe, Nathan W. Hartman,
William A. Ross, McGraw-Hill Co., Inc, (2011)

Engineering Design Graphics, 2nd Edition

James M. Leake, Jacob L. Borgerson, John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., (2013)

Engineering Design Process

Yousef Haik, Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning, Inc., (2003)