Skill Intervention Workbook (Grade 8)

Skills Intervention
for Algebra
Diagnosis and Remediation
Student Workbook
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act, no part of this publication may be
reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system,
without prior permission of the publisher.
Send all inquiries to:
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
8787 Orion Place
Columbus, OH 43240-4027
ISBN: 0-07-829949-7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 009 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02
Algebra Intervention
Student Workbook
Table of Contents
Skill
Number and Operation
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Order of Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Multiplication Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Adding and Subtracting Decimals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Multiplying and Dividing Decimals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Adding and Subtracting Integers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Multiplying and Dividing Integers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Prime Factorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
Greatest Common Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
Ratios as Fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
Adding and Subtracting Fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
Adding and Subtracting Fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
Multiplying and Dividing Fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
Multiplying and Dividing Fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
Multiples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
Percents as Fractions and Decimals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
Percent of a Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
Percent Proportion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
Percent of Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
Skill
Algebra
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
Solve Equations Involving Addition and Subtraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37

Solve Equations Involving Multiplication and Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
Solve Two-Step Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
Use an Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Proportions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
Proportional Reasoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
Scale Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49
Square Roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51
Ordered Pairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
Function Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55
Graphing Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
Solve Equations With Two Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
Graphing Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
Slope of a Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63
Graphing Exponential Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
Graphing Linear and Exponential Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
Skill
Geometry
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
Sums of Angles of Polygons

Similar Figures . . . . . . . . . . .
Similar Triangles . . . . . . . . . .
Congruent Figures . . . . . . . .
Reflections . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dilations and Rotations . . . .
Translations . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
iii
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. . . . . . .69
. . . . . . .71
. . . . . . .73
. . . . . . .75
. . . . . . .77
. . . . . . .79
. . . . . . .81
Skill
Measurement
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
Perimeter and Area . . . . . . . . . . . .

Area of Circles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Area of Rectangles . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Area of Triangles and Trapezoids .
Area of Irregular Shapes . . . . . . . .
Surface Area of Rectangular Prisms
Volume of Rectangular Prisms . . . .
Skill
Data Analysis and Probability
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
Using Samples to Predict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97

Mean, Median, and Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99
Make a List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
Probability of Independent Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
Expected Value of an Outcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
Theoretical and Experimental Probability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107
Probability Using Area Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109
Line Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111
Stem-and-Leaf Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113
Line Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115
Bar Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117
Circle Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119
Scatter Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121
Constructing and Interpreting Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123
Make a Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125
Interpreting Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127
Standard Deviation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129
Predicting Distribution of Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131
Arithmetic Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133
Geometric Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135
Skill
Problem Solving
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
Classify Information . . . . . . . . . .
Problem-Solving Strategies . . . .
Determine Reasonable Answers
Work Backward . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Solve a Simpler Problem . . . . . .
Make a Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Make Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
......................................
......................................
......................................
......................................
......................................
......................................
......................................
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
iv
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.83
.85
.87
.89
.91
.93
.95
.137
.139
.141
.143
.145
.147
.149
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
Order of Operations
When you evaluate an expression in mathematics, you must do the
operations in a certain order. This order is called the order of operations.
EXAMPLE
Evaluate 56 (17 9) 7 3.
56 (17 9) 7 3
56
8 73
7
21
Do all the operations within

the grouping symbols.
Do multiplication and division

from left to right.
28
Do addition and subtraction

from left to right.
Therefore, 56 (17 9) 7 3 28.
EXERCISES
Evaluate each expression.
1. 2 9 5 3 33
2.
3. 10 4 1 7
4. 15 18 9 3 16
5. 30 (12 6) 4 9
6. (72 12) 2 30
7. 2(16 9) (5 1) 8
8. (43 23) 2 5 10
9. 90 45 24 2 33
(9 4) 5 1
10.
81 (13 4) 9
11. 7 8 2 8 40
12.
71 (34 34) 71
13. 9 4 2 16 23
14.
(24 10) 3 3 5
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
15. 4(22 18) 3 5 1
16.
12(5 5) 3 5 15
17. 18(4 3) 3 3 9
18.
(34 46) 20 20 24
19. 92 66 12 4 23
20.
(16 8) 4 10 12
21. 60 12 (4 1) 15
22.
(100 25) 2 25 175
23. 3 7 5 4 20
24.
9 4 2 10
25. 150 10 3 5 0
26.
5(35 18) 1 86
A P P L I C AT I O N S
Use the price list at the right to

answer Exercises 2729.
27. Alfred wants to buy 15 ping pong balls and

4 ping pong paddles. What is the cost of this
purchase? $38
Sams Sporting Supplies

Price List
Ping Pong Balls
5 for $2
Ping Pong Paddles
$8
Softballs
$5
Soccer Balls
$20
28. Ali plans to buy 6 softballs and 3 soccer balls for

the teen club. If he has a coupon for $8 off his
purchase, how much will he pay for the balls? $82
29. What is the cost of 20 ping pong balls, 2 ping pong paddles,
3 softballs, and 1 soccer ball? $59
30. Tickets for the play cost $12 for adults and $8 for children.
How much would 3 adult tickets and 5 children tickets cost? $76
31. Use operation symbols, parentheses, and the numbers 1, 2, 3,

and 4 to express the numbers from 1 to 15. For example,
2 3 (4 1) 1. See students work.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
SKILL
Multiplication Properties
The table shows the properties for multiplication.

Property
Examples
Commutative
The product of two numbers is
the same regardless of the order
in which they are multiplied.
21 2 2 21
42 42
Associative
The product of three or more
numbers is the same regardless
of the way in which they are
grouped.
5 (3 6) (5 3) 6
5 18 15 6
90 90
Identity
The product of a number and 1 is
the number.
81 1 81
Inverse (Reciprocal)
The product of a number and its
reciprocal is 1.
7
8
1
8
7
Distributive
The sum of two addends
multiplied by a number is equal
to the sum of the products of
each addend and the number.
EXERCISES
1.
6

11
11

6
2 (9 3) (2 9) (2 3)
2 12 18 6
24 24
Name the multiplicative inverse, or reciprocal, of

each number.
2.
19

3
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
3

19
3.
1

8
4. 9
1

9
Name the property shown by each statement.

5. 67 89 89 67
6.
11
11
1
12
12
8.
commutative
7.
identity
identity
9.
3
5
5
3

4
6
6
4
10.
1
41
4
3 1
5
3
1
3
5

5 3
7
5
3
5
7

distributive
12.
inverse
13.
5 3 9 5 3 9
associative
commutative
11.
1 45 45
45(23 3) (45 23) (45 3)
distributive
9
4
1
4
9
14.
inverse
4
3
3
4

5
4
4
5
commutative
3
15. Jill runs for 1

4 as long as Eva. Find Jills running time if Eva
runs for 48 minutes.
84 minutes
16. A chihuahua is 6 inches tall. The height of a German shepherd
2
is 3
3 the height of the chihuahua. Find the height of the
German shepherd.
22 inches
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
SKILL
Adding and Subtracting Decimals
To add decimals, line up the decimal points. Then add the same way you
add whole numbers.
EXAMPLES
4.76 3.62
12.8 3.467 8.56
4.76
3.62
8.38
12.800
3.467
Annex zeros.
8.560
24.827
The sum is 24.827.
The sum is 8.38.
To subtract decimals, line up the decimal points. Then subtract the same
way you subtract whole numbers.
EXAMPLES
15.05 4.86
35 13.631
15.05
4.86
10.19
The difference is 10.19.
EXERCISES
1.
45.9
12.7
Add or subtract.
2.
58.6
4.
6.83
3.77
3.
3.06
205.7
98.8
5.
106.9
7.
35.000
Annex zeros.
13.631
21.369
The difference is 21.369.
100.21
6.7
3.56
6.
10.26
17.93
33.5
8.
51.43
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
43.89
56.32
18.75
7.2
11.55
77
12.66
9.
64.34
6.5
7.547
14.047
5
10. 4.7 0.89
11.
12. 25 4.76
13.
14. 9.857 4.5
15.
16. 408.7 56.78
17.
18. 73.56 29
19.
3.81
23.49
20.24
6.43 7.8 13
27.23
5.357
65.8 15.75 7.854
89.404
351.92
7.9 1.22 6.1 11
26.22
44.56
15.6 7.89
11.444 5.9 13.93
31.274
The results of the 1948

presidential election is
given at the right. Use this
information to answer
Exercises 2022.
20. What percent of the vote was cast for Truman or

Dewey? 94.62%
Candidate
Percent of
Popular Vote
Truman
49.5
Dewey
45.12
Thurmond
2.4
Wallace
2.38
Other
0.6
21. How many more percentage points did Truman

receive than Dewey? 4.38 percentage points
22. What percent of the vote was not cast for Truman or Dewey? 5.38%
23. Albert had $284.73 in his checking account. He wrote checks
for $55.86 and $25.00. He deposited a check for $113.76. What
is his new balance in his checking account? $317.63
24. For lunch, Connie buys a sandwich for $2.35 and a small
lemonade for $0.79. If she gives the cashier a five-dollar bill,
how much change should she receive? $1.86
25. Tony drove 12.7 kilometers to the computer store. Then
he drove 5.2 kilometers to the library, and finally
6.7 kilometers to his house. What was the total distance
Tony drove? 24.6 km
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
Multiplying and Dividing Decimals
EXAMPLE
Multiply 1.45 by 0.68.

1.45
0.68
1160
870
0.9860
2 decimal places
2 decimal places
The sum of the decimal

places in the factors is 4, so
the product has 4 decimal
places.
4 decimal places
The product is 0.9860.
EXAMPLE
Divide 38.22 by 2.6.

1 4.7
2.6.3
8.2
.2

26
12 2
10 4
182
182
0
Change 2.6 to 26 by moving the decimal

point one place to the right.
Move the decimal point in the dividend one
place to the right.
Divide as with whole numbers, placing the
decimal point above the new point in the
dividend.
The quotient is 14.7.
EXERCISES
1.
Multiply.
4.9
35
2.
18.9
3.7
5.
171.5
4.
69.93
53
3.7
3.
0.014
0.65
6.
196.1
9.80
0.0091
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
2.8
3.5
53.98
71.2
3,843.376
7.
4.55
41.8
8.
190.19
0.133
4.2
9.
3.91
8.5
0.5586
33.235
1.42
10. 68
.5
2
2.8
11. 236
4.4
0.37
12. 531
9.6
1
84
13. 1.61
34.4
73
14. 0.523
7.9
6
160
15. 0.233
6.8
0.022
16. 1.70
.0
374
650
17. 0.1127
2.8
5.13
18. 7.43
7.9
62
Divide.
The prices at Marthas Meat Market are given
at the right. Use this information to answer
Exercises 1921.
19. What is the cost of a chicken that weighs
3.4 pounds?
Marthas Meat Market

Specials of the Week
Ground Beef
Chicken
Turkey Breast
$1.90/lb
$1.15/lb
$1.75/lb
$3.91
20. Willy buys a package of ground beef for $6.84. How many
pounds of ground beef did he buy?
3.6 lb
21. A turkey breast costs $8.05. How much does the turkey breast
weigh?
4.6 lb
22. One centimeter on a map represents 56 kilometers. If a
distance between two towns on the map is 3.2 centimeters,
what is the actual distance between the towns?
179.2 km
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
Adding and Subtracting Integers
When you add integers, remember:
The sum of two positive integers is positive.

The sum of two negative integers is negative.
The sum of a positive integer and a negative integer is:
positive if the positive integer has the greater absolute value.
negative if the negative integer has the greater absolute value.
To subtract an integer, add its opposite.
EXAMPLES
Solve j 71 35.
Solve w 41 (73).
j 71 35
w 41 (73)
71 35
71 35
w 41 73
w 32
The sum is negative.
71 35 36
The solution is 32.
j 36
The solution is 36.
EXERCISES
Solve each equation.
1. 9 (5) a
2.
4. d 16 9
5.
7. 10 8 g
8.
3.
11 (16) e
6.
14 (12) h
9.
26
11.
42
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
c 11 (14)
18
10. k 56 (14)
b 3 9
f 11 (12) (9)
32
j 7 (9) (9)
25
m 11 28
12. 37 11 n
39
26
13. p 15 (36)
14. 12 (23) q
16. 20 (13) s
17. t 5 23 (10) 18. w 16 (35)
19. 19 (15) x
20. 23 23 y
21
7
34
11
15. 9 (23) r
32
51
21.
(10) 36 z
26
Evaluate each expression if c 4, x 5, and h 6.

22. x 5 9 (7)
23. 12 c (3)
24. 6 x h
25.
11
12 h x h
26. When Jasmine went to bed, the temperature outside was 3F.
When she woke up the next morning, the temperature was
6F. How many degrees did the temperature drop during the
night?
9F
27. Trackmaster Bike shop reported these profits and losses for the
last 5 years:
1988: profit of $25,000
1989: loss of $47,000
1990: loss of $30,000
1991: profit of $13,000
1992: profit of $34,000
a. How much more money was lost in 1989 than in 1990?
$17,000
b. How much more were the total earnings in the last two
years than in the first three years?
$99,000
c.
From 1988 to 1992, did the shop have a loss or a gain

overall and how much?
loss of $5,000
d. How much profit would be needed in 1993 for the bike
shop to break even (have total losses and profit be $0) for
the six years?
$5,000
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
10
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
SKILL
Multiplying and Dividing Integers
If two integers have the same sign, their product or quotient is positive.
If two integers have different signs, their product or quotient is negative.

If there is an even number of negative integers, their product is positive.
If there is an odd number of negative integers, their product is negative.
EXAMPLES

d (5) 7
d 35
One factor is negative and the other is positive.

The product is negative.
The solution is 35.

t (120) (6)
t 20
Both integers are negative.

The quotient is positive.
The solution is 20.

k (6) 7 (2)
k 84
There is an even number of negative integers.

The product is positive.
The solution is 84.
EXERCISES
Tell whether the product is positive or negative.

Then find the product.
1. 9 (6)
2.
3. (7) (7)
4.
5. (1) (2) 3
6.
negative; 54
(3) (6)
positive; 18
positive; 49
(1) 2 (1) (1)
negative; 2
positive; 6
(5) (2) (1) (3)
positive; 30

7. (56) (4) a
14
9. c 72 (12)
8. b 26 (2)
52
10.
11. e (4) 21
84
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
(22) (3) d
66
12.
(100) 5 f
20
11
13. 98 (7) g
14.
h 13 (12)
15. (125) (25) j
16.
k (15) (7)
17. 240 (16) m
18.
q (88) 4
19. y (6) (9)
20.
21. 12 (2) 3 n
22.
23. (12) (2) (2) a
24.
25. f (9) 2 (2)
26.
14
156
105
15
22
t (90) (10)
54
(2) 5 (10) p
72
100
48
e 10 (5) 3
150
36
(2) (2) (2) 2 n
16
27. Find the value of each expression.
a. (1)2 1
e
(1)6 1
b. (1)3 1
f.
(1)10
c. (1)4 1
d. (1)5 1
g. (1)25
h. (1)100
28. Write the rule for raising a negative number to a power.

(Hint: Look for a pattern in Exercise 27.) A negative number raised to an
even power will produce a positive number, and a negative

number raised to an odd power will produce a negative number.
29. On Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday, the low temperatures in
Wisconsin were 20F, 15F, and 28F. What is the average
low temperature for the three days? 21F
30. California had a record hot day in 1913 in Death Valley. It

reached 134F. Its coldest day was in 1937 at Boca when it was
45F. What is the average of these two record days? 44.5F
31. The Los Angeles Raiders had four penalties during their last
game. Each penalty was for 15 yards. What was the total lost
yards due to penalties? 60 lost yards
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
12
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
SKILL
Prime Factorization
Evelyn has 105 books. She is trying to decide how to put them on the
shelves of 3 separate bookcases.
EXAMPLE
How can she arrange the books if she wants to have the same
number of books on each shelf?
To solve this problem, find the prime factorization of 105.
105 3 35
357
She can put 5 books on each of 7 shelves or 7 books on each of
5 shelves.
EXERCISES
1.
75
Find the prime factorization of each number.

2.
355
5. 90
2335
5 5 11
7.
385
66
2 3 11
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
100
22233
8.
2255
11.
5 7 11
14.
3557
42
4. 72
77
237
10.
13. 525
3. 49
2233
6.
9. 275
36
210
11 11
12.
2357
15.
196
2277
13
121
147
377
16.
500
22555
17. 136
18.
2 2 2 17
21. 234
22.
2 3 3 13
495
19. 231
3 3 5 11
84
3 7 11
23. 255
2237
20.
1,001
7 11 13
24.
3 5 17
252
22337
Montys yard has dimensions of 35 feet by

35 feet. He wants to construct a rectangular
garden in his yard. Use this information to
25. Monty decides that the garden should have an area of

95 square feet. What are the whole number dimensions that
are possible for this garden?
19 ft and 5 ft
26. Monty changes his mind and decides that the garden should
have an area of 100 square feet. What are the whole number
dimensions that are possible for this garden?
25 ft by 4 ft, 10 ft by 10 ft, 20 ft by 5 ft
27. Montys neighbor asks Monty if he wants to construct a

garden that they could share. One-half of the garden would
be in Montys yard and one-half would be in his neighbors
yard. His neighbors yard has dimensions 40 feet by 35 feet.
They decide to construct a rectangular garden with an area
of 250 feet. What are the whole number dimensions that are
possible for this garden?
50 ft by 5 ft, 25 ft by 10 ft
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
14
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
Greatest Common Factor (GCF)
Carlos is 20 years old and his brother Thomas is 24 years old. The greatest
common factor (GCF) of their ages is the same as their niece Cristinas age.
EXAMPLE
How old is Cristina?

To find Cristinas age, find the GCF of 20 and 24. One way to find the
GCF is to find the prime factorization of each number.
20 2 10
225
24 2 12
243
2223
Then find the common prime factors.

20 2 2 5
24 2 2 2 3
The common prime factors are 2 and 2. So, the greatest common
factor of 20 and 24 is 2 2, or 4. So Cristina is 4 years old.
EXERCISES
1.
16, 24
Find the GCF for each set of numbers.

2.
5.
28, 70
40, 56
3.
6.
14
9.
15, 18
72, 96
14, 28
14
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
4. 32, 48
18
7.
24
10.
18, 36
16
81, 48
8.
11.
48, 36
12
30, 18
12.
84, 154
14
15
13. 24, 64
14.
35, 25
17. 2, 4, 8
18.
22.
8, 12, 16
24, 36, 48
75, 120
15
19. 18, 30, 36
20.
12
16.
20
21. 18, 12, 24
15. 100, 80
15, 25, 30
23. 8, 16, 40
24.
12, 18, 72
Nita is making a baby quilt. She is using

strips of material that are cut from pieces
of material that are 36 inches wide and
48 inches wide. Use this information to
answer Exercises 25 and 26.
25. All of the strips are to be the same width and as wide as
possible. How wide should the strips be? How many strips
will Nita be able to cut from each piece of material?
12 in. wide; 3 pieces from the 36-in. wide piece

and 4 pieces from the 48-in. wide piece
26. Nita found another piece of material that she decided to use
for the quilt. The piece of material is 54 inches wide. If all of
the strips from the three pieces of material are to be the same
width and as wide as possible, how wide should the strips be?
How many strips will Nita be able to cut from each of the
three pieces of material?
6 in. wide; 6 pieces from the 36-in. wide piece,

8 pieces from the 48-in. wide piece, and 9 pieces
from the 54-in. wide piece
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
16
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
Ratios as Fractions
A ratio is a comparison of two numbers by division.

EXAMPLE
A store sold 360 newspapers last week and 440 this week. Write a
ratio in simplest form comparing last weeks sales to this weeks sales.
The ratio of last weeks sales to this weeks sales is
360
360 to 440, 360 : 440, or

440 .
360
last weeks sales

this weeks sales
440
9

11
9
The ratio written as a fraction in simplest form is

11 .
Two ratios are equivalent if the simplest form of the ratios are equal.
EXAMPLE
Are 12 : 18 and 14 : 21 equivalent ratios?

Express each ratio as a fraction in simplest form.
12 6
12
2

18 6
18
3
2
14 7
14
2

21 7
21
3

Since
3 3 , the ratios are equivalent.
EXERCISES
Express each ratio as a fraction in simplest form.
1. 8 cheese pizzas
out of 14 pizzas
4

7
2. 27 feet to 24 feet
3. 35 sopranos in an
84-member chorus
5

12
4. 14 hours to 3 days
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
9

8
7

36
17
5. read 75 pages out of 90

5

6
6.
68 : 18
34

9
7. 6 pounds : 12 ounces
8

1
8.
exercise 45 minutes out of 63

5

7
9. 15 : 50
3

10
10.
40 minutes per hour

2

3
Tell whether the ratios in each pair are equivalent. Show your
answer by simplifying.
11. 42 to 49 and 54 to 63
6
6
; yes
7
7
12.
18 : 42 and 20 : 44
3
5
; no
7
11
13. 144 : 36 and 72 : 32

4
9
; no
1
4
14.
16 to 96 and 1 to 6
1
1
; yes
6
6
15. 3 lbs. : 12 ozs. and

6 lbs : 24 ozs.
4
4
; yes
1
1
16.
6 hours to 4 days and

12 hours to 10 days
1
1
; no
16
20
A P P L I C AT I O N
17. Sound waves travel at about 740 miles per hour. In 1947,
Chuck Yeager became the first person to fly a plane at a speed
greater than the speed of sound. If he had flown at the speed
of sound, he would have flown at mach 1. The mach number
is the ratio of an objects speed to the speed of sound. Find
the mach number of each of the following and express it as a
decimal rounded to the nearest hundredth.
a. a Bell X-15A2 rocket plane that flew at 4,520 miles per
hour in 1964 mach 6.11
b. a Boeing 747 passenger plane that can fly at a speed of
625 miles per hour mach 0.84
c.
the space shuttle Columbia that has traveled through
space at over 16,600 miles per hour mach 22.43
d. Carl Lewis who ran 100 meters in 9.86 seconds in 1991
(that is about 20 miles per hour) mach 0.03
e. a Cessna passenger plane that can fly 176 miles per hour
mach 0.24
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
18
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
10
Adding and Subtracting Fractions
To add fractions, you must have a common denominator.

EXAMPLE
Find each sum.

2

a.
7 7

b.
4 6
2

7
3

7
1

4
3

12
10

6 12
1
13
1
12
12
5

7
5
The sum
7.
The sum is 1
12 .
To subtract fractions, you must have a common denominator.

EXAMPLE
Find each difference.

11

a.
12 12

b.
8 2
11

12
2

12
5

8
5

8

2 8
9
3

12
4
1

8
3
The difference is
4.
EXERCISES
1.
7

9
The difference is
8.
Add or subtract. Write each answer in simplest

form.
2.
3

8
3.
5

6
1

9

8

6
1

3
1

2
2

3
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
19
4.
7.
4

5
5.
6.
3

4

2

3

6
3

10
1
21
7

12
3

4
8.
10.
6

7
1

7
9.
13

15

12

5

3
1

3
33

35
1

5
1

2
11.
1

8
12.
3

5
3

5
3

4
7

10

5

2

4
1
8
1
20
1
2
11
2

13. Reginald planted
5 of his garden with tomatoes and 4 of his
garden with green beans. How much of his garden is planted
with either tomatoes or green beans? How much of his
garden is planted with other crops?
7
13
of the garden; of the garden
20
20
2

14. Tina rode her bicycle
3 mile to the park and then 2 mile to
3
the library. Finally she rode her bicycle
5 mile to her home.
How far did Tina ride her bike?

23
53
or 1 mi
30
30
2
15. In a survey,
7 of the people said they preferred Brand A, and
1
of the people said they preferred Brand B. What is the
5
difference between the fraction of people who prefer Brand A
and the fraction of people who prefer Brand B?
3

35
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
20
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
11
Adding and Subtracting Fractions
Lina is making trail mix for a hiking trip. She has 2

1
1
cups of peanuts,
2

3
4 cups of raisins, and 2 3 cups of carob chips.
EXAMPLES
How many cups of trail mix will Lina have?

1
2
12
3
12
2
2
3
4
2
6
3
8

2
3 2 12
17
12

7
12 7 12 12
5
71
12
5
8
12
5
8
12
5
Lina will have 8

12 cups of trail mix.
If Lina wants 15 cups of trail mix, how many more cups of trail mix
does she have to make?
12
12

15 14 1 14
12 14 12
12
14
12
15
5

8
12 8 12
7
6
12
7
She needs to make another 6

12 cups of trail mix.
EXERCISES
1.
7
2

12
12
Add or subtract. Write each answer in simplest form.

3

4
2.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
9
3

10
10
3

5
3.
21
7
5

9
9
1
3
4.
7
3

16
16
7.
1
7

4
8
10.
13.
1

4
5.
1
1

6
2
1
8
8.
9
3

10
5
11
1

15
3
2

5
11.
1
1

9
6
3
4

10
5
1
10
14.
4
1

5
6
4
3

16. 9
2 56
2

3
2
1

3
2
9.
4
1

5
12
53

60
5

18
12.
1
7

2
16
1

16
19

30

15. 7
10 2 5
3

10

17. 5
4 28
1

6
6.
8
8
18.
9
10
7
7
12

9
4 26
19. The route from Ramons house to city hall and then to the
3

school is
10 mile. It is 10 mile from city hall to the school.
What is the distance from Ramons house to city hall?
3
mile
5
20. To make a salad, Henry used

4 pound of Boston lettuce and
2
pound of red lettuce. How much lettuce did he use?
3
1
lb
12

21. Donna has 10
4 yards of ribbon. She needs 3 2 yards of ribbon
to make a bow. How much ribbon will she have after she
1
7
yd
makes the bow?
4
22. Part of the daily diet of polar bears at the Bronx Zoo is
1

1
4 pounds of apples and a 1 2 -pound mixture of oats and
barley. What is the combined weight of these items?
2
lb
4
23. Ani has two chores to do on Saturday. She has to wash the car
3
which will take her

4 hour and rake the leaves which will
1
take her 1
2 hours. How much time should she plan to spend
2
hr
4
on these chores?
24. Mr. Vazquez wants to put a fence around his rectangular
3

vegetable garden. If the garden is 18
4 feet long and 10 2 feet
1
58
feet
wide, how much fence will he need?
2
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
22
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
12
Multiplying and Dividing Fractions
To multiply fractions, multiply the numerators and multiply the

denominators.
EXAMPLE

What is the product of
8 and 3 ?
Multiply the numerators.
3
2
32

8
3
83
Multiply the denominators.
6

24 or 4
Simplify.
The product is
4.
To divide by a fraction, multiply by its reciprocal.

EXAMPLE

What is the quotient of
5 and 2 ?
3
1
3
2

5
2
5
1
Multiply by the reciprocal of

2.
32

51
6

5 or 1 5
6
Simplify.

The quotient is
5 or 1 5 .
EXERCISES
Multiply or divide. Write each answer in simplest

form.
1.
1
2

2
3
1

3
2.
1
2

2
3
3

4
3.
4
1

5
6
2

15
4.
5
5

7
6
6

7
5.
4
3

5
4
3

5
6.
3
1

5
3
9
4
or 1
5
5
7.
4
2

7
3
8

21
8.
5
2

6
3
5
1
or 1 9.
4
4
3
5

4
6
5

8
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
23
10.
1
2

7
3
5
1

6
3
11.
3

14
13.
5

18
2
3

5
4
4
1

5
2
15.
3
1
or 1
2
2
7
2

9
3
6
2

7
3
2

5
3
4

8
5
17.
7
1
or 1
6
6
19.
21
1
or 5
4
4
1
1

6
9
14.
3

10
16.
7
1

8
6
12.
8
2

9
3
18.
3

10
4
1
or 1
3
3
3
2

7
3
20.
4

7
1
6

8
7
21.
9

14
3

28
22. Of the 48 NBA World Championship Series from 1947 to 1994,
5
the Boston Celtics won

16 of the championships. Two thirds
of the Celtics championships occurred before 1970. What
fraction represents the championships that were won by the
Celtics before 1970?
5

24
23. About
11 of the land in the continental United States is in
5
Texas. About
9 of the land in Texas is used as rural
pastureland. What fraction of the land in the continental
United States is Texas pastureland?
5

99
24. Helen planted vegetables and flowers in her garden. Three

1
fourths of her garden is planted in flowers. If

10 of the total
garden is planted in roses, what fraction of the flower garden
is planted in roses?
2

15
25. One third of the videos at Vinnies Video Store are appropriate
2
for young children. If

5 of the childrens videos are cartoons,
what fraction of the videos in the store are childrens
cartoons?
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
24
2

15
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
13
Multiplying and Dividing Fractions
A new industrial park is being developed. The ABC Manufacturing

2
Company owns a rectangular piece of property that is

5 mile long and
1
mile wide.
4
EXAMPLES
What is the area of the property owned by the

ABC Manufacturing Company?
To find the area of a rectangle, you multiply the length by the width.
2
1
21

5
4
54
2

20 or 10
Simplify.
1
The ABC Manufacturing Company owns

10 square mile of land.
1
The A to Z Distribution Company owns

8 square mile of land in the
industrial park. If the land is in the shape of a rectangle and the
1
length of the land is

3 mile, what is the width of their land?
To find the width, divide the area of the rectangle by the length.
1
1
1
3
=
8
3
8
1
Multiply by the reciprocal of

3.
13

81
3

8
3
The width of the land owned by A to Z Distributing Company is

8 mile.
EXERCISES
1.
2
1

3
4
1

6
Multiply or divide. Write each answer in simplest form.

2.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
1
2

4
5
5

8
3.
25
3
1

7
2
3

14
4.
5
4

8
5
25

32
5.
1
3

3
5
1

5
6.
2
3

9
5
10

27
7.
1
6

2
7
3

7
8.
2
2

5
3
3

5
9.
3
1

8
6
1

16
10.
1
2

3
5
5

6
11.
7
5

10
7
1

2
12.
2
1

3
2
4
1
or 1
3
3
13.
2
5

3
6
5

9
14.
3
3

5
10
15.
3
1

4
3
1

4
16.
1
5

9
6
2

15
17.
2
5

3
7
10

21
18.
1
1

4
12
19.
4
5

7
9
20

63
20.
1
7

2
8
4

7
21.
2
2

3
3
3
4

9
1

22. About
8 of the worlds population lives in Africa. About 13
of the population of Africa lives in Ethiopia. About what
1

about
fraction of the worlds population lives in Ethiopia?
104
1

23. About
20 of the worlds water supply is fresh water. If about 7
of Earths surface is covered with water, about what fraction
4
about
28
of Earth is covered with fresh water?
1
24. Two thirds of Esmas garden is planted in flowers. If

4 of the
1
flowers are gladiolas, what fraction of the garden is planted
6
in gladiolas?
3
25. One eighth of Jonas garden is planted in green beans. If

4
of his garden is planted in vegetables, what fraction of the
vegetable garden is planted in green beans?
1

6
26. Three fourths of the books sold at Bernies Book Store are
1
paperbacks. If
3 of the paperbacks sold are adventure
stories, what fraction of the books sold are paperback
adventure books?
1

4
27. A honeybee can produce

10 pound of honey1 in its lifetime.
How many honeybees does it take to make
2 pound
5 honeybees
of honey?
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
26
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
14
Multiples
Bryan noticed that every time he spent $1 at the department store, he paid
8 in sales tax. He decided to make a table of the amount of sales tax
charged on whole-dollar purchases.
EXAMPLE
Can you help him make the table?

The amount of sales tax charged on whole-dollar purchases can be
found using multiples of 8. A multiple of a number is the product of
that number and any whole number.
EXERCISES
Amount of Purchase
Amount of Sales Tax
$1
$2
16
$3
24
$4
32
$5
40
$6
48
$7
56
$8
64
$9
72
$10
80
List the first four multiples of each number.
1. 10
2. 9
10, 20, 30, 40

4. 7
3. 15
9, 18, 27, 36
15, 30, 45, 60
5. 18
7, 14, 21, 28
7. 20
6. 12
18, 36, 54, 72

8. 25
20, 40, 60, 80

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
12, 24, 36, 48

9. 16
25, 50, 75, 100

27
16, 32, 48, 64

Determine whether the first number is a multiple of the second

number.
11. 42; 14 yes
12.
81; 18 no
13. 45; 11 no
14. 100; 20 yes
15.
72; 36 yes
16. 95; 19 yes
17. 225; 25 yes
18.
110; 21 no
10. 56; 7
yes
Kyle is planning a trip. He plans to drive

55 miles per hour. Use this information to
answer Exercises 19 and 20.
19. How far will Kyle travel in

a. 1 hour? 55 miles
b. 2 hours? 110 miles
c. 3 hours? 165 miles
d. 4 hours? 220 miles
e. 5 hours? 275 miles
f.
6 hours? 330 miles
20. Suppose after Kyles trip he determines that he actually

averaged 60 miles per hour. How could you use your answers
to Exercise 19 to determine the distance at this rate?
Add successive multiples of 5 to each answer.

21. Tia is laying a pattern of tiles in rows. One row has tiles that
are 4 inches long, and the next row has tiles that are 5 inches
long. In how many inches will the ends of the two rows be
even and the pattern start to repeat?
20 inches
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
28
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
15
Percents as Fractions and Decimals
A stereo is on sale for 33

EXAMPLE
1
% off the original price.
3
Write this percent as a fraction in simplest form and as a decimal.

To express a percent as a fraction in simplest form, express the percent
r
in the form
100 and simplify.
3313
1

33 3 % 100
100

3 100
100

Write 33
3 as 3 and multiply by the reciprocal
of 100.

3
r
To express a percent as a decimal, express the percent in the form

100
and then express the fraction as a decimal.
1

33
3% 3
You found this in the example above.
0.33
EXERCISES
Write each percent as a fraction in simplest form

and as a decimal.
1. 40%
2
; 0.4
5
2. 8%
2
; 0.08
25
3. 29%
29
; 0.29
100
4. 55%
11
; 0.55
20
5. 25%
1
; 0.25
4
6. 81%
81
; 0.81
100
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
29
7.
66
3%
8.
2
; 0.67
3
10. 30%
3
; 0.3
10
98%
9. 16.5%
49
; 0.98
50
33
; 0.165
200
11. 240%
12. 0.05%
12
2
1
or 2 ; 2.4
; 0.0005
5
5
2,000
Between 1980 and 1990, the population of

New Hampshire increased by 20.5%. Use
this information to answer Exercises 1317.
13. Write this percent as a fraction in simplest form.

41

200
14. Write this percent as a decimal.
0.205
15. When is it best to use the percent instead of the fraction or
the decimal?
Answers will vary.

16. When is it best to use the fraction instead of the percent or
the decimal?
Answers will vary.

17. When is it best to use the decimal instead of the percent or
the fraction?
Answers will vary.

18. Between 1975 and 1985, the disposable personal income in
the United States more than doubled. Does this mean the
income has increased by more than 200%? Explain.
yes; When something doubles, it increases by a

200
factor of 2 and 200%
2.
100
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
30
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
16
Percent of a Number
To find the percent of a number, you can either change the percent to a
fraction and then multiply, or change the percent to a decimal and then
multiply.
EXAMPLE
In the Washington County championship basketball game, Lee made

55% of his 20 attempted field goals. How many field goals did he
make?
Find 55% of 20.
Method 1
Change the percent to a fraction.
55
11
Method 2
Change the percent to a decimal.
55

55%
100 20
55%
100 or 0.55
11
20 11
20
0.55 20 11
Lee made 11 field goals.
EXERCISES
Find the percent of each number.
1. 25% of 200 50
2.
30% of 55
16.5
4. 5.5% of 25 1.375 5.
13% of 85
11.05 6. 97% of 12 11.64
7. 1% of 25
0.25
8.
3. 3% of 610
140% of 125 175 9. 100% of 50
18.3
50
10. Which of the following does not belong? d

a. 25% of 80
b. 80% of 25
c. 2.5% of 800
d. 8% of 2500
11. Hannahs basketball team won 75% of their games this season.
They played 28 games this year. How many games did they
win? 21 games
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
31
Write a percent to represent the shaded area.

12.
13.
30%
35%
14.
15.
57%
44%
16. Kleema owns 40 music CDs. Fifteen of her CDs are recordings
done by rap groups. What percent of her CD collection is rap
music? 37.5%
17. The Pollettas went out to dinner, and the food bill was
$35.00. The standard rate for tipping is 15%.
a. What is the decimal value of this percent? 0.15
b. What should their tip be? $5.25
c. What is their total food and tip bill? $40.25
18. Angie wants to put a winter coat in layaway at a store. To do
so, she must pay the store 20% of the cost of the coat so they
will hold it. If the coat costs $48.99, about how much of a
deposit does Angie need to pay the store? $10.00
19. Mrs. Saunders made $600 last week, and she put 15% of that
amount into her savings account. How much did she save? $90
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
32
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
17
Percent Proportion
Use the percent proportion to solve problems dealing with percent.

P
r

B
100
EXAMPLES
P percentage
B base
37.2 is what percent of 186?
What number is 15% of 280?
P
r

B
100
P
r

B
100
37.2
r

186
100
P
15

280
100
(37.2)(100) (186)(r)
(P)(100) (280)(15)
3,720 186r
100P 4,200
20 r
P 42
37.2 is 20% of 186.
EXERCISES
r
rate
100
42 is 15% of 280.
Tell whether each number is the percentage, base,

or rate.
1. 12 is what percent of 30?
2. 6.25% of 190 is what number?
percentage: 12, base: 30

3. What percent of 49 is 7?
base: 190, rate: 6.25%

4.
percentage: 7, base: 49
40% of what number is 82?
percentage: 82, rate: 40%
Write a proportion for each problem. Then solve. Round answers

to the nearest tenth.
5. What number is 10% of 230?
6. 25% of what number is 38?
23
152
7. Find 15% of 160.
8.
24
24 is 20% of what number?
120
9. 36 is 75% of what number?
48
10.
50
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
33
11. What percent of 224 is 28?
12.
12.5%
What number is 40% of 250?
100
13. 15% of 290 is what number?
43.5
14.
148
1
15. Use a proportion to find 55

2 % of 66. Round to the nearest
tenth.
36.6
1
16. Use a proportion to find 19

4 % of 45. Round to the nearest
tenth.
8.7
17. In Juans math class, there are 16 boys and 9 girls. What
percent of Juans class is girls?
36%
18. To the nearest whole percent, 44% of the seventh-graders at
King Middle School are girls. There are 425 seventh-graders.
What is the number of girls in the seventh grade?
187 girls
19. If 69% of the 247 students in the seventh grade ride the bus
to school, about how many students do not ride the bus to
school?
about 77 students
20. There are 20 students running for student council at Pine Bluff
High School. If the school will elect a president, vice president,
treasurer, and secretary, what percent of the students running
will win in the election?
20%
21. There were 102,269 tickets available for a rock concert. If The
Ticket Company sold 72.5% of the tickets available, about how
many tickets did they sell for the concert?
about 74,145 tickets

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
34
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
18
Percent of Change
The population of Iowa in 1980 was 2,913,808. The population in 1990

was 2,776,755.
EXAMPLE
Find the percent of decrease in the population.

To find the percent of decrease, you can follow these steps.
1.
Subtract to find the amount of decrease.

2,913,808 2,776,755 137,053
2.
Solve the percent proportion. Compare the amount of decrease to

the original amount.
137,053
r

2,913,808
100
137,053 100 2,913,808 r

13,705,300 2,913,808r
13,705,300
2,913,808r

2,913,808
2,913,808
5r
The population of Iowa decreased by about 5%.
EXERCISES
Find the percent of change. Round to the nearest

whole percent.
1. old: $5
new: $7
2. old: 45 students
new: 50 students
40% increase
3. old: 32 dogs
new: 30 dogs
6% decrease
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
11% increase
4. old: $56
new: $52
7% decrease
35
5. old: 345 adults

new: 450 adults
6.
30% increase
2% decrease
7. old: 150 pounds

new: 138 pounds
8.
8% decrease
old: $648
new: $635
old: 9.5 hours

new: 8 hours
16% decrease
Last year, the value of Pauls used car was

$19,990. Use this information to answer
Exercises 911.
9. This year, the value of his car is $11,994. What was the percent
change in the cars value?
40% decrease
10. The year before last the value of his car was $24,500. What
was the percent change in the cars value? How does this
change compare to the change from last year to this year?
18% decrease; It is much less of a change.
11. What was the total percent change in the cars value over the
two years? Can you find the answer to this question by simply
adding the answers to Exercises 9 and 10? Why or why not?
51% decrease; no; 40% 18% 58% 51% which is the

actual change.
12. A clothing store has a 65% markup on blazers. But, the
blazers did not sell well at the listed price. So, the blazers
were put on sale at 65% off the listed price. Did the store
break even, make a profit, or lose money? Explain.
The store lost money because 65% of the original list price is
greater than 65% of the stores cost.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
36
SKILL
19
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
Solve Equations Involving Addition

and Subtraction
Addition Property of Equality: If you add the same number to each side of an
equation, the two sides remain equal.
EXAMPLE
Solve t 57 46.
t 57 46
t 57 57 46 57
Add 57 to each side.
t 103
Check:
t 57 46
? 46
103 57
Replace t with 103.
46 46
The solution is 103.
Subtraction Property of Equality: If you subtract the same number from each
side of an equation, the two sides remain equal.
EXAMPLE
Solve t 24.4 25.1.

t 24.4 25.1
t 24.4 24.4 25.1 24.4
t 0.7
Check:
t 24.4 25.1
? 25.1
0.7 24.4
25.1 25.1
Subtract 24.4 from each side of

the equation.
Replace t with 0.7.
The solution is 0.7.
EXERCISES
1.
Complete each statement.
y 18 39
y 18 18 39 18
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
2.
m 23 17
m 23 23 17 23
37
Solve each equation. Check your solution.

3.
w 6 19
4. n 4.7 8.4
5.
18.42 t 63
7. e 0.9 17.4
8. b 43 18
13
6.
44.58
9.
h 32
5 44
3
76
5
12. g 6.3 9.5
13.1
61
947 p 43
11. 7.36 w 8.94
990
13.
15.8
60
18.3
10.
m 18 78
1.58
r 18 36
14.
54
2.17 k 4.19
2.02
Each of Exercises 1518 can be modeled by

one of these equations:
n 2 10
n 2 10
Choose the correct equation. Then solve the
problem.
15. Jameel loaned two tapes to a friend. He has ten tapes left.
How many tapes did Jameel originally have? n 2 10; 12 tapes
16. Ana needs $2 more to buy a $10 scarf. How much money does
she already have? n 2 10; $8
17. The width of the rectangle shown at the right is
2 inches less than the length. What is the length?
n 2 10; 12 inches
10 in.
18. In the figure at the right, the length of

AC
is
10 centimeters. The length of
BC
is 2 centimeters.
What is the length of
AB
? n 2 10; 8 cm
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
38
SKILL
20
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
Solve Equations Involving

Multiplication and Division
Division Property of Equality: If you divide each side of an equation by the

same nonzero number, the two sides remain equal.
EXAMPLE
Solve 156 4r.

156 4r
156
4r

4
4
Divide each side by 4.
39 r
156 4r
Check:
? 4 39
156
Replace r with 39.
156 156
The solution is 39.
Multiplication Property of Equality: If you multiply each side of an equation by

the same number, the two sides remain equal.
EXAMPLE
Solve
21 = 4.2.
w
4.2
21
w
21 4.2 21
21
Multiply each side by 21.
w 88.2
Check:
w
4.2
21
88.2 ?

4.2
21
4.2 4.2
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
39
Replace w with 88.2.
The solution is 88.2.
EXERCISES
1.
Complete the solution of each equation.
12h 48
34
3
2.
48
12h

12
12
h
34 3
3 3
102 r
Solve each equation. Check your solution.

3. 3.6t 11.52 3.2
6.
1.4j 0.7 0.5
9.
1.3z 3.9 3
4.
n
15
4
7.
4.1m 13.12 3.2 8.
10.
7
1
f
8
2
60
5.
7

4
11.
12. h 12 = 4.8 57.6 13. 4.8g 15.36 3.2 14.
3

4
1
3
w
2
8
c
16
5
80
d
0.6
3.5
1
2.1

c
4 2
1

8
Each of Exercises 1517 can be modeled by

one of these equations:
2n 10
n
10
2
Choose the correct equation. Then solve the

problem.
15. Chum earned $10 for working two hours. How much did he
earn per hour?
2n 10; $5
16. Kathy and her brother won a contest and shared the prize
equally. Each received $10. What was the amount of the
prize?
n
10; $20
2
17. In the triangle at the right, the length of
PQ
is twice the
length of Q
QR
R
. What is the length of
?
Q
60
10 cm
2n 10; 5 cm
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
40
30
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
21
Solve Two-Step Equations
To solve two-step equations, you need to add or subtract first. You also need
to multiply or divide.
EXAMPLES

7v 3 25
7v 3 3 25 3
Add 3 to each side.
7v 28
7v
28

7
7
v 4
The solution is 4.
1
(r 3) 5
6
1
6
6 (r 3) 6 5
Multiply each side by 6.
r 3 30
r 3 3 30 3
Add 3 to each side.
r 27
The solution is 27.
EXERCISES
Name the first step in solving each equation. Then

solve each equation.
1. 6n 2 22
Add 2 to each side; 4
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
2.
1
(y 3) 12
2
Multiply each side by 2; 27
41

3.
5t 5 5
4.
5h 6 24
7.
6.
7
4 9
5.
6 3b 9
8.
9.
4x 5 15
3.5
10.
24 17 2c
12 4n 4
5
(d 20) 10
7
34
11.
2
(a 18) 6
3
Translate each sentence into an equation. Then solve the equation.

12. Six less than a number divided by 3 is 12.
n
6 12; 54
3
13. The sum of a number and four, times 3, is negative twelve.
3(n 4) 12; 8
14. Three times a number plus negative five is negative eleven.
3n (5) 11; 2
15. On a July day in Detroit, Michigan, the temperature rose to
9
80F. Find this temperature in degrees Celsius. (F =

5 C + 32)
about 26.7C
16. Aardvark Taxis charge $1.50 for the first half mile and then
$0.25 for each additional quarter of a mile. What would the
cost be for a 2-mile trip?
$3
17. Three pens cost $1.55 including $0.08 sales tax. How much did
each pen cost?
$0.49
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
42
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
22
Use an Equation
Lucy bought some stickers that cost $0.25 each and a sticker book for $3.50.
She spent $6.00.
EXAMPLE
How many stickers did Lucy buy?

Let s equal the number of stickers. Write and solve an equation.
s stickers at $0.25 each plus a $3.50 book cost $6.00.
s

$0.25

$3.50

$6.00
0.25s 3.50 6.00
0.25s 3.50 3.50 6.00 3.50
0.25s 2.50
0.25s 0.25 2.50 0.25
s 10
Subtract 3.50 from each side.

Divide each side by 0.25.
Lucy bought 10 stickers.
EXERCISES
Solve by using an equation.
1. A number increased by 14 is 27. Find the number.
13
2. The product of a number and 5 is 80. Find the number.
16
3. A number is divided by 7. Then 6 is added to the result. The
result is 26. What is the number?
140
4. Three times a number minus 17 is equal to 28. What is the
number?
15
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
43
5. A number is multiplied by 12. Then 3 is added to the result. If

the answer is 51, what is the original number?
4
6. Twelve less than 16 times a number is 2 less than the product
of 10 and 15. What is the number?
10
7. Ruiz earned $117. If his pay is $6.50 per hour, how many hours
did he work?
18 hr
8. There are 425 students at Dayville Elementary School. If 198 of
the students are girls, how many students are boys?
227 boys
9. Jason is driving to his grandmothers house 635 miles away. He
drives 230 miles the first day and 294 miles the second day.
How many miles must he drive the third day to reach his
grandmothers house?
111 miles
10. Pachee bought some baseballs for $4 each and a batting glove
for $10. She spent $26. How many baseballs did she buy?
4 baseballs
11. Fred has saved $490 toward the purchase of an $825 clarinet.
His aunt gave him $75 to be used toward the purchase. How
much more money must he save?
$260
12. Cindy went to the hobby shop and bought 2 model sports cars
at $8.95 each and some paints. If she spent $23.65, what was
the cost of the paints?
$5.75
13. Arlen drove for 3 hours at 52 miles per hour. How fast must he
drive during the next 2 hours in order to have traveled a total
of 254 miles?
49 mph
14. Postage costs $0.29 for the first ounce and $0.23 for each
additional ounce. Peter spent $1.44 to send a package. How
much did it weigh?
6 oz
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
44
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
23
Proportions
A proportion is an equation that shows that two ratios are equivalent. The
cross products of a proportion are equal.
EXAMPLE
12

Determine if the ratios
3 and 18 form a proportion.
2
12

Find the cross products of
3 18 .
2 18 36
3 12 36
12

So,
3 18 is a proportion.
If one term of a proportion is not known, you can use cross products to find
the term. This is called solving the proportion.
EXAMPLE

Solve
24 8 .
r
7

24
8
r 8 24 7
Find the cross products.
8r 168
8r
168

8
8
r 21
Therefore, r equals 21.
EXERCISES
1.
2
5

n
10
Solve each proportion.

2.
5
m

8
24
3.
15
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
12
k

20
15
45
4.
3.5
16

m
32
5.
7
7.
6
n

30
50
6.
10
f
2

0.8
8
8.
0.2
75
6

r
2
25
15
t

120
16
9.
7
c

9
36
28
10. Holly was absent from school 8 out of 36 days. Juan was
absent 9 out of 45 days. Do these ratios form a proportion?
no
11. Denise needed 4 hours to paint 1,280 square feet of wall
space. How much time would she need to paint 1,600 square
feet of space?
5 hours
12. On a map, the scale is 1 inch:125 miles. What is the actual
1
distance if the map distance is 4

2 inches?
562.5 miles
13. If you spend 1.5 hours per day doing homework, how many
hours would you spend doing homework in 8 days?
12 hours
14. Jenny got 3 hits in her first 8 at-bats this season. How many
hits must she get in her next 40 at-bats to maintain this ratio?
15 hits
15. Josh spends 40 cents out of every dollar on snacks and
14 cents out of every dollar on school supplies. He puts the
rest in a savings account. If Josh earns $32.00 per week cutting
lawns, how much does he save per week?
$14.72
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
46
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
24
Proportional Reasoning
The park ranger stocks the fishing pond, keeping a ratio of 4 sunfish for
every 3 perch. The ranger has just added 296 sunfish.
EXAMPLE
How many perch should the ranger stock?

296 sunfish
sunfish 4

3
p
perch
perch
4p 296 3 Cross multiply.

4p 888
4p
888

4
4
p 222
The ranger should stock 222 perch.
EXERCISES
Write a proportion to solve each problem.

Then solve.
1. 40 nails hold 5 rafters. 96 nails hold r rafters.

2. 2 quarts fill 8 cups. 5 quarts fill c cups.
40
96
; 12 rafters
5
r
2
5
; 20 cups
8
c
3. 81 rivets on 3 panels. r rivets on 13 panels.
81
r
; 351 rivets
3
13
4. 32 addresses are on 2 pages of the address book.

a addresses are on 9 pages.
5. 60 sliced mushrooms on 4 pizzas.
m sliced mushrooms on 15 pizzas.
6. 98 beats a minute. y beats per hour.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
32
a
; 144 addresses
2
9
60
m
; 225 mushrooms
4
15
98
y
; 5,880 beats
1
60
47
Solve by using proportional reasoning.
7. Naturalists can determine the number of fish in a pond by

using the capture/recapture procedure. To simulate this
procedure, put an unknown quantity of cut pieces of paper
(at least 50) in a bag. Take out a small handful of pieces and
mark them with an X. Place these pieces back in the bag
and mix up the pieces.
Take out another small handful. This is the recapture. Record
the number of recaptured pieces and the number recaptured
with an X. Return the pieces and repeat the recapture 9 times.
Find the sum of the recaptured pieces and the sum of the
recaptured ones with an X. Use the following proportion to
determine the total number of pieces in the bag.
original number captured
total recaptured with an X

number in the bag
total recaptured
Answers will vary.
8. A shop produces 47 surf boards in 6 days. How long will it

take them to make 423 surf boards? 54 days
9. Cole can pick 2 rows of beans in 30 minutes. How long will it

take him to pick 5 rows if he works at the same rate? 75 min
10. Suppose 4 kilograms of meat will serve 20 people. How many

kilograms of the meat are needed to serve 110 people? 22 kg
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
48
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
25
Scale Drawings
Chuck has a scale drawing of Detroits Tiger Stadium. The scale of the
1
drawing is
4 inch equals 25 feet. On the drawing, the home-run distance
1
from home plate to right field is 3

4 inches.
EXAMPLE
What is the actual home-run distance

from home plate to right field?
1

Think of
4 inch as 0.25 inch and 3 4 inches as
3.25 inches. Use the scale 0.25 inch equals 25 feet
and write a proportion to find the actual distance.
drawing
3.25
drawing
0.25

actual distance 25 x
actual distance
0.25x 25 3.25
Cross multiply.
0.25x 81.25
0.25x
81.25

0.25
0.25
Divide each side by 0.25.
x 325
The actual distance is 325 feet.
EXERCISES
1. 3 inches
On a map, the scale is 1 inch equals 150 miles.

For each map distance, find the actual distance.
2. 8 inches
450 miles
4. 5 inches
3.
1,200 miles
75 miles
5. 1
2 inches
750 miles
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
1
inch
2
6. 4
2 inches
225 miles
675 miles
49
On a scale drawing of a floor plan for a new building, the scale is

4
inch equals 1 foot. Find the actual dimensions of the rooms if the
measurements from the drawing are given.
7. 5 inches by 3 inches
8.
20 ft by 12 ft
8 ft by 16 ft
9. 2 inches by 3
2 inches
18 ft by 18 ft

11. 3
4 inches by 2 2 inches
13 ft by 10 ft

10. 4
8 ft by 14 ft
1
2 inches by 4 inches
12.

3
15 ft by 17 ft
An igloo is a domed structure built of snow

blocks by Eskimos. Sometimes several
families built a cluster of igloos connected
by passageways. Use the scale drawing of
such a cluster to answer Exercises 1317.
13. What is the actual diameter of

the living chambers? 8 ft
Scale
_____
1 inch = 8 feet
Storage
114 in.

the entry chamber? 6 ft
Living
1 in.

the recreation area? 12 ft

the storage area? 10 ft
Living
1 in.
Recreation
Living
1 in.
112 in.
Entry
3
in.
4
17. Estimate the actual distance

from the entry chamber to the
back of the storage chamber.
about 28 ft
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
50
Living
1 in.
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
26
Square Roots
If a b, then a is the square root of b.

2
EXAMPLE
Joanna wants to buy a house. The realtor told her that the family
room in a certain house has a floor area of 144 square feet. What is
the length of a side of the room if all four sides of the room are the
same length?
If all four sides of the room are the same length, then the room is
shaped like a square. The area of a square is given by the formula
A s2. Use this formula to find the length of the sides of the room.
A s2
144 s2
s2
144
12 s
To solve this equation, find the square root

of each side.
The square root of 144 is 12.
The length of a side of the room is 12 feet.
EXERCISES
Find each square root.
1.
9
3
2.
25
5
3.
81
9
4.
169
13
5.
36
6
6.
16
4
7.
64
8
8.
121
11
9.
100
10
10.
400
20
11.
900
30
12.
10,0
00
100
13.
196
14
14.
0.0
9
0.3
15.
0.8
1
0.9
16.
1.4
4
1.2
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
51
17.
21.
0.4
9
0.7

4

9
2

3
18.
22.
.04
0

0.2

16

25
19.
4

5
23.
2.2
5
1.5

49

100
20.
7
24.
10
0.1
6
0.4
5

6

25

36
The area of a square picture is 64 square

inches. Use this information to answer
Exercises 2527.
25. What is the length of each side of the picture?
8 inches
26. What is the length of each side of a picture frame for the
picture if the area of the picture and the frame is 121 square
inches?
11 inches
27. Will a square mat with an area of 81 square inches be large
enough on which to mount the picture? Why or why not?
Yes, the length of each side of the square mat is 9 inches,

which is greater than the side of the picture.
28. A square dog run with an area of 289 square feet is fenced in
on all sides. What is the length of the fencing along one side?
17 feet
29. What is the diameter of a pizza that has an area of 254
square inches?
about 18 inches
30. The area of the bottom of a pizza box is 100 square inches.
If a circular pizza fits in the box with the pizza touching the
sides of the box at their midpoints, what is the diameter of
the pizza?
10 inches
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
52
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
27
Ordered Pairs
A horizontal number line and a vertical number line meet at their zero
points to form a coordinate system. The horizontal line is the x-axis. The
vertical line is the y-axis. The location of a point in the coordinate system
can be named using an ordered pair of numbers.
(x, y)
x-coordinate
EXAMPLES
y-coordinate
Name the ordered pair for point P.

Start at O. Move along the x-axis until
you are above point P. Then move down
until you reach point P. Since you moved
4 units to the right and 3 units down, the
ordered pair for point P is (4, 3).
Graph point (2, 4).

Start at O. Move 2 units left on the x-axis.
Then move 4 units up parallel to the
y-axis to locate the point.
EXERCISES
y
5
(-2, 4)
4
3
2
4
-2 1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
4
x
1 2 3 4 5
-3
P
Name the ordered pair for each point.
1. G (1, 4)
3. J (3, 4)
5. M (5, 2)
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
2. H (5, 3)
4. K (3, 3)
6. N (2, 0)
53
y
5
G
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-4
J
-5
x
N
1 2 3 4 5
M
K
Graph and label each point.

7. A(5, 5)
8.
B(2, 4)
9. C(0, 5)
10.
D(4, 0)
11. E(2, 2)
12.
F(4, 3)
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
O
1 2 3 4 5
A botanist is interested in what part of a

certain leaf is being infested by an insect
that leaves black spots. She places a clear
coordinate plane over several leaves that
are about the same size and shape.
Complete each of the following.
13. Find the coordinates of the black spots

on the leaf at the right.
(0, 2), (2, 2)

(7, 3), (8, 3)
1
(5
, 1), (3, 5)
2
14. Draw and label the spots having the

following coordinates on the leaf at
the right.
A(2, 3)
E(5, 3)
B(3, 2) C(0, 4) D(4, 0)

F(10, 2) G(2, 7) H(0, 5)
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
54
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
28
Function Tables
The data at the right shows the shipping and
Maximum
Purchase
(dollars)
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
handling charged by a catalog company.
EXAMPLE
Complete the table.
First look for a pattern in the

data that is already given.
Each entry in the shipping and
handling column is $3 greater
than the previous entry. So, to
complete the table, add $3 to
each entry in the second column
to get the next entry. The entries for
the last 3 rows of the table are given below.
EXERCISES
1.
Maximum
Purchase
Shipping and
Handling
250
300
350
18.95
21.95
24.95
Complete each table.

2.
Distance
(feet)
Time
(seconds)
10
7.5
1,500
15
10
15
2,000
20
15
22.5
2,500
25
20
30
3,000
30
35
40
45
25
37.5
30
45
52.5
60
Principal
(dollars)
Interest
(dollars)
1,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
Shipping and
Handling
(dollars)
6.95
9.95
12.95
15.95
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
35
40
55
3.
Purchase
(dollars)
Tax
(dollars)
4.
Length of call
(minutes)
Cost
(dollars)
10
0.60
1.00
20
1.20
1.35
30
1.80
1.70
40
2.40
2.05
50
3.00
3.60
4.20
4.80
2.40
2.75
3.10
3.45
60
70
80
6
7
8
The table at the right

shows the amount of
Federal individual income
tax for 1993 for different
amounts of adjusted gross
income between $22,100
and $53,500 for single
taxpayers. Use the data to
Adjusted
Gross Income
(dollars)
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
50,000
Income
Tax
(dollars)
7,000
8,400
9,800
11,200
12,600
14,000
5. Complete the table. See table above for answer.

6. Make a new table that includes 27,500, 32,500, 37,500, 42,500, 47,500,
and 52,500 in the adjusted gross income column. Explain how you found
the income tax for these amounts. The new entries in the second col-
umn would be 7,700, 9,100, 10,500, 11,900, 13,300, and 14,700.

7. Do you think it would be useful to have a table that contains
more data? Why or why not? How can you add more data to
the table? Answers will vary.
8. The rate for single taxpayers with an adjusted gross income between
$53,500 and $115,000 is 31%. Make a table using adjusted gross
incomes of $55,000, $60,000, $65,000, $70,000, $75,000, $80,000,
$85,000, and $90,000. The entries in the second column would be
17,050, 18,600, 20,150, 21,700, 23,250, 24,800, 26,350, and 27,900.

9. Extend the table you made in Exercise 8 to include any additional
data you think would be useful. Explain why you included the
data you did. Answers will vary.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
56
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
29
Graphing Functions
gallons of gasoline. The function table at the right

shows this relationship.
EXAMPLE
Graph the function.
Gallons of
Gasoline
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
To graph the function, first label the axes

and graph the points named by the data.
Then connect the points as shown in the
graph at the right.
Miles
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
200
Miles
Carins motor home averages about 25 miles on two
150
100
50
0
EXERCISES
1.
4
8 12 16
Gallons of Gasoline
Graph each function.
Length of
Side (cm)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
Area
(sq cm)
1
4
9
16
25
36
49
57
2.
Time
(years)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Savings
(dollars)
100
250
150
300
600
550
650
The function table at the

right shows the apparent
temperature for the given
room temperatures for a
relative humidity of 80%.
Use the data to answer
Exercises 35.
Room
Temperature
(in F)
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
Apparent
Temperature
(in F)
70
71
73
74
75
76
77
3. Graph the function.
4. If this pattern continues, what would

you expect the apparent temperature
to be for a room temperature of 68F?
69F
5. Where does a change in the pattern of
the function occur? Why do you think
this change occurs?
between the room temperatures

of 70F and 71F; Answers will vary.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
58
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
30
Solve Equations With Two Variables
An ordered pair that makes an equation true is a solution for the equation.
Find four solutions for the equation y 5x 1.
EXAMPLE
Choose values for x.

Let
Let
Let
Let
x 4.
x 2.
x 0.
x 2.
Calculate y values.
Write ordered pairs.
y 5(4) 1 21
y 5(2) 1 11
y 5(0) 1 1
y 5(2) 1 9
(4, 21)
(2, 11)
(0, 1)
(2, 9)
Four solutions are (4, 21), (2, 11), (0, 1), and (2, 9).
EXERCISES
Complete the table for each equation. Then use

the results to write four solutions for each
equation. Write the solutions as ordered pairs.
1. y 3x 2
2. y 4x
3. y 3x 4
3x 2
4x
1
2
3
4
3(1) 2
3(2) 2
3(3) 2
3(4) 2
5
8
11
14
1
0
1
2
4(1)
4(0)
4(1)
4(2)
4
0
4
8
(1, 5), (2, 8),

(3, 11), (4, 14)
(1, 4), (0, 0),

(1, 4), (2, 8)
3x 4
1 3(1) 4
0 3(0) 4
1 3(1) 4
2 3(2) 4
1
4
7
10
(1, 1), (0, 4),

(1, 7), (2, 10)
Find four solutions for each equation. Write your solutions as

ordered pairs. Answers will vary. Samples are given.
4. y x 4
(0, 4), (1, 3),

(2, 2), (3, 1)
5. y 3x 1
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
(1, 2), (0, 1),

(1, 4), (2, 7)
59
6. y 3
(0, 3), (1, 3),

(2, 3), (3, 3)
7.
y 2x 2
8. y 2.5x
(2, 2), (1, 0),

(0, 2), (2, 6)
10. y
2x4
9. y 2x 4
(2, 5), (1, 2.5), (0, 4), (1, 2),

(0, 0), (1, 2.5)
(2, 0), (3, 2)
11. y
3x1
(2, 3), (0, 4),

(2, 5), (4, 6)
12.
(0, 1), (3, 2),

(6, 3), (9, 4)
y
2x3
(2, 2), (0, 3),

(2, 4), (4, 5)
13. One number is three more than half another number.
Determine which ordered pairs in the set {(0, 3), (2, 2), (4, 1),
1
(1, 3
2 )} are solutions for the two numbers.
1
(0, 3), (2, 2), (1, 3
)
2
14. An organization donates one third of all the money it raises

for housing the homeless. How much will it donate if it raises
$6,000?
1
y
x; $2,000
3
15. You can show the distance in feet it takes a car to stop when
traveling at a certain speed on a dry, concrete surface by using
the formula d 0.042 s2 1.1s. Complete the table to find the
distance for each speed. Round the distances to the nearest
foot.
speed in mph (s)
30
35
distance in feet (d)
71
90
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
111 135 160 188 217 249 283 319
60
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
31
Graphing Equations
EXAMPLE
Graph the equation y 2x 2.

Make a function table for y 2x 2.
Then graph each ordered pair and
complete the graph.
y
8
6
4
y 2x 2
EXERCISES
2x 2
(x, y)
0
1
2
3
2(0) 2
2(1) 2
2(2) 2
2(3) 2
2
4
6
8
(0,
(1,
(2,
(3,
2
x
2)
4)
6)
8)
-2 O
-2
Complete each function table. Then graph the

equation.
1. y x 1
y
6
x1
1
2
3
4
5
11
21
31
41
51
0
1
2
3
4
(x, y)
(1,
(2,
(3,
(4,
(5,
0)
1)
2)
3)
4)
2
x
-2 O
-2
2. y 5 x
y
6
5x
0
1
2
3
4
50
51
52
53
54
5
4
3
2
1
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
(x, y)
(0,
(1,
(2,
(3,
(4,
5)
4)
3)
2)
1)
2
x
-2 O
-2
61
Graph each equation.

3. y x 2
4. y 3x
5. y
2 x1
y
x
-2 O
-2
x
-2 O
x
-2 O
-2
-2
y
6. An electrician charges an initial fee of $40, plus $50 for

every hour she works. Let x represent the number of hours
she works and y represent the total fee. Write an equation
to represent the total fee. Graph the equation.
120
80
y 50x 40
40
x
O
7. A blizzard at the Slippery Ski Area deposited

2 foot of
snow per hour atop a 3-foot snow base. Let x represent the
number of hours and y represent the total amount of snow.
Write an equation to represent the total amount of snow.
Graph the equation.
1
y
x3
2
8. Yukari averages 40 miles per hour when she drives from
Los Angles to San Francisco. Let x represent the number of
hours and y represent the distance traveled. Write an equation to represent the distance traveled. Graph the equation.
y 40x
y
6
4
2
x
O
y
120
80
40
x
O
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
62
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
32
Slope of a Line
The graph of a line is shown below.

y
x
O
EXAMPLE
Find the slope of the line.

Follow these steps to find the slope.
y
run = 5
(2,8)
1. Choose any two points on the line.
The points chosen at the right have
coordinates (3, 4) and (2, 8).
2. Draw a vertical line and then a
horizontal line to connect the
two points.
O
3. Find the length of the vertical line
to find the rise. The rise is 4 units
up or 4.
4. Find the length of the horizontal line to
find the run. The run is 5 units to the left or 5.
rise
rise = 4
(3,4)

5. slope
run 5
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
63
EXERCISES
1.
Find the slope of each line shown.
2.
3.
1

3
3

4
4.
Paula works as a sales representative Paulas Monthly Earnings

for a computer manufacturer. She
6,000
earns a base pay of $1,000 each
5,000
month. She also earns a commission
4,000
based on her sales. The graph at the
3,000
right shows her possible monthly
2,000
earnings. Use the graph to answer
1,000
Exercises 58.
0
Pay
5,000
10,000 15,000
Sales
5. What is the slope of the line?

1

5
6. What information is given by the slope of the line?
1
The rate of commission Paula earns is
or 20% of her sales.
5
7. If Paulas base pay changed to $1,100, would it change
a. the graph? Why or why not?
Yes, the entire line would move up 100 units.

b. the slope? Why or why not?
No, the rate of commission would not change.

8. If Paulas rate of commission changed to 25%, would it change
1
the graph? Why or why not? Yes, the slope would be .
4
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
64
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
33
Graphing Exponential Equations
Jamie conducted an experiment that began with 400 bacteria. He found

that the number of bacteria, y, after x hours was given by the equation
y 400(2x).
EXAMPLE
Use a graphing calculator to graph this equation.

Follow the steps below to graph the equation.
key. Then enter the equation by pressing 400 2
1. Press the
X,T,
2. Press WINDOW to view the current boundaries of the viewing

window of the calculator. Set the boundaries at Xmin 0,
Xmax 10, Xscl 1, Ymin 0, Ymax 500000, and Yscl 50000.
3. Press GRAPH to draw the graph shown below.
EXERCISES
Use a graphing calculator to graph each equation.

Make a sketch of each screen.
See students work. Graphs will vary.

1. y 5x
2. y 0.8x
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
65
1 x
3. y
8
4.
y 22x
5. y 30(0.5x)
6.
y 500(0.25x)
Carbon-14 has a half-life of 5,730 years.

Manford has a sample that contains 200 g
of carbon-14. The equation for the grams
of carbon-14 in the sample, y, after x
5,730-year intervals is given by the
equation y 200(0.5x).
7. Use a graphing calculator to graph this equation.

8. How would you use the information shown on this graph?
See students work. Answers will vary.

9. Do you think this graph is the best way to display this
information? Why or why not?

10. Jaunita conducted an experiment that began with 200
bacteria. She found that the number of bacteria, y, after x
hours was given by the equation y 200(3x). Use a graphing
calculator to graph this equation. How would you use the
information shown on this graph?

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
66
SKILL
34
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
Graphing Linear and

Exponential Equations
The value of manufacturing equipment with an initial value of $25,000
depreciates at a rate of 10% a year. The value, V, of the equipment after n

years is given by the equation V 25,000(1 0.10)n.
EXAMPLE
Use a graphing calculator to graph this equation.

Before you graph the equation on a graphing calculator, you must
rewrite the equation using Y for V and X for n. So the equation you
will use is Y 25,000(1 0.10)X. Then follow the steps below to graph
the equation.
1. Press the
key. Use the
key to delete any equations
from the Y list. Enter the equation by pressing
X,T, .
25000 ( 1 . 1 )
2. Press WINDOW to view the current boundaries of the viewing
window of the calculator. Set the boundaries at Xmin 0,
Xmax 50, Xscl 10, Ymin 0, Ymax 25000, and Yscl 1000.
3. Press GRAPH to draw the graph shown below.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
67
EXERCISES
Use a graphing calculator to graph each equation.

Make a sketch of each screen.

1. y 25x 12
2.
y 16x 15
3. y 0.7x 19
4.
y 3x
5. y 4.5x
6.
y 452x
A $500 deposit is made into an account that

earns 3.5% interest and is compounded
monthly. If no deposits or withdrawals are
made, the amount of money, A, in this
account after t years is given by the
equation
0.035
12t
A 5001
12 .
7. Change A and t to y and x and use a graphing calculator to

graph this equation.

8. Change the boundaries of the viewing window and graph
the equation again. Do you think these new boundaries give
you a better graph than your original boundaries? Why or
why not?

9. Change the boundaries several more times until you find
a graph that you like best. Why do you think this graph is
the best?

10. The 1993 Indianapolis 500 winner completed the race with an
average speed of 157.2 mph. Write an equation that can be
used to compute the distance, d, traveled after t hours. Use a
graphing calculator to graph your equation.
d 157.2t; Graphs will vary.

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
68
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
35
Sums of Angles of Polygons
A convex polygon is a closed figure in a plane that
has at least three sides, all of which are segments,

has sides that meet only at a vertex,
has exactly two sides meeting at each vertex, and
has diagonals that lie entirely within the polygon.
If n is the number of sides of a polygon, then 180(n 2) expresses the sum

of the measures of the angles of any polygon.
EXAMPLE
Find the sum of the measures of the

angles of the figure at the right.
There are 7 sides and 7 vertices.
Substitute 7 for n in the expression
180(n 2).
180(7 2) 180(5) or 900
The sum of the measures of the angles of
the figure is 900.
EXERCISES
Pick one vertex and draw all the diagonals

possible from that vertex. How many diagonals
can be drawn from that one vertex in each figure
below?
1.
2.
3.
4.
0
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
69
Find the sum of the measures of the angles of each of the

following polygons.
5. quadrilateral
6.
360
triangle
180
7.
8.
STOP
720
1,080
9. What is the fewest number of sides that a polygon can have?
10. What is the shape of home plate on a baseball field? What is

the sum of the measures of the angles of home plate?
pentagon, 540
11. Find the value of x in quadrilateral ABCD if mA 108,

mB 72, mC 108, and mD = x.
x 72
12. Find the value of x in pentagon ABCDE if mA 120,

mB 60, mC 210, mD 55 and mE x.
x 95
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
70
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
36
Similar Figures
If two or more figures are the same shape, they are similar. Similar figures
may differ in size.
EXAMPLE
Determine if each pair of figures is similar.
The figures are the same

shape. Therefore, the
figures are similar.
EXERCISES
The figures are not the

same shape. Therefore,
the figures are not similar.
In Exercises 16, determine if each pair of figures

is similar.
1.
yes
2.
yes
3.
no
4.
yes
5.
no
6.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
yes
71
7. List the pairs or groups of similar figures.

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
a, d, and e; c and f
8. List three real-world examples of similar figures.
Sample answers: T-shirt in different sizes, a photograph and an

enlargement of the photo, a model of a car and the actual car
9. Use toothpicks to make the figure at the right.
Use toothpicks to make a similar figure that is
not the same size as the original figure.
See students work.

10. Use toothpicks to make a figure. Then make
two more figures that are similar to the original.
The figures should not be the same sizes.
See students work.

11. Use grid paper to draw a figure that is similar
to the figure at the right.
See students work.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
72
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
37
Similar Triangles
The triangles below are similar.

8 cm
4 cm
4 cm
2 cm
3 cm
6 cm
EXAMPLE
Measure each side of the triangles to the nearest centimeter.

Write the ratios of the corresponding sides of the similar triangles.
What do you notice about the ratios of the corresponding sides?
The measures of the sides are marked next to the triangles.
side of the first triangle

side of the second triangle
3
1

6
2
2
1

4
2
4
1

8
2
1
The ratios of the corresponding sides all equal

2.
EXERCISES
Use the similar triangles below to answer

Exercises 13.
1. Measure each side of each triangle to the nearest centimeter.

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
73
2. Find the ratios of the corresponding sides.
9
3 9
3 6
3
, ,
6
2 6
2 4
2
3. What do you notice about the ratios of the corresponding

sides?
3
All the ratios equal
.
2
Determine if each pair of triangles is similar.

4.
5.
12 in.
6 in.
18 in.
9 in.
8 in.
12 cm
11 in.
15 cm
20 cm
16 cm
9 cm
no
12 cm
yes
Find the value of x in each pair of similar triangles.

6.
10 ft
7.
26 ft
5 ft
24 ft
13 ft
12 m
9m
x
12 ft
4m
3m
5m
15 m
8. A lamppost casts a shadow 16 feet. A girl standing nearby
casts a shadow of 4 feet. The two triangles formed are
similar. If the girl is 5 feet tall, how tall is the lamppost?
?
20 ft
5 ft
16 ft
4 ft
9. Use similar triangles to find the distance across the pond.
32 m
10
40
8m
?
m
10
40
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
74
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
38
Congruent Figures
Two or more figures that are the same shape and size are called
congruent figures.
EXAMPLE
Determine if each pair of figures is congruent.
The figures are the

same shape, but not
the same size. The
figures are not
congruent.
EXERCISES
1.
The figures are the

same size, but not
the same shape.
The figures are
not congruent.
The figures are the

same shape and the
same size. The figures
are congruent.
In Exercises 13, determine whether each pair of

figures is congruent.
2.
no
3.
yes
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
yes
75
4. List the congruent figures. a, b, and f; c and d

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
In Exercises 58, use the grid to draw a figure that is congruent to

the given figure.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9. An architect wants to use ceramic tiles on the floor of a
building she is designing. She wants to create a design using
four-by-four squares of tiles. She plans to divide each four-byfour square into two congruent halves. There are six ways to
divide the squares in this manner. One way is shown at the
right. Show the five other ways below.
10. Draw a six-by-six tile pattern. Show at least three ways it can
be divided into congruent halves. See students work.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
76
SKILL
39
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
Reflections
In a transformation, every point in an image corresponds to exactly one

point on the figure. Reflections are one type of transformation.
EXAMPLE
Use the grid to reflect, or flip, the figure over the given line.
For each vertex on the figure, find the point that is exactly
the same distance from the line of reflection, but on the
other side of the line. Draw the completed image.
Figure
EXERCISES
Reflection
Reflect each figure over the given line.
1.
2.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
77
3.
4.
x
x
Use your reflections to answer Exercises 58.

5. Are the reflections in Exercises 14 smaller, larger, or the same
size as the original figures? the same
6. In Exercise 2, are the arrows pointing in the same direction?
Do you think that direction is the same for a figure and its
reflection? no; no
7. In Exercise 3, the xs and the dot are in a straight line. In the
reflection, are the xs and the dot in a straight line? yes
8. In Exercise 3, the dot is between the two xs. In the reflection,
is the dot between the two xs? yes
M. C. Escher used transformations such as reflections to create

interesting art. A simple example of his type of art starts with
a square. A simple change is made and this change is reflected
over the dashed line. Other reflections are made over other
dashed lines as shown.
Make a drawing using reflections, squares, and the changes indicated.

9.
10.
11. Make your own design using reflections. See students work.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
78
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
40
Dilations and Rotations
In mathematics, there are several ways that a figure may be moved or

changed. Two of these ways are dilations and rotations.
EXAMPLES
Draw the image of the triangle ABC for a dilation with a scale factor
of 2.
Draw a dashed line from the origin of
the coordinate plane to point A. Extend
the dashed line so that its length is twice
as long as the distance from the origin to
point A. This is one vertex of the dilated
triangle. Repeat the procedure for the
other two vertices and draw the dilated
triangle.
C
O
Draw three rotated images of triangle DEF. Rotate the image around
the origin of the coordinate plane using 90 as the angle for each
successive rotation.
Visualize point E rotating around the
origin clockwise 90. Remember that the
image point must be the same distance
from the origin as the original point. In
this case the image of (0, 3) is (3, 0).
Find the image points for the other two
vertices and draw the rotated triangle.
Rotate the image two more times.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
79
y
E
F
O
EXERCISES
Draw a dilation for the given scale drawing.
1. Scale factor: 3
2.
Scale factor:
2
Draw three images using 90 rotations around the origin.

3.
4.
Answer each of the following.

5. Does a dilation form similar or congruent figures? similar
6. Does a rotation form similar or congruent figures? congruent
7. Does the movement of a Ferris wheel represent a dilation or a
rotation? rotation
8. Does an enlargement of a photograph represent a dilation or
a rotation? dilation
9. Make a design using rotations. See students work.
10. Make a design using dilations. See students work.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
80
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
41
Translations
A translation is a slide or movement of a figure from one place to another.

EXAMPLE
Translate triangle ABC 5 units to the right and 3 units down.
1 2 3 4 5
A
1
C 2
3
Move point A 5 units to the right and 3 units down. Move point B
5 units to the right and 3 units down. Finally, move point C 5 units
to the right and 3 units down and draw the new triangle.
EXERCISES
Translate each figure as indicated.
1. 7 units to the left
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
2. 8 units to the right and

2 units down
81
3. 5 units to the right and

2 units up
4.
2 units to the left and

1 unit down
5. 5 units to the left and

2 units down
6.
6 units to the right and

4 units up
Answer each question.

7. Are the translated figures congruent or similar to the original
figures? congruent
8. In Exercise 5, are the arrows pointing in the same direction? Is
direction the same for a figure and its translation? yes; yes
9. In Exercise 6, the xs and the dot are in a straight line. In the
translation, are the xs and the dot in a straight line? yes
10. In Exercise 6, the dot is between the two xs. In the translation,
is the dot between the two xs? yes
11. Describe the dive from A to B in terms of a translation.
4 units to the right and 6 units down
12. Describe a translation from your house to a

friends house. See students work.
B
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
82
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
42
Perimeter and Area
EXAMPLE
Tova Albert wants to make a garden with a perimeter of 54 feet

because that is the amount of fence that she has. She wants the least
area possible because she doesnt have that much space in her yard.
What should be the dimensions of her garden?
Dimensions
Perimeter
Area
1 26
2 25
3 24
4 23
54
54
54
54
26
50
72
92
Notice that the perimeter stays 54 feet but the area continues to
increase. Therefore, the least area with a perimeter of 54 feet is a
garden with dimensions 1 foot by 26 feet.
EXERCISES
Find the perimeter and area of each figure.
1.
2.
P 18 units
A 18 units2
4.
3.
P 16 units
A 16 units2
5.
P 20 units
A 24 units2
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
P 16 units
A 12 units2
6.
P 18 units
A 12 units2
83
P 18 units
A 14 units2
7. A cardboard tube has a circumference of 7 inches and a length
of 15 inches. When it is cut straight down its length, it
becomes a rectangle. How much cardboard is used to make
this tube?
105 in2
8. Ryan Allaire wants to build a deck onto the back of his house.
He wants the area to be at least 240 square feet. There is
space for the length to be up to 20 feet, but the width cannot
be more than 15 feet.
a. Will he have room to build the size deck that he wants?
yes
b. What is the largest deck that he can build?
300 ft2
c.
If he wants the deck to be exactly 240 square feet,

what are the whole number dimensions that are
possible for him?
15 ft 16 ft; 20 ft 12 ft
9. Using the large square below, show how to cut it into

two pieces (cuts must be made along the grid lines) that
can be rearranged to form a rectangle with a perimeter of
26 centimeters.
10. Bovinet Candy Company needs to have a box designed so that

the bottom has an area of 96 square inches but has the least
perimeter possible. What would be the whole number
dimensions of the bottom of the box?
8 in. 12 in.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
84
SKILL
43
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
Area of Circles
The parts of a circle are illustrated

ra
di
us
at the right. Notice that the radius

is one-half of the diameter.
er
et
am
di
The area (A) of a circle equals the

product of pi () and the square of the
radius (r).
center
A r 2
The value of is approximately 3.14.
EXAMPLE
Find the area of the circle.
14
The diameter of the circle is

14 meters. The radius of the
1
er
et
circle is
2 (14) or 7 meters.
A r2
A (7)2
A (49)
A 3.14(49)
A 153.86
Use 3.14 for .
The area is about 153.86 square meters.
Find the area of each circle. Use 3.14 for .
EXERCISES
1.
2.
6m
3.
22
ete
rs
113.04 m2
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
inc
in
ch
he
es
379.94 in2
200.96 in2
85
4.
5.
14 meters
6.
16 feet
3 centimeters
153.86 m2
7.
803.84 ft2
28.26 cm2
8.
16 kilometers
200.96 km2
9.
9 kilo
mete
24 fe
rs
63.585 km2
et
1,808.64 ft2
10. The Astrodome covers an area in the shape of a circle with
a diameter of 214 yards. What area does the Astrodome
cover? about 35,950 yd2
11. Find the floor of a ring in a circus tent if the diameter is
12 yards. about 113 yd2
12. The worlds largest cylindrical sundial is at Walt Disney World
in Orlando, Florida. Arata Isozaki of Tokyo, Japan designed it.
The face of the sundial has a diameter of 122 feet. What is the
area of the face? about 11,684 ft2
13. Find the area of a 12-inch pizza. about 113 in2
14. The largest pizza ever baked was 21 feet across. What was its
area? about 346 ft2
15. A California earthquake in 1989 sent horizontal shock waves
about 60 miles from its epicenter. Find the area affected by
the earthquake. about 11,304 mi2
16. The stage of a theater is a semicircle. If the radius of the stage
is 28 feet, what is the area of the stage? about 1231 ft2
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
86
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
44
Area of Rectangles
Area is the number of square units needed to cover a surface. The area of
a rectangle is the product of its length () and its width (w).
A w
EXAMPLE
Find the area of the rectangle at

the right.
4m
A w
A94
A 36
9m
The area of the rectangle is 36 square meters.
EXERCISES
Find the area of each rectangle.
1.
2.
3.
3 ft
3 cm
12 ft
10 yd
5 cm
36 ft2
15 yd
15 cm2
4.
150 yd2
5.
6.
3 in.
6m
18 cm
7 in.
9m
54
20 cm
m2
21
7.
in2
360 cm2
8.
2m
5 in.
9.
9m
3 ft
13 in.
3 ft
65 in2
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
18 m2
9 ft2
87
Find the area of each playing field.
10. volleyball court
11.
polo field
5 YD
'
30
30 YD MARK
40 YD MARK
60 YD MARK
CENTER
OF FIELD
60 YD MARK
GOAL LINE
40 YD MARK
30 YD MARK
7'
60'
GOAL POSTS
7'
MARKS ON
GUARD BOARDS
160 YD
15 YD
MARKS ON
GUARD BOARDS
TURF
8'
300 YD
1,800 ft2
48,000 yd2
12. four-wall handball court
13.
squash court
20'
12'
40'
20'
18' 6"
32'
800 ft2
592 ft2
The maximum and minimum sizes of a soccer field

are given at the right. Use this information to answer
Exercises 1416.
Soccer Field Size

Maximum
Minimum
225 ft by 360 ft
195 ft by 330 ft
14. What is the maximum area of a soccer field?
81,000 ft2
15. What is the minimum area of a soccer field?
64,350 ft2
16. What is the difference between the maximum area of a soccer

field and the minimum area of a soccer field?
16,650 ft2
17. Henry wants to carpet a rectangular room that is 6 yards by

5 yards. If the carpet costs $29.50 a square yard, how much
will it cost to carpet the room?
$885.00
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
88
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
45
Area of Triangles and Trapezoids
A triangle is a polygon that has three sides. The area of a triangle is equal to
one-half the product of its base and height.
EXAMPLE
Find the area of the triangle

shown at the right.
5m
A
2 bh
12 m
A
2 12 5
A 30
The area of the triangle is 30 square meters.
A trapezoid is a quadrilateral with exactly one pair of parallel sides. The area of
a trapezoid is equal to the product of half the height and the sum of the bases.
EXAMPLE
Find the area of the trapezoid

shown at the right.
12 cm
8 cm
A
2 h(a b)
1
A
2 (8)(15 12)
15 cm
A
2 (8)(27)
A 108
The area of the trapezoid is 108 square centimeters.
EXERCISES
1.
Find the area of each triangle or trapezoid.

2.
3.
5 cm
3 cm
4m
20 in.
7 cm
3m
6 m2
24 in.
18 cm2
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
240 in2
89
4.
5.
20 ft
6.
4m
8 mm
40 mm
4m
15 ft
6m
12 ft
240 ft2
160 mm2
7.
8.
18 yd
3.7 cm
3.2 cm
20 m2
9.
8 in.
7 yd
5 in.
8 yd
5.92 cm2
10.
91 yd2
20 in2
11.
8 ft
12.
7 ft
4.7 m
3.1 m
9 cm
16 ft
8.6 m
15 cm
84 ft2
67.5 cm2
20.615 m2
13. A rose garden is in the shape of a trapezoid. The bases of the
trapezoid are 4 meters and 5 meters long, and the height of the
trapezoid is 2 meters. Each rose plant needs 0.5 square meters of
space. How many roses can be planted in the garden? 18 plants
14. The shape of the state of Delaware resembles a triangle with the
base of 39 miles and a height of 96 miles. Find the approximate
area of Delaware. about 1,872 mi2
15. The shape of the state of Wyoming is approximately a trapezoid
with bases of 362 miles and 349 miles and height of 275 miles.
Find the approximate area of Wyoming. about 97,762.5 mi2
16. About how many times larger is Wyoming than Delaware? about 52 times
17. A wastebasket has four congruent sides that are in the shape
of trapezoids. If the bases of each trapezoid are 8 inches and
14 inches long and the height of each trapezoid is 15 inches,
what is the area of the sides of the wastebasket? 660 in2
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
90
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
46
Area of Irregular Shapes
One way to estimate the area of an irregular figure is to find the mean of
the inner measure and the outer measure of the figure.
EXAMPLE
Shaun had his friend draw the outline of his body

on a piece of paper. The diagram at the right
shows this outline on a piece of grid paper in
which each square represents 25 square inches.
Estimate the area of his body shape.
inner measure: 8 25 200 square inches
outer measure: 49 25 1,225 square inches
200 1,225
mean:
712.5 square inches
2
An estimate of the area of Shauns body is 712.5 square inches.
EXERCISES
1.
4.
Estimate the area of each figure.

2.
3.
11 30
20.5 units2
2
17 38
27.5 units2
2
5.
6.
7 24
15.5 units2
2
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
14 39
26.5 units2
2
91
5 19
12 units2
2
5 19
12 units2
2
7. Estimate the area of the two leaves below.

a.
b.
19.5 units2
20 units2
8. Refer to the following grids of letters.
a. Which letter appears to have the greatest area? See students work.
b. Which letter appears to have the least area? See students work.
c. Estimate, in order, the areas of the letters from greatest to
least. s 13 units2, h 10 units2, f 9.5 units2
B
9. Use the grid at the right to answer the following:
a. Estimate the area of the figure using the
mean of the inner and outer measure.
39 60
A
C
49.5 units2
2
b. Draw a line from A to C on the grid and find
the actual area of the figure using the
E
D
triangle and trapezoid formulas for area.
49.5 units2
c.
Was the estimate greater or less than the

actual area and why?
It was the same because it is not an irregular-shaped figure.

10. Keith had a countertop custom-made. He designed
it so that it would not be more than 60 square feet.
The company altered one of the measurements by
mistake. The grid at the right shows the new size of
the countertop. Is it still under the designed area?
50 66
yes:
58 ft2
2
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
92
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
SKILL
47
Surface Area of Rectangular

Prisms
The surface area of a prism is the sum of the areas of all of the faces of
the prism. The surface area of a rectangular prism can be found using the
formula A 2(h w wh).
EXAMPLE
Find the surface area of the math book

shown at the right.
9.25 in.
11 in., w 9.25 in., h 1.5 in.
11 in.
A 2(11 1.5 11 9.25 9.25 1.5)

A 2(16.5 101.75 13.875)
A 2(132.125)
A 264.25
The surface area of the math book is 264.25 square inches.
EXERCISES
Find the surface area of each prism shown or

described below. Round answers to the nearest
tenth.
1.
2.
3.
7 in.
10 cm
9 in.
15 in.
6 12 cm
606 in2
4. length, 15 m
width, 12 m
height, 9 m
846 m2
8.5 cm
8 12 cm
4 cm
3 cm
410.5 cm2
143 cm2
5. length, 9.6 cm
width, 7.5 cm
height, 7.7 cm
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
6. length, 100 in.

width, 100 in.
height, 50 in.
407.3 cm2
40,000 in2
93
1.5 in.
7. Each face of a cube has an area of 12 square inches. What is

the surface area of the cube?
72 in2
8. A cube has a surface area of 108 square feet. What is the area
of one face?
18 ft2
9. The surface area of a cube is 486 square inches. What is the

length of one side of the cube?
9 in.
10. Jesse is making enclosed storage cubes for his room. The sides
3
of the cubes will each be 1

4 feet. He has three 32-square-foot
sheets of plywood. How many storage containers can he
make?
5 storage cubes
11. Twenty-seven cubes are used to make a large cube that is
three cubes long by three cubes wide by three cubes high. The
outside of the large cube is painted red. How many of the
small cubes will be red on one side only?
6 cubes
12. Mr. Thomas eighth grade class is working on a service project.
This project consists of painting the walls and ceiling of a
senior citizens activity room. This room is 12 feet long, 16 feet
wide, and 9 feet high. There are two windows that are 3 feet
by 5 feet each and a door that is 2 feet by 6.5 feet in this
room.
a. How much area will they have to paint?
653 ft2
b. How many gallons of paint will be needed if a gallon of

paint covers 400 square feet?
2 gallons
c.
How much will it cost to buy the paint if each gallon costs
$17.99 and the sales tax is 6.5%?
$38.32
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
94
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
48
Volume of Rectangular Prisms
The volume (V) of a rectangular prism is found by multiplying the

length (), the width (w), and the height (h).
V wh
EXAMPLE
Nicholas has been working with his dad
in the evenings and on weekends in his
dads repair shop. For Nicholas birthday,
his dad bought him a new toolbox and
some of the starting tools he would
need. What is the volume of Nicholas
toolbox if it is 18 inches long, 8 inches tall, and 7.5 inches deep?
V wh
V 18 7.5 8
V 1,080
The volume of the toolbox is 1,080 cubic inches.
EXERCISES
Find the volume of each rectangular prism shown

or described below. Round decimal answers to the
nearest tenth.
1.
2.
3.
9 ft
3.8 in.
6.5 in.
8 ft
13 ft
4. length, 14 meters
width, 23 meters
height, 18 meters
3.4 mm
2.1 mm
4.7 in.
936 ft3
116.1 in3
69.3 mm3
5. length, 4
3 feet
5,796 m3
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
9.7 mm
6. cube:
side, 9.2 cm
width, 3
4 feet
778.7 cm3
height, 5 feet
1
81
ft3
4
95
7. Draw and label a rectangular prism whose length is

6 centimeters, width is 4 centimeters, and height is
10 centimeters. Find its volume.
See students work.; 240 cm3
8. How many different rectangular prisms can be formed with

18 cubes?
4
9. The surface area of a cube is 486 square inches. What is the
volume of the cube?
729 in3
10. A cube has a volume of 1,000 cubic inches. What is the surface
area of the cube?
600 in2
11. What is the height of a rectangular prism if the volume is

2,112 cubic yards, the length is 48 feet, and the width is
36 feet?
33 ft or 11 yd
12. A rectangular prism has a volume of 36 cubic centimeters.
Make a list showing all the possible whole-number dimensions
of the prism.
1136; 1218; 1312; 149; 166; 229; 236;

334
13. A bar of soap has the dimensions 2 4 1.5 inches. A
bathtub has the inside dimensions of 21 50 15 inches.
How many bars of soap would it take to fill the bathtub?
1,312.5 bars
1
14. An aquarium is 3 feet long and 1

2 feet wide. It is filled with
water to a height of 1 foot. How many gallons of water are in
the aquarium? (Hint: 1 cubic foot 7.5 gallons.)
about 33.75 gal
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
96
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
49
Using Samples to Predict
EXAMPLE
In a community of 35,000 people, 45 out of 100 randomly selected

people responded that they prefer vanilla ice cream to chocolate. How
many people in the community can be expected to prefer vanilla?
The ratio, 45 out of 100, is 45%.
To answer the question, find 45% of 35,000.
45% of 35,000 0.45 35,000
15,750
You can predict that about 15,750 people in the town prefer
vanilla ice cream.
EXERCISES
Use the sample information to answer each

question.
1. Two hundred people from a town of 28,000 people were

chosen at random and asked if the town needed more bicycle
paths. Seventy-eight of those surveyed said yes. How many
people in the town can be expected to think that the town
needs more bicycle paths?
about 10,920 people
2. Mr. Tata surveyed his class about their favorite foods. Ten of the
30 students surveyed said their favorite food was pizza. How
many students out of the 250 students in the school would you
expect to like pizza best?
about 83 students
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
97
3. In a recent survey of radio listeners, 125 out of the 500 people

surveyed said they actually listen to the commercials. How
many people out of 10,000 would you expect to listen to the
commercials?
about 2,500 people

4. Six out of 20 families surveyed said they own a video camera.
How many families out of 150 would you expect to own a video
camera?
about 45 families
Of the TV households surveyed by the

Nielsen Media Research Company, the top 5
television programs of 19921993 are listed
in the table below.
Show
% of TV Households
1. 60 Minutes
21.9
2. Roseanne
20.7
3. Home Improvement
19.2
4. Murphy Brown
17.9
5. Murder, She Wrote
17.7
5. How many households in a town with 40,000 households would

you expect to have watched 60 Minutes?
about 8,760 households

6. How many households in a town with 80,000 households would
you expect to have watched the show in fourth place?

7. How many households in a town with 100,000 households
would you expect did not watch Home Improvement?

8. Suppose that 2,124 of the households responding to this survey
watched Murder, She Wrote. How many households were
surveyed?
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
98
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
50
Mean, Median, Mode
You can analyze a set of data by using three measures of center: mean,
median, and mode.
EXAMPLE
Hakeem Olajuwon, 1994s Most Valuable Player in the National

Basketball Association, helped the Houston Rockets win the NBA
championship. In winning the 7-game series, Olajuwon scored 28, 25,
21, 32, 27, 30, and 25 points. Find the mean, median, and mode of his
scores.
28 25 21 32 27 30 25
26.857
7
Mean:
The mean is about 27 points.

Median:
21, 25, 25, 27, 28, 30, 32
median
The median is 27.
Mode:
EXERCISES
The mode is 25 since it is the number that appears the

most times.
Find the mean, median, and mode for each set

of data.
1. 5, 4, 7, 2, 2, 1, 4, 3
mean 3.5; median 3.5; mode 2 and 4
2. 25, 18, 14, 27, 25, 16, 18, 25
mean 21; median 21.5; mode 25
3. 13, 11, 7, 9, 12, 5
mean 9.5; median 10; mode none
4. 234, 163, 634, 267, 545, 874
5. 23, 36, 48, 95, 36, 28, 24
mean 41.4; median 36; mode 36
6. 299, 100, 237, 492, 333, 263, 295

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
99
7. 2,500, 2,366, 1,939, 1,933, 1,835, 2,498, 2,943
mean 2,287.7; median 2,366; mode none
8. 9, 2, 5, 7, 8, 9, 4, 4, 6, 4
mean 5.8; median 5.5; mode 4
9. 29, 48, 20, 43, 33, 20, 40, 69, 48
mean 38.9; median 40; mode 20 and 48
10. 7,899, 4,395, 9,090, 9,588, 4,880, 9,587, 4,756
mean 7,170.7; median 7,899; mode none
11.
12.
13.
14.
The data at the right

shows the record
high temperatures for
several states in the
U.S. Use the data to
State
Record High
Temperature (F)
Alabama
112
Alaska
100
Michigan
112
Oklahoma
120
What is the mode? 112F

Vermont
105
What is the median? 112F
Wyoming
114
What is the mean? 110.5F
If each of the high temperatures increased by 1F, would it change
a. the mode? Why or why not? Yes, the mode would now be 113F,
because the numbers that occur most often increased.

b. the median? Why or why not? Yes, the median would now be
113F, because the middle numbers both increased.
c. the mean? Why or why not? Yes, the mean would now be 111.5F,
because all of the numbers increased, but they were still
divided by 6 to find the mean.
15. If the high temperature for Vermont increased to 112F, would
it change
a. the mode? Why or why not? No, 112F would still be the number
occurring most often.

b. the median? Why or why not? No, 112F is still the middle
number.
c. the mean? Why or why not? Yes, the sum of the numbers will be
greater but will still be divided by the same number.

16. Find the hand spans of ten people. Ask each person to spread
apart the little finger and thumb of his or her right hand as
far as possible. Then measure and record the distance from tip
to tip to the nearest centimeter. Find the mean, median, and
mode for the data you collected.
Answers will vary. See students work.

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
100
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
51
Make a List
Pats Pizza offers 7 different toppings: pepperoni, sausage, bacon, green

peppers, onions, mushrooms, and anchovies. The Davis family wants to
order a 3-topping pizza. Tommy Davis does not like anchovies.
EXAMPLE
How many different pizzas can the Davis family order if they
want to satisfy all members of the family?
Let P pepperoni, S sausage, B bacon, G green peppers,
O onions, M mushrooms, and A anchovies. List the possible
combinations that do not include anchovies.
PSB
PBO
SBG
SOM
PBG
PSG
PBM
SBO
BGO
POM
PSO
PGO
SBM
BGM
SGM
PSM
PGM
SGO
BOM
GOM
There are 20 different pizzas the Davis family can order.
EXERCISES
Solve by making a list.
1. How many different ways can a triangle, a square, and a circle

be arranged in a row?
6 ways
2. How many different four-digit numbers can be formed from the

numbers 4, 5, 6, and 7 if all the digits must be different?
24 numbers
3. How many different three-digit numbers can be formed from

the numbers 4, 5, 6, and 7 if all the digits must be different?
24 numbers
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
101
4. How many different two-digit numbers can be formed from the

numbers 4, 5, 6, and 7 if both the digits must be different?
12 numbers
5. How many numbers between 77 and 103 are divisible by 3?
9 numbers
6. A vendor at a rock concert sells T-shirts in three colors: red,
blue, and yellow. The T-shirts come in 4 sizes: small, medium,
large, and extra large. How many different T-shirts are
available to the customers?
12 T-shirts
7. Four chairs are placed in a row on the stage. The three
candidates for class president, Adrian, Toni, and Miwa,
are seated on the stage. How many different ways can
the candidates seat themselves?
24 ways
8. Leslie wants to take a picture of her four dogs. She has a
beagle, a terrier, a collie, and a poodle. How many ways can
she arrange her dogs in a row if the beagle and terrier must
be next to each other?
12 ways
9. Using only dimes and nickels, how many different ways can a
clerk make change for a dollar?
11 ways
10. Earl attends a convention every three years. The year 1992 was
a leap year, and Earl attended a convention. What is the next
leap year that Earl will be attending a convention?
2004
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
102
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
52
Probability of Independent Events
The probability of an event is the ratio of the number of ways an event can
occur to the number of possible outcomes.
number of ways the event can occur
Probability of an event

number of possible outcomes
EXAMPLE
Suppose you spin the two spinners. What is the probability that
the sum of the numbers showing on the two spinners will be 4?
Make a tree diagram to show all possible
outcomes of these events.
First Spinner
Second Spinner
Sum
1
3
2
3
There are 3 outcomes that have a sum of 4 and there are

9 possible outcomes.
3

Probability of sum of 4
9 or 3
1
The probability that the sum will be 4 is

3.
EXERCISES
Use the spinners in the Example above to answer

Exercises 14.
1. What is the probability that the sum of the numbers showing

on the two spinners is 3?
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
103
2

9

on the two spinners is greater than 3?
2

3

on the two spinners is an even number?
5

9

on the two spinners is not a 5?
7

9
5. Make a tree diagram showing the possible outcomes of

tossing a penny and a dime.
6. What is the probability that a tossed penny and a tossed dime

will both show heads?
1

4

will both show one head and one tail?
1

2

will show at least one tail?
3

4
Beau, Jiang, and Marci are playing a game

that requires each player to toss two
number cubes. Use this information to
9. Beau needs a sum of 4 on the number cubes to win. What is

the probability that Beau will toss a 4?
1

12
10. Jiang needs a sum of 9 on the number cubes to win. What is

the probability that Jiang will toss a 9?
1

9
11. Marci needs a sum of 7 on the number cubes to win. What is

the probability that Marci will toss a 7?
1

6
12. Who is most likely to win the game?
Marci
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
104
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
53
Expected Value of an Outcome
EXAMPLE
Mr. Eugene has four different colored markers in a cup on his desk.
Each day he pulls a marker out of the cup at random. How often could
he expect to use a given marker in 8 days? in 16 days? in 40 days?
The probability of choosing any one of the four different
1
colored markers is
4.
In 8 days, he could expect to use the given marker twice.
In 16 days, he could expect to use the given marker 4 times.
In 40 days, he could expect to use the given marker 10 times.
EXERCISES
A number cube is rolled 12 times. How often

would you expect to get each of the following
outcomes?
1. a 6
2. a 7
twice
never
3. a prime number
6 times
5. a number greater than 2
8 times
7. a multiple of 1
12 times
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
4. an even number
6 times
6. a number less than 1
never
8. a multiple of 4
twice
105
A coin is tossed 20 times. How often would you expect to get each
of the following outcomes?
9. a head
10.
10 times
10 times
11. a head or a tail
12.
20 times
a tail
neither a head nor a tail
never
LeRoy has 15 different ties. He chooses a tie

at random every day.
13. How many times could he expect to wear a given tie in

45 days?
3 times
14. How many times could he expect to wear a given tie in

180 days?
12 times
15. How many times could he expect to wear a given tie in a year
that is not a leap year?
about 24 times
16. Suppose LeRoy buys 5 more ties to add to his collection.

How many times could he now expect to wear a given tie
in 45 days? in 180 days? in a year that is not a leap year?
about 2 times; 9 times; about 18 times
17. How many ties would LeRoy need to own in order to expect
to wear each tie just 5 times in a year that is not a leap year?
73 ties
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
106
SKILL
54
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
Theoretical and Experimental

Probability
The theoretical probability of an event is the ratio of the number of ways the
event can occur to the number of possible outcomes.
The experimental probability of an event is the ratio of the number of

successful trials to the number of trials.
EXAMPLE
Louis wants to determine the probability of getting a sum of 7 when

rolling a number cube. The sample space, or all the possible outcomes,
for a roll of two number cubes is shown below.
1,
2,
3,
4,
5,
6,
1
1
1
1
1
1
1,
2,
3,
4,
5,
6,
2
2
2
2
2
2
1,
2,
3,
4,
5,
6,
3
3
3
3
3
3
1,
2,
3,
4,
5,
6,
4
4
4
4
4
4
1,
2,
3,
4,
5,
6,
5
5
5
5
5
5
1,
2,
3,
4,
5,
6,
6
6
6
6
6
6
What is the theoretical probability of rolling a sum of 7? What is the

experimental probability of rolling a sum of 7 if Louis rolls the number
cube 20 times and records 4 sums of 7?
There are 6 sums of 7 shown in the sample space above. So, the
6

theoretical probability of rolling a sum of 7 is
36 or 6 .
Since Louis rolled 4 sums of 7 on 20 rolls, the experimental probability

4

is
20 or 5 .
EXERCISES
Find the theoretical probability of each of the

following.
1. getting tails if you toss a coin
1

2
2. getting a 6 if you roll one number cube
1

6
3. getting a sum of 2 if you roll two number cubes

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
107
1

36
4. getting a sum less than 6 if you roll two number cubes

5
10
or
36
18
5. Melissa rolled one number cube 30 times and got 8 sixes.
a. What is her experimental probability of getting a six?
4
8
or
30
15
b. What is her experimental probability of not getting a six?
11
22
or
30
15
6. Melissa rolled two number cubes 36 times and got 3 sums
of 11.
a. What is
of 11?
3
or
36
b. What is
of 11?
33
or
36
her experimental probability of getting a sum

1

12
her experimental probability of not getting a sum

11

12
While playing a board game, Jerod rolled a

pair of number cubes 48 times and got
doubles 10 times.
7. What was his experimental probability of rolling doubles?

5
10
or
48
24
8. How does his experimental probability compare to the
theoretical probability of rolling doubles?
The experimental probability is slightly greater.

9. How do you think the experimental probability compares to
the theoretical probability in most experiments? Explain.
The experimental probability should be close to the theoretical

probability.
10. Do you think the experimental probability is ever equal to the
theoretical probability? Explain.
Sample answer: Yes, especially if many trials are used.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
108
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
55
Probability Using Area Models
EXAMPLE
Determine the probability that a randomlydropped counter will fall in the shaded area.
Each small square has an area of 1 square
foot and the area of the shaded region is
about 30 square feet.
number of ways an event can occur
probability
number of possible outcomes
30

P
100 or 10
3
The probability that a counter will fall in the shaded area is

10 .
EXERCISES
1.
Find the probability that a randomly-dropped

counter will fall in the shaded region.
2.
25

64
4.
3.
32

81
7

22
5.
5

27
6.
1

5
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
4

13
109
7. Draw a square, 4 units on a side, on a piece of grid paper.

Shade in 12 squares. What is the probability that a randomlydropped counter will fall in the shaded area?
3

4
8. Draw a square, 6 units on a side, on a piece of grid paper.
Shade in 14 squares. What is the probability that a randomlydropped counter will fall in the shaded area?
7

18
9. Find the probability that a golf ball will land
on the green.
1

6
10. Suppose you throw 100 darts at each dart board
below. Use the formula below to determine
how many darts you would expect to land in
the shaded regions.
1,600
square yards
1
80 yd
120 yd
number landing in shape

area of shape

number landing in region
area of region
a.
b.
c.
4 cm
11. Zoe lost her contact lens while playing basketball. If

it is equally likely that she lost the lens on any part
of the court, estimate the probability that Zoe lost
her lens inside the circle.
1
about
47
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
110
50 ft
6 ft
94 ft
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
56
Line Plots
The table at the right shows the final results of the

Great Frog Competition in Dickerson County. The
frog jumps were measured in inches.
EXAMPLE
Jumps
Frogs
Slippery
61
51
60
Spots
46
38
39
Inky
56
33
61
Popper
65
51
52
Organize this information using a line plot.

The shortest jump was 33 inches, and the longest jump was 65 inches.
Draw a number line that includes the numbers 33 to 65. Place an X
above the number line to represent the distance of each jump.
30
EXERCISES
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
Make a line plot for each set of data.
1. 71, 74, 73, 71, 72, 74, 71, 75, 77, 79, 74, 72, 74, 75
2. 81, 81, 83, 84, 83, 85, 86, 77, 70, 65, 65, 80, 85
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
111
3. 560, 790, 800, 850, 760, 810, 650, 850, 790, 690, 600
4. 1,750, 2,000, 1,900, 1,950, 1,900, 1,900, 1,900, 1,800, 2,100, 2,000, 1,800
5. 7.1, 7.7, 7.8, 8.2, 8.4, 7.5, 7.8, 8.0, 8.3, 8.2, 8.4, 7.6, 8.0
6. The breathing rates (breaths/minute) of twelve friends are listed below.
13, 11, 13, 14, 10, 16, 12, 13, 15, 13, 11, 13
7. The lengths in centimeters of nine ladybugs are listed below.

0.77, 0.72, 0.87, 0.82, 0.77, 0.79, 0.87, 0.87, 0.77
8. Ask your classmates to open up one of their hands as wide as possible and
measure the span from the tip of the smallest finger to the tip of the thumb in centimeters. Record the distances and organize this information into a line plot.
See students work.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
112
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
57
Stem-and-Leaf Plots
A stem-and-leaf plot is one way to organize a list of numbers. The stems
represent the greatest place value in the numbers. The leaves represent the
next place value.
EXAMPLE
Make a stem-and-leaf plot for the following numbers.

$0.89, $1.12, $0.92, $1.28, $1.25, $1.02,
$1.13, $1.02, $1.01, $1.10, $1.14, $1.23
Since a stem-and-leaf plot is represented with just two digits,
round the values to the nearest ten cents.
$0.90, $1.10, $0.90, $1.30, $1.30, $1.00,
$1.10, $1.00, $1.00, $1.10, $1.10, $1.20
Use the dollar values for the stems and the ten-cent values for
the leaves.
0
1
EXERCISES
9 9
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 3 3
8
0
4
3
5
1
1
9 means $0.90.
Make a stem-and-leaf plot for each set of data.
1. 18, 67, 35, 20, 45,

55, 69, 23, 34, 58,
61, 43, 56, 63, 29
1
2
3
4
5
6
3 9
5
5
6 8
3 7 9
8 means 18.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
2. 500, 610, 720, 830, 870,

880, 750, 630, 520, 500,
540, 580, 890, 780, 880
5
6
7
8
0
1
2
3
5
113
0 2 4 8
3
5 8
7 8 8 9
0 means 500.
3. 6, 10, 23, 35, 30, 13,

19, 33, 1, 22, 28, 35
24, 23, 14, 4, 19, 23
0
1
2
3
1
0
2
0
0
4. 61.6, 51.9, 60.0, 46.0

38.7, 39.1, 56.2, 33.0
61.5, 65.4, 51.0, 52.3
4 6
3 4 9 9
3 3 3 4 8
3 5 5
1 means 1.
3
4
5
6
3 9 9
6
1 2 2 6
0 2 2 5
3 3 means 33.
Make a stem-and-leaf plot for each set

of data.
5. The high temperatures (F) on a December day for sixteen

southwestern cities are 54, 67, 64, 61, 70, 65, 72, 63, 49,
58, 60, 48, 68, 77, 69, and 65.
4
5
6
7
8
4
0
0
4
9
8
13455789
27
8 means 48.
6. The commuting times for fifteen workers are 33, 23, 18, 30, 44,
28, 34, 17, 38, 28, 30, 18, 29, 23, and 21 minutes.
1
2
3
4
7 8 8
1 3 3 8 8 9
0 0 3 4 8
4
1 7 means 17 min.
7. The number of stories in the fifteen tallest buildings of a city

are 28, 52, 39, 27, 40, 32, 32, 54, 41, 37, 33, 43, 48, 41, and 45.
2
3
4
5
7
2
0
2
2
8
2 3 7 9
1 1 3 5 8
4
7 means 27 stories.
8. Lori sells tickets at a movie theater. Her sales for week 1 were
$173, $194, $160, $182, $183, and $247. Her sales for week
2 were $137, $182, $151, $193, $199, and $194.
1
2
4 5 6 7 8 8 8 9 9 9
0 5
1 4 means $140.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
114
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
58
Line Graphs
A line graph is usually used to show the change and direction of change
over time. All line graphs should have a graph title, a vertical-axis label, and a
horizontal-axis label.
EXAMPLE
Make a line graph for the data on the number of space flights
carrying people during the 1960s.
Space Flights Carrying People
EXERCISES
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
4
5
3
1
6
5
1
3
9
8
6
4
2
19
61
19
62
19
63
19
64
19
65
19
66
19
67
19
68
19
69
Number
Year
Make a line graph for each set of data.

Sids Daily Jogging Time
for Three Miles
Sids Daily Jogging Time

for Three Miles
Day
Time in
Minutes
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
32
29
28
26
28
33
27
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
Time in Minutes
1.
Year
Number of Flights
Space Flights Carrying People
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
115
4 5
Day
2.
Traffic on Maple Drive

Day
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday
3.
Make a line graph for each set of data.
Number of
Vehicles
7,200
8,050
10,500
5,900
9,990
3,400
900
Recorded Number
of Hurricanes
Month
Number
June
July
August
September
October
November
4.
Evans Family Electric Bill

Month
March
April
May
June
5.
23
36
149
188
95
21
Amount
$129.90
$112.20
$105.00
$88.50
Home Runs by Hank Aaron

1967 to 1976
Year
Number
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
39
29
44
38
47
34
40
20
12
10
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
116
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
59
Bar Graphs
Bar graphs are used to compare numbers. All bar graphs should have a
graph title, a vertical-axis label, and a horizontal-axis label.
EXAMPLE
Make a bar graph for the data on womens NCAA gymnastics

championships between 1982 and 1993.
Make a tally.
NCAA Womens
Gymnastics
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
Utah
Georgia
Alabama
Champion
Utah
Utah
Utah
Utah
Utah
Georgia
Alabama
Georgia
Utah
Alabama
Utah
Georgia
Make a bar graph.

NCAA Womens Gymnastics
19821993
9
Number of Championships
Year
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Utah
Georgia
Alabama
Colleges
EXERCISES
1.
Make a bar graph for each set of data.
Preference for Brands

Brand
Number of Students
A
B
C
D
15
35
30
25
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
117
2.
NCAA Womens
Volleyball
Year
Champion
1981
Southern
California
Hawaii
Hawaii
UCLA
Pacific
Pacific
Hawaii
Texas
California State,
Long Beach
UCLA
UCLA
Stanford
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
3.
NCAA Womens
Cross Country
Year
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
Champion
Virginia
Virginia
Oregon
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Texas
Oregon
Kentucky
Villanova
Villanova
Villanova
Villanova
4. Survey the students in your math class to find out their favorite
movie. Use this data to make a bar graph.
See students work.

5. Survey your friends to find out their favorite television show.
Use this data to make a bar graph.
See students work.

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
118
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
60
Circle Graphs
The air surrounding Earth is referred to as the atmosphere. Without air
there would be no life on Earth. Air is a mixture of gases. By volume, dry air
is composed of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% other gases.
EXAMPLE
Make a circle graph to show the composition of the Earths

atmosphere.
To make a circle graph, first find the number of degrees that
correspond to each percent. Use a calculator and round to the
nearest degree.
Nitrogen:
Oxygen:
Other:
78% of 360 281

21% of 360 76
1% of 360 4
Earths Atmosphere
Nitrogen 78%
Use a compass and a protractor to draw the

circle graph.
Note that the sum of the degrees is not 360
because of rounding.
EXERCISES
1.
Oxygen
21%
Make a circle graph to show the data in each

chart.
Favorite TV Shows
Movies
Sports
News
Drama
Comedy
Music
12%
20%
4%
16%
20%
28%
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
119
Other
1%
2.
Daily Activities
Sleeping
Eating
School
Homework
Team practice
Miscellaneous
3.
8
1
6
3
2
4
hours
hour
hours
hours
hours
hours
Make a circle graph to show the data in

each chart.
Area of Continents
Continent
Area in Millions
of Square Miles
Europe
Asia
North America
South America
Africa
Oceania
Antarctica
4.
3.8
17.4
9.4
6.9
11.7
3.3
5.4
World Cup Winners

Country
Number of Wins
Argentina
Brazil
England
Italy
Uruguay
West Germany
5.
2
4
1
3
2
3
Area of New England States

State
Area in
Square Miles
Maine
New Hampshire
Vermont
Massachusetts
Connecticut
Rhode Island
33,215
9,304
9,609
8,257
5,009
1,214
6. Make a circle graph showing how you spent your time last
Saturday.
See students work.

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
120
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
61
Scatter Plots
A scatter plot shows the relationship, if any, between two values.
3 4
Time
The pattern of dots

slants upward to
the right.
EXAMPLES
5
4
3
2
1
0
10
5
4
3
2
1
20 50
Age
The pattern of dots

slants downward to
the right.
The Marysville Garden Club sells

stationery each year. The scatter plot
at the right relates the length a person
has belonged to the club to the number
of boxes sold. What does the point
with the box around it represent?
7 8 9 10
Shoe Size
The dots are spread

out. There is no
pattern.
Stationery Sales
Boxes Sold
25
20
15
10
5
No Relationship
Number of Pets
Negative Relationship
New Cavities
Distance
Positive Relationship
40
20
0
4 6 8 10
Years in Club
It represents a person who has belonged

to the club for 3 years and sold 20 boxes of stationery.
What type of relationship is shown in the Stationery Sales scatter plot?

The pattern of dots slants upward to the right, so the relationship is
positive.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
121
EXERCISES
Determine whether a scatter plot of the data

would show a positive relationship, a negative
relationship, or no relationship.
1. number of minutes a candle burns and the candles height
negative relationship
2. length of a taxi ride and the amount of the fare
positive relationship
3. number of letters in a persons first name and height of a
person in centimeters
no relationship
The scatter plot at the right

shows the relationship
between age and physical
activity. Use this information
to answer Exercises 46.
4. How many people are represented on

the plot? 14 people
5. What happens to the number of hours of physical
activity as people grow older? It decreases.
Relationship of Physical
Activity and Age
Hours of Physical Activity
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Age in Years
6. What relationship (positive, negative, or none)

does this data show beween physical activity and age? negative
The scatter plot at the right shows the relationship

between a preschool childs English vocabulary and
their age. Use this information to answer Exercises 78.
As the age increases, the vocabulary

increases.
Age
7. Make a general statement about the scatter plot.
Vocabulary of
Preschool Children
5
4
3
2
1
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
Words Used (100s)
8. What are some probable causes of the data

that do not seem to fit? Possible answers: speakers of another
language, developmentally disabled

9. Measure the heights of some of your friends. Then measure the
circumference of their heads. Make a scatter plot that relates
height with circumference of the head. See students work.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
122
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
62
Constructing and Interpreting Graphs
The chart at the right shows scores in the
Summer Olympics Springboard Diving

Year
Score
1964
145.00
1968
150.77
1972
450.03
1976
506.19
1980
725.91
1984
530.70
1988
580.23
1992
572.40
Springboard Diving event in the Summer

Olympic Games.
EXAMPLE
Construct and interpret a graph of

the data.
Summer Olympics
Springboard Diving Scores
800
700
600
Score
500
400
300
200
The graph shows that the scores generally

tended to increase with each successive
Olympic game.
100
EXERCISES
1.
Construct and interpret a graph of each set of data.
Time (seconds)
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Speed (mph)
5
8
20
18
30
40
55
The speed generally tends to increase over time.

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
123
92
88
19
84
19
80
Year
19
76
19
72
19
68
19
19
64
0
19
To graph the data, first label the axes and

graph the points named by the data. Then
connect the points as shown in the graph
at the right.
2.
Distance (feet)
40
80
120
160
200
240
280
Speed (mph)
15
28
42
60
46
37
55
The speed fluctuates with

the distance.
The chart at the right

lists the winning times
for the mens 110-meter
hurdles at the Summer
Olympic Games. Use
the data to answer
Exercises 36.
3. Construct a graph of the data.
See students work.
Year
Time (seconds)
1964
1968
1972
1976
1980
1984
1988
1992
13.6
13.3
13.24
13.30
13.20
13.20
12.98
13.12
4. Interpret the graph of the data.
The time generally tends to decrease with each successive

Olympic game.
5. Why do you think the times do not always show a consistent
pattern?
Many factors can affect the time, such as weather conditions,

health of the competitor, and so on.
6. What would you predict the time for this event to be in the
next Olympic games? Explain why you chose this time.
Answers may vary.

7. Suppose you are driving down a street that has many traffic
lights. What do you think a graph of your time versus your
speed would look like? Why? Sketch your graph.
Answers may vary.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
124
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
63
Make a Graph
All graphs should have a graph title. A bar graph should also have a
vertical-axis label and a horizontal-axis label.
EXERCISES
1.
Number of Votes
18
11
15
9
Cases of Shampoo Sold

Brand
X
Y
Z
Number of Cases
35
20
15
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
125
ve
bi
is
co
um
ol
av
Joan
Ron
Ramona
Chi Wan
ry
r
ou
is
de
Spacecraft
Class President Election Results

Name
2.
15
8
8
10
7
nt
Soyuz TM-15
Atlantis
Endeavour
Columbia
Discovery
la
Days in Space
12
S
TM oy
u
-1 z
5
Spacecraft
16
En
Spaceflights Carrying People

July, 1992 to December, 1992
Spaceflights Carrying People,

July, 1992 to December, 1992
At
Make a bar graph to show the

duration of the five spaceflights
listed in the table below.
Days in Space
EXAMPLE
3.
Wins of Basketball Teams

Team
Number of Wins
Bears
Hawks
Tigers
Wildcats
4.
7
6
3
9
Days Exceeding Carbon Dioxide

Standards in 1990
Metropolitan Area
Number of Days
Los Angeles
Spokane
Las Vegas
Sacramento
Anchorage
5.
47
13
17
11
12
Silver Medals Won at

1992 Summer Olympics
Country
Number of
Silver Medals
China
Germany
Hungary
Unified Team
United States
6.
22
21
12
38
34
Average Rating for TV Shows 19901993

Show
Rating
Roseanne
Murder, She Wrote
Full House
Americas Funniest
Home Videos
Fresh Prince of Bel Air
19.7%
17.0%
16.3%
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
14.6%
14.1%
126
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
64
Interpreting Graphs
The graph below shows the height of a baby girl at certain ages.
Female Growth Rate
Height (inches)
30
28
26
24
22
20
0
EXAMPLE
4 6 8 10 12
Age (months)
Describe the shape of the graph. Then use the graph to predict what
will happen to the babys height over the next year. What do you
predict her height will be after 2 years?
The graph increases rapidly at first and then slows down. Over the
next year, the babys height will probably continue to increase, but
at a slower rate of growth.
After 2 years, the baby will probably be around 32 inches tall.
EXERCISES
1.
Describe the shape of each graph. Then use the

graph to answer each question.
Height (inches)
Plant Growth
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
What do you think will happen to

the height of the plant over the next
2 weeks? What do you predict the
height will be after 48 days?
The graph rises rapidly at first and then

slows down. Over the next two weeks, the
plant will continue to grow but the rate of
growth will be slower. Predictions for the
height after 48 days will vary.
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28
Day
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
127
2.
34
32
30
28
26
24
22
0
19
8
19 8
8
19 9
9
19 0
9
19 1
9
19 2
9
19 3
94
Income
(thousands of dollars)
Kirks Family Income

the income over the next 5 years?
What do you predict the income will
be in 1999?
The graph rises at a steady rate of about

$1,200 a year. The income will continue to
rise over the next 5 years at about the same
rate. The income in 1999 will probably be
about $37,000.
Year
Male Growth Rate
Weight (pounds)
24
20
16
12
8
4
0
4.
4 6 8 10 12
Age (months)
Number of People
Conference Attendance
2,200
1,800
1,400
1,000
600
200
8
19 9
9
19 0
9
19 1
9
19 2
9
19 3
94
19
19
88
0
Year

the weight of the baby over the next
year? What do you predict his weight
will be after 2 years?
The graph rises rapidly at first and then

slows down. Over the next year his weight
will probably continue to rise but at a
slower rate. Predictions of his weight after
2 years will vary.
What do you think will happen
to the attendance over the next
5 years? What do you predict the
attendance will be in 1999?
The graph rises at a steady rate of about

200 a year and then rises rapidly. The
attendance will continue to rise over the
next 5 years at about the same rate.
Predictions of the attendance in 1999 will
vary.
The graph below shows the public

debt from the years 1970 to 1992.
Public Debt, 1970-1992

Amount of Debt (billions)
3.
5. Describe the shape of the graph. It increases gradu-
ally at first and then starts to increase rapidly.

6. Use the graph to predict what will happen to the public
debt over the next 10 years. It will probably
continue to increase rapidly.
19
7
19 0
7
19 5
8
19 0
8
19 5
9
19 0
95
7. According to this graph, what do you think the public debt

will be in 2002? Answers will vary.
4,500
4,000
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
Year
8. What do you think could happen to cause your prediction to

not hold true? Answers will vary.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
128
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
65
Standard Deviation
EXAMPLE
The heights of a group of young pine trees in a reforestation plot are

58 cm, 56 cm, 51 cm, 54 cm, 49 cm, 61 cm, 54 cm, and 49 cm. Find the
standard deviation.
Follow the steps below to find the standard deviation. You can use a
calculator to help you.
1.
Find the mean. The mean

of this data is 54.
2.
Subtract each
measurement from the
mean.
Height
Difference
Square
58
16
56
51
3.
Square each difference.
54
4.
Find the mean of the

squares. The mean of the
49
25
61
49
54
49
25
128
squares is
8 16.
5.
Find the positive square

root of this mean. The
square root of 16 is 4.
The standard deviation is 4.
EXERCISES
Find the standard deviation for each set of data.
1. 1, 4, 11, 7, 2
3.6
2. 39, 47, 51, 38, 45, 29, 37, 40, 36, 48
6.3
3. 250, 275, 325, 300, 200, 225, 175
50
4. 10, 20, 30, 40, 50
14.1
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
129
The number of millions of persons viewing

prime time television each day of the week
is given below.
101.5, 96.7, 98.8, 96.6, 88.0, 88.4, 109.6
Use this data to answer Exercises 58.
5. Find the mean of the data.
about 97.1
6. Find the standard deviation of the data.
about 6.9
7. If each piece of data increased by 1, would it change

a. the mean?
Yes, the mean increases by 1.

b. the standard deviation?
No, the standard deviation will remain the same.
8. If just one piece of data decreased by 5, would it change

a. the mean?
Yes, the sum of the numbers will be less and the mean will
be less.
b. the standard deviation?
Yes, the differences will all be different.
9. Find the length of the arms of ten people from their elbow to
their wrist. Measure and record each length to the nearest
centimeter. Find the mean and the standard deviation for the
data you collected.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
130
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
66
Predicting Distribution of Data
EXAMPLE
The lifetimes of 10,000 light bulbs are normally distributed. The mean
lifetime is 300 days, and the standard deviation is 40 days. How many
light bulbs will last more than 380 days?
Since the lifetimes of the light bulbs are normally distributed, the
distribution of the data is shown by the graph below.
2.35%
2.35%
13.5%
220
34%
260
34%
300
13.5%
340
380
The graph shows that 2.35% of the lightbulbs will last more than
380 days.
2.35% of 10,000 0.0235 10,000
235
So, 235 lightbulbs will last more than 380 days.
EXERCISES
The frequencies of 50,000 scores on a college

entrance examination are normally distributed.
The mean score is 510, and the standard deviation
is 80.
1. How many scores are between 510 and 590?
17,000
17,000
3. How many scores are less than 350?
1,175
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
131
4. The number of scores above 590 is the same as the number of

scores below what score?
430
40,750
6. How many scores are greater than 670 or less than 350?
2,350
7. Between what two scores do 68% of the scores fall?
430 and 590
The weights of 150 oranges picked in a

citrus grove are normally distributed.
The mean weight is 7.5 ounces, and the
standard deviation is 2.1 ounces. Use this
information to answer Exercises 810.
8. How many oranges weigh between 5.4 ounces and

9.7 ounces?
102
9. What percent of the oranges would you expect to weigh less

than 3.3 ounces?
2.35%
10. Would you expect any of the oranges to weigh
a. less than 1 ounce? Why or why not?
No, 99.7% of the oranges will have a weight greater than or

equal to 1.2 ounces and 0.997 150 149.55.
b. more than 14 ounces? Why or why not?
No, 99.7% of the oranges will have a weight less than or

equal to 13.8 ounces and 0.997 150 149.55.
11. Ask all of the students in your class for their height in inches.
Record each height. Find the mean and the standard deviation
of the data. Draw a graph of the data. Does it appear to be
normally distributed? Why or why not?
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
132
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
67
Arithmetic Sequences
An arithmetic sequence is given below.

6, 8.5, 11, 13.5, 16, ...
EXAMPLE
Find the next three terms in the sequence given above.

To extend the arithmetic sequence, find the common difference
between any two consecutive terms.
6

8.5
2.5
11
2.5
13.5
2.5
16
2.5
The common difference is 2.5. Therefore, the sixth term is

16 2.5 18.5, the seventh term is 18.5 2.5 21, and the
eighth term is 21 2.5 23.5.
EXERCISES
Find the next three terms in each arithmetic

sequence.
1. 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, ...
13, 15, 17
3. 98, 93, 88, 83, 78, ...
73, 68, 63
5. 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5, ...
1.8, 2.1, 2.4
7. 3, 15, 27, 39, 51, ...
63, 75, 87
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
2. 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 15.4, 15.5, ...
15.6, 15.7, 15.8
4. 6.7, 7.5, 8.3, 9.1, 9.9, ...
10.7, 11.5, 12.3
6. 76, 75.5, 75, 74.5, 74, ...
73.5, 73, 72.5
8. 15, 18.6, 22.2, 25.8, 29.4, ...
33, 36.6, 40.2
133
9. Find the sixth term in the arithmetic sequence 8, 12, 16, 20, ...
28
10. Find the seventh term in the arithmetic sequence 90, 86, 82,
78, ...
66
11. Find the tenth term in the sequence 84, 79, 74, 69, ...
39
12. Find the twelfth term in the sequence 65, 69.5, 74, 78.5, ...
114.5
The State General Sales Tax in 1993 in

Maryland was 5%. The amount of sales tax
on certain purchases is given in the chart
below. Use this information to answer
Exercises 1315.
Amount of Purchase
(dollars)
Amount of Tax
(dollars)
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
13. What is the tax on a $7 purchase?
$0.35
14. What is the tax on a $10 purchase?
$0.50
15. The State General Sales Tax in 1993 in Mississippi was
7%. Make a chart like the one above to find the tax on a
$15 purchase.
See students work.; $1.05

16. A house rents for $800 a month. The owner expects the
monthly rent to increase $25 each year. What will the monthly
rent be at the end of five years?
$925
17. The cost for the first three minutes of a long-distance phone
call is $0.59. Each minute after that costs $0.13. What is the
cost of a 10-minute long-distance phone call?
$1.50
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
134
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
68
Geometric Sequences
The value of a car over several years is given in the chart below.
Year
Value
$20,000
$18,000
$16,200
$14,580
4
5
When consecutive terms of a sequence are formed by multiplying by a

constant factor, the sequence is called a geometric sequence. The factor is
called the common ratio.
EXAMPLE
What will the value of the car be after years 4 and 5?

To find the ratio between each pair of successive terms, divide the
second term by the first.
18,000 20,000 0.9
Use a calculator.
So the common ratio is 0.9.
20,000 18,000 16,200 14,580
0.9
0.9
0.9
To find the next two terms, multiply the last term in the sequence by
0.9. So, the value after year 4 is 14,580 0.9, or 13,122, and the value
after year 5 is 13,122 0.9 or 11,809.80.
Year
Value
$13,122.00
$11,809.80
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
135
EXERCISES
State whether each sequence is a geometric

sequence. Write yes or no. If so, state the
common ratio and write the next three terms
of the sequence.
1. 3, 9, 27, 81, ...
2.
yes; ratio: 3;
100, 50, 25, 12.5, ...

1
yes; ratio:
;
2
243, 729, 2,187
6.25, 3.125, 1.5625
3. 16, 18, 20, 22, ...
4.
no
yes;
ratio: 2; 80, 160, 320
5. 243, 81, 27, 9, ...
6.
yes;
1
1

ratio:
;
3,
1,
3
3
7. 1.2, 4.8, 19.2, 76.8, ...
1
1 1 1
, , , , ...
16 8 4 2
8.
100, 80, 64, 51.2, ...
yes;
ratio: 0.8; 40.96, 32.768, 26.2144
10.
yes;
ratio: 2; 1, 2, 4
90, 85, 75, 60, ...
no
yes; ratio: 4;
307.2, 1,228.8, 4,915.2
9.
5, 10, 20, 40, ...
1 1 3
, , , 1, ...
4 2 4
no
Suppose you take a job for 31 days helping

your cousin mow lawns. Your cousin offers
you a choice of two payment plans. He will
either pay you $100 a day or 1 the first
day, 2 the second day, 4 the third day,
8 the fourth day, and so on, continuing to
double the amount each day.
11. Without doing any calculations, which way would you choose
to be paid? Why? Answers will vary.
12. Determine the total amount you will make if you choose to be
paid $100 a day for 31 days. $3,100
13. Determine how much you will be paid on the 31st day if you
choose to be paid 1 the first day and double the amount
each day. $10,737,418.24
14. Now look back at your answer to Exercise 11. Would you
change your choice? Why or why not? Answers will vary.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
136
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
69
Classify Information
In 1980, the United States film industry took in $2,748,500,000 in box office
receipts. The average admission charge was $2.69. In 1990, the box office
receipts were $5,021,800,000, and the average admission charge was $4.75.
EXAMPLE
How much more were the box office receipts in 1990 than in 1980?
What is the question?
How much more were the receipts in 1990 than 1980?
What information is needed?
The total receipts in 1980 and 1990 are needed.
What information is not needed?
The average admission charges in 1980 and 1990 are not needed.
Solve the problem.
5,021,800,000
2,748,500,000
2,273,300,000
In 1990, the receipts were $2,273,300,000 more than in 1980.
EXERCISES
Classify information in each problem by writing

not enough information or too much
information. Then solve, if possible.
1. The sum of three numbers is 78. If one of the numbers is 14,

what are the other two numbers?
not enough information

2. If the product of 56 and 77 is 4,312, what is the sum of the
numbers?
too much information; 133
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
137
3. If the sum of 18 and a number is 54 and their product is 648,

what is their difference?
too much information; 36

4. If the product of two numbers is 100, what is the difference of
the numbers?
Classify information in each problem by

writing not enough information or too
much information. Then solve, if possible.
5. Phien bought 3 address books that cost $4.98 each. She gave
the cashier a $20 bill. What was the total cost of the books?
too much information; $14.94

6. Jimmy grew 3 inches last year and 2 inches so far this year.
How tall is Jimmy now?

7. Carla, a carpenter, has two tape measures. The steel tape is 8
feet long. The cloth tape is marked in metric measure at onecentimeter intervals. How much longer is the steel tape than
the cloth tape?

8. Jonathan bought 10 computer disks for $1.39 each. The disks
usually sell for $1.99 each, or ten for $18. How much did he
pay for the disks?
too much information; $13.90

9. The Sheng family drove 1,287 miles on their vacation. About
how many miles did they drive per day?

10. Gerda pays a delivery service $18 for priority delivery, $15 for
standard delivery, and $21 for Saturday delivery. How much
will she save by sending a package by standard delivery
instead of Saturday delivery?
too much information; $6

11. Alan ran the same number of miles for 6 days. How far did he
run?
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
138
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
70
Problem-Solving Strategies
There are many strategies that can be used to solve a problem. A few of
these strategies are listed below.
Draw a diagram
Use a matrix or chart
Make a list
Use logical reasoning

Draw a picture
Guess and check
For each problem you solve, you must decide which strategy would work best
for you.
EXAMPLE
A 1-inch spool holds 100 inches of line, a 2-inch

spool holds 400 inches of line, and a 3-inch spool
holds 900 inches of line. How many inches of line
are on a 5-inch spool?
First make a chart.
Spool Size
Inches of Line
1 in.
100
2 in.
400
3 in.
900
Study the chart. You know that 12 1, 22 4, and

32 9. Using logical reasoning, a 5-inch spool holds 52 100 or
2,500 inches.
EXERCISES
Solve using any strategy.
1. Juan has a mixture of pennies and dimes worth $2.28. He has

between 39 and 56 pennies. How many dimes does Juan have? 18 dimes
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
139
2. Arrange the digits 1 through 7 in the squares so that the sum

along any line is 10.
3. There are three cubes each measuring a different whole

number of inches on an edge. When the cubes are stacked,
the stack is six inches high. What is the length of the edge
of each cube? 1 in., 2 in., and 3 in.
4. Mr. Patel asked five of his students to line up by height. Juan
is not the shortest and is not standing next to Pamela. Tad is
the tallest and is not standing next to Juan. Marco is taller
than Pamela and Caroline is next to Tad. Who is standing in
the middle? Juan
5. If it takes 20 seconds to inflate a balloon with helium from a
tank, how many balloons can be inflated in 6 minutes? 18 balloons
6. A vending machine dispenses products that each cost 60. It
accepts quarters, dimes, and nickels only. If it only accepts exact
change, how many different combinations of coins must the
machine be programmed to accept? 13 combinations
7. The bus leaves the downtown for the mall at 7:35 A.M.,
8:10 A.M., 8:45 A.M., and 9:20 A.M.. If the bus continues to
run on this schedule, what time does the bus leave between
10:00 A.M. and 11:00 A.M.? 10:30 A.M.
8. Bob needs to go to the bank, the post office, and the bicycle
shop. In how many different orders can he do his errands? 6 different orders
9. Ronda spent 22 minutes on the telephone talking long-distance
to her cousin. If the rate is $0.20 for each of the first 3 minutes
and $0.15 for each minute after that, how much did the
call cost? $3.45
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
140
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
71
Determine Reasonable Answers
The product manager at Taylor Dairy reported that about 2 billion pounds
of cheese were sold in the United States in 1992. The average American eats
28 pounds of cheese a year, and the population of the United States was
about 255,200,000 in 1992.
EXAMPLE
Is the product managers statement reasonable?

The average American eats about 30 pounds of cheese a year. There
were between 200 million and 300 million people in the United States
in 1992. Multiply to estimate the amount of cheese sold in 1992.
200,000,000 30 6,000,000,000
300,000,000 30 9,000,000,000
There were between 6 billion and 9 billion pounds of cheese sold in
the United States that year. The product managers statement is not
reasonable.
EXERCISES
Determine whether the answers shown are

reasonable. Write yes or no.
2. 604 225 729
3.
4. 535 5 107
5. 112 4 484
6. 5,962 11 542
7. 56 35 91
8. 168 17 111
9. 205 5 31
1.
27 38 65
yes
yes
yes
10. 6,657 7 95
no
no
no
11.
no
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
168 35 153
no
yes
no
3,137 4 1,258 12. 36 22 792
no
yes
141
13. 812 5 16.24
14.
no
510 490 1,000 15.
yes
5,988 635 6,623
yes
16. Carrie thinks she can buy five CDs at
the Compact Disc Depot sale for less
than $55.00 including tax. Does this
seem reasonable?
Compact Disc Depot Sale!!!

Selected CDs
yes
17. Jake bought three CDs on sale at the Compact Disc Depot. He
gave the clerk two $20.00 bills. The clerk gave him $5.06 in
change. Does this seem reasonable?
no
18. The Ortiz family is planning a 1,880-mile trip. They want to
drive between 200 and 250 miles per day. Is 6 days a reasonable time for the trip?
no
19. There are 478 people who are planning to take buses to a
rally. Each bus carries 37 people. Thirteen buses have been
ordered. Is that a reasonable number?
yes
20. The Kowalski family spent $1,500 on a one-week vacation.
Their calculator showed an average cost of $150 a day. Is this
answer reasonable?
no
21. Out-of-town newspapers cost 60 each, and local papers cost
35 each. Bill buys two out-of-town papers and three local
papers. He hands the cashier $3.00. Should he expect more
than 50 change?
yes
22. A bottler is putting 120 gallons of juice into one-quart bottles.
The empty bottles are packed 50 in a crate. What is a
reasonable number of crates for the bottler to order?
10 crates
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
142
$9.98
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
72
Work Backward
Rupesh earned some money mowing lawns one month. He put half of his
money into savings. With the rest, he spent $15 on a new CD, $6 to see a
movie, and $3 on food. He still had $24 left in his pocket.
EXAMPLE
How much money did Rupesh earn mowing lawns?

Work backward to answer this question. Undo each step.
Start with $24.
$24
Add the $3 spent on food.
$24 $3 $27
Add the $6 spent to see the movie.
$27 $6 $33
Add the $15 spent on the CD.
$33 $15 $48
Since Rupesh saved half of the

money, multiply by 2.
$48 2 $96
Rupesh made $96 mowing lawns.
EXERCISES
Solve by working backward.
1. A number is added to 8, and the result is multiplied by 10. The

final answer is 140. Find the number.
6
2. A number is divided by 8, and the result is added to 12. The
final answer is 75. Find the number.
504
3. A number is decreased by 12. The result is multiplied by 5, and
30 is added to the new result. The final result is 200. What is
the number?
46
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
143
4. Twenty five is added to a number. The sum is multiplied by

4, and 35 is subtracted from the product. The result is 121.
What is the number?
14
5. Take a number, divide it by 3, add 14, multiply by 7, and
double the answer. The result is 252. What is the number?
12
6. Dwaynes weight is twice Beths weight minus 24 pounds.
Dwayne weighs 120 pounds. How much does Beth weigh?
72 lb
7. Kara wants to buy a certain leather jacket, but she did not
have enough money. The leather jacket went on sale and was
reduced by $15.00, then by $13.50 more, and finally by an
additional $12.15. Kara bought the jacket at the final sale
price of $109.35. What was the original price?
$150.00
8. James arrived for piano practice at 4:45 P.M. On the way from
school, he stopped at the video store for 15 minutes and also
made a call from the phone booth for 10 minutes. It usually
takes 25 minutes to get from the school to the piano teachers
house. What time did James leave school?
3:55 P.M.
9. Dave has 12 baseball cards left after trading cards. This is one
third as many as he had yesterday, which is 8 less than the day
before. How many cards did Dave have on the day before
yesterday?
44 cards
10. A fence is put around a dog run 10 feet wide and 20 feet
long. Enough fencing is left over to also fence a square garden
with an area of 25 square feet. If there is 3 feet left after the
fencing is completed, how much fencing was available at the
beginning?
83 ft
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
144
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
73
Solve a Simpler Problem
EXAMPLE
Find the sum of the whole numbers from 1 to 300.

This would be a tedious problem to solve using a calculator or adding
the numbers yourself. The problem is easier to solve if you solve
simpler problems. First consider the partial sums indicated below.
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, . . . , 150, 151, . . . , 296, 297, 298, 299, 300
150 151 301
.
.
.
5 296 301
4 297 301
3 298 301
2 299 301
1 300 301
Notice that each sum is 301. There are 150 of these partial sums.
301 150 45,150
The sum of the whole numbers from 1 to 300 is 45,150.
EXERCISES
Solve by solving a simpler problem.
1. Find the sum of the whole numbers from 1 to 150.
11,325
2. Find the sum of the whole numbers from 101 to 300.
40,100
3. Find the sum of the even numbers from 2 to 200.
10,100
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
145
4. What is the total number of triangles of any size

in the figure at the right?
26 triangles
5. What is the total number of squares of any size

in the figure at the right?
30 squares
6. Shea is planning to carpet a large area
in her basement as shown at the right.
How much carpet will she need to carpet
this area?
1,072 ft2
16 ft
16 ft
16 ft
16 ft
30 ft
30 ft
8 ft
7. Cliff heard a funny joke on the radio on

Sunday. On Monday (day 1), he told the
joke to Sarah, Rich, and Claire. These
40 ft
people each told the joke to 3 more
people on Tuesday (day 2), who told the
joke to 3 more people on Wednesday (day 3). This pattern
continued. How many people heard the joke on the sixth day?
729 people
8. How many days passed before at least 100 people had heard
the joke in Exercise 7?
4 days
9. By the end of the day 6, how many people altogether had
heard the joke in Exercise 7? (Remember to count Cliff!)
1,093 people
10. A summer camp has 7 buildings arranged in a circle. Paths
must be constructed joining every building to every other
building. How many paths are needed?
21 paths
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
146
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
74
Make a Model
A box like the one at the right is a rectangular prism. It has six sides
and each one is the shape of a rectangle.
EXAMPLE
How many different shapes of rectangular

prisms can be formed using exactly 20 cubes?
Use 20 cubes to model this problem. Make as many different shapes
of rectangular prisms as you can.
1 1 20
1 2 10
145
225
There are four different shapes of rectangular prisms that can

be made.
EXERCISES
Solve by making a model.
1. How many different shapes of rectangular prisms can be

formed using exactly 12 cubes?
4 shapes
2. How many different shapes of rectangular prisms can be
formed using exactly 24 cubes?
6 shapes
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
147
3. How many cubes are needed to make the display

shown at the right?
30 cubes
4. How many cubes are needed to make the display

shown at the right?
35 cubes
5. Ronnie used blocks to build a fort. The blocks were cubes
and were stacked five high. The top, front, and side views
were all squares. How many blocks did Ronnie need to build
his fort?
80 blocks
6. Twelve one-inch-tall square snack cakes are packed in a box.
No two cakes are stacked on top of one another. What are the
possible dimensions of the box if the top view of each cake is
a two-inch by two-inch square?
24 in. by 2 in. by 1 in., 12 in. by 4 in. by 1 in.,

8 in. by 6 in. by 1 in.
7. The town playground is to have a hedge around it. The
playground is in the shape of a pentagon with two sides of
40 feet, two sides of 60 feet, and one side of 70 feet. The
bushes will be planted every 5 feet. How many bushes will
be needed?
54 bushes
8. Rita collects miniature lamps. She is building a shelf around
the rectangular family room to display them. If the family
room is 15 feet wide and 18 feet long, how many feet of
shelving will she need?
66 feet
9. A carton is 8 inches by 4 inches by 12 inches. How many fourinch cubes can Brian pack in the carton?
6 cubes
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
148
SKILL
Name ______________________________________ Date ___________
75
Make Tables
Tables can help you organize information so it can be understood easier.

EXAMPLE
Shauna needed to give a customer $1.40 in change. The customer

requested that she not give him any bills. He also did not want to be
able to make change for a dime or a nickel. She gave the customer
10 United States coins. What ten coins did Shauna give the customer?
This problem can be solved by making a table. Try to find different
combinations of ten coins that make $1.40 and do not include change
for 10 or 5.
pennies
nickels
dimes
quarters
total
$0.65
$1.00
$1.25
$1.40
The combination in the last row satisfies the requirements. There

are 10 coins in the group, the coins have a value of $1.40, and you
cannot make change for 10 or 5. Shauna gave the customer 1 nickel,
6 dimes, and 3 quarters.
EXERCISES
Solve. Make a table.
1. How many ways can you make change for a $50-bill using only
$5-, $10-, and $20-bills?
12 ways
2. Gregg has a penny, a nickel, a dime, and a quarter in his pocket.
Without looking, Gregg picks two coins out of his pocket. How
many different amounts of money could he choose?
6 amounts
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
149
3. Normas Repair Shop charges $35 for a service call and $25 an
hour for each hour of labor. How much does she charge for an
8-hour service call?
$235
Jake and June Washington started a college

fund for their daughter. They started the
fund by depositing $800 at the beginning
of the first month. They plan to add $75 to
the fund at the end of every month. Use
this information to answer Exercises 46.
4. How much will be in the account after

a. 1 month? $875
b. 6 months? $1,250
c.
1 year?
d. 2 years?
$1,700
$2,600
5. How can you extend your table from Exercise 4 to find out how
much will be in the account after every year?
Add $900 to the previous years amount.
6. Suppose the Washingtons deposited $800 at the end of the first

month and then $75 at the end of every month after that. How
would this change your table?
The amounts would all be reduced by $75.
7. Find out how much your long distance phone company charges
for calls. How much would it cost you to make a 15-minute long
distance phone call?
Answers may vary.
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
150

Skill Intervention Workbook (Grade 8)

Transféré par

Informations du document

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Skill Intervention Workbook (Grade 8)

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Skills Intervention

Number and Operation

Solve Equations Involving Addition and Subtraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37

Sums of Angles of Polygons

Perimeter and Area . . . . . . . . . . . .

Data Analysis and Probability

Using Samples to Predict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97

Name ______________________________________ Date ___________

When you evaluate an expression in mathematics, you must do the

operations in a certain order. This order is called the order of operations.

Do all the operations within

Do multiplication and division

Do addition and subtraction

Therefore, 56 (17 9) 7 3  28.

Evaluate each expression.

15. 4(22 18) 3 5 1

(100 25) 2 25 175

Use the price list at the right to

27. Alfred wants to buy 15 ping pong balls and

Sams Sporting Supplies

28. Ali plans to buy 6 softballs and 3 soccer balls for

31. Use operation symbols, parentheses, and the numbers 1, 2, 3,

Name ______________________________________ Date ___________

The table shows the properties for multiplication.

Name the multiplicative inverse, or reciprocal, of

Name the property shown by each statement.

45(23 3)  (45  23) (45  3)

15. Jill runs for 1 

Name ______________________________________ Date ___________

Adding and Subtracting Decimals

12.8 3.467 8.56

The sum is 8.38.

10. 4.7 0.89

14. 9.857 4.5

16. 408.7 56.78

65.8 15.75 7.854

7.9 1.22 6.1 11

11.444 5.9 13.93

The results of the 1948

20. What percent of the vote was cast for Truman or

21. How many more percentage points did Truman

Name ______________________________________ Date ___________

Multiplying and Dividing Decimals

Multiply 1.45 by 0.68.

The sum of the decimal

The product is 0.9860.

Divide 38.22 by 2.6.

Change 2.6 to 26 by moving the decimal

The quotient is 14.7.

Marthas Meat Market

Name ______________________________________ Date ___________

Adding and Subtracting Integers

When you add integers, remember:

The sum of two positive integers is positive.

To subtract an integer, add its opposite.

The sum is negative.

The solution is 32.

Solve each equation.

17. t  5 23 (10) 18. w  16 (35)

Evaluate each expression if c  4, x  5, and h  6.

From 1988 to 1992, did the shop have a loss or a gain

Name ______________________________________ Date ___________

Multiplying and Dividing Integers

If two integers have different signs, their product or quotient is negative.

Name ____________________________ Date _

Therefore, 56 (17 9) 7 3 28.

Name ____________________________ Date _

45(23 3) (45 23) (45 3)

15. Jill runs for 1

Name ____________________________ Date _

Name ____________________________ Date _

Name ____________________________ Date _

17. t 5 23 (10) 18. w 16 (35)

Evaluate each expression if c 4, x 5, and h 6.

Name ____________________________ Date _

15. (125) (25) j

17. 240 (16) m

19. y (6) (9)

23. (12) (2) (2) a

25. f (9) 2 (2)

(2) (2) (2) 2 n

Name ____________________________ Date _

Name ____________________________ Date _

Name ____________________________ Date _

360 to 440, 360 : 440, or

The ratio written as a fraction in simplest form is

Name ____________________________ Date _

Name ____________________________ Date _

Lina will have 8

She needs to make another 6

20. To make a salad, Henry used

which will take her

Name ____________________________ Date _

Multiply by the reciprocal of