Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
and Colleagues
TRAINING THEORY
reviewed teaching materials
University of Zagreb
Faculty of Kinesiology
Zagreb, 2013
Publisher:
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Kinesiology
For the Publisher:
Prof. Damir Knjaz, PhD, Dean
Author:
Prof. Dragan Milanovi, PhD
Colleagues:
Prof. Sanja alaj, PhD
Prof. Igor Juki, PhD
Cvita Gregov, Mag.Cin.
Peer-reviewers:
Prof. Milan oh, PhD, Faculty of Kinesiology University of Ljubljana
Prof. Bojan Jot, PhD, Faculty of Kinesiology University of Ljubljana
Prof. Cvetan eljaskov, PhD, National Sports Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria
Translations:
Marko Hrvatin, Mag.A.
eljka Jaklinovi, Mag.A.
Lecture:
Elizabeth Harrison Paj
Edition:
1st Internet edition
URL:
http://kif.hr/predmet/trathe
Date of publication on the internet: December 2, 2013
ISBN: 978-953-317-020-6
Available in the digital catalog of the National and University Library in Zagreb
Copyright 2013. University of Zagreb Faculty of Kinesiology. All rights reserved. Except for use in a review, the
reproduction or utilization of this work in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter
invented, including xerography, photocopyng, and recording, and in any information storage and retrieval system, is forbidden
without the written permission of the publisher.
The Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Commission for Science and Academic Literature and Publishing,on its session held
on February 15, 2012, reached the decision on approving the publication of this book. Photographs from the archives of the journal
Sportske novosti by kindness and permission of Director General Mr. Janko Gole, or from the authors private collections.
FOREWORD
In contemporary sport sports training has become an extremely complex process,
involving numerous input and output variables. High-quality expert and scientific
knowledge is therefore indispensable in understanding, modelling and managing
sports training today. The Theory of Training as a scientific and academic field of
study taught within the master university programme for the education of
kinesiologists and coaches has to address numerous questions posed daily by
sports experts as well as athletes.
Future professionals in the fields of professional and school sport, sport for all, and
sport for people with disabilities have many questions, such as:
-
Which abilities, characteristics and motor skills are required to achieve top sport
results in a specific sport or sports discipline?
Can athletes' abilities, characteristics and motor skills be objectively and reliably
measured?
Is it possible to choose a sport that best matches the child's sports potentials
based on objective indicators? Is the selection of future athletes based on
intuition or scientific facts?
To what extent is sports talent a genetic feature and to what extent can
preparedness components be developed during the sports career?
Which exercises, loads and methods are optimal for the development of abilities,
characteristics and skills that determine sports results?
What is the simplest and the quickest way to master correct technical-tactical
elements in a specific sport?
The total load in certain sports has reached over 1000 training hours per year, or
over 20 hours per week. Is that not excessive?
Are sport and sport preparation based on professional and scientific facts or do
intuition, improvisation and experience of coaches and other experts still prevail?
Of course, these are only some of the questions of professionals who want to make
their contribution towards the efficiency of the sports preparation process on all
levels. These are also some of the key questions that we have attempted to provide
the best possible answers to in this handbook intended for the foreign students
studying to become Physical Education teachers or coaches.
The English handbook The Theory and Methodology of Training is divided into three
main parts: 1. The Theoretical Foundations of Sport and Sports Training, 2. The
Methodological Foundations of Sports Training, and 3. Sports Training Planning,
Programming and Controlling.
The intention behind the creation of this teaching material was to raise the quality of
teaching and to facilitate participation of students in class, as well as to help them
prepare for the exam in the Theory of Training and pass it successfully. The complex
body of knowledge and information in the area of sport and sports training is
delivered in a very simple and succinct manner to students, who need to understand,
interpret and learn this information.
In order to encourage active participation of students in class, each slide is followed
by empty lines where the students can write down additional information obtained in
class and, more importantly, their own comments that will help them better
understand the presented material. In this way, the student ceases to be a passive
observer of the lecture and becomes an active participant.
Furthermore, each chapter of the handbook is followed by a list of key questions,
which guide the student in preparing the exam and passing it. A list of references is
provided at the very end of each chapter, which can be very helpful in expanding the
presented information.
There are many people I would like to express my gratitude to for their significant
contribution in conceptualising and developing this handbook. I would primarily like
to thank my closest collaborators, junior researcher Sanja alaj, Ph.D., professor Igor
Juki, Ph.D. and junior researcher Cvita Gregov, who have been involved in the
development of this teaching material for several years. I also extend my thanks to
the peer reviewers, professor Milan oh, Ph.D., professor Bojan Jot, Ph.D. and
professor Cvetan eljaskov, Ph.D. for their meticulous work and their valuable
suggestions.
My special thanks goes to Marko Hrvatin for the valuable translation work and eljka
Jaklinovi-Fressl for the valuable translation, editing and proofreading work.
Even though we are aware of the fact that we could have been more detailed and
elaborate in conceptualising and presenting the subject matter of the theory of
training, we hope that this handbook will provide impetus for the development of the
theory of training as a field of study and facilitate class participation and mastering of
this body of knowledge.
This handbook might provide an incentive for the students enrolled in the English
language programme to approach this area of applied kinesiology with an increased
interest and motivation and to become better prepared for tackling the ever
increasing demands of sports and sports training, both as an academic field and
profession.
Dragan Milanovi
CONTENTS
1st chapter:
The Theoretical Foundations of Sport and Sports Training
1. TRAINING THEORY
1.1. Basic fields of training theory
1.2. Training theory contents
1.3. Training theory definition
1.4. Training theory subjects
1.5. Training theory tasks
2. SPORT (CURRENT ISSUES OF SPORT IN CROATIA AND ABROAD)
2.1. Definition of sport
2.2. Sports Features
2.3. Why a special social status belongs tosport?
2.4. Sport participation and health
3. SPORT IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
3.1. Characteristics of sport in the European Union
3.1.1. NGOs in European sport
3.1.2. Association of Sports Sciences in Europe
3.2. Top level sport in European countries
3.2.1. Top level sport in Slovenia
3.2.2. Top level sport in Austria
3.2.3. Top level sport in France
3.2.4. Top level sport in the United Kingdom
3.2.5. Top level sport in Finland
4. PERSONNEL, MATERIAL, FINANCIAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF
SPORT AND TRAINING
4.1. Most important factors affecting the status and development of sport
4.2. Coaches and other experts in sport
4.3. Organization of sport
4.4. Sports facilities and equipment
4.5. Sport funding
4.5.1. Taxes
4.5.2. Sponsorships
2nd chapter:
The Methodological Foundations of Sports Training
19. METHODOLOGY OF SPORTS TRAINING
19.1. Definition and Elements of the Methodology of Training
20. THE MEANS (CONTENTS) OF SPORTS PREPARATION
20.1. Classification and characteristics of training means
20.2. The effects of training exercise implementation
20.3. Selection and order of training exercises application
21. TRAINING LOAD MANAGEMENT
21.1. Training and competition load
21.2. Total load and its components
21.2.1. Energy component of a training load
21.2.2. Information component of a training load
21.3. Effects of a training load on an athletes body
21.3.1. Effects of a training load on the muscle fibre
21.3.2. Effects of a training load on the nervous system
21.3.3. Effects of a training load on the oxygen transport system
3rd chapter:
Sports Training Planning, Programming and Controlling
31. PLANNING AND PROGRAMMING TRAINING COURSES
31.1. Planning of training
31.2. Periodisation
TRAINING THEORY
1-1
1st level
Definition
Organization
Values
Social significance
Strategic development
Sport in Croatia
Sport in the EU countries
2nd level
SPORTS TRAINING
TRAINING
TRAINING
PURPOSE
Definition
Fitness
Subject
Peak performance
Interdisciplinary
approach
Sports results
PRINCIPLES
Pedagogical and
psychological principles
Biological and medical
principles
Physical foundation
Scientific background
1-2
3rd level
Structural analysis
Biomechanical analysis
Anatomical analysis
Functional / energetical analysis
Sports classification
4th level
FITNESS COMPONENTS
MORPHOLOGIC
CHARACTERISTICS
- CONSTITUTION
HEALTH
PHY
Physical
preparedness
TE preparedness
Conative
characteristics
- personality
Cognitive abilities
cleverness
1-3
5th level
6th level
1-4
7th level
LEVELS OF SPORT
PREPARATION
(TYPES OF PREPARATION)
childrens training
preliminary (multilateral)
training of young
athletes
basic
training of athletes
through a prolonged
sports career
maintaining preparation
specific
8th level
TRAINING PRINCIPLES
Adaptation
Training specificity
Training continuity
Interaction of training programmes
Load progressiveness
Undulating training
Cyclic training
1-5
9th level
TRAINING METHODOLOGY
Loads
Methods
(exercises)
Organizational
forms
Methodical
forms
Training
locations
Basic methodology of
tecnical and tactical
training
Methodology of integrative preparation of athletes
Basic methodology of
physical conditioning
10th level
TRAINING PLANNING
TRAINING PROGRAMMING
Selection, distribution,
organization and application of
training operators
Sports
career
Olympic
cycle
Mezocycle
Annual cycle
Microcycle
1-6
One training
unit
X X
X
X
X X
8.50
X
4
8.00
X
X
7.50
X
X
7.00
2
6.50
6.00
X
X
1948
1896
1868 80
92
16
28
40
1-7
1968
52
64
76
1996
88
2000
Player X (back)
Player Y (wing)
1. Height
cm
192,8
184,5
2. Weight
kg
89,0
83,6
3. Shoulder wideness
cm
43,0
44,5
4. Arm wideness
cm
200,0
183,5
5. Hand wideness
cm
25,4
24
38,07
32,53
7. Horizontal jump
cm
259,67
269,33
cm
62,33
68,33
cm
62,33
73
7,22
6,35
6,17
5,82
26,33
36,33
13. Bench-press
kg
85
85
30,45
29,05
4,85
4,51
AS
SD
MIN
MAX
1. MAGKUS
6,92
0,45
6,25
8.25
2. MBKPOP
12,66
1,49
9,79
14.40
3. MFPTAP
33,07
3,38
28,00
38.00
4. MFLPRR
65,64
13,94
38.00
84.00
5. MFABP
77,71
10,60
60.00
95.00
6. MRCTRB
32,07
4,38
21.00
38.00
7. MBF30V
4,19
1,77
3.95
4.50
8. SBFV30
4,35
1,70
4.12
4.73
9. MFEBMR
28,64
1,95
26.00
33.00
10. MFESVM
67,78
5,53
57.00
77.00
1-8
2. Athletes:
3. Training methods:
4. Loads:
4.1. Intensity:
4.2. Volume:
4.3. Rest:
4.4. Tempo
Load appropriate
Load level
IV
80%
Total load
III
Intensity
60%
Volume
II
40%
I
M
T
1T
2T
SpF TeTa
SpB SBF
SPI
W
1T
AeI
akO
F
Su
Th
Sa
2T 2T
1T
1T
sBKK SpF sBKK akO
Te SpB BI
SpB SPI aBF
SpF specific strength, SpB specific speed, BF speed power, SPI specific
endurance, AeI aerobic endurance, akO active rest, BKK speed coordination,
B - speed, Te technical training, BI speed endurance
1-9
1 - 10
Today, it is possible to
develop certain models
of training (for different
sports and athletes of
different ages and
quality) that are based
on the newest scientific
information concerning
means, loads and
methods of sport
preparation.
1 - 11
1 - 12
Lesson 2:
2-1
Selective
Quality
Amateur
Non-olympic
In schools/high schools
Sport of persons with
disabilities
2-2
Quality level
TOP LEVEL
SELECTIVE
Types of sport
Professional
MASS
NON-SELECTIVE
SPORT
++
Amateur
++
In sport clubs
++
In schools
+*
++
Recreational
SPORT FOR ALL
++
++
++
2-3
2-4
2-5
Total
state
USA
CHN
RUS
AUS
JPN
GER
FRA
ITA
KOR
GBR
CUB
UKR
HUN
ROM
GRE
NOR
NED
BRA
SWE
ESP
G
35
32
27
17
16
14
11
10
9
9
9
9
8
8
6
5
4
4
4
3
S
39
17
27
16
9
16
9
11
12
9
7
5
6
5
6
9
3
1
11
B
29
14
38
16
12
18
13
11
9
12
11
9
3
6
4
1
9
3
2
5
4.
24
16
19
20
6
12
9
4
3
10
4
7
8
5
4
2
4
5
8
7
Results
5.
6.
21 17
8
18
18 11
8
16
10
8
22 23
19 12
12
4
8
5
13 10
4
1
16
9
8
6
7
4
11
7
1
1
9
6
6
1
2
2
14
8
7.
16
17
10
11
7
23
15
11
16
16
3
12
5
8
8
2
2
4
3
13
2-6
8.
15
10
13
12
9
13
9
15
8
8
7
10
4
5
14
1
3
4
5
10
9.
20
17
27
16
8
13
11
9
6
11
5
13
1
4
11
3
6
7
6
7
10.
13
10
10
8
9
8
14
16
5
7
3
14
6
2
5
3
4
4
9
1-3
103
63
92
49
37
48
33
32
30
30
27
23
17
19
16
6
22
10
7
19
Sum of results
4-10
1-10
126
229
96
159
108
200
91
140
57
94
114
162
89
122
71
103
51
81
75
105
27
54
81
104
38
55
35
54
60
76
10
16
33
55
31
41
30
37
68
87
10
BASKETBALL
WATERPOLO
FOOTBALL
VOLLEYBALL (F)
25
2-7
2-8
It is important
that athletes
never forget
that!
2-9
Lesson 3:
Sport in European
countries
3-1
3-2
National Sports
Confederation
In almost all European
countries in sport,
there is one umbrella
sports organization: a
community of sports
federations or a
National Olympic
Committee
3-3
European sports
federations
Federations of certain
types of sports are
organized into
European federations
at the level of the
community of the
European states. Some
of these federations
(eg UEFA - Union of
European Football
Associations) play a
major role in the
politics of European
sport.
3-4
3-5
3-6
3-7
3-8
3-9
3 - 10
Support networks to
athletes and coaches:
National coaching centers,
research institutions of
Sports Medicine, Research
Institute for Olympic
Sports, Faculty of Sport and
Medical Sciences, Finland
sports federations and the
Ministry of Education in
collaboration with the SOK
10% (550,000)
participates at
competitions
3 - 11
Volunteering in sport
800,000 volunteers work in sports
organizations, whose work is estimated at
more than $ 800 million annually
A country with a high GDP (more than 30,000
$ PC) allows citizens a better fulfillment of
their free time and often they do voluntary
work
Sports Centers
In 1909 was founded the first Finnish Institute
of Sport
Today: there are 11 national and 3 regional
centers for physical education.
3 - 12
3 - 13
Lesson 4:
Organizational, material
and financial resources in
sport and sport training
4-1
4-2
3) Basic material,
financial i spatial
conditions for sports
programmes
functioning.
4) Entrepreneurial
programmes and
marketing that
significantly affect the
financial status of
sport.
4-3
Coach in
different sports
Coach in
Track and
recreation Coach in
field
physical
Swimming
conditioning
Archery
Wrestling
Coach in
Judo
fitness
Handball
Coach /
Basketball
instructor
Soccer
in police,
UNDERGRADUATE
Volleyball
army
Tennis
PROFESSIONAL STUDIES
etc.
PROFESSIONAL STUDIES
4-4
3 years
(6 sem.)
4-5
Croatian Olympic
Committee
National sports
federations
Ministry of Science,
Education and Sport of
the RC
District offices for
education, science,
culture and sport
Scientific and
educational and
research
institutions
(Faculty of
Kinesiology,
Research
Centres)
Municipal sports
federations (Zagreb
Sports Federation, e.g.
Zagreb Athletic Federation,
Athletic clubs)
4-6
T
O
P
L
E
V
E
L
S
P
O
R
T
4-7
4-8
4.5.1. Taxes
Countries in the transitional stage of
development have not provided tax relief in the
same way for sports organizations as other
European countries have.
Croatia has not yet provided an affordable way to
solve the question of tax relief for investment in
high-performance athletes. In this sense, a top
sport in Croatia has a large reserve.
4.5.2. Sponsorships
Sponsorships are usually included in the toplevel and popular sport.
It is often difficult to achieve an
implementation of the financial
structure recommended by the European
Charter, which does not encourage public and
private financial support for sport.
4-9
Lesson 5:
5-1
Biomechanics
Pedagogy
Didactics
IT
Mathematics
Sport kinesiology
(Research in sport)
Sports
physiology
Sports
medicine
Sports
psychology
Sports
sociology
5-2
Theoretical basics
Methodics
Programming and
control
Sports performance
5-3
Sports training
Sports preparation
Sport
Model
Athlete
sports team
Athlete X
(operators)
5-4
Disrupting
variables
MODEL VALUES
178.0
74.0
3.30
40.0
65.0
75.0
10.0
8.60
10.10
68.00
6.00
70% (+)
5-5
FOOTBALL PLAYER Xs
TEST RESULT
176.3
72.0
3.48
43.2
56.7
62.6
7.0
8.80
10.71
62.78
4.40
45% (+)
ANTHROPOLOGICAL
VARIABLES
MODEL
VALUES
FOOTBALL
PLAYER Xs
TEST
RESULT
178.0
176.3
74.0
72.0
3.30
3.48
40.0
43.2
65.0
56.7
50
75.0
62.6
40
Points
70
60
10.0
7.0
30
111.0 kg
(150% BW)
96.4 kg
(134% BW)
20
8.60
8.80
10.10
10.71
68.00
6.00
4.40
70% (+)
45% (+)
10
11
12
13
Characteristics and
abilities
62.78
5-6
Guards
Measuring instruments - tests
Demanded
result
Player 1
Player 2
82 cm
82 cm
64 cm
8,50 m
8.60 m
7.80 m
25,5 s
25,3 s
27,04 s
18 m
18,5 m
16,30 m
2,85 s
2,86 s
3,03 s
65
ml/kg/min
70
ml/kg/min
74
ml/kg/min
40
42
36
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
TRB
20VS
OSMB
TROJ
4*5B
VUK
SAR2
OSMS
4*5S
SPR
SMB
AEC
SAR1
TROS
BLG
5-7
Tests
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
TRB
20VS
OSMB
TROJ
4*5B
VUK
SAR2
OSMS
4*5S
SPR
SMB
AEC
SAR1
TROS
BLG
Tests
Model
Athlete
sports team
Athlete X
5-8
Disrupting
variables
5-9
A
T
H
L
E
T
E
TRAINING
EFFECTS
Functional
reaction
Acute
effects
Microcycle
Prolonged
effects
Mesocycle phase
Cummulative
effects
Mesocycle period
Macrocycle
C
O
A
C
H
5 - 10
Peak
performance
Fitness
(trainability)
Lesson 6:
Sports training
(sports preparation)
6-1
6-2
6-3
MA
SMA
ME
MI
Load:
MA
maximal
SMA
submaximal
ME
medium
MI
minimum
6-4
6-5
6) Repetitive
Training stimuli, training sessions and
training cycles are repetative. A stable and
automated performance is possible to
achieve only with a large number of
repetitions.
6-6
6-7
6-8
6-9
6 - 10
and regulation of
interdependent processes
occurring in complex
systems (Wiener, 1948).
BRANCHES of cybernetics:
System theory
Information theory
Management and regulation theory
Communication theory
Games theory
Algorithms theory
Sports training is a manageable process. All
processes that can be managed may be simply
described by the cybernetic approach.
6 - 11
Management
Is a group of momentary actions or actions in time
by which a satisfying system functioning is trying
to be achieved. (Achievement reaching peak
performance during preparatory period)
100
80
60
1. Phase of entering peak 2. Phase of maintaining
3. Phase of temporary
performance
peak performance
loss of peak performance
Preparatory/control
competitions
Official competitions
Other competitions
(tournaments, meetings)
Preparatory period
Competition period
Transitional period
Mesocycles (phases)
Mesocycles
(competiotion seasons)
Mesocycles (phases)
Microcycles
Microcycles
Microcycles
Regulation
Is a group of momentary actions or actions in time by
which a satisfying system functioning is trying to be
achieved within demanded or given boundaries. (Peak
performance maintenance during a competition period)
100
80
60
1. Phase
of ulaska
entering
of maintaining 3. 3.
Phase
of temporary
1. Faza
u peak 2.
2.Phase
Faza odravanja
Faza
privremenog
performance
peak performance
loss ofsportske
peak performance
sportsku
formu
sportske
forme
gubitka
forme
Preparatory/control
Pripremno-kontrolna
competitions
natjecanja
Preparatory
period
Pripremni period
Mesocycles (phases)
Mezociklusi(etape)
Microcycles
Mikrociklusi
Official competitions
Slubena
natjecanja
Competitionperiod
period
Natjecateljski
Othernatjecanja
competitions
Ostala
(turniri, mitinzi)
(tournaments,
meetings)
Transitional
period
Prijelazni
period
Mesocycles (phases)
Mesocycles
Mezociklusi
(sezone
Mezociklusi(etape)
(competiotion
seasons)
natjecanja)
Microcycles
Mikrociklusi
6 - 12
Microcycles
Mikrociklusi
System approach
System: A group of elements with clearly
determined characteristics and interrelations
A system is a specification of relations
between input, condition and output
System condition is determined by output
variables
Change of input variables causes a change in
output variables
Input variables represent causes, and output
variables represent the consequences of the
system processes.
6 - 13
INPUT
I
ATHLETE
OUTPUT
O
Achieved condition
TRAINING
PLAN AND
PROGRAM
Coach
expert team
Analysis of training
effects
(management and
regulation)
Expected condition
Disruptions
F
I
L
T
E
R
Athletes/teams
condition model
seen and understood
by a coach
Almost no
entropy.
Athlete
Sports team
Coach
Almost no
entropy.
Training model
understood by an
athlete - team
F
I
L
T
E
R
Disruptions
6 - 14
Athletes/teams
real condition
model = training
effects
Lesson 7:
Sports Training
A Short History
7-1
7-2
Renaissance
Hieronymus Mercurialis (1530-1606)
The Art of Gymnastics the book that
summarises all knowledge on sport in ancient
Greece - in the next three centuries it would have
a significant impact on the development of sport
in Europe
Age of Enlightenment
Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)
Physical activity is an integral part of education
Swimming, jumping, running, throwing, and
games
Gymnastics systems
BEGINNING OF SYSTEMATIC PHYSICAL
ACTIVITY IN EUROPE - 19th century
(German, Swedish, French, Czech)
7-3
7-4
Modern sport
Developed in England in the
second half of the 19th
century
7-5
7-6
7-7
7-8
7-9
7 - 10
7 - 11
Basketball
Handball
Volleyball
Water polo
Track and field
Boxing
Golf
Ice hockey
Kayaking/canoeing
Table tennis
Tennis
Croatian Falcon
was a well-organised physical
activity system
The members cherished
proper education
(discipline, friendship,
devotion) and physical
preparedness for serving the
nation
At that time, physical
education teachers were
advocates of the positive role
of sport and physical
exercise in the education of
youth
7 - 12
Athletics
Handball
Basketball
Water polo
Tennis
Rowing
Weightlifting
Taekwondo
Swimming
Alpine Skiing
Biathlon
Shooting
Gymnastics
Total
11
27
7 - 13
7 - 14
Lesson 8:
8-1
Movement structures
Sport technique
Situation structures
Sport tactics
a)Phases
b) Subphases
c) Structural elements
8-2
8-3
Level
/ Posit
ions
Country
Study
Distance in meters
Walk
Jogging
Side
movement
Sprint
2100
300
Bangsbo
al.
et 1st
league/
Denmark
14 3600
5200
Knowles
Booke
& 1st
league/
England
40 1703
2610
Mohr et al.
1st
league/
Italy
D
W
L
A
9
11
13
9
Reilly T.
1st
league/E
ngland
D
W
L
A
8
7
11
14
2292
1777
2029
2309
2902
2910
4040
2771
Backward
movement
250
2460
1690
2230
2280
650
640
440
440
1583
1898
2159
1755
783
830
1059
1066
668
651
510
495
8-4
Kinematic
parameters:
spatial (path,
trajectory, angle
relations)
time (duration) and
space - time (speed,
acceleration)
Dynamic
parameters:
muscle forces,
the forces of resistance,
reactive power
Electromyographic
parameters
Running velocity
Model
Top level sprinter
Medium quality sprinter
Lower quality sprinter
Distance
8-5
Ball contact
Top of foot
Ankle
Knee
Hip
Subjects
V.S.
K.T.
D.V.
P..
Z.J.
.Z.
C.D.
R.Z.
R.Z.
Maximu
m reach
in jump
(cm)
352
341
334
321
318
314
310
306
305
Kinetics
Measured
Maximum
reach (cm)
Take-off
force
(N)
75
75
70
56
70
60
59
69
66
3580
2685
3246
2320
2762
2570
2682
2856
2608
8-6
Calculated
Duration
Force/body
of takeweight
off (ms)
220
240
250
200
200
220
190
210
170
3,1
3,1
2,9
2,3
3,2
2,7
2,9
3,3
3,2
m. ext. carpi
m. flex. carpi
m. biceps brachii
Electromyographic
activity during a
jump shot in
handball
m. triceps brachii
m. deltoideus
m. trapezius
m. pectoralis
major
1.
2.
1.
3.
8-7
3.
8-8
Analysis of muscle
strain in the forearm
flexion (Delavier, 2001)
muscles and
muscle groups
- extensors
muscles and
muscle groups
- flexors
8-9
5. m. biceps femoris
3. m. flexor digitorum
4. m. gluteus maximus
7. m. tibialis anterior
8 - 10
Kayak: K1 1000m
Rowing
Rugby
Archery
ATP/CP
LA
O2
20
50
30
15
83
30-40
10-20
30-50
100
Skiing: alpine
slalom
40
50
10
45-50
30
50
20
super G 80-120
15
45
40
downhill 90-150
10
45
45
Skiing: nordic
95
Soccer
60-80
20
0-10
Swimming 100m
23.95
51.10
24.95
10
20
70
Tennis
1500m
70
20
10
Volleyball
40
10
50
Waterpolo
30
40
30
Wrestling
90
10
8 - 11
8 - 12
8 - 13
8 - 14
8 - 15
Sports
Sports
Sports
Sports
Sports
Sports
dominated
dominated
dominated
dominated
dominated
dominated
by
by
by
by
by
by
power
speed and agility
endurance
balance
coordination
precision
8 - 16
Lesson 9:
Analysis of
athletes
dimensions
(components of
preparedness)
9-1
Indicators of
performance in
the phase of
offense/attack
Other
performance
indicators
Specific abilities,
skills and
knowledge
technical
preparedness
Specific abilities,
skills and
knowledge
tactical
preparedness
Specific
theoretical
knowledge
Motor
(physical)
abilities
Cognitive
abilities
Personality
traits
(innate)
Morphological
characteristics
Work
capacities
(functional
abilities)
Motor
(physical)
abilities
Cognitive
abilities
Personality
traits
(innate)
Health status
Sports and sport training should never jeopardize
health of athletes.
To fight against substance abuse in sport is an
obligation of each and every participant.
9-2
Morphological
characteristics of
athletes
- These are body composition
indicators, somatotype
characteristics of athletes
important sport performance
factors.
- Variuos sports require
various somatotypes
(ectomorph, mesomorph, and
endomorph)
- For high achievements in
certain sports morphological
characteristics are crucial,
decisive.
Skinfold measurements
(Beachle & Earle, 2009)
Player
Test
01
02
03
04
05*
06
07
08
09
10*
11
12
M
SD
Height (cm)
Mass (kg)
Somatotype
198.3
204.9
212.9
187.0
207.6
205.5
206.5
190.7
187.6
208.5
217.7
194.4
201.7
10.03
91.3
97.0
110.3
81.8
85.7
101.0
97.6
81.0
85.7
110.8
117.4
86.0
95.5
12.31
4.5/2.6/4.5
2.5/2.9/4.0
3.0/4.0/4.0
3.5/4.5/3.0
2.0/1.0/6.0
3.0/3.4/3.0
3.0/2.9/4.5
1.5/4.0/3.5
2.5/4.1/2.5
4.5/4.4/3.0
2.0/3.9/4.0
2.5/3.8/3.5
2.9/3.5/3.8
0.93/0.98/0.94
9-3
100%
anabolic (A)
phosphogenic (P)
gliycolitic (G)
50%
aerobic
seconds
30
60
90
9-4
120
150
Energy supply
system
Alactic
Basic energy
sources
Phosphate system
(ATP and CP from
muscles)
Duration
0s
Sports events
10s
Aerobic
Lactic
Lactic system
(glycogen lactic
acid)
40s
70s
Glycogen (completely
burns outin presence
of O2)
2 min
6min
25min
Fats
1h
Proteins
2h
200-400m
800 m
Medium distance
(running, speed
skating,
swimming)
Throwing
events
500m
speed
skating
100 m
swimming
1000m kayakcanoeing
Cross-country skiing
Jumping
events
Artistic
gymnastics
500m
canoeing
Boxing
Triathlon
Weight
lifting
50m
swimming
1000m
speed
skating
Wrestling /
Combat sports
Ski
jumping
Floor routine
(artistic
gymnastics)
Figure skating
Diving
Alpine skiing
Rowing
Vault (art.
gymn.)
Sports games, individual (net&wall) games, sailing
Activity
3h
100m
track
sprinting
Acyclic
9-5
Cyclic
FUNCTIONAL (WORK
CAPACITY) PARAMETER
VALUES IN
REST
VALUES IN
COMPETITION
HR (heart rate)
40
200.0
8.0
200.0
0.5
6.5
Lactate (mmol/l)
1.0
20.0
mlO2/min/kg
soccer
team handball
80
medium distance
running
untrained
individuals
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
women
men
9-6
Average
absolute
VO2max L/min)
Range
Average
relative VO2max
(ml/kg/min)
Range
4.9
3.9-5.7
75
65-80
3.5
2.9-4.2
65
55-70
4.8
4.3-5.1
65
55-70
3.4
3.1-3.8
52
45-60
5.8
4.8-6.4
80
65-85
3.7
3.0-4.0
63
55-70
4.8
4.4-5.2
60
55-65
3.1
2.8-3.5
50
45-55
4.6
4.0-5.2
60
55-65
3.1
2.8-3.5
50
45-55
Sport
Running
Rowing
Cycling
Canoeing
Soccer
9-7
9-8
9-9
Strength/Power
Endurance
Repetitive
strength
Speed
Speed
endurance
Coordination
Agility
Flexibility
Dexterity
Power
Maximal
strength
Anaerobic
endurance
Aerobic
endurance
Speed
strength
Speed
coordination
Dynamic
mobility
3.85
3.85-3.98
3.99-4.12
4.13-4.26
4.26 >
3.15
3.15-3.27
3.28-3.40
3.42-3.53
3.53 >
43.0
40.0-43.0
36.0-39.0
32.0-35.0
35 <
3.35
3.26-3.35
3.16-3.25
3.06-3.15
3.06 <
1.66-1.70
1.69-1.73
1.71-1.77
1.75-1.78
1.78 >
9 - 10
Specific abilities,
Specific abilities,
Specific
skills and knowledge skills and knowledge
theoretical
technical
tactical
knowledge
preparedness
preparedness
9 - 11
Mean - J S.D. - J
SAR cm
70.02
7.57
74.08
6.55
TRO cm
754.60
40.80
764.42
53.44
BLG cm*
1513.30
135.10
1560.70
119.52
CAT rps.
27.87
2.53
32.06
2.27
VS20 s*
3.23
1.83
3.06
0.18
DO30 rps.*
22.73
0.15
24.42
2.53
S45 s*
5.26
0.50
5.34
0.51
OSMS s*
9.09
0.44
8.93
0.63
KUS s
7.69
0.35
6.82
0.32
SMB s*
29.46
1.52
27.56
1.54
TRB rps.
29.60
2.44
31.23
3.91
9 - 12
9 - 13
Level two:
The motor program has not been
completed yet,
Additional information are constantly
needed,
The trainer must control performance
strictly,
The program needs to be upgraded
constantly,
Fine movement coordination is
required,
Athletes active mental participation is
needed
9 - 14
Level three:
Stabile performance is resistance to
hindering environmental influences,
Movement parameters selfcontrol,
Kinestetic sense,
High achievement,
Individual style specific performance is
tolerated (conditioned by individual
features of athletes),
Subcortical movement regulation
Level four:
athletes reflex reactions in movement
performance and in game situations solving,
movement automatization,
any kind of a signal is enough (from outside, or
from any part of the CNS) to activate the motor
program,
almost nothing can impede quality performance,
unconscious movement performance control
(athletes do not think about the action, they
feel it)
9 - 15
Other
performance
indicators
9 - 16
Parameters of situation
efficiency of athletes in certain
sports branches (standard and derived)
Each competition/game offers
information about types, amount
and quality of activities performed by
individual players and teams (e. g. In
basketball: the number of assists,
rebounds, 3-point throws made )
They are the basis for the
performance comparison
analyses of individual athletes and
teams, quality selection of tactical
behaviour in relation to the
opponent strength, and for the
sports preparation efficacious
programming
9 - 17
9 - 18
FSTBRK
BP
CP
UU/PG
POWER PLAY
RESULT/
SCORE
Team A
20/8
40
4/3
75
8:5
Team B
21/11
52
12/7
58
11:6
Team C
23/8
35
16/8
50
8:10
Team D
37/16
43
9/8
89
16:8
Team E
21/10
48
10/3
30
8:10
Team F
21/8
38
9/5
56
8:6
Team G
19/7
37
10/5+2 4m
50
7:6
Team H
24/5
21
9/2
22
5:7
Total
17
202/71
35
79/41+2 4m
52
9 - 19
SAMPLE OF
SUBJECTS
Gradowska
(1972)
Cohen
(1980)
Colli & Faina
(1985)
Moreno
(1988)
Janeira &
Maia (1998)
National team
(Poland)
First league
(France)
First league
(Italy)
First league
(pain)
First league
(Portugal)
TOTAL
(m)
WALKING
JOGGING
RUNNING
(MEDIUM
SPEED)
SPRINT
942
1542
991
3809
3890
3475
5763
828
3091
1577
267
4955
1838
1905
734
478
2560
second half
2230
entire match
4790
1000
2000
3000
9 - 20
4000
5000
6000
Jogging
Running
Sprint
Total
1st league
3.2km
2.0km
1.4km
1.4km
8.4km
3rd league
4.2km
1.7km
0.7km
0.5km
7.6km
1st league
2.6km
5.2km
1.8km
1.1km
10.9km
3rd league
3.1km
3.3km
1.0km
0.6km
9.0km
1st league
3.4km
2.0km
1.6km
1.8km
9.8km
3rd league
4.0km
1.4km
1.0km
0.9km
7.6km
Defenders
Midfielders
Attackers
Slide
tackles
Jumps
Shots on
target
Duels
Total
Defenders
1st league
9x
15x
24x
34x
82
3rd league
19x
23x
19x
37x
98
1st league
6x
11x
37x
56x
110
3rd league
19x
9x
32x
42x
102
1st league
6x
17x
32x
36x
91
3rd league
7x
22x
19x
24x
72
Midfielders
Attackers
9 - 21
Research
study
Agnevik
Sweden
10
Bangsbo
Denmark
14
Brower &
Davis
Sweden
Ekblom
Sweden
Gerish et al.
Germany
Smaros
Smith et al.
Lactates in the
first half-time
(mmol/L)
Lactates in the
second halftime(mmol/L)
During
During
Post
Post
10.0
4.9
3.7
4.4
5.1
4.6
9.5
7.2
59
5.6
4.7
Finland
5.1
3.9
England
4.9
4.1
MEAN
WIN
S.D.
WIN
MEAN
DEF
S.D.
DEF
SHO7MMADE
3.26
1.62
3.40
1.88
SHO7MMISSED
1.00
0.91
1.77
1.50
SHOT6MMADE
4.91
2.20
4.00
2.44
1.47
SHOT6MMISSED
1.63
1.77
1.71
SHOTWINGMADE
4.11
1.95
3.20
2.11
SHOTWINGMISSED
3.40
1.50
3.49
2.01
SHOT9MMADE
8.26
3.64
6.94
2.63
SHOT9MMISSED
10.86
3.45
14.4
4.83
SHOTFASTBRMADE
3.66
2.38
3.31
2.23
SHOTFASTBRMISSED
1.29
1.56
1.26
1.38
SHOTPRMADE
2.09
1.72
2.09
1.34
SHOTPRMISSED
0.69
0.87
0.63
0.94
9 - 22
-1
-1
-2
-2
-3
ZFG
2p
ZFT
1p
-3
ZFG3 ZREB ZAST ZSTL ZVTD ZPTS ZBLK RANG
3p rebound assists
turnovers points screens
steals
Male sprinters
Female sprinters
Distance (m)
9 - 23
Z- scores relative
Z- scores absolute
9 - 24
9 - 25
Development trend of
abilities in population vs. elite athletes
Level of
physical
abilities
Development trend of
abilities of the top-level
track-and-field athletes
d3
d2
d1
Development trend of
abilities of population
Time
65
TOK1964
ROM1960
MEL1956
HEL1952
LON1948
55
DIS1
BER1936
ANG1932
AMS1928
PAR1924
STO1912ANT1920
45
LON1908
LOU1904
PAR1900
35
ATH1896
ATH1896
PAR1900
LOU1904
LON1908
STO1912
ANT1920
PAR1924
AMS1928
ANG1932
BER1936
LON1948
PREDICTED
VALUES
33,48
35,46
37,41
39,3
41,15
44,7
46,41
48,08
49,69
51,26
55,69
HEL1952
MEL1956
ROM1960
TOK1964
57,07
58,41
59,7
60,95
MEX1968
MUN1972
MON1976
MOS1980
ANG1984
SEO1988
BAR1992
62,14
63,3
64,4
65,46
66,47
67,44
68,36
ATL1996
SYD2000
ATH2004
69,23
70,06
70,77
25
1896 1904 1912 1920 1928 1936 1944 1952 1960 1968 1976 1984 1992 2000 2008
GOD
9 - 26
Lesson 10:
DIAGNOSTICS IN SPORT
10 - 1
10 - 2
Planning
(goals and
periodization)
Programming
Training
of training
implementation
(procedures)
Interpretation
(application)
of the results
of sports
diagnostics
10 - 3
Training
efffects
Sports
diagnostics
Endurance
(shuttle running)
Endurance
Strength
(left leg)
Strength
(right leg)
Strength
(fist grip)
Agility
(side steps)
(shuttle running)
Power
(jump)
norm x
sd
2.98
0.12
2.50
2.30
0.83
2.00
5.90
8.50
8.50
4.50
190
1996
1995
2.98
42.80
24.80
12.03
34.90
49.00
90.40
83.70
73.96
3420
3.01
36.10
23.80
13.60
35.20
53.00
91.30
87.60
74.50
3350
Agility
Sprint
Power
(throwing)
-2
10 - 4
3105
10 - 5
SCORE
(actual value)
MODEL
(required values)
1. SAR
79 cm
82 cm
2. DSM
260 cm
280 cm
3. 20M
2.99 s
2.85 s
4. 20Y
4.57 s
4.30 s
14 throws scored
15 throws scored
59.04 s
52.00 s
75 kg
100 kg
8. NAB
82.5 kg
120 kg
9. TRB
38 rep
60 rep
5. 3L
6. 300Y
7. BP
10. SKL
11. 2400
15 rep
40 rep
10.02 min
8.30 min
Sport
Basketball
Cricket
Softball
Soccer
Group
5m sprint (s)
Adult (w)
1.04
1.95
3.38
Adult (m)
1.05
1.81
3.12
Adult (w)
2.07
3.52
Adult (m)
1.76
2.99
M - U-19
1.04
1.79
3.09
W - U-19
1.16
1.98
3.43
M - U-18
1.08
1.79
3.02
W - U-18
1.16
1.96
3.32
10 - 6
10 - 7
Soccer
Strength
/power
20%
Endurance
30%
Coordination
15%
Flexibility
10%
Speed
25%
2. Selection (choice) of
athletes a sports
group
3. Selection of abilities,
characteristics and
knowledge/ skills to
be diagnosed
4. Selection of measuring
instruments/ tests
aimed at assessing the
abilities, features and
skills/knowledge of
athletes
10 - 8
5. Procedure of
measurement/ testing
(in either a laboratory or in
field conditions)
6. Procedure of processing
the collected data
7. Presentation of the
obtained results and
their interpretation
Points
70
60
50
8. Presentation of the
results to the coach
and members of the
expert team
40
30
20
10
11
12
Abilities
10 - 9
13
1. Body height
2. Body mass
MODEL
VALUES
BACKCOURT
PLAYER X,
RESULTS
LINE
PLAYER Y,
RESULTS
192.0
192.8
184.5
83.6
90.0
89.0
3. Shoulder width
44.30
43.0
44.5
4. Arm span
195.0
200.0
183.5
5. Palm span
6. Throwing the ball
(800gr)
7. MSD
25.2
25.4
24
32.59
38.07
32.53
262.42
259.67
269.33
8. Two-legged
vertical jump
59.42
62.33
68.33
9. One-legged
vertical jump
65.71
62.33
73
7.57
7.22
6.35
6.6
6.17
5.82
10. Sit-ups
29.17
26.33
36.33
11. Bench-press
88.13
85
85
12. Suicide-running
(shuttle running)
30.78
30.45
29.05
13. 30 m running
from a standing start
4.82
4.85
4.51
9. Side steps
11. Two-triangle
defensive stance
movement
-1
-2
-3
PLAYER X
9. Results application to
the planning and
programming of training
10. Control of the sports
preparation process
effects (diagnostics of
fitness or final readiness
state)
10 - 10
PLAYER Y
10 - 11
Lesson 11:
Selection in sport
(orientation to sports and
choice of sports branch)
11 - 1
11 - 2
11 - 3
Sports disciplines
6-7
7-8
8-9
9-10
10-11
11-12
12-13
weight lifting, athletic heptathlon & decathlon, athletics (middistances running), boxing, boccie, golf, baseball
13-14
11 - 4
Boys
Girls
10
12
13
10
11
5.4
5.0
4.9
5.8
5.6
5.4
5.3
5.2
5.0
5.4
5.3
5.2
18.5
18.3
18.0
21.0
19.0
18.5
10.1
9.4
9.0
10.9
10.5
9.5
11.0
9.4
8.7
12.3
11.4
10.7
3.30
3.80
4.05
2.90
3.10
3.40
27
40
47
24
37
43
21
27
25
30
21
23
26
13
16
19.5
2000
7/8
9/10
11/12
13/14
15/16
17/18/19/20
Low limit
score
1500m
1700m
1900m
2100m
2300m
2500m
Good
score
1800m
2000m
2200m
2400m
2600m
2800m
7/8
9/10
11/12
13/14
15/16
17/18/19/20
Low limit
score
1700m
1900m
2100m
2300m
2600m
2800m
Good
score
2000m
2200m
2400m
2600m
2900m
3100m
11 - 5
A time point of
selection
11 - 6
t1
t2
11 - 7
t3
Developmental
phases
Selection
Sports selection
Natural selection
Positive
prognosis
Tendencies to the
positive prognosis
As regards
elite sports
As a rule, lost
for sports
Negative
prognosis
Monitoring of
athletes
development
Elite sports
11 - 8
yes
Is there an adequate
level of
transformation-sensitive
abilities?
yes
no
yes
Is there adequate
motivation to be
subjected to elite
sports training?
no
no
yes
Any compensation
possibility?
no
Any possibility to
correct drawbacks?
no
no
Positive selection
yes
yes
11 - 9
Lesson 12:
Sport and
sports
training of
children
and the
young
12 - 1
High
performance
training
SPORTSRECREATION
GROUPS
SCHOOL
SPORTS
CLUBS
(SECTIONS)
Final sports
11-12 god
perfection
Specialisation
sports schools
15-16 Specialised training 7-8 god
C) CRITERIA FOR
Commence of sports
SPORTS EVENT
13-14
specialisation
AND TEAM
Elementary
POSITION
sports schools
SELECTION
11-12
Directed sports preparation 3-4 god
B) SPORTS BRANCH
D) SELECTION CRITERIA
FOR APPEARANCE AT
THE MAIN WORLD
COMPETITIONS
SELECTION
CRITERIA
9-10
A) ORIENTATION
TO SPORTS
7-8
CRITERIA
Versatile-basic
sports priprema
Universal sports schools
Preliminary sports preparation
12 - 2
ADOLESCENTS
TRAINING
17-18
CHILDRENS
TRAINING
SPORTS CLUBS
OF LOWER
QUALITY
RANKING
(maximum
19-20 realisation, effects)
ADULTS TRAINING
Figure skating
6-7
15
7-8
14
Swimming
7-9
15-16
14-15
Sports discipline
Rhythmic gymnastics
Diving
8-9
16
Tennis
8-9
16-17
Skiing
17
9-10
15-16
Football / Soccer
10-11
17-18
Basketball
10-11
18
10-12
20-21
Volleyball
11-12
18-19
Ice hockey
11-13
19-20
12-14
20-21
12 - 3
12 - 4
12 - 5
12 - 6
INTEGRAL TRAINING
EFFECTS
12 - 7
SCHOOL
CHILD ATHLETE
sports talent
health status
basic and specific abilities
knowledge, skills, habits
personal strategies of problem solving
personality traits
emotional states (moods)
TRAINING
12 - 8
SPORTS CLUB /
SPORTS FEDERATION
FAMILY
12.3.2. Family
family members, by their attitude towards a
child-athlete, encourage his/her talent
and support his/her participation in the
process of sports training and competition by
providing:
- adequate living conditions
(accommodation, nutrition, rest,
etc.)
- adequate psychological (emotional)
support
- material and other conditions necessary
for training and competition.
12 - 9
12.3.3. School
should provide childrens successful involvement
in sports by the following:
- adequate system of schooling;
- adequate academic work loads;
- support when the missed parts of the school
programme due to training and competition have be
caught up with
- to provide in general a positive class and school
atmosphere supporting the expression of special
qualities
12 - 10
12 - 11
Lesson 13:
13 - 1
13 - 2
13 - 3
13 - 4
competitions)
80
70
Phase 1: level of sport
shape gained
Preparation-control
competitions
Main official
competitions
Other competitions
(meetings)
Preparation period
Transition period
Mesocycles (stages)
Mesocycles
(competition season(s))
Mesocycles (stages)
Microcycles
Microcycles
Microcycles
13 - 5
A
Preparation
period
Competition
period
Transition
period
Competition
period
Transition
period
%
100
90
80
70
60
A
Preparation
period
13 - 6
90
80
70
60
PP
CP
TP
PP
CP
TP
%
100
90
80
70
60
XI
PP
CP
XII I
II
TP
III
IV
PP
CP
VI
TP
VII
PP
CP
VIII
TP
IX
13 - 7
90
80
Last round
First
round
70
Sp. shape
Volume
Intensity
60
1
VI
High results
sport shape
Periods
2
VII
3
VIII
4
IX
5
X
6
XI
7
XII
8
I
9
II
III
11 Mesocycles
10
IV
Sp. shape
building
Shape
loss
Preparation
period
Transition
period
Transition
period
13 - 8
2nd competition
period
Months
13 - 9
70%
a
XI XII
II III IV
Preparation period
VI
VII VIII IX
Competition
period
Transition
period
100%
70%
b
VI
VII VIII IX
PP
CP
XI XII
PP
II III IV
CP
TP
13 - 10
5%
90
80
70
60
?!?
90
Alarming
condition
80
70
60
13 - 11
5
months
%
140
120
1
100
5
months
80
13 - 12
5
months
140
120
100
5
months
80
13 - 13
%
130
120
110
100
90
HIGH JUMP
Absolute
strength
months
Power/
explosive
strength
%
130
120
110
100
90
VOLLEYBALL
Absolute
strength
10
weeks
Power /
explosive
strength
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
11
Absolute
strength
TENNIS
XI
XII
13 - 14
II
III
months
Lesson 14:
Sports training as a
transformation process
14 - 1
14.1. Definitions
Sports training is a programmed
transformation process by means of which
the initial condition, described with a set of
fitness/preparedness indicators, transforms
into the new desired condition in line with
training periodization, the competition
calendar and acceptable recovery measures
14 - 2
So Tf = Sf
So the condition of an athlete at the beginning of
the training process (starting, opening, or initial)
SoT1= St1
St1T2= St2
St2Tf-1= Sf-1
Sf-1Tf= Sf
T = Tt
t=1
f
S = Ss
s=1(i)
T = T1,T2,T3,Tf-1,Tf
Training operators
S = Si,St1,St2,St3,Sf-1,Sf
States of preparedness
14 - 3
S2
S2
S3
S1
U(t)
Input
S
Condition
14 - 4
I(t) = f((u(t))
Output
P Si p Sf = MAX
The aim of training is to maximize the
distance between the measured initial
condition and the achieved final condition of
an athlete within the specified time interval
P Sf o Sf = MIN
The aim of training is also to minimize the
difference between the achieved final
condition and the desired final condition of an
athlete
14 - 5
Si = Zi5
Zi6
Zi7
Zin-1
Zin
Zf1
Zf2
Zf3
Zf4
Sf =
Zf5
Zf6
Zf7
Zfn-1
Zfn
Zf1
Zf2
Zf3
Zf4
Zi1
Zi2
Zi3
Zi4
Sf Si = Zf5 Zi5
Zf6 Zi6
Zf7 Zi7
Zfn-1 Zin-1
Zfn - Zin
Si
T1
St2
Sf-1
Tf-1
Tf
Sf
St1
T2
Tf+1
Cycles of sports
preparation
14 - 6
Sf
Si
T1
Sf-1
St1
St2
T2
Tf-1
Tf
Tf+1
Cycles of sports
preparation
Sf
St1
?!
Sf-1
St2
T2
Tf-1
Tf
T1
14 - 7
Tf+1
Cycles of sports
preparation
14 - 8
Lesson 15:
Sports competitions
15 - 1
15 - 2
However, equal
opportunities objectively
do not exist due to
diverse training
programmes, work and
material conditions, but,
unfortunately, also due to
manipulations (doping,
etc.).
Even the impact of
referees and a different
interpretation of the rules
contribute to a bias in
competition conditions.
15 - 3
15.2. Classification of
competitions
Sports competitions can be classified
according to various criteria.
There are, for example, cup competitions,
then control preparation competitions, or
doubles competitions.
In every sports branch there are competition
systems developed in line with the sports
characteristics, age categories and historical
factors.
15 - 4
INTRODUCTORY/
PRELIMINARY
C
L
A
S
S
I
F
I
C
A
T
I
O
N
C
O
M
P
E
T
I
T
I
O
N
BY
COMPETITION
CALENDAR
PREPARATION
CONTROL
OFFICIAL
MAIN
ROUND-ROBIN SYSTEM
BY
COMPETITION
SYSTEM
CUP SYSTEM
TOURNAMENT SYSTEM
MEETINGS
OCCASIONAL
REVIVAL COMPETITIONS
COMBINED SYSTEM
BY
COMPETITION
TYPES
INDIVIDUAL, SINGLES
PAIRS, DOUBLES
TEAM
SELECTIONS
15 - 5
15 - 6
NUMBER OF STARTS
(appearances)
Adult
athletes
Young
athletes
Adult
athletes
Young
athletes
ARTISTIC
GYMNASTICS
25-35
20-25
210-250
180-210
DIVING
25-35
20-25
275-360
250-275
FENCING
30-40
25-30
415-480
350-400
SOCCER
70-85
60-70
70-85
60-70
TABLE TENNIS
75-80
60-75
380-420
300-360
WATERPOLO
60-65
50-60
60-65
50-60
15 - 7
Lesson 16:
Recovery of
athletes:
supplemental
factors of
sports
preparation
16 - 1
16 - 2
fatigue
recovery
time
time
fatigue
recovery
time
time
16 - 3
AN
B
2
16 - 4
16 - 5
Pedagogical means
Motivational methods
Suggestive techniques
Psycho-pedagogical
methods
Autogenic training
Pharmacological
means
Technical means
Bio-medical
methods
Physical means
Nutrition
Social status
Life style/regime
Primary
methods
2. Physiotherapeutical
means
Massage
Sauna
Hydrotherapy: baths
Application of warmth
Cryotherapy, application
of cold
Other procedures
3. Psychological
means
Psycho-regulative
training
Autogenic training
Suggestive
techniques, hypnosis
Attractiveness of
programme
4. Special means
16 - 6
16 - 7
1. Stimulants
Medications, prescription drugs:
amphetamines, ephedrines increase natural
human fatigue tolerance in athletes, i.e. prolong
the onset of the sense of exhaustion
2. Opiates (narcotics, opioids)
Derivates of opium: codeine causes the
stop reflex to be switched off in the central
nervous system
3. Anabolic substances
Hormonal preparations testosterone
Anabolic steroids enhance protein synthesis
and voluminosity of muscles in power sports.
4. Corticosteroids
5. Blood autotransfusion
7. Sedatives/tranquilizers
8. Local anaesthetics
16 - 8
Lesson 17:
17 - 1
100%
90%
Area of life-threatening
exhaustion
Area of borderline
exhaustion
Area of great
physical, mental &
emotional fatigue
Area of
considerable fatigue
Area of moderate
fatigue
80%
Life
threat
doping
fear
Training influence-action
efficiency of athletes
Mobilization
threshold
Physiological fitness
/readiness for sport effect
17 - 2
T
R
A
I
N
I
N
G
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
100
No training (B1)
Strength progression
50
0
Individual training
session
100
Insufficient
frequency of
trainng
sessions (B2)
50
0
100
Optimal
frequency of
training
sessions (B3)
50
0
10
10
20
30
40
50
60
Tjedni
17 - 3
17 - 4
17 - 5
17 - 6
TRAINING
RECOVERY
Starting
condition level
of an athletes
organism
Returning
to the
starting
level
Compensation
Exhaustion of
the organism
Supercompensation
Decrease of energy
reserves (after 1- 2 days)
Starting
level
E
Time (day,
week)
Consumption
of energy
substances
(glycogen
here)
Exhaustion
of the
organism
17 - 7
Heart rate
300
Cortisol
200
100
Urea in blood
Free fat
acids
Lactates
Athetes condition
prior to the game or
training
Training or game
course
Recovery course
Weight
Insulin
Creatine kinase
Acute
protein
synthesis
Glycogen
100
150
1
4 5
min
1
h
Load training
3
h
day
Rest- recovery
17 - 8
17 - 9
1 MC
There is a possibility that the next few work-outs may fall in the
period of subcompensation. If that is the case, an extended rest
should be planned to induce the occurrence of supercompensation.
17 - 10
Speed training
Aerobic training
Anaerobic training
6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 hours
AN
hours
6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 hours
17 - 11
6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48
Load
MA
SMA
ME
Motor
abilities
Coordination
Speed
Strength/
power
Recovery (h)
6
12
24
48
72
17 - 12
Endurance
Strength
endurance
Speed
endurance
6-10 years
Universal sports preparation
30 45 %
11-14 years
Oriented sports preparation
45 60 %
15-17 years
Sports specialization
60 75 %
18-19 years
Highly specialized sports preparation
executed by the rules of the training for
adult top-level athletes
75 90 %
90 100 %
17 - 13
17 - 14
14-16
Weekly training
volume (hours)
Annual training
volume (hours)
900 - 1100
8-12
600 - 800
3-6
350 - 500
100 - 250
E1
E2
E3
E4
Stage of the
Stage of
Stage of
Stage of
first max.
initial
basic
special
individual
preparation preparation preparation performance
E5
Stage of the
max. individ.
performance
maintenance
Stages of
sports
perfection
17 - 15
17 - 16
General preparation
exercises
Competition-like
exercises
Specific exercises
B
load volume
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
MONTHS
STAGES
PERIODS
PREPARATION
17 - 17
1st comp.
OP 2nd comp.
COMPETITION
TRANSITIONI
minutes
opt
4
3
3
2
2
1
1
30
45
15
45
30
T
Mon
Training unit
T
Tue
T
T
T
Wed Thu Fri
Microcycle
opt
4
3
2
1
1st week
2nd week
Mesocycle
17 - 18
3rd week
T
Sat
O
Sun
17 - 19
Lesson 18:
Didactical principles
of sports training
18 - 1
18 - 2
C
B
SPORT 2
SPORT 3
SPORT 1
A, B, C = abilities relevant to sport achievements
18 - 3
c) Age-related characteristics of
individuals and groups and the possibilities
of developing the components of athletes
preparedness/fitness in particular age periods.
18 - 4
Ability of an athlete
Age of an athlete
(year)
Coordination abilities
10
11
12
. : : .
Motor rhythm
. . : :
. . . .
. . . .
. .
. . . :
. . : :
. . : :
. . . :
Motor educability/trainability
Physical
cond.abilities
. : : .
. . . : :
. . . . : :
Balance
Other
dimensions
Endurance
Strength/power
Speed
Motor learning
Cognitive functions
Emotional reactions
.
.
:
.
:
:
:
:
.
:
:
:
:
:
:
.
13
14
15
17
18
: : : : :
. . . . .
:
:
:
:
.
.
.
:
:
:
:
.
.
:
:
:
.
:
.
:
e) Sex differences
f) Quality level of athletes
g) Competition rank
h) Work conditions and material
foundation for sports preparation
18 - 5
16
: : :
: : :
.
:
.
. . .
training programme
competition programme
recovery programme
System of
competition
Supplemental
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
Training
system
preparation
18 - 6
o
f
s
p
o
r
t
s
preparation:
Technical
preparation
Psychological
preparation
18 - 7
Tactical
preparation
18 - 8
900-1400
600-900
25%
250-600
2
40%
100-250
2
1
15%
20%
1
15%
60%
1
20%
65%
40%
45%
35% 1
2
1400-1100
20%
40%
50% 1
10%
3
Stage of preliminary
preparation
Stage of basic
preparation
Stage of specializing
preparation
Stage
E ta
p a mofa maximal
s m a ln ih
sports
s achievements
o rt k ih
o s ig n
E ta p a
d r a v a n ja
Stage
of osports
s p o r t s k ih
achievements
maintenance
d o s tig n u a
75%
C 60%
T 40%
T 25%
D
N
T 60%
C 40%
D
C 80%
Stage 1
Stage 2
Preparation period
B
Competiton period
18 - 9
S
B
T 20%
Transition period
18 - 10
contains
Olympic cycle
4 annual cycles
3 mesocycles - periods
(preparation, competition, and
transition)
A mesocycle - period
2- 5 mesocycles - phases
A mesocycle - phase
3-8 microcycles
A microcycle
A training day
An individual training
session
A part of an individual
training session
volume
intensity
MONTHS
STAGES
PERIODS
PREPARATION
18 - 11
COMPETITION
TRANSITION
QUESTIONS
1. Basic fields of training theory
2. Training theory definition
3. Training theory tasks
4. Definition of sport
5. Sports features
6. Why a special social status belongs tosport?
7. Sport participation and health
8. Characteristics of sport in the European union
9. Top level sport in european countries
10. Most important factors affecting the status and development of sport
11. Science, theory and practice of sport and sports training
12. Correlation between the training programme and fitness level
13. Sports training sports preparation
14. Sports training definitions
15. The essence of sports training
16. Sports training tasks
17. Cybernetic approach to sports training
18. Sport development in the world
19. A short overview of sport development in Croatia
20. Structural analysis of a sport activity
21. Biomehanical analysis of sport activities
22. Anatomical analysis
23. Functional (energy) analysis
24. The criteria for the classification of sports activities
25. Abilities, characteristics, skills and knowledge of athletes
26. Diagnostics in sports
27. Fitness model characteristics of top-level athletes
28. Diagnostics in sports (10 stages of diagnostic procedure)
29. Selectionin sport (orientation to sports and choice of sports branch)
30. Sport and sports training of children and the young
31. Fundamental rules of training for children and the young
32. Performance factors of a sports career
33. Fitness of athletes
34. Sport shape / preparedness
35. Sport shape development phases
36. Dynamic attributes of sport shape
37. Sports training as a transformation process
38. Sports competitions
39. Classification of competitions
40. Plannin gand conducting a competition
41. Definition and significance of recovery for athletes
42. Classification of recovery methods and means
43. Illicit pharmacological means: doping
44. Adaptation in sports
45. Continuity of the process of training
46. Load progression of training and competition
47. Undulation of trainin gand competition loads
48. Target orientation of training
49. Interaction of sports preparation programmes
50. Cyclic nature oftraining
Lesson 19:
Methodology of Sports
Training
19 - 1
19 - 2
19 - 3
WHAT
TO TRAIN?
WHERE
TO TRAIN?
HOW MUCH
TO TRAIN?
METHODOLOGY
OF SPORTS
TRAINING:
modelling of
training operators
BY MEANS OF
WHAT TO TRAIN?
MEANS
OF TRAINING
TRAINING
LOCATIONS
ORGANIZATIONAL
FORMS
TRAINING
LOADS
METHODOLOGY
OF SPORTS
TRAINING:
modelling of
training operators
TRAINING
METHODS
19 - 4
TRAINING
EQUIPMENT
AND DEVICES
METHODOLOGICAL
FORMS
OF TRAINING
Means of training:
motor
(competition and training
activities)
non-motor
(additional means and
activities)
Training loads:
- Components of the total training load:
ENERGY COMPONENT (intensity and
volume)
INFORMATION COMPONENT (reception,
retention and use of motor information)
Training parameters for the development of
maximum speed (Pyke, 2001)
Intensity
95-105%
Distance
20-40m
Rest
Complete(3 min.+)
Type of Start
Flying start
Reps / Sets
4/2
Session Frequency/weekly
19 - 5
Training locations:
facilities (halls, gyms, fitness
centres, swimming pools,
outdoor playing fields)
Training equipment
and devices:
Training equipment (weights,
balance boards, ropes,
medicine balls)
Apparatuses (gymnastics
apparatuses, Swedish boxes
and benches)
Exercise machines (classical
and isokinetic)
Special training devices
(electrical stimulator, vibration
platforms)
19 - 6
Organizational
forms of training:
individual
group
frontal
Training methods:
physical conditioning training
methods (energy)
technical-tactical training methods
(information)
19 - 7
circulars
courses
Intensity:
High:
Low:
start
running
backward
running
running
running
running
sideways
slalom
19 - 8
running
Lesson 20:
20 - 1
MOTOR MEANS
Competitions
are an
indispensable
means of sports
preparation
BASIC
PREPARATION
EXERCISES
SPECIFIC
EXERCISES
SITUATIONAL
EXERCISES
20 - 2
TACTICAL EXERCISES
GENERAL
PREPARATION
EXERCISES
TECHNICAL EXERCISES
TRAINING MEANS
COMPETITION MEANS
NON-MOTOR MEANS
Implemented in all stages of sports preparation, especially
when the athlete is in the rest-recovery stage
LIFESTYLE
NUTRITION
PHYSICAL MEANS
20 - 3
It is of the utmost
importance to know which
functional and motor
structures or body systems
are stimulated by the
exercise implemented as a
part of a certain training
operator.
20 - 4
Aj =
F +
ij=1
i
i(n+1)
Ej
20 - 5
Peak
impact stage
Decreasing
impact stage
Significant
impact stage
Non-significant
impact stage
A Point of
significant
impact on the
development
of one of the
preparedness t0
components
Negative
impact stage
t1
t2
t3
t4
t5
20 - 6
20 - 7
20 - 8
20 - 9
20 - 10
20 - 11
20 - 12
20 - 13
Lesson 21:
21 - 1
21 - 2
REACTION
LOWER-LEVEL ATHLETE
TOP ATHLETE
RECOVERY
LOAD
REACTION
2nd CATEGORY ATHLETE
1st CATEGORY ATHLETE
TOP ATHLETE
RECOVERY
LOAD
21 - 3
PERSONAL EXPERIENCE OF
TRAINING LOAD
PRESPIRAT
ION
FACE
TECHNICAL
PERFORMANCE
Loads absorbed
effortlessly
Steady
No change
Normal
No change
Steady
Medium
Blushe
d
No change
Weakened
Significant
Red
Movement rhythm
slightly altered,
minor mistakes
Weak
Increased
Very
red
Diminished
movement quality,
mistakes in details,
poor performance
Intense
ly red
Non-coordinated
movements,
diminished
movement quality,
very poor
performance
Very weak
Heavy
21 - 4
21 - 5
21 - 6
21 - 7
21 - 8
21 - 9
21.4. Classification
(characteristics) of training loads
SPECIALISATION
SPECIFIC
LOAD
NON-SPECIFIC
LOAD
ENERGY
FOCUS
AEROBIC
MIXED
ANAEROBIC
GLYCOLYTIC
COORDINATION
COMPLEXITY
LEVEL
BODY
INVOLVEMENT
HIGH
MAXIMUM
90-100
GLOBAL
(multiple joints)
MEDIUM
SUBMAXIMUM
75-90
LOW
REGIONAL
(two joints)
MEDIUM
60-75
LOCAL
(one joint)
ANAEROBIC
CREATIN PHOSPHATE
MINIMUM
30-60
ANABOLIC
21 - 10
100
90
75
60
45
30
LOAD VOLUME
(repetitions, duration)
20
10
<30%
<30%
<45%
<45%
<60%
<60%
<75%
<75%
<90% <100%
21 - 11
1. Maximum
ability test
(1RM)
2. Calculation
determining
training loads
(percentage of
1RM)
???
21 - 12
3. Training
load
Start speed,
acceleration
Speed endurance
Intensity
95-105%
95-100%
90-95%
Distance
10-20m
5-30m
20-30m / 120300m
Full (3min+)
Full (3min+)
Flying
Standing or slow
walking
start
Standing or slow
walking start
Speed/
Speed strength
Explosive power
Speed/ Anaerobic
capacity
phosphagen
2-3
2-3
Recovery between
repetitions
Start
Basic abilities
Frequency (training
sessions per week)
TRAINING PARAMETRES
SYMBOL
TRAINING CHARACTERISTICS
External load
weight
EL
40-80% 1 RM
Repetitions
NR
12 - 4 repetitions
Number of sets
NS
Rest interval
RI
Rest activity
RA
Performance pace
PP
Medium
Means (exercises)
ME
NE
2 - 6 exercises
TF
2 - 3 week
10
Overcompensation period
OP
48 hours
21 - 13
Sex
Age
Pharmachological
means
Nutrition
Structure and distribution
of training load
Warm-up Cool-down
Exogenous factors of
training of load tolerance:
Training and competition distribution
Movement technique
Humidity
Time difference
21 - 14
21 - 15
Lesson 22:
22 - 1
22 - 2
Standard loads
Variable loads
Combined method
Combined method
22 - 3
With respect to muscle
contraction type
Combined method
COMBINED
TEACHING
METHODS
With respect to
training mode
VARIATIONS
EXERCISE
METHODS
With respect to
load type
Static method
VARIATIONS
With respect to training mode
Frontal
Group
ORGANIZATIONAL
FORMS
Dynamic method
Interval method
Continuous method
Individual
TRAINING METHODS
METHODOLOGICAL
FORMS OF TRAINING
VARIATIONS
With respect
to load level
Combined method
Interval method
Continuous method
With respect to
load type
Standard
loads
Variable loads
Combined method
Training
intensity % 120
R
Competition results
(intensity)
100
Load intensity in
continuous training
mode
80
60
40
Load intensity in
interval training mode
20
Duration
22 - 4
Variable load
Continuous
training
mode
Interval
training
mode
Continuous standard
Continuous variable
training mode
training mode
Variable load
Continuous
training
mode
Running 4km at the same
pace (80% of the maximum
pace)
Interval
training
mode
22 - 5
Sets
3-4
3-4
Repetitions
5-2
8-5
5-2RM
60% of 1RM
Full recovery
Full recovery
Pace
Explosive concentric
Explosive concentric
Selection of exercises
Explosive exercises
Explosive exercises
2-3
2-3
Improvement of muscle
activation via improved
neural control
Improvement of
explosive power
Load
Rest between sets
Frequency (training
sessions per week)
Physiological
objective
22 - 6
Static method
Dynamic method
With respect to
training mode
Static method
Combined method
With respect to
muscle contraction type
Concentric
contraction method
Eccentric contraction
method
Combined method
Isometric contraction
method
muscle force =
external force
22 - 7
With respect to
load level
Intensive
interval
method
Maximum
interval
method
Combined method
Distance
(volume)
Rest interval
duration
Pace
(intensity)
12200m
2min
75%
8200m
4min
85%
4200m
6min
95%
INTENSITY
1x n1
X5=100%
5*
X4=95%
4*
X3=90%
3*
X2=85%
2*
X1=80%
1*
P4
2x n2
P3
3x n3
P2
4x n4
P1
5x n5
22 - 8
MA
2-3
SMA/MA
SMA
1
2
3
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
25
MAXIMUM PYRAMID
80
SMA
70
MED/SMA
60
MED
INTENSIVE PYRAMID
60
MED
50
SMED
10
40
12
MIN
EXTENSIVE PYRAMID
100% 1 RM
95
90
85
80
The number of
75
repetitions of
70
various
65
external loads
60
is strictly
55
50
individualized.
45
It can vary
40
dramatically.
35
30
Ideomotor
Situational
Synthetic
Combined method
Analytic
Problem-based
Motor (demonstration)
Visual
Verbal
Combined method
22 - 9
22 - 10
Analytic method is
recommended in
teaching very complex
and demanding activities
or activities consisting of
many elements
(structural units), where
the performance of the
whole activity causes
discomfort and contains
the risk of injury.
2) Synthetic teaching
method
refers to learning and
mastering a methodical
task as a whole. The
athlete performs the
task as a whole,
placing maximum
focus on the most
important phase of the
global motor activity.
22 - 11
3) Situational method
refers to learning and perfecting techniques and
tactics in the conditions that match those at
competitions. Basic information may be
taught using the synthetic method, but the final
stabilization of the acquired knowledge must
take place on the situational level.
4) Ideomotor method
refers to the cognitive
processing of a motor task.
Cognitive activities become
prominent in the improvement
of the performance of a motor
task, because they enable us
to make connections between
the perceived and the
performed movements. It
means that the athlete
repeats in his/her head
what he/she has learned at
the training session after the
training has finished.
22 - 12
22 - 13
Lesson 23:
Organisational forms
and Methodological Forms of
Training
23 - 1
Frontal
Group
Individual
Organisational
forms
VARIATIONS
23 - 2
23 - 3
Methodological
forms of training
VARIATIONS
23 - 4
ARM AND
SHOULDER
MUSCLES
BACK
MUSCLES
ABDOMINAL
MUSCLES
23 - 5
23 - 6
23 - 7
MF 1:
MF 2:
Station training
Circuit training
work 330s
work 30s
work 30s
rest(s) 30s
Rest(t) 30s
rest(t)
3 circuits
Rest(c)
rest(c) 60s
till exhaustion
rest(t) 60s
23 - 8
MF 3:
Circular training
23 - 9
23 - 10
Lesson 24:
Basics of Physical
Conditioning Methodology
24 - 1
24 - 2
PHYSICAL CONDITIONING
(physical preparation)
NEUROMUSCULAR TRAINING
Development of motor
(quantitative) abilities
CARDIORESPIRATORY TRAINING
Development of functional abilities
Aerobic
training
A
Anaerobic
training
G+P
Endurance
training
Strength
training
Speed
training
Muscle
endurance
training
Explosive
power
training
Speed
endurance
training
Speed power
training
Flexibility
training
24 - 3
Neuromuscular
Period of
recovery compensation
(hours)
Moderate
High
12-24
Medium
60-75%
Medium
Maximum
24-36
High
75-90%
MAXIMUM POWER
High
Maximum
36-48
Maximum
90-100%
SPEED ENDURANCE
Maximum
High
48-72
Maximum
90-100%
High
Medium
48
High
75-90%
Maximum
Moderate
48-60
High
75-90%
ELASTICITY
FLEXIBILITY
Low
Moderate
Moderate
45-60%
DEXTERITY
AGILITY
Moderate
High
12
Medium
60-75%
COORDINATION
Moderate
Maximum
6-12
Medium
60-75%
PRECISION
Moderate
High
High
75-90%
SPEED
SPEED POWER EXPLOSIVE
POWER
STRENGTH ENDURANCE
GENERAL ENDURANCE
24 - 4
Total load
24 - 5
It is directed towards:
improvement of physical
preparedness of all body
regions,
improvement of the efficiency of
all organs and organ systems,
and
improvement of all functional
and motor abilities, taking into
consideration sensible
developmental phases
Strengthening the weak links
of the athletes locomotor system.
24 - 6
24 - 7
24 - 8
24 - 9
Cervical and
thoracic spine
In 1981
Jonath
(Milanovi,
1997) defined
the critical
zones of the
locomotor
system of
Upper leg
adductors
football
Achilles
players,
which absorb tendon
most of the
load and are
thus most
prone to
injury.
Lumbar spine
groin
Lower leg extensors
(quads)
knee
ankle
Extensors (quads)
Flexors (hams)
24 - 10
24 - 11
24 - 12
24 - 13
24 - 14
24 - 15
24 - 16
a
A) Pressuring of two players (backcourt-backcourt
or backcourt-pivot)
B) Pressuring of the attacker and covering of the defender with a tackle (1:1, 2:2,
2:1)
C) Passing with special tasks (jump, feint etc.) with constant change of position
D) Triangle passing after passing the ball the player runs to the position of the
player who received the ball and returns to the starting position.
E) One-on-one game with a constant exchange of roles
24 - 17
24 - 18
Lesson 25:
Training
Methodology
of Functional
Abilities
25 - 1
TRAINING
METHODS
DEVELOPMENT
OF ENERGY
SYSTEMS IN %
P
1. Sprints with
acceleration
90
90
85
10
4. Interval sprints
30
40
30
20
40
40
15
35
50
7. Fartlek
10
30
60
8. Continuous fast
running
10
85
93
9. Continuous running
Long-distance moderate-pace running
at a moderate speed
25 - 2
25 - 3
25 - 4
25 - 5
3) High-intensity aerobic
training: it ensures adaptation
to energy requirements in
activities of high intensity and
extended duration and it
increases the ability of fast
recovery after a high-intensity
activity. The load is 75-90% of
the maximum pace. The load
measured via heart rate is 80
90% of max HR (cca 170
b/min).
25 - 6
25 - 7
Typical exercise
Running
Maximum
aerobic
190-200
2-5min
6-10
difficult
stressful
Anaerobic
threshold
170-180
15-30min
3-5
unpleasant
difficult
Aerobic of
low and
medium
intensity
120-150
5min-1h
1-3
Strenuous
a) Standard
b) Variable
400m
D 1000m
4 reps 4 sets
I 2-3-4 min
70% of 1RM
T 70-65-60 % of 1RM
Active rest
A Active rest
25 - 8
2000m
1
3000m
1
25 - 9
25 - 10
Training type
Heart rate
(b/min)
Duration
Lactates
(mmol/L)
Perception
of load
Typical exercise
Maximum
anaerobic
phosphagen
(alactate)
160-180
5-20s
3-5
Fast,
forced,
unpleasant
12x100m or 6x200m
max. speed, 60-120s
rest, jogging
between repetitions
Running
a) Standard
b) Variable
D 150m
100m
4 reps.
150m
200m
3 reps.
2 reps.
T 90% of 1RM
90%-85% of 1RM
A AKT
AKT
25 - 11
Training type
Heart rate
(b/min)
Duration
Lactates
(mmol/L)
Perception
of load
Typical exercise
Maximum
anaerobic lactate
180-190
20-75s
15-20
Very
difficult
6x400m or 10x200m
max. speed, rests
between reps 45min
Circuit training
Tolerance to
the lactate
level A
190-200
75-120s
8-12
Painful,
stressful
6x600m or 8x400m,
max. speed, rests
between reps 46min
Tolerance to
the lactate
level B
190-200
40-60s
6-8
Painful,
stressful
4x300m or 6x200m,
max. speed, rests
between reps 3060s
Circuit training
25 - 12
Running
Circuit training
b) Variable
400m
3 reps (2 sets)
T
A
T
A
200m
4 reps
400m
3 reps
2 reps
25 - 13
600m
Lesson 26:
Training Methodology of
Quantitative Motor Ability
26 - 1
26 - 2
EXTERNAL
LOAD
% OF 1RM
90
80
70
60
50
40
1
2-3
MAXIMUM
PYRAMID
4
6
8
10
12
INTENSIVE
PYRAMID
EXTENSIVE
PYRAMID
NUMBER OF REPETITIONS
26 - 3
TRAINING
FORM
MUSCLE VOLUME
BUILDING
TRAINING
COMBINED
TRAINING
INTRAMUSCULAR
COORDINATION TRAINING
Training
effects
characterist
ics
Increase of
muscular fibre
volume
(hypertrophy)
Application
area
Primarily in
professional
sport for adult
athletes
Training
and load
methods
Methods with an
increased number
of repetitions (1015) and moderate
intensity (40-75%)
Pyramid method
with varied load
(40-100%)
1.
2.
3.
4.
m. quadriceps femoris
(vastus intermedius)
m. quadriceps femoris
(vastus lateralis)
m. quadriceps femoris
(rectus)
m. quadriceps femoris
(vastus medialis)
26 - 4
1.
2.
3.
m. brachioradialis
m. biceps brachii
m. brachialis
C
A
26 - 5
CHARACTERISTICS
1. DYNAMIC
EFFORT METHOD
Isotonic training
2. WEIGHT
TRAINING
EXERCISES
Pyramid training
- constant external load
during the whole range
of motion
3. TRAINING WITH
ELASTIC BANDS SPRINGS
4. ISOMETRIC
EFFORT METHOD
- no movement
- attempted movement
- static object load
Static training
TRAINING MODE
CHARACTERISTICS
5. ECCENTRIC
EFFORT WEIGHT
TRAINING METHOD
6. ECCENTRICCONCENTRIC
EFFORT METHOD
Plyometric training
7. VARIOUS
RESISTANCE
TRAINING METHOD
Nautilus training
8. ADJUSTED
RESISTANCE
TRAINING METHOD
Isokineic training
26 - 6
Repetitive effort
method
26 - 7
Some advantages of
free weights training:
total body effect (in a standing position the load
affects the majority of muscles, the athlete controls
the movement and maintains his/her balance using
muscles or muscle groups without the aid of any
device)
exercise specificity (the majority of sports and
training activities involve lifting and acceleration of
an object. Free weights lifting involves natural
coordination of several muscle groups)
26 - 8
vertebra
stretch
vertebra
pressure
discus
2. Sports group:
Junior athletes
3.4. Pace
Moderate or varied
4. Training means
26 - 9
Number of
repetitions
Number of
sets
Lifting
pace
Rest (sets)
Rest
(weight)
Rest
activities
40%
12
Moderate
50%
10
Moderate
Active
rest:
60%
Accelerated
70%
Moderate
stretching
and
relaxation
exercises
80%
Moderate
26 - 10
26 - 11
2. Sports group:
Junior athletes
3. Training methods:
4. Load
4.1. Intensity speed of movement:
Maximum (95-100%)
5. Training means
26 - 12
Load
Training method
Training objective:
Development of endurance
LONG-TERM
ENDURANCE
MEDIUM-TERM
ENDURANCE
SHORT-TERM
ENDURANCE
Volume
Intensity
Predominantly
continuous method
High, extended
continuous running
for 5-8 km
Interval method
Extended pace
running of distances
longer than 800 m
Continuous method
High, continuous
running for 2-3 km
Interval method
Pace running of
200-600 m distances
Predominantly
interval method
Pace running of
100-200 m distances
Interval method
Maximum, 90-100%
of the best result
26 - 13
FACTORS
FAVORABLE - POSITIVE
NON-FAVORABLE - NEGATIVE
Children athletes
(up to 14 years of age)
Adult athletes
Relaxed muscles
Slight
ANATOMIC AND
BIOMECHANICAL
FACTORS
Morning hours
Above 18
Below 18
AGE
ELASTICITY OF
MUSCLES, MUSCLE
FASCIAS AND
LIGAMENTS
MUSCLE TENSION
EMOTIONAL, MENTAL
TENSION
OUTDOOR
TEMPERATURE
WARM-UP
FATIGUE EXHAUSTION
TRAINING DURATION
Restfulness of locomotor
system
Up to 1 hour of training
26 - 14
26 - 15
3a
1b
3b
2a
4a
26 - 16
2b
4b
Lesson 27:
Training Methodology of
Qualitative Motor Ability
27 - 1
Students have
already acquired this
information in their
study programme
and in the training
theory basics.
27 - 2
SCHOOL YEAR
1
MOTOR RHYTHM
BALANCE
SPEED COORDINATION
MOTOR RHYTHM
BALANCE
T
A
10
S
A
27 - 3
GIRLS
SPEED COORDINATION
BOYS
Coordination can be
developed in two ways:
By acquiring new and
diverse movement
structures,
By performing the acquired
movements in changed
conditions.
27 - 4
27 - 5
27 - 6
27 - 7
27 - 8
27 - 9
27 - 10
Lesson 28:
28 - 1
Technical preparedness
Occurs as a result of long-term
learning and practice.
A result of these processes
is technical preparedness
that refers to a high level of
an athlete's ability to
control the motion or
movements of body parts
and the body as a whole
while performing the
technical elements of a
certain sport.
28 - 2
Movement
stereotype refers
to the ability of a
controlled
repetition of a
movement
structure in
standard or
variable
conditions.
It is not an absolute category - it changes.
The changes occur within permitted limits.
28 - 3
28 - 4
Tactical preparedness
Tactics in team sports refers
to the joint and efficient
actions of individuals, lines of
players or groups of players in
order to solve situational
problems in the defensive,
transitional or offensive phase
of the game.
Individuals or a group of
players seek to dominate the
opponents by using their
tactical decision-making skills
and actions.
Game system
(situational memory)
Tactical variations
Game concept
(conceptual memory)
Tactical plan
(situational memory)
28 - 5
Game system
(situational memory)
28 - 6
Game concept
(conceptual memory)
Tactical plan
(situational memory)
28 - 7
28 - 8
2. MOTOR MEMORY
Programmes of motor
activities
1. PERCEPTION
AND ANALYSIS
of motor activity
6. ANALYSIS OF COMPETITION
EFFICIENCY - results (reafference)
Confirmation or correction
of the programme
3. CONCEPTUAL
SOLUTION
Selected programme
of motor
actions
5. RESULT
of motor
activity
(+, - , =)
4. MOTOR
SOLUTION
Execution
of motor
activity
28 - 9
28 - 10
28 - 11
28 - 12
28 - 13
Technical-Tactical
Preparation
Methodology
Lesson 29:
After attending the class and mastering this
lesson students will be able to:
Talk about the efficiency levels of technical
29 - 1
29 - 2
describe and
learning goal.
The coach should not show an abstract
technique and tactics but the one that can
be perceived, performed, and acquired by
the athlete.
The coach may have once been an excellent
athlete but he or she can be a poor coach,
particularly for the young athletes, if he or
she can not adjust the demonstration to the
athlete's abilities.
DEMONSTRATION
OF MOVEMENT
MOVEMENT
MODEL
DESIGN
(EXTERNAL
INFORMATION)
ANALYSIS
OF EXECUTED
MOVEMENT
(INTERNAL
INFORMATION)
29 - 3
MOVEMENT
EXECUTION
4
3a
3b
COACH
OR OTHER
INFORMATION
SOURCES
repetitions is a
29 - 4
Multilateral technical-
29 - 5
interrelated phases:
ACQUISITION PHASE -
initial teaching
The basic idea of the
movement is formed
It refers to the "rough"
coordination of a movement
The movement is performed
with full concious control
29 - 6
quality
A fine" coordination of the movement is very
important
Success is related to the number of repetitions
Concious control of the performance still exists
The need for a verbal and cognitive reproduction
of the motor task occurs
Detailed learning (the difference between a good
and poor performance is often in details)
There are 7-8 good performances out of 10
Kinesthetic control is fully engaged
variable conditions
An individual approach is permitted
Specificities in the style of performance occur
Strict control of motor engagement rhythm is
important
Subcortical regulation becomes more prominent
A good performance is expected
The athlete feels and corrects the motor mistakes
by himself/herself (autoregulation during the
performance)
The high quality of technical-tactical skills provides
for the full utilization of biological potentials
29 - 7
29 - 8
T. K., 1991
Conditions for the implementation of technicaltactical training (Grosser and Neumeier, 1982)
LOAD
INTENSITY
INCREASE
TRAINING UNDER
STRESS AND
IN EXTREME
CONDITIONS
INTEGRATION
WITH PHYSICAL
CONDITIONING
TRAINING
2
STRICT
PERIODIZATION OF
TRAINING
PROCESS
INTEGRATIVE TE-TA
TRAINING FOR TOP
SPORTS RESULTS
IS IMPLEMENTED WITH:
6
INTEGRATION
WITH MENTAL
PREPARATION
1
COMPREHENSION
OF SET TE-TA
TASKS AND
THE POSSIBILITY FOR
THEIR PERFORMANCE
29 - 9
Ideomotor
Situational
Analytic
Synthetic
With respect to
motor task mastering mode
Problem-based - setting
of a motor task
Motor (demonstration)
Combined method
Combined method
29 - 10
29 - 11
teaching method:
29 - 12
Ideomotor method
29 - 13
movement sequences,
demonstrate and monitor
reactions - all of this should
be done slowly, carefully and
patiently,
have a positive,
encouraging and motivating
attitude
be very patient and
positively oriented
towards the athlete, give
deserved praise
29 - 14
remodelling of teaching
operators in cooperation with
the coach with the goal of
performance improvement.
29 - 15
Lesson 30:
Programming of teaching
technical and tactical skills
30 - 1
30 - 2
30 - 3
4) Intensification principle
It refers to an increase in the speed of
performance (slow, fast, maximum speed of the
performance of a motor task), and an increase
in the opponents involvement (a passive,
semi-active, very active and maximally active
opponent).
30 - 4
Learning tasks
(information
training)
Correct performance
of motor task
Incorrect
performance of
motor task
(Reasons A, B or C)
Additional training
Additional information
Learning outcome
30 - 5
Additional repetitions
Additional
development of skills
Motor mistakes
It refers to the performance of a motor task
which significantly deviates from the ideal
performance expected from the athlete based on
his or her psychological and physical abilities.
30 - 6
ATHLETES
CONDITION
INADEQUATE
PREPARATION
SPECIAL
CONDITIONS
SPECIFICITY OF
PARTNER OR
OPPONENT
PHYSICAL
PREPAREDNESS
PHYSICAL
CONDITION
TECHNICAL
PREPAREDNESS
MENTAL
CONDITION
TACTICAL
AND MENTAL
PREPAREDNESS
MOTIVATION
ENVIRONMENTAL
CONDITIONS
COMPETITION
RULES
SPONTANEOUS
SITUATIONAL
SPECIFIC
COMBINATION
OF EXTERNAL
AND INTERNAL
FACTORS
MOTOR MISTAKES
MOTOR
INSUFFICIENCY
INFERIOR
PHYSICAL
CHARACTERISTICS
COORDINATION
INSUFFICIENCY
INADEQUATE
TEACHING
INADEQUATE
TEACHING
OF TECHNIQUE
METHODOLOGICAL
MISTAKES
MENTAL
UNUSUAL
CONDITIONS
INSUFFICIENT
SELF-CONTROL
SPECIFICITIES
OF ENVIRONMENTAL
CONDITIONS
NEGATIVE
IMPACT
OF EXTERNAL
FACTORS
SPECIFICITIES OF
PARTNER OR
OPPONENT
SPECIFICITIES
OF THE BODY
TYPE
INTERFERENCE
AND NEGATIVE
TRANSFER
INSECURITY,
ANXIETY, FEAR
SMALL
RANGE OF
MOTOR
PROGRAMMES
INADEQUATE
CONTROL OF
MOTOR
REACTIONS
EMOTIONAL
TENSION
AND MENTAL
FATIGUE
30 - 7
SPECIFICITIES OF
COMPETITION
RULES
INCIDENTAL
SPONTANEOUS
CAUSED BY
EXTERNAL
INCIDENTAL
FACTORS
CAUSED BY A
COMBINATION OF
EXTERNAL AND
INTERNAL FACTORS
INABILITY TO
NON-STANDARD,
PREPARE FOR
THE PERFORMANCE MISCELLANEOUS
30 - 8
Programme of specific
and situational
preparation
Programme of
multilateral and basic
preparation
30 - 9
QUESTIONS
1. Definition and Elements of the Methodology of Training
2. Classification and characteristics of training means
3. Examples of training means
4. The effects of training exercise implementation
5. Selection and order of training exercises application
6. Training and competition load
7. Total load and its components
8. Effects of a training load on an athletes body
9. Classification (characteristics) of training loads
10. Training load managementdosage
11. Classification and description of training methods
12. Exercise methods
13. Teaching and learning methods in sport
14. Organisational training forms
15. Methodological forms of training
16. Definition, structure and characteristics of physical conditioning
17. The effects of physical conditioning on an athletes body
18. Physical preparation types
19. Methodology of development and maintenance of functional abilities
20. Aerobic training methodology
21. Anaerobic training methodology
22. Strength training methodology
23. Speed training methodology
24. Endurance training methodology
25. Flexibility training methodology
26. Coordination training methodology
27. Agility training methodology
28. Methodology of accuracy training
29. Balance training methodology
30. Sports technique
31. Sports tactics
32. Levels of efficiency of the programme for technical-tactical command
33. Teaching and learning the basics of technical-tactical skills
34. Motor learning phases
35. Teaching methods
36. The coach and athlete in the process of technical-tactical teaching-learning
37. Programme of teaching technical-tactical skills
38. Principles of programmed teaching learning
39. Cybernetic model of programmed teaching learning in sport
40. Programming of the teaching process in multi-annual and annual cycles
Lesson 31:
31 - 1
31 - 2
31.2. Periodisation
Periodisation is becoming a widely recognized
and scientifically based element of planning
the training of contemporary sports
Periodisation is a procedure to determine the
typical sports preparation cycles
Periodisation simply means the
distribution/division of a longer cycle into
shorter cycles
31 - 3
1 macrocycle
Preparatory period (PP)
XI - III
Transition
period (TP)
2. Bi-cycle periodisation
Cycles
Periods
Months
1. macrocycle
PP
X II
CP
III IV
2. macrocycle
TP
V
PP
V - VII
CP
VIII - IX
TP
IX - X
3. Tri-cycle periodisation
Cycles
Periods
Months
1. macrocycle
PP
X,XI,XII
CP
I,II
2. macrocycle
PP
III,IV
CP
V
3. macrocycle
PP
VI,VII
CP
VIII
TP
IX
31 - 4
31 - 5
5
4
3
CHARACTERISTICS AND
ABILITIES OF THE
ATHLETES (PROFILE)
SOCIO-CULTURAL
IMPACTS
REALISTICALY DEFINED
TRAINING
GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
AVAILABE
TRAINING METHODS
TRAINING EQUIPMENT
AND GEAR
15
ATHLETES' DEMANDS
AND NEEDS
OPERATIVE AND
PERIODIC CONTROL
14
TRAINING AND
COMPETITION CONDITIONS
SCIENTIFIC
INFORMATION
16
COMPETENCES
OF THE COACHES
FINANCIAL
OPTIONS
MOTIVATION
VALUES SYSTEM
TIME FACTOR
9
10
11
12
13
31 - 6
31 - 7
SHORT-TERM TRAINING
PLANNING AND PROGRAMMING
CURRENT TRAINING
PLANNING AND PROGRAMMING
SPORTS CAREER
BI-OLYMPIC CYCLE
OLYMPIC CYCLE
BI-ANNUAL CYCLE
ANNUAL MACROCYCLE
SEMI-ANNUAL MACROCYCLE
MESOCYCLE-PERIOD
MESOCYCLE-PHASE
MICROCYCLE
OPERATIVE TRAINING
PLANNING AND PROGRAMMING
TRAINING DAY
TRAINING UNIT
31 - 8
31 - 9
1. TRAINING
PLAN
AND PROGRAMME
2. TRAINING
PLAN AND PROGRAMME
EXECUTION
(REALISATION)
3. ANALYSIS
OF THE TOTAL
TRAINING ACTIONS
EMPLOYED
31 - 10
2.1. TRAINING
PLAN AND PROGRAMME
EXECUTION
(REALISATION)
2.2. ELABORATION OF
A NEW TRAINING
PLAN AND PROGRAMME
DEVELOPMENT
31 - 11
3. ANALYSIS
OF THE TOTAL
TRAINING ACTIONS
EMPLOYED
31 - 12
Months
12
Periods
Phases
XII
II
III
IV
Basic
preparation
VI
VII
VIII
IX
Specificsituational
1. comp.
phase
r.p.
phas
e
X
Tr.p.
2. comp.
phase
52
524
40
50
50
48
48
48
50
40
50
40
40
20
TRAINING DURATION
998
60
100
110
110
100
96
80
70
100
70
72
30
224
20
34
36
30
24
18
10
10
20
258
15
20
25
30
36
36
20
16
30
12
12
Technical-tactical preparation
programmes
396
20
40
42
47
32
32
35
28
44
34
36
Theoretical preparation
40
10
Number of competitions
20
Number of performances
40
10x
1.9
1.5
2.0
2.2
2.3
2.1
2.0
1.6
1.7
2.0
1.7
1.8
1.5
10.01
10
10
10
12
12
12
10
10
10
10
10
Number of weeks
31 - 13
SUMP
II
III
IV
48
12
12
12
12
100
26
24
26
24
24
TRAINING DURATION
10
General endurance
36
12
10
20
Specific endurance
10
32
Theoretical preparation
Number of competitions
MO
TU
WE
TH
FR
SA
SU
12
TRAINING DURATION
26
General endurance
10
Specific endurance
Theoretical preparation
Number of competitions
1(2)
Weeks
31 - 14
Modelling of a training
plan and programme for a day of training
(fourth level)
Day
Tuesday
Time
Location
Goals
Means
Load(V)
Load(I)
Morning
9-11
Hall
Gym
Motor abilities
development (EP,
SE)
Weight training
exercises
Jumping
exercises
Circuit training
120
Evening
17-19
Hall
Outdoor
field
Technique
improvement
(TE)
Development of
functional
abilities (GE)
Imitation
exercises
Situational
technique
training
Continuous
aerobic training
120
4-5
TRAINING
No. 3
Date: 05/02/1993
Time: 9.30 11.05
Load intensity: 80
Number of players: 14
Number of coaches: 2
Note:
Training parts:
Training programme
5 min.
10 min.
Stretching
5 min.
5 min.
60 min.
Set A
15 close push-ups (elbow inside)
-20 simultaneous leg and trunk lifts (while lying on the back) - no rest
-20 sit-ups
-15 one-leg jumps (right and left)
31 - 15
Rest 60"
Set B
- 15 wide push-ups
- 20 alternating leg lifts (right and left) and trunk lifts while lying on the back
-20 alternating lifts of the right arm and the left leg and the left arm and the
right leg while lying on the belly - no rest
Rest 90"
Set C
-20 wide push-up holds
-30" of high frequency sit-ups, opposite elbow
touches the opposite knee
-30" holds while lying on the belly with lifted trunk and legs
-20 squats
-Rest 120"
This sequence is repeated 4 x with 3' rests
10 min.
31 - 16
2.07
2.03
2.03
2.01
1.96
EP
(do 23 god.)
1.95
1.93
SP
(juniori)
1.95
SP
SP
(dv.)
SP
(dv.)
2.06
OI
SP
(dv.)
2.08
2.05
SP
SKup
2.03
SP
(dv.)
SP
SK
SP
(juniori)
1.80
Lesson 32:
1.67
32 - 1
Multilateral development
age 6 14
Specialised development
age 15 and older
Initiation
Athletic formation
Specialisation
High performance
age 6 10
age 11 14
age 15 18
Pre-puberty
Post-puberty and
adolescence
Puberty
32 - 2
Maturity
Sports
discipline
selection
Universal
Athletic
sports school development
monitoring
Completion
of the basic
technicaltactical
preparation
Final
technicaltactical
specialisation
and
automation
Technicaltactical and
physical
conditioning
maintenance
training
Final
Forced
development of
physical
physical
conditioning
preparedness
training
I. STAGE
II. STAGE
III. STAGE
Basic preparation
Maximum development
of an athlete's
individual capacities
Extended
sports career
Preliminary
preparation
Narrowed
Record
Beginning
sports
achievements;
of sports
specialisation Life time peak
specialisation and actualisation performance
Maintenance
of the level
of sports
results
Maintenance
of sports
readiness
I. STAGE
Basic preparation
Preliminary
preparation
Beginning
of sports
specialisation
specialisation
32 - 3
specialisation, actualisation
preparation
Completion
Technicalof the basic
tactical
technicalsubspecialisat
tactical
ion and
preparation
automation
Forced
Development
physical
of physical
conditioning
preparedness
training
II. STAGE
individual achievements
(personal records)
3. Extended sports
career stage
maintenance of the
sports achievement level
maintenance of sports
readiness
Maximum development
of the athlete's
individual capacities
Narrowed
Record
sports
achievements.
Specialisation Lifetime peak
and actualisation performance
Technicaltactical and
physical
conditioning
maintenance
training
III. STAGE
Extended
sports career
Maintenance
of the level Maintenance
of sports
of sports
readiness
results
32 - 4
32 - 5
2.072.062.08
2.05
1.93
2.03 SP
2.03
2.01
SP
(dv.)
SP
EP
1.95
(dv.)
1.96 (do 23 god.)
1.95
SP
(juniori)
1.61
SP
(juniori)
OI
SP
(dv.)
SP
SKup
2.03
SP
(dv.)
SP
SK
1.80
1.67
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
32 - 6
32 - 7
800
780
22
21
20
19
760
18
740
17
720
700
16
athlete's
age
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
year
rezultat (cm)
840
820
800
780
760
740
720
700
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
dob
sportaa
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
godine
32 - 8
2
10%
1. Tournaments
9
25%
2. Psycho-regulatory techniques
4
15%
1
30%
3
25%
11
12
13
4
2
25%
10%
14 15
16 17
1
50%
2
10%
1
40%
5. Specific technique
6. Basic tactical skills
7. Simple tennis games
8. Coordination abilities
9. Training and recovery
6
3
15% 20%
10
1
65%
18
32 - 9
19
20
21
22
23 24 25 26
years
Coordination abilities
Aerobic endurance
Explosive power
Speed
Maximum strength
Anaerobic endurance
Flexibility
Age of the athlete
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
32 - 10
An example of a training
Age groups
A
10-12
years
12-14
years
14-16
years
16-18
years
18-20
years
150-200
250
280
300
320
165
115
85
65
45
Training days
Rest days
Training units
150-200
250-300
350-400
450-500
550-600
Training hours
300-400
500-600
700-800
900-1000
1100-1200
Number of competitions
30
40
50
60
70
150
(100+50)
200
(100+100)
200
(100+100)
250
(100+150)
250
(100+150)
50
(50+0)
100
(75+25)
150
(75+75)
250
(100+150)
350
(150+200)
200
(150+50)
300
(150+150)
450
(200+250)
500
(200+300)
600
(250+350)
Theoretical preparation
(excluded from the schedule)
10
20
30
40
50
10.
Diagnostics (tests)
2x
4x
6x
8x
10x
32 - 11
Multilateral (complete)
psychosomatic development
1) Development of all coordination abilities
Partial goals:
-6
-7
32 - 12
-9
-10
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Motor learning
Speed reaction to an
audiovisual signal
Space orientation
Rhythm
Balance
Endurance
Strength
Speed
Flexibility
-10
Partial goals:
-11
-12
-13
32 - 13
-15
Partial goals:
-16
-17
-18
-19
Partial goals:
-20
-21
-22
32 - 14
-23
and
more
Lesson 33:
multi-sport competition
Discuss the Olympic Games results of the
competing countries
Define the Olympic cycle and basic training
characteristics for each year
Explain the organisational aspects of the
Olympic cycle planning
Describe the differential load characteristics of
the Olympic cycle
33 - 1
Country
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
USA
44
32
25
101
Russia
26
21
16
63
Germany
20
18
27
65
China
16
22
12
50
France
15
15
37
Italy
13
10
12
35
Australia
23
41
Cuba
25
Ukraine
12
23
10
South Korea
15
27
33 - 2
Rank Country
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
11
Hungary
10
21
12
Poland
17
13
Spain
17
14
Romania
20
15
Netherlands
10
19
16
Czech Republic
11
17
Greece
18
Switzerland
19
Denmark
20
Turkey
45
Croatia
Main objectives
of each training year
Mass
selection of
candidates for
the national
team
Development
of a comparative
model for top
athletes
Final
selection
of the listed
candidates
33 - 3
Preparations
for the main
competition
33 - 4
33 - 5
4
Olympic cycle years
1
2
3
4
5
II
III
1986 WORLD
CHAMPIONSHIP
1987 WORLD
CHAMPIONSHIP
1988 OLYMPIC
GAMES
1989 WORLD
CHAMPIONSHIP
1990 WORLD
CHAMPIONSHIP
S1 500
380
61.39
86.5
410
54.91
S1 1000
90.8
430
63.33
S4 500
88.7
390
58.06
S1 500
86.4
390
63.08
86.0
400
61.05
89.3
370
69.43
90.4
370
58.63
93.5
380
60.96
C / S
89.2 / 3.19
C / S
390 / 18.10
C / S
62.04 / 3.9
89.7 / 2.70
395 / 33.41
59.95 / 4.4
S4 500
S4 1000
6
1991 WORLD
CHAMPIONSHIP
S1 500
S1 1000
S4 1000
7
8
9
1992 OLYMPIC
GAMES
1993 WORLD
CHAMPIONSHIP
1994 WORLD
CHAMPIONSHIP
S1 500
S2 1000
S1 500
S1 200
S1 1000
S1 500
33 - 6
subsequent year
This is particularly important for young
athletes preparation programmes.
33 - 7
Lesson 34:
34 - 1
Months
12
Periods
Phases
XII
II
III
IV
Basic
preparation
VI
VII
VIII
IX
Specificsituational
1. comp.
phase
r.p.
phas
e
X
Tr.p.
2. comp.
phase
52
524
40
50
50
48
48
48
50
40
50
40
40
20
998
60
100
110
110
100
96
80
70
100
70
72
30
224
20
34
36
30
24
18
10
10
20
258
15
20
25
30
36
36
20
16
30
12
12
Technical-tactical preparation
programmes
396
20
40
42
47
32
32
35
28
44
34
36
Theoretical preparation
40
10
Number of competitions
20
40 (80)
10x
1.9
1.5
2.0
2.2
2.3
2.1
2.0
1.6
1.7
2.0
1.7
1.8
1.5
10.01
10
10
10
12
12
12
10
10
10
10
10
Number of weeks
Number of training sessions
TRAINING DURATION
34 - 2
70%
VII
PP
VIII
IX
XI
XII
II
III
34 - 3
IV
VI
TP
Peak performance
dynamics in the
monocycle
periodisation of an
annual cycle with an
extended
competitive period
(1 preparatory period,
2 competitive period,
3- transitional period)
34 - 4
Sargent1
Sargent2
Standing
long
jump
30 m,
standing
start
Bench
press
Sit-ups
Suicide
shuttle run
"Beep"
test (10
levels)
V.C.
843
42
45
210
4.88
45
31
43.48
86.52
R.D.
882
50
50
235
4.58
55
30
42.56
86.19
A.F.
818
53
59
232
4.85
55
29
43.13
84.66
A.H.
855
42
51
220
4.81
45
32
44.84
88.73
B.J.
861
48
50
219
5.37
45
30
47.79
103.13
N.K.
862
45
54
220
4.71
62.5
31
46.32
88.46
I.M.
857
43
44
225
5.18
40
30
47.94
94.68
V.M.
844
50
56
215
4.59
45
30
45.22
92.71
B.P.
798
46
51
220
4.88
55
28
43.28
80.52
S.P.
873
49
56
225
4.98
55
31
44.62
90.33
J.P.
922
37
39
202
5.16
40
30
47.5
100.43
M.R.
885
39
47
210
5.10
45
27
46.33
92.04
T..
882
45
49
225
5.09
50
29
44.52
92.03
M.T.
836
46
47
4.98
45
32
43.65
85.40
LJ.V.
849
46
58
4.87
45
31
46.84
94.35
213
34 - 5
Competitive
period
Transition
period
20/06/2001 28.07.2001.
29/07/2001 10.12.2001.
11/12/2001 09.01.2002.
34 - 6
Second macrocycle
Preparatory
period
Competitive
period
Transition
period
10/01/2002
23.02.2002.
24/02/2002 03.05.2002.
14/05/2002
15.06.2002.
(XI - IV)
22 weeks
Competition
period
( IV - IX) 24 wks
Transition period
(IX-X)
6 weeks
Mesocycle:
3 periods
XI
XII
Precompetition stage
(introductary preparation comp.)
6weeks22h=132hours
END IX
Closing stage
4weeks10h=40hours
Mesocycle:
6 stages
34 - 7
II
III
IV
VII
VIII
IX
Competition stage
(official competitions)
18weeks18h=324hours
548
training &
competition
hours
456
training &
competition
hours
END X
Active rest
2weeks4h=8hours
Microcycle:
52 weeks
48
training hours
1052 hours
of training &
competition
34 - 8
Physical
conditioning
70%
60%
Technical
training
50%
40%
Tactical training
30%
20%
Individual
training
10%
0%
100%
90
10
30
30
80
30
40
50
70
60
70
60
40
50
40
40
30
40
30
60
30
20
20
30
10
0
20
GP
SPP
Preparatory period
Competitions
Competitive period
30
20
GP
SPP
Preparatory period
First cycle
Specific-situational
preparation
10
10
1st comp.
phase
Main
competitions
Competitive period
Second cycle
Basic preparation
34 - 9
General preparation
Competitive
period (CP)
Basic
preparation
phase
Specific
preparation
phase
Situational
preparation
phase
Preventive
physical
conditioning
programmes
40 %
25 %
20 %
10 %
20 %
Developmental
physical
conditioning
programmes
50 %
60 %
50 %
45%
25 %
Maintenance
physical
conditioning
programmes
5%
10 %
20 %
35 %
40 %
Recovery
physical
conditioning
programmes
5%
5%
10 %
10 %
15 %
Phases
34 - 10
Range and distribution of specific and nonspecific training loads in the annual cycle for
female athletes competing in discus throw
(Rachmanlijev and Harnes, 1990)
Training means
Months
Total
(annual
cycle)
XI
II
VI
VIII
Throwing exercise
(no.)
2310
1750
1830
1180
890
1100
18 700
Weight training
exercises (t)
169
325
284
94
78
102
1918
Jumping exercises
(no.)
2960
1350
1290
980
920
720
16 510
Running exercises
(km)
8,2
8,0
6,8
3,6
4,6
3,5
76,5
Complementary
sports (hours)
39
13,15
14
11,3
203
TOTAL LOAD
LOAD VOLUME
LOAD INTENSITY
LOAD COORDINATION
COMPLEXITY
MENTAL TENSION
INTRODUCTORY
PREPARATION PHASE
MULTILATERAL
PREPARATION PHASE
BASIC PREPARATION
PHASE
SPECIFIC
PREPARATION PHASE
INTRODUCTORY
COMPETITIONS PHASE
BASIC COMPETITIONS
PHASE
XI XII I
1
34 - 11
TRANSITION
PERIOD
9.
34 - 12
34 - 13
34 - 14
34 - 15
Lesson 35:
35 - 1
35 - 2
Weeks
Number of training sessions
TRAINING DURATION
SUMP
II
III
IV
48
12
12
12
12
100
26
24
26
24
24
10
General endurance
36
12
10
20
Specific endurance
10
32
Theoretical preparation
Number of competitions
35 - 3
Training effects
can occur
simultaneously
with the load
dynamics in the
second phase of the
same period or they
can be delayed.
%
30
20
10
1
months
%
140
120
100
months
80
Peak
performance
Peak
performance
A
2
8 weeks
Peak
performance
35 - 4
weeks
weeks
training hours
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
ACTIVE
REST
MAIN COMPETITIVE
SEASON
PREPARATORY
PERIOD
1.0
0.5
duration
35 - 5
35 - 6
35 - 7
TOTAL
MESOCYCLE
Mesocycle type
Introductory
Multilateral
Basic
Specific
Precompetitive
Mesocycle duration
25/07-02/08
03/08-13/08
14/08-26/08
27/08-06/09
07/09-18/09
50 / 50
60 / 40
70 / 30
40 / 60
30 / 70
11
13
11
12
56
12
10
48
Number of training
sessions
12
18
26
16
10
82
Number of matches
15
18
36
56
30
32
172
9+9
22+14
40+16
12+18
10+22
93+79
2.25
4.00
4.66
3.33
3.20
3.48
70
75
80
85
90
80
Test date
03/08
25/07-18/09
05/09
35 - 8
35 - 9
POST-COMPETITIVE PHASE
MAIN COMPETITIONS
IMMEDIATE
PREPARATION
SECOND
COMPETITIVE
PHASE
RECOVERYPREPARATORY
PHASE
FIRST
COMPETITIVE
PHASE
INTRODUCTORY
COMPETITIONS
PHASE
(Matvejev, 1999)
POST-COMPETITIVE
PHASE
IMMEDIATE
PREPARATION
MAIN COMPETITIONS
SECOND
COMPETITIVE
PHASE
RECOVERYPREPARATORY
PHASE
FIRST
COMPETITIVE
PHASE
INTRODUCTORY
COMPETITIONS
PHASE
Construction of a
competitive period
requires three
actions:
b.
c.
35 - 10
PENDULUM AMPLITUDE
LOAD (%)
80
PCC I
PCC II
PCC III
pre-competitive
microcycles
Specific load
CC - competitive
microcycle
CC
WEEKS
Active rest
35 - 11
35 - 12
Lesson 36:
36 - 1
training effects.
MO
TU
WE
TH
FR
SA
SU
12
TRAINING DURATION
26
General endurance
10
Specific endurance
Theoretical preparation
Number of competitions
1(2)
Weeks
36 - 2
age of an athlete.
36 - 3
36 - 4
36 - 5
Shock microcycle
It is characterised by a large number of
5 6
Recovery
microcycle
5 6
Recreational
microcycle
It comprises a large
number of training
days and training
units with low or
moderate loads.
It comprises fewer
training days and
training units with
complementary sports.
36 - 6
36 - 7
Load level
IV
total load
III
load intensity
load volume
II
I
MO
1T
SpP
SpS
TU
2T
SSP
SPE
WE
1T
AeE
acR
FR SA
SU
TH
2T 2T
1T
1T
SCC SpP SCC acR
Te SpS SP
SpS SPE SE
SpP specific power, SpS specific speed, SP speed power, SPE specific
endurance, AeE aerobic endurance, acR active rest, SCC speed coordination,
S - speed, Te technique, SE speed endurance
36 - 8
Load level
IV
total load
load intensity
III
load volume
T
C
II
Training
Competition
MO TU WE TH FR SA SU
1T 2T 2T 2T 1T C 1T
Load
PC
(S)
TT
CC
PC
(B)
AR
IT
TT
COMP
TT
AR
MON
TUE
WED
THU
FRI
SAT
SUN
1+1
AR active rest, FMP (B) functional motor preparation (basic), FMP (S) functional motor
preparation (specific), TT technical-tactical training, CC control competition, TO toning
load, COMP - competition
36 - 9
22/01
MO
RN
IN
G
Strength,
Fitness,
Technique
Fitness
centre,
outdoors
90 min.
4
high
Aft
ern
oon
Complex
training
Outdoors
-jogging
-- basic ball exercises
60 min.
3
Medium
23/01
MO
RN
IN
G
Aerobic,
General
strength
Technique
Outdoors
90 min.
3
Medium
TUE
Aft
ern
oon
Technique,
Tactics
Outdoors
120 min.
4
Submaxim
um
24/01
WED
MO
RN
IN
G
Strength,
Fitness
Technique
Fitness
centre,
outdoors
90 min.
4
Medium
Aft
ern
oon
Technique,
Tactics
Outdoors
120
(135)
min.
4
Submaxim
um
MON
DAY
TRAINING
GOALS
LOCATION
DAY
TRAINING
GOALS
TRAINING MEANS
LOCATION
TRAINING MEANS
25/01
MO
RNI
NG
THU
Afte
rno
on
Speed, Agility,
Explosiveness,
Strength, TETA
26/01
MO
RNI
NG
Aerobic,
General
strength
Technique
Afte
rno
on
Technique,
Tactics
Outdoors
MO
RNI
NG
Technique,
Tactics
Outdoors
Afte
rno
on
Strength,
Fitness
Flexibility,
Technique
Fitness
centre,
outdoors
FRI
27/01
SAT
28/01
SUN
LOAD
VOL/INT
REST
MO
RNI
NG
Afte
rno
on
LOAD
VOL/INT
Outdoors
75-90
min.
4
Submaximum
90 min.
3
Medium
120 (150)
min.
4
Submaximum
120 min.
4
Submaximum
90 min.
4
Submaximum
60 min.
2
low
REST
Aerobic,
Swimming
Relaxation
- active rest
- jogging, 45 min.
- pool stretching, relaxation exercises
36 - 10
Lesson 38:
Modelling of Physical
Preparation
38 - 1
Introduction
38 - 2
Definitions:
Training is a regulated system of all transformation
operators that are defined by the:
applicable motor activities
total load measures, and
modes of implementation,
which are systematically used with the goal/aim of
achieving explicitly defined goals in the sports
preparation cycles.
Programming of training
is a set of control actions that are used for
selection,
load management, and
distribution
of training operators during training, and a
means of recovery during a rest period.
38 - 3
Readiness diagnostics
Model characteristics
Physical preparation
is a complex and comprehensive
process of the application of
several programmes for the
development and maintenance of
the functional and motor
abilities, as well as the
morphological characteristics.
The main objective of all
programmes is to improve
readiness and sports results by
increasing the general, basic and
specific abilities, and
characteristics that are necessary
for a successful participation in
training and competition activities.
38 - 4
2. Factorial structure of
success in a sports discipline
9. Training employment
4. Diagnostics of individual
athletes' characteristics
38 - 5
Heart rate during a football match (a) and the correlation between
the HR and the VO2 while running on the treadmill for one player
(b). With HR mean between 171 and 164 b/min in the first and the
second half VO2 is between 51.1 ml/mol/kg (78% VO2max) and
46.2 ml/mol/kg (72% VO2max)(Bangsbo, 1994)
38 - 6
2560
drugo
Second half
poluvrijeme
2230
cijela utakmica
Match
4790
2000
4000
This data refers to the new handball rules which include the fast centre.
38 - 7
6000
7%
walk (to 1.5m/s)
37%
25%
jog (1.5-3.0m/s)
31%
SPORT
AEROBIC
ml//kg/min VO2
ANAEROBIC-ALACTATE
ml/kg/min VO2 debt
ANAEROBIC-LACTATE
% of lactates concentration
toleration
79
78
76
72
71
70
69
66
38
35
40
51
49
48
34
48
140
160
150
195
205
290
180
205
65
64
63
62
54
50
48
55
240
230
210
215
FIGURE SKATING
61
60
59
55
59
56
48
52
220
200
185
215
VOLLEYBALL
54
49
180
ARTISTIC GYMNASTICS
45
38
150
CROSS-COUNTRY SKIING
CYCLING
LONG-DISTANCE RUNNING
SPEED SKATING
SWIMMING
MIDDLE-DISTANCE RUNNING
RACEWALKING
ROWING
ICE HOCKEY
WATER POLO
FOOTBALL
BASKETBALL
SHORT-DISTANCE RUNNING
WRESTLING
SKIING
38 - 8
football
handball
80
middle-distance
running
untrained
individuals
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
women
men
38 - 9
40
PHYSICAL
PREPARED
NESS
30
PERSONALITY
20
BODY TYPE
10
40Speed -
explosive
power
40Controlled
aggression
anaerobic
capacities
30
Motivation
40 Body
30
40
30Input
dimensions
index
COGNITION
Aerobic and
30
Parallel
processor
efficiency
Voluminosity
processor
efficiency
20
Accuracy
10
Coordinationagility
Micro-social
Cognitive
20
10dimensions
adaptability
interaction
Transversal
20
Longitudinal
10
dimension
Serial
20processor
Cognitive
10
dimensions
dimension
efficiency
interaction
Strength
20%
Flexibility
10%
Endurance
30%
Speed
25%
38 - 10
MODEL DATA
1. Body height
178.0
2. Body weight
74.0
3.30
40.0
65.0
75.0
7. Pull-ups
10.0
8. Deep squat
8.60
10.10
68.00
6.00
70% (+)
38 - 11
MODEL DATA
1. Body height
192.0
2. Body weight
90.0
3. Biacromial span
44.30
4. Arm span
195.0
5. Hand span
25.2
32.59
262.42 (280)
59.42
65.71 (70)
7.57
6.6
12. Sit-ups
29.17 (35)
13. Bench-press
88.13 (95)
30.78
4.82 (4.50)
S.D.C
A.M.J
S.D.J
A.M.S
S.D.S
SAR cm
70.02
7.57
74.08
6.55
77.01
6.77
TRO cm
754.60
40.80
764.42
53.44
814.70
59.10
BLG cm
1513.30
135.10
1560.70
119.52
1720.80
466.60
CAT rep.
27.87
2.53
32.06
2.27
32.15
2.79
VS20 s
3.23
1.83
3.06
0.18
3.00
0.16
DO30 rep.
22.73
0.15
24.42
2.53
25.62
1.85
S45 s
5.26
0.50
5.34
0.51
4.79
0.41
OSMS s
9.09
0.44
8.93
0.63
8.80
0.51
KUS s
7.69
0.35
6.82
0.32
6.63
0.92
SMB s
29.46
1.52
27.56
1.54
26.69
1.28
TRB rep.
29.60
2.44
31.23
3.91
36.77
4.21
38 - 12
38.4. Diagnostics
of individual
athletes'
characteristics
1. Body height
176.3
2. Body weight
72.0
3.48
43.2
56.7
62.6
7. Pull-ups
7.0
8. Deep squat
8.80
10.71
62.78
4.40
45% (+)
38 - 13
BACKCOURT PLAYER
X DATA
1. Body height
192.8
184.5
2. Body weight
89.0
83.6
3. Biacromial span
43.0
44.5
200.0
183.5
4. Arm span
5. Hand span
25.4
24
38.07
32.53
259.67
269.33
62.33
68.33
62.33
73
7.22
6.35
6.17
5.82
26.33
36.33
12. Sit-ups
13. Bench-press
14. Multi-stage shuttle run test
15. 30 m run with a standing start
85
85
30.45
29.05
4.85
4.51
38.5. Comparison
of individual and
model
preparedness
characteristics
38 - 14
MODEL DATA
TEST DATA
OF AN
ATHLETE X
1. Body height
178.0
176.3
2. Body weight
74.0
72.0
3. 30 m run with
flying start
3.30
3.48
40.0
43.2
5. Standing vertical
jump
65.0
56.7
50
75.0
62.6
40
7. Pull-ups
10.0
7.0
30
111.0 kg (150%
of body mass)
96.4 kg (134%
of body mass)
20
8.60
8.80
10.10
10.71
68.00
62.78
Points
70
8. Deep squat
60
6.00
4.40
70% (+)
45% (+)
10
11
12
MODEL
DATA
BACKCO
URT
PLAYER
X DATA
PIVOT
PLAYER
Y DATA
1. Body height
192.0
192.8
184.5
2. Body weight
90.0
89.0
83.6
3. Biacromial
span
44.30
43.0
44.5
4. Arm span
195.0
200.0
183.5
5. Hand span
25.2
25.4
24
6. Ball throwing,
800 g
32.59
38.07
32.53
7. Standing long
jump
262.42
259.67
269.33
8. Standing
double leg
vertical jump
59.42
62.33
68.33
9. Standing
single leg
vertical jump
65.71
62.33
73
7.57
7.22
6.35
9. Lateral
movement
-1
6.6
6.17
5.82
10. Sit-ups
29.17
26.33
36.33
11. Bench-press
88.13
85
85
12. Multi-stage
shuttle run test
30.78
30.45
29.05
4.82
4.85
4.51
13. 30 m run
with standing
start
11. Double
triangle
movement
13
Characteristics and
abilities
-2
-3
IGRA X
38 - 15
IGRA Y
Desired
result
P.1.
P.2.
82 cm
82 cm
64 cm
8.50 m
8.60 m
7.80 m
25.5 s
25.3 s
27.04 s
18 m
18.5 m
16.30 m
2.85 s
2.86 s
3.03 s
65 ml/kg
70 ml/kg
74 ml/kg
40
42
36
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
TRB
20VS
OSMB
TROJ
4*5B
VUK
SAR2
OSMS
4*5S
SPR
SMB
AEC
SAR1
TROS
BLG
38 - 16
Tests
38 - 17
38 - 18
38 - 19
38 - 20
Maximum
speed
Start speed,
acceleration
Speed endurance
Intensity
95-105%
100%
85-95%
Distance
10-20m
5-30m
20-30m / 120300m
Full (3min+)
Full (3min+)
Flying
Standing or
slow walking
start
Speed/ Speed
strength
Explosive
power
Speed/ Anaerobic
capacity phosphagen
2-3
2-3
Recovery between
repetitions
Start
Basic abilities
Frequency (training
sessions per week)
38 - 21
TRAINING PARAMETRES
SYMBOL
TRAINING CHARACTERISTICS
EL
40-60% 1 RM
Number of repetitions
NR
20 - 10 repetitions
Number of sets
NS
Rest interval
RI
Rest activities
AR
Performance pace
PP
Medium
Means (exercises)
ME
NE
2 - 6 exercises
TF
2 - 3 week
10
Super-compensation period
SP
48 hours
Symbol
Training characteristics
EL
80-100% 1 RM
Number of repetitions
NR
5-1 repetitions
Number of sets
NS
6-12 sets
Rest interval
RI
Rest activities
AR
Performance pace
PP
Fast
Means (exercises)
ME
NE
2-4 exercises
TF
10
Super-compensation period
SP
60-72 hours
38 - 22
Symbol
Training characteristics
EL
30-40% 1 RM
Number of repetitions
NR
20 -30 repetitions
Number of sets
NS
4-6 sets
Rest interval
RI
Rest activities
AR
Performance pace
PP
Moderately fast
Means (exercises)
ME
NE
8-12 exercises
TF
3 per week
10
Super-compensation period
SP
48 hours
Intensity
(%)
Number
of rep.
Rest
85-100
5-1
2-3 min
3-5
5-8 *
70-85
6-4
2-4 min
60-70
8-6
50-60
40-50
Methods
30-40
Pace
Powerful and
explosive
3-5
Explosive
3-5 min
4-6
Fast and
explosive
Speed power
10-8
60-90 s
3-5**
15-10
30-60 s
4-6
Fast - standard
or variable
Repetitive power
6-10
Moderate standard or
variable
Muscle endurance
20-15
RS
85
15
90
95
100
3
2
3
3
Number
of sets
30-60 s
**
RS
30
20
80
40
15
60
50
10
40
60
32
70
24
20
236
11
12
33
38 - 23
SPORTS
ACTIVITIY
DURATION
LOAD
INTENSITY
SPORTS
ACTIVITY
ENERGY
SOURCES
1-15 s
maximum
(95-100%)
15-60 s
ZONE
DOMINANT ENERGY
PROCESSES %
ANAEROBIC
AEROBIC
ATP
CP
95-100
05-00
Sub-maximum
(85-95%)
ATP
CP
+G
80-90
20-10
1-6 min
high
(75-85%)
G+
aerobic
CH
70-40
30-60
6-30 min
medium
(60-75%)
aerobic
CH+FA
40-10
60-90
> 30 min
low
(30-60%)
aerobic
CH+FA
05
95
Time/
intensity
%
100 95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
11.0
11.2
12.2
12.9
13.7
14.7
15.7
16.9
18.3
11.5
12.1
12.8
13.5
14.4
15.3
16.4
17.7
19.2
12.0
12.6
13.3
14.1
15.0
16.0
17.1
18.5
20.0
12.5
13.1
13.9
14.7
15.6
16.7
17.8
19.2
20.8
13.0
13.7
14.4
15.3
16.2
17.3
18.6
20.0
21.7
13.5
14.2
15.0
15.9
16.9
18.0
19.3
20.8
22.5
14.0
14.7
15.5
16.5
17.5
18.7
20.0
21.5
23.3
14.5
15.3
16.1
17.0
18.1
19.3
20.7
22.3
24.2
15.0
15.8
16.7
17.6
18.7
20.0
21.4
23.1
25.0
38 - 24
Interval training
Eccentric-concentric muscle contraction
Individual training
Station method
Load management:
Ability
Duration
Limiting system
Risk of
injury
Sport example
Possibility for
development
or "sensitivity"
STRENGTH
< 5 min
Bone-cartilage
tissue
Muscles
Catabolic
(catecholamine)
and vegetative
system
< 15 s
SPEED
ENDURANCE
< 1 min
Phosphagen (alactate) +
glycolytic (lactate) energy
process > 90%
SHORT-TERM
ENDURANCE
1-5 min
MEDIUM-TERM
ENDURANCE
5-30
min
Tendon system
++
LONG-TERM
ENDURANCE
> 30
min
++
COORDINATION
Neuromuscular synchronisation
Joints and
tendon system
++
BALANCE
Balance centre
++
Oculomotor coordination
++
Joints and
muscles
Volleyball, rhythmic
gymnastics and karate
++
SPEED
ACCURACY
FLEXIBILITY
38 - 25
FAVORABLE - POSITIVE
NON-FAVORABLE - NEGATIVE
Age
Adult athletes
Elasticity of muscles,
muscle fascias and
ligaments
Muscle tension
Relaxed muscles
Emotional, mental
tension
Slight
Anatomicbiomechanical factors
Morning hours
Outdoor temperature
Above 18 C
Below 18 C
warm-up
Fatigue exhaustion
Training duration
Up to 1 hour of training
100%
90%
80%
Physical
conditioning
70%
60%
Technical
training
50%
40%
Tactical training
30%
20%
Indivudual
additional
training
10%
0%
I
II
III
IV
VI
VII VIII
IX
XI
XII
38 - 26
Competitive period
training programmes (%)
21,3
28,4
19,6
16,2
21,3
21
15,2
15,3
20,1
Special preparation
phase
Pre-competitive phase
Very important
Very important
Very important
General endurance
Extensive running endurance
Aerobic capacity
Aerobic power
General strength
Flexibility
Coordination
Endurance at a slow speed
Specific endurance
Anaerobic capacity
Speed
Glycolytic endurance
Specific and general strength
Lactates tolerance
Technique
Tactics
Situational physical preparation.
Technique
Speed
Specific endurance
Speed endurance
Tactics
Team synchronisation
Situational physical preparation
Peak performance stabilisation
Less important
Less important
Less important
Technique
Speed
Anaerobic capacity
Tactics
General endurance
Aerobic power
Aerobic capacity
Flexibility
38 - 27
100
90
80
First
round
70
Peak performance
Volume
Intensity
60
1
VI
2
VII
3
VIII
4
IX
X XI
7
XII
8
I
Performance
Performance
build-up
1. Peak performance
Peak
perform
ance
decline
Periods
Preparatory
period (PP)
1. Competitive period
Interperiod
9
II III
10
IV
11
V
2. Peak performance
2. Competitive
period
Mesocycles
Months
Peak
perform
ance
loss
Transiti
on
period
Multilateral-basic
motor preparation
Special-situational
motor preparation
Technical preparation
Shooting practice
(shooting at
the basket)
Tactical preparation
Preparatory
period
VIII
IX
XI
XII
Preparatory matches,
control matches,
championship
and cup matches
Theoretical preparation
Control of the
training effects
Active rest
Preparatory Transition
period
period
Competitive period
38 - 28
II
III
IV
VI
VII
Competitive
period
Transition
period
20/06/2001 28/07/2001
29/07/2001 10/12/2001
11/12/2001 - 09/01/2002.
Preparatory
period
Competitive
period
Transition
period
10/01/2002 23/02/2002
24/02/2002 03/05/2002
14/05/2002 15/06/2002
2.
First cycle
1.1.
1.2
multilateral-basic
preparation
1.3
38 - 29
Mesocycle type
Introductory
Multilateral-basic
Basic
Specialsituational
Precompetitive
Competitive
Mesocycle duration
25/7-2/8
3/8/-13/8
14/8-26/8
27/8-6/9
7/9-18/9
19/912/10
25/712/10
50 / 50
60 / 40
70 / 30
40 / 60
30 / 70
20 / 80
45 / 55
11
13
11
12
24
80
12
10
19
67
10
14
18
12
20
80
Number of matches
15+7*
16
25
36
25
20
38
160
13
10+15
6+14
8+30
72+88
Mesocycle
8+8
15+10
25+11
2.0
2.78
3.0
2.78
2.0
2.0
2.43
60
80
90
80
90
95
825
Second cycle
2.1
2.2
multilateral-basic
preparation
2.3
38 - 30
MULTILATERAL
PREPARATION
50
40
20
BASIC
PREPARATION
30
30
30
SPECIFIC
PREPARATION
20
20
30
SITUATIONAL
PREPARATION
10
20
BUILD-UP
PROGRAMMES
50
50
30
MAINTENANCE
PROGRAMMES
10
20
30
RECOVERY
PROGRAMMES
10
10
20
PREVENTIVE
PROGRAMMES
30
20
20
38 - 31
Load level
T
C
MO
1T
TU
2T
WE
2T
TH
2T
FR
1T
Training
Competition
SA SU
C 1T
programme modelling in a
competitive microcycle
Load level
Structure of a microcycle in
the competitive period (Grosser et al., 1986)
Total load
Intensity
Volume
T
C
MO
1T
TU
2T
WE
2T
TH
2T
FR
1T
SA
C
38 - 32
SU
1T
Training
Competition
MON
TUE
WED
THU
TRAINING
SESSION
_________
TRAINING
SESSION
TRAINING
SESSION
TRAINING
SESSION
TRAINING
SESSION
TRAINING
SESSION
TRAINING
SESSION
FRI
________
TRAINING
SESSION
SAT
SUN
________
_________
CHAMPIONSHIP
MATCH
_________
TUE
WED
----------
TRAINING
SESSION
TRAINING
SESSION
----------
MATCH
TRAINING
SESSION
THU
TRAINING
SESSION
----------
38 - 33
FRI
SAT
SUN
----------
TRAINING
SESSION
TRAINING
SESSION
TRAINING
SESSION
MATCH
----------
38.9. Conclusion
38 - 34
38 - 35
The well-coordinated
approach of an expert
team is necessary to
improve successfully
the readiness
components, to
manage peak
performance and to
prevent excessive
training and
overtraining.
38 - 36
38 - 37
Lesson 39:
Introduction to Research
Methodology in Sport
39 - 1
39 - 2
39 - 3
39 - 4
39 - 5
39 - 6
39 - 7
Training planning
and programming in
Testing and evaluating
different sports
athletes' abilities and
preparation cycles (the
characteristics or detecting periodisation and the
strengths and weaknesses training process
in preparedness based on
programming)
the comparison of the
results with the top
athletes' model results
39 - 8
39 - 9
QUESTIONS
1. Planning of training
2. Periodisation
3. Programming of training
4. Types of planning and programming of training
5. Methods of planning and programming of training
6. Long-term sports preparation periodisation
7. Long-term sports preparation modeling
8. Long-term sports preparation planning and programming
9. Organisational and methodical aspects of the Olympic cycle planning
10. Annual and semi-annual macrocycle
11. Periods and phases characteristics
12. Preparatory period
13. Competitive period
14. Guidelines for the programming of training in competitive period phases
15. Transition period
16. Guidelines for the programming of training in the transition period phases
17. Planning and programming training in a microcycle
18. Microcycle classification
19. Operative planning and programming of a day of training
20. Planning and programming a training unit
21. Specificities of the competition activity in team sports
22. Factorial structure of readiness
23. Model characteristics of top athletes
24. Diagnostics of individual athletes characteristics
25. Comparison of individual and model preparedness characteristics
26. Methodology of physical preparation
27. Physical preparation plan and programme modelling in an annual training cycle
28. Physical preparation programme modelling in a competitive microcycle
29. Structure of the scientific research in the field of sport and sports training
30. Applicability of scientific research results in sport
THESAURUS
Adaptation in sports - process of transformation, the changing of an athletes
characteristics and abilities relevant to his/her best, or at least, acceptable functioning in
either standard or variable conditions of athletic work.
Aerobic training - is physical exercise of relatively low intensity that depends primarily on
the aerobic energy-generating process.
Anaerobic training - is physical exercise of short duration, characterized by high intensity
activities, which last from mere seconds up to about 2 minutes. Energy is gained through two
types of anaerobic energy systems: 1) the high energy phosphates, ATP adenosine
triphosphate and CP creatine phosphate; and 2) anaerobic glycolysis.
Analytic teaching method - refers to the procedure whereby the global movement
structure is divided into several phases, i.e. elements, each of which is taught and mastered
separately. After each phase/element has been mastered, they are integrated, i.e. linked
together into one whole.
Annual training cycle - is planned and programmed in one or more training macrocycles.
Each macrocycle contains three basic periods: preparatory, competitive and transition.
Cognitive abilities of athletes - Enable reception, processing, retention and utilization of
motor information resulting in quick and correct decision making during training and
competition activities.
Competition - process of comparing sports condition between individuals and teams
according to the defined rules and norms.
Competitive period - period in annual cycle in which competitions are dominant, and peak
performance and the highest sports results occur.
Complex sports activities - Characterized by simple and complex movements in terms of
cooperation between members of sports teams during the game.
Conative characteristics of athletes are responsible for athletes' behaviour and their
engagement level and drive during training and competition.
Continuous method training method in which activity continues without interruption. It
can be standard (the training load level remains unchanged from the beginning to the end of
the training activity) and variable (the load intensity changes during the training activity).
Conventional sports activities - Contain aesthetically designed and choreographed sets of
movement structures which are performed under standard conditions. There are obligatory
and free competition programmes, with a subjectively assessed value of technical and artistic
interest.
Cybernetics - a science of management and regulation of interdependent processes
occurring in complex systems.
Cyclic nature of training - means that the process of training is executed through defined
units as regards time and contents, which follow and complement each other.
has disturbed.
Recovery microcycle - It comprises a large number of training days and training units with
low or moderate loads.
Shock microcycle - it is characterised by a large number of days of training and training
units with high and maximum loads. The proportion of these training sessions is more than
50%.
Situational physical preparation - preparation that brings together physical and tactical
training. Situational physical preparation exercises involve a load level that is the same or
higher than that at the competition.
Situational teaching method - refers to learning and perfecting techniques and tactics in
the conditions that match those at competitions.
Specific abilities of athletes are manifested within specific movement patterns and game
situation patterns of a particular sport. They represent integration of physical fitness and
technical (specific) preparedness as well as of physical fitness and tactical preparedness
(situational).
Specific physical preparation - preparation that utilizes a set of exercises similar to
movement structures, i.e. sports discipline technique. It integrates physical and technical
training leading to a specific physical preparedness.
Sport - An activity that enables children, needs for movement and play, develop qualities,
skills and motor knowledge, sports and creative expression, preservation and promotion of
health and sports chievements at all levels of competition.
Sport shape - is the heighest level of sportspecific fitness; it enables the athlete to perform
at his/her best, to accomplish the best results at the most important main competitions.
Sport tactics A set of all forms and modes of action by one or more athletes in a
situational training session or competition.
Sport technique - a biomechanically correct and rational movement structure performance.
Sports training - a longterm process of athletic preparation for the greatest and highest
sports achievements. Specifically, it is physical, technical, tactical, intellectual, psychical and
other forms of athletic preparation, it is achieved by practice and activity of the highest
possible physicial load on organs and organic systems.
Supercompensation - is a basic acute, immediate functional response of the organism on
which effects accumulation and the development of sports shape are based.
Synthetic teaching method - refers to learning and mastering a methodical task as a
whole. The athlete performs the task as a whole, placing maximum focus on the most
important phase of the global motor activity.
The means (contents) of training - are systems of motor (competition and training)
exercises and non-motor means implemented in training, competition and recovery in
accordance with the desired outcomes of the sports preparation and characteristics of the
expected training procedure.
Training effects - fitness level changes induced by the application of certain training
operators.
Training methods - are specific forms of work in sport. Training methods fall into two basic
groups: a) exercise methods used in developing and maintaining various anthropological
dimensions (primarily physical abilities) and b) teaching methods used in acquiring and
improving technical-tactical skills.
Training operator changes in athletes.
Transition period - period in annual cycle in which peak performance is temporarily lost. The
number of days of training and training units significantly decrease, as well as the load level.
Training theory - kinesiological, anthropological, Scientific-educational discipline in which the
organization and function of a sport system is studied, as well as methodological and
methodical principles of planning, programming and control of the process of training,
competition and recovery in different cycles of sport preparation.
Undulation of training loads implies permanent wavy dynamics of loading and unloading
in training process. There are periods of enhanced and periods of decreased total load.
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