Apple Watch

Apple Watch is a smartwatch developed by Apple Inc. It incorporates fitness tracking and healthoriented capabilities as well as integration with iOS and other Apple products and services. The
device is available in three variants: Apple Watch Sport, Apple Watch, and Apple Watch Edition.
The Watch is distinguished by different combinations of cases and first or third party
interchangeable bands. Apple Watch relies on a wirelessly connected iPhone (5 or above) to
perform many of its default functions (e.g. calling and texting). It is compatible with the iPhone
5 or later models running iOS 8.2 or later, through the use of Bluetooth orWi-Fi. Announced
by Tim Cook on September 9, 2014, the device was available for pre-order on April 10 [10] and began
shipping on April 24, 2015.[11][12] The Apple Watch quickly became the bestselling wearable device,
with the shipment of 4.2 million smartwatches in the second quarter of 2015, according to analyst
firm Canalys.[13]

]
Rumors surrounding an Apple-developed wearable dated back as far as 2011, which
conceptualized the device as a variation of theiPod that would curve around the user's wrist, and
feature Siri integration.[14] On February 10, 2013, both The New York Times andThe Wall Street
Journal reported that Apple was beginning to develop an iOS-based smartwatch with a curved
display.[15] On February 12, 2013, Bloomberg reported that Apple's smartwatch project was
"beyond the experimentation phase in its development", and had a team of at least 100 designers
were working on the project.[16] Further reports in March 2013 indicated that Apple planned to
release the device by the end of the year.[17] In July 2013, Financial Times reported that Apple had
begun hiring more employees to work on the smartwatch, and that it was targeting a possible
retail release in late 2014.[18]
In April 2014, Apple CEO Tim Cook told The Wall Street Journal that the company was planning to
launch new product categories that year, but did not reveal any specifics. [19] In June
2014, Reuters reported that production was expected to begin in July for a release in October. [20]
Apple Watch was first unveiled on September 9, 2014 during a press event which also saw the
introduction of the iPhone 6. Speaking about the device, Apple CEO Tim Cook explained that Apple
Watch was "a new, intimate way to communicate from your wrist, and a comprehensive health
and fitness device."[21][22]
In comparison to other Apple products and competing smartwatches, marketing of Apple Watch
focused more on advertising the device as a fashion accessory; a 12-page advertising spread for
Apple Watch in an issue of Vogue focused primarily on the different body and band styles
available, and downplayed the technological aspects of it.[23][24] Apple has also, in particular, focused
upon its health and fitness-oriented features, competing against dedicated activity trackers.[25]

Release[edit]
Pre-orders for Apple Watch began on April 10, 2015, with an official release on April 24. [26]
On launch, Apple Watch was not available at Apple Store; beginning on April 10, 2015, customers
could receive appointments for demonstrations and fitting, but the device was not in-stock for
walk-in purchase, and had to be reserved and ordered online (however, sales representatives are
able to assist in the process). CNET felt that this distribution model was designed to prevent Apple
Store locations from having long line-ups due to high demand. [27][28] Selected Apple Watch models
were available in-store at certain luxury boutiques and authorized Apple resellers in limited
quantities.[29] On June 4, 2015, Apple announced that it did plan to stock Apple Watch models at its
retail locations.[28]
The device was not branded as "iWatch" (which would put it in line with its other product lines)
due to trademark conflicts in certain territories; in the United States, the iWatch trademark is

owned by OMG Electronicswho was crowdfunding a device under the same name, and is owned
in the European Union by Irish firm Probendi.[30][31] In July 2015, Probendi sued Apple Inc.
for trademark infringement, arguing that through keyword advertising on the Google search
engine, it caused advertising for the Apple Watch to appear on search results pages when users
searched for the trademarked term "iWatch".[32]

Specifications[edit]
Design[edit]
Apple Watch comes in three collections and features two case sizes: 38 mm (1.5 in) and 42 mm
(1.7 in) spread across 38 individual models in three "collections". [33] The case of the watch includes a
mechanism to enable the straps to be interchangeable. For input, the watch includes a
"digital crown", which can be turned to scroll or zoom and pressed to return to the home screen,
and a touchscreen that features Force Touch technology, which makes it pressure-sensitive and
capable of distinguishing between a tap and a press. [6] The watch also has a side button which can
be used to display a list of contacts, or access Apple Pay.[34] Apple rates the device's battery for 18
hours of mixed usage.[6] Apple Watch is charged by means of inductive charging, using a cable
similar to theMagSafe cable from Apple's MacBook family of laptops.[11] If the watch's battery
depletes to less than 10 percent, the watch will enter a "power reserve" mode, which allows the user
to continue to read the time for an additional 72 hours. The watch then reverts to its original mode
when recharged.[35]
Apple does not explicitly market Apple Watch as being waterproof, stating that it can withstand
splashes of water (such as rain and hand washing), but does not recommend submersion (IPX7).
However, external testing by The Iconfactory and others revealed that Apple Watch can function
when submerged in various conditions (such as swimming), although its touchscreen experiences
"erratic" behavior when submerged. Additionally, usage in water may void its warranty,
constituting "damage caused by [use] outside Apples published guidelines", and apps taking
advantage of this may not be allowed per App Store policies which forbid the publishing of apps
that encourage users to use devices in ways that may damage them. [36][37]

Hardware[edit]
The Apple Watch uses the S1 system-on-chip. It uses a linear actuator called the "Taptic Engine" to
provide haptic feedback when an alert or a notification is received, and is used for other purposes
by certain apps.[6] The watch is equipped with a built-in heart rate sensor, which uses
both infrared and visible-light LEDs and photodiodes.[38] All versions of the Apple Watch have
8 GB of storage, which allows the user to store up to 2 GB of music and 75 MB of photos; however,
this limitation only applies when the Apple Watch is untethered from the user's iPhone. When the
Apple Watch is paired with an iPhone, all music and photos on that iPhone are available from the
Apple Watch.[39]

Software[edit]
Apple Watch runs watchOS, which is based around a home screen with circular app icons. The OS
can be navigated using the touchscreen or the crown on the side of the watch. [6] Apple Watch must
be paired with an iPhone 5 or later running iOS 8.2 or later; this version of iOS introduced the
Apple Watch app, which is used to advertise Apple Watch, pair one with an iPhone, and customize
settings and loaded apps.[6]
It is capable of receiving notifications, messages, and phone calls via a paired iPhone. [6] "Glances"
allow users to swipe between pages containing widget-like displays of information. WatchOS also
supports Handoff to send content from Apple Watch to an iOS or OS X device,[6] and act as
an viewfinder for an iPhone camera,[34] Siri is also available for voice commands, although it is not

capable of responding with voice prompts.[6] Apple Watch also supports Apple Pay, and enables its
use with older iPhone models that do not contain near-field communication (NFC) support.[6]
Apple Watch's default apps are designed to interact with their iOS counterparts, such as e-mail,
phone, Calendar, Messages, Maps, Music, Photos, Reminders, Remote (which can
control iTunes and Apple TV), Stocks, and Wallet.[6] Via the Fitness app, a user can track their
physical activity and send data back to the iPhone for use in its Health app and other HealthKitenabled software.[6] WatchOS supports third-party applications; a WatchKit app runs in the
background on the iPhone as an application extension while a set of native user interface resources
are installed on Apple Watch.[40] Thus, WatchOS apps must be bundled within their respective iOS
app, and are synced to the watch either manually, or automatically upon installation of the phone
app.[6]
The most recent revision of WatchOS, 1.0.1, featured performance improvements and support for
additional emoji and languages,[41] and was released on the 29th May 2015. AtWWDC 2015, Tim
Cook announced WatchOS 2.0; described by CNET as a "significant revamp", it will include a
new software development kit that allows more direct access to the device's hardware, new watch
faces, the ability to reply to e-mail, and other features.[42] WatchOS 2.0 is set to be released on
September 16, 2015.[43]

Google driverless car

The Google Self-Driving Car, commonly abbreviated as SDC, is a project by Google X that involves
developing technology forautonomous cars, mainly electric cars. The software powering Google's
cars is called Google Chauffeur.[1] Lettering on the side of each car identifies it as a "self-driving
car". The project is currently being led by Google engineer Sebastian Thrun, former director of
theStanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and co-inventor of Google Street View. Thrun's team
at Stanford created the robotic vehicleStanley which won the 2005 DARPA Grand Challenge and
its US$2 million prize from the United States Department of Defense.[2] The team developing the
system consisted of 15 engineers working for Google, including Chris Urmson, Mike Montemerlo,
and Anthony Levandowski who had worked on the DARPA Grand and Urban Challenges.[3]
Legislation has been passed in four U.S. states and Washington, D.C. allowing driverless cars. The
state of Nevada passed a law on June 29, 2011, permitting the operation of autonomous cars in
Nevada, after Google had been lobbying in that state for robotic car laws. [4][5]The Nevada law went
into effect on March 1, 2012, and the Nevada Department of Motor Vehicles issued the first license
for an autonomous car in May 2012, to a Toyota Prius modified with Google's experimental
driverless technology.[6] In April 2012, Floridabecame the second state to allow the testing of
autonomous cars on public roads,[7] and California became the third when Governor Jerry
Brown signed the bill into law at Google HQ in Mountain View.[8] In December
2013, Michigan became the fourth state to allow testing of driverless cars in public roads. [9] In July
2014, the city of Coeur d'Alene, Idaho adopted a robotics ordinance that includes provisions to
allow for self-driving cars.[10]
In May 2014, Google presented a new concept for their driverless car that had neither a steering
wheel nor pedals,[11] and unveiled a fully functioning prototype in December of that year that they
planned to test on San Francisco Bay Area roads beginning in 2015.[12] Google plans to make these
cars available to the public in 2020.[13]

Technology[edit]
The project team has equipped a number of different types of cars with the self-driving equipment,
including the Toyota Prius, Audi TT, and Lexus RX450h,[14] Google has also developed their own
custom vehicle, which is assembled by Roush Enterprises and uses equipment from Bosch, ZF
Lenksysteme, LG, and Continental.[15][16]
Google's robotic cars have about $150,000 in equipment including a $70,000 LIDAR system.[17] The
range finder mounted on the top is a Velodyne 64-beam laser. This laser allows the vehicle to
generate a detailed 3D map of its environment. The car then takes these generated maps and
combines them with high-resolution maps of the world, producing different types of data models
that allow it to drive itself.[18]
As of June 2014, the system works with a very high definition inch-precision map of the area the
vehicle is expected to use, including how high the traffic lights are; in addition to on-board systems,
some computation is performed on remote computer farms. [19]

Road testing[edit]
In 2012, the test group of vehicles included six Toyota Prius, an Audi TT, and three Lexus RX450h,
[14]
each accompanied in the driver's seat by one of a dozen drivers with unblemished driving
records and in the passenger seat by one of Google's engineers. By May 2015, that fleet consisted
solely of 23 Lexus SUVs.[21]
Google's vehicles have traversed San Francisco's Lombard Street, famed for its steep hairpin turns,
and through city traffic. The vehicles have driven over the Golden Gate Bridge and around Lake

Tahoe.[3] The system drives at the speed limit it has stored on its maps and maintains its distance
from other vehicles using its system of sensors.[22] The system provides an override that allows a
human driver to take control of the car by stepping on the brake or turning the wheel, similar
to cruise control systems already found in many cars today.[2][23]
On March 28, 2012, Google posted a YouTube video showing Steve Mahan, a resident of Morgan
Hill, California, being taken on a ride in Google's self-driving Toyota Prius. In the video, Mahan
states "Ninety-five percent of my vision is gone, I'm well past legally blind". In the description of
the YouTube video, it is noted that the carefully programmed route takes him from his home to a
drive-through restaurant, then to the dry cleaning shop, and finally back home. [24][25]
In August 2012, the team announced that they have completed over 300,000 autonomous-driving
miles (500,000 km) accident-free, typically have about a dozen cars on the road at any given time,
and are starting to test them with single drivers instead of in pairs. [26] Four U.S. states have passed
laws permitting autonomous cars as of December 2013: Nevada, Florida, California, and
Michigan.[27] A law proposed in Texas would establish criteria for allowing "autonomous motor
vehicles".[28][29]
In April 2014, the team announced that their vehicles have now logged nearly 700,000
autonomous miles (1.1 million km).[30] In late May, Google revealed a new prototype of its driverless
car, which had no steering wheel, gas pedal, or brake pedal, being 100% autonomous. [31]
In June 2015, the team announced that their vehicles have now driven over 1 million miles, stating
that this was "the equivalent of 75 years of typical U.S. adult driving", and that in the process they
had encountered 200,000 stop signs, 600,000 traffic lights, and 180 million other vehicles.
[32]
Google also announced its prototype vehicles were being road tested in Mountain View,
California.[33] During testing, the prototypes' speed cannot exceed 25 mph and will have safety
drivers aboard the entire time.

Traffic accidents[edit]
As of July 2015, Google's 23 self-driving cars have been involved in 14 minor traffic accidents on
public roads,[21] but Google maintains that in all cases the vehicle itself was not at fault because the
cars were either being manually driven or the driver of another vehicle was at fault. [34][35][36]
In June 2015, Google founder Sergey Brin confirmed that there had been 12 accidents as of that
date, eight of which involved being rear-ended at a stop sign or traffic light, two in which the
vehicle was side-swiped by another driver, one of which involved another driver rolling through a
stop sign, and one where a Google employee was manually driving the car. [37]
In July 2015, three Google employees suffered minor injuries when the self-driving car they were
riding in was rear-ended by a car whose driver failed to brake at a traffic light. This was the first
time that a self-driving car collision resulted in injuries.[38]

Limitations[edit]
As of August 28, 2014 the latest prototype has not been tested in heavy rain or snow due to safety
concerns.[39] Because the cars rely primarily on pre-programmed route data, they do not obey
temporary traffic lights and, in some situations, revert to a slower "extra cautious" mode in
complex unmapped intersections. The vehicle has difficulty identifying when objects, such as trash
and light debris, are harmless, causing the vehicle to veer unnecessarily. Additionally, the lidar
technology cannot spot some potholes or discern when humans, such as a police officer, are
signaling the car to stop.[40] Google projects having these issues fixed by 2020.[41]

Commercialization[edit]
In 2012 Google founder Sergey Brin stated that Google Self-Driving car will be available for the
general public in 2017,[42] and in 2014 this schedule was updated by project director Chris Urmson

to indicate a possible release from 2017 to 2020.[43] Google has partnered with suppliers including
Bosch, ZF Lenksysteme, LG, Continental, and Roush, and has contacted manufacturers
including General Motors, Ford, Toyota, Daimler and Volkswagen.[16]
An attorney for the California Department of Motor Vehicles raised concerns that "The technology
is ahead of the law in many areas," citing state laws that "all presume to have a human being
operating the vehicle".[2] According to The New York Times, policy makers and regulators have
argued that new laws will be required if driverless vehicles are to become a reality because "the
technology is now advancing so quickly that it is in danger of outstripping existing law, some of
which dates back to the era of horse-drawn carriages".[5]
Google lobbied for two bills that made Nevada the first state where autonomous vehicles can be
legally operated on public roads. The first bill is an amendment to an electric vehicle bill that
provides for the licensing and testing of autonomous vehicles. The second bill will provide an
exemption from the ban on distracted driving to permit occupants to send text messages while
sitting behind the wheel. The two bills came to a vote before the Nevada state legislature's session
ended in June 2011. It has been speculated that Nevada was selected due to the Las Vegas Auto
Show and the Consumer Electronics Show, and the high likelihood that Google will present the first
commercially viable product at either or both of these events. Google executives, however, refused
to state the precise reason they chose Nevada to be the maiden state for the autonomous car. [5]
Nevada passed a law in June 2011 concerning the operation of autonomous cars in Nevada, [4][5]
[44]
which went into effect on March 1, 2012.[6] A Toyota Prius modified with Google's experimental
driverless technology was licensed by the Nevada Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) in May
2012. This was the first license issue in the United States for a self-driven car. [6] License plates
issued in Nevada for autonomous cars will have a red background and feature an infinity
symbol () on the left side because, according to the DMV Director, "...using the infinity symbol
was the best way to represent the 'car of the future'." [23] Nevada's regulations require a person
behind the wheel and one in the passenger's seat during tests.
In August 2013, news reports surfaced about Robo-Taxi, a proposed driverless
vehicle taxicab service from Google.[45] These reports re-appeared again in early 2014,[46]following
the granting of a patent to Google for an advertising fee funded transportation service which
included autonomous vehicles as a method of transport.[47] Paid Google consultant Larry
Burns says self-driving, taxi-like vehicles "should be viewed as a new form of public
transportation."[48]