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Engine Friction
Friction between two mutually contacting sliding surfaces
may fall into any of three categories: dry, boundary or
viscous friction
Engine Friction
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Engine Friction
The piston assemblies of most engines contribute about
half of the total friction and can contribute as much as
75% at light loads
The piston rings alone contribute about 20% of total friction
Engine Friction
Engine Friction
The results indicate that the
piston and ring fmep
increase with oil viscosity,
piston speed, and imep
Modern piston design has
been changed significantly
from previous design
considerations piston skirt
areas and weights have
been greatly reduced
Inertia load (side thrust) has
also been lowered with the
introduction of offset wrist
pins
Engine Friction
Other changes have been made to reduce piston and
ring friction
The number and width of piston rings has been reduced
Piston ring cross-sections have changed from being more
or less square to having barrel face
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Engine Friction
Engine Friction
Lubricating Oil
Lubricating oil is required to have the following properties
Purposes of the lubricating system are supplies lubricating oil to all moving parts in the engine
lub oil picks up engine heat and dissipates it through the
oil pan
oil fills the clearances between bearings and rotating
journals
lub oil forms a seal between piston rings and cylinder walls
oil acts as a cleaning agent
proper viscosity - high viscosity oil flows too slowly and low
viscosity oil has a reduced ability to stay in place - both of
them may cause rapid engine wear
viscosity index (VI) - is a measure of how much the
viscosity of oil changes with temperature
viscosity numbers - single-viscosity oil has several grades
- winter grade or other than winter grade
corrosion and rust inhibitors
detergent-dispersants
extreme pressure resistance
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Lubricating Oil
Lubricating Oil
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Eccentric-rotor-type pump
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Oil pumps can deliver more oil than the engine requires
Some engines use oil cooler
increases the cooling efficiency of the engine
Oil filters
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Oil changes
Change oil when it gets dirty or contaminated - a result of
wearing out of additives
Engine Cooling
The maximum temperature during combustion is
approximately the melting point of platinum and the
temperature even of the exhaust gases is above that of
aluminium
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Engine Cooling
The two methods of engine cooling are: air cooling, and
water cooling
Direct dissipation of heat from the cylinder barrel and head
to the surrounding air, or air-cooling as it is called, is
feasible with small engines and is practically universal with
motor-cycles
Natural flow air-cooling is very difficult to regulate, and as the
size of the cylinder increases the difficulties become very
serious, for the heat developed increases as the cube of the
linear dimensions, while the radiating surface increases only
as the square
Air-cooled engines have the reputation of being noisier than
the water-cooled form
Engine Cooling
For the normal medium and large engines water cooling is
practically universal
Heat is far more readily transferred from metal to water than
from metal to air
Engine Cooling
Engine Cooling
Bellows-type
thermostat (top);
bellows contain
low-boiling point
liquids like acetone
or alcohol (60-80C
bp)
Wax-element type
thermostat (bottom)
Working principle of
Radiator pressure cap
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Cooling Fans
Aerodynamically more efficient moulded plastics nylon
or polypropylene fans are used in modern engines,
which are lighter, easier to balance, look better, and
safer
Basically, two types of fans are in use today
One, by far the simplest, is to incorporate in the hub of the
fan a clutch that slips at a certain torque, thus limiting the
amount of power that can be transmitted to, and therefore
absorbed by, the fan
The second approach is to introduce a thermostatic control
either to limit the torque transmitted to the fan, or to cut it
out altogether when the coolant temperature falls below a
predetermined level
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Cooling Fans
Cooling Fans
Most of these fans electrically driven and are
thermostatically controlled
Cooling Fans
Cooling Fans
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