Head

Macrocephaly
Microcephaly
Brachycephaly
Doliocephaly

FOC >95%
FOC <3%
Short AP (front to back of head) length of skull
Long AP (front to back of head) length of skull

Trigonocephaly
Turricephaly

Triangular shaped skull

Tall head relative to length and width
Round, Square, Triangular, Narrow

Bitemporal
Narrowing

Sloping
Forehead

width of the forehead or distance between the

frontotemporales is more than two SD below
the mean (sunken in shape)
bilateral bulging of the lateral frontal bone
prominences with relative sparing of the
midline (out pouching in lateral way- side to
side)
excessive posterior sloping of the forehead in a
lateral view (microcephaly)

Up-slanting

When the outside of the eye is above the line

Down-slanting
Colomba

When the outside of the eye is below the line

a hole in one of the structures of the eye, such
as the iris, retina, choroid fissure, which is

Face Shape

Forehead

Frontal Bossing

Eyes
Palpebral Fissures
(draw a line from
the two inner
corners of the eye)

present during early stages of prenatal

development, fails to close up completely
before a child is born
Ear (Draw an
imaginary line
between the
medial canthi and
extend across to
the ears)

Normal Ear
Positioning

if the superior attachment of the ear to the

head crosses this line, then the ears are
normally set

Low Set

if the superior attachment of the ear to is

below this line, the ear is low set
Posteriorly
have an angle of more than 20 degrees from
Rotated Ears
vertical position
pre-auricular ear small non-cartilaginous protrusion anterior to
tag:
the insertion of the ear
Auricular ear
small non-cartilaginous protrusion on the ear
tag:
Post- auricular
small non-cartilaginous protrusion behind the
tag
ear
Post-auricular
small indentation anterior to the insertion of
ear pit
the ear
Auricular pit
Small indentation on the ear
Post-auricular
Small indentation posterior to the ear
pit
Nose
(Lowest point of
where the nose is
indented, is
usually right at the
pupils)

Low-set nasal
bride

Lowest point is below the pupuls

Mildface
Hypoplasia

The upper jaw, cheekbones, and eye sockets

have not grown as much as the rest of the
face. (Inverted c-shape to the face; eye
sockets not as deep; bones are too small)
Low muscle tone, mouth hangs

Face

Mouth (should line

up with outside of
pupils)

Downturned
mouth

Clefts

Bifid Uvula

Submucous cleft palate ( the mucousa is

closed, but the muscles above the mucousa
didnt close properly).
Have nasal regurgitation (spit up comes out of
nose, muscles arent there to keep it closed).
Seen in LoeysDietz syndrome

Micrognathia

Small in left to right direction.

Apparently reduced length and width of the
mandible when viewed from the front but not
from the side.

Retrognathia

Small from front to back.

Posteriorly positioned lower jaw, which is set
back from the plane of the face when viewed
from the side but not from the front.
large from front to back; broad chin,
protruding chin.
Anterior protrusion of the mandibular alveolar
ridge beyond the vertical plane of the
maxillary alveolar ridge
Absence of fine and sharp appearance of
brows, nose, lips, mouth, and chin, usually
because of rounded and heavy features or
thickened skin with or without thickening of
subcutaneous and bony tissues

Chin

Prognathia

Coarse Facial
Features

Neck

Webbed Neck

A fold of skin on the posterolateral aspect of

the neck, usually extending from the mastoid

region of the skull to the acromion and best
appreciated in frontal and posterior view

Chest

Palms

Fingers

Redundant
Nuchal Skin

Some point in development had extra fluid on

the neck the fluid resolved and now you have
bunchy extra skin (down syndrome)

Pectus
Excavatum
Pectus
Carnatum
Single
transverse
palmar crease

Abnormal formation of the rib cage that gives

the chest a caved in or sunken appearance
Sturnam is abnormally prominent

Adactyly
Oligodactyly
Polydactyly

Missing all of the fingers

Missing fingers
Extra digits
Pre-axial- added on thumb side
Post-axial- added on pinky side
Unable to completely extend digit to 180
degrees
Curved finger
Webbed fingers (often between 2 and 3)
Mittensyndactyly- all fingers combined

Camptodactyly
Clinodactyly
Syndactyly

Feet

ectrodactyly
Rocker Bottom
Feet
Club Foot

Look at palm and you only see one long

fissure.
The distal and proximal transverse palmar
creases are merged into a single transverse
palmar crease.

Lobster claw deformity (autosomal dominant)

Convex curvature to the sole with a prominent
heel
Foot is not able to be placed flat on the floor