Anatomy Notes

Axial Skeleton:
The Skull:

Cranial Exterior:
o Frontal Bone (1)
o Parietal Bones (paired)
o Temporal Bones (paired)
o Occipital Bone (1)
o Sphenoid Bone (1)
o Foramen Magnum
o Occipital Condyles
o External Acoustic Meatus
o Mastoid Process

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Cranial Interior:
o Anterior Cranial Fossa formed primarily by the frontal bone
o Middle Cranial Fossa formed by sphenoid and temporal bones
o Posterior Cranial Fossa formed by occipital and temporal bones
o Hypophyseal (pituitary) Fossa within the sphenoid bone (middleish)
o Petrous part of the temporal bone boundary between middle and
posterior cranial fossas
Facial Skeleton:
o Zygomatic (cheek) bones
o Maxillae
o Nasal bones
o Mandible body, angle ramus

The Vertebral Column:

Vertebral Column:
o Cervical (neck) vertebrae (7)
o Thoracic (thorax) vertebrae (12)
o Lumbar (abdomen vertebrae (5)
o Sacral vertebrae (5 fused to form the sacrum)
o Coccygeal (lower 3-4 fused to form the coccyx)
o Intervertebral Discs (fibro cartilaginous joints, see week 2, each individual
disc)
o Intervertebral foramina (between vertebrae, formed by notches)

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Isolated Vertebra:
o Vertebral Body
o Vertebral Foramen (canal)
o Pedicle
o Lamina
o Spinous Process
o Transverse Processes
o Superior Articular Facet
o Inferior Articular Facet
o Superior Vertebral Notch
o Inferior Vertebral Notch

(Only for notch, and facet)

Thoracic Cage:

Thoracic Vertebrae
Sternum (manubrium, sternal body and xiphoid process)
12 ribs:
o 1-7 ribs are true ribs as the attach directly to sternum via own costal
cartilage
o 8-10 are called false ribs as they attach indirectly to the sternum via
shared costal cartilage
o 11-12 are called floating ribs as they do not attach to the sternum

Appendicular Skeleton:
Shoulder Girdle:

Clavicle long and slender bone that lies horizontally across the base of the
neck. Articulates with the sternum and the scapula.

Scapula flat triangular bone on the posterior thoracic wall. Features are:
o Spine
o Acromion
o Glenoid fossa
o Coracoid process
o Supraspineous and infraspineous fossae
o Subscapular fossa

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The Upper Limb:

Humerus long bone, forms the proximal bone of upper limb.

o Head
o Greater tubercle
o Lesser tubercle
o Shaft
o Trochlear (head of ulna)
o Capitulum (head of radius)
o Medial and lateral epicondyles

Radius lateral bone of forearm, thumb side

o Head (flat circular shape)
o Neck
o Radial tuberosity
o Shaft
o Styloid Process (pointy bit at bottom)
Ulna medial bone of the forearm
o Olecranon Process (identifies from radius)
o Trochlear notch (notch taken out)
o Ulnar tuberosity (bump on shaft)
o Head (next to Styloid process)
o Styloid process (pointy bottom)

Pelvic Girdle:

Consists of 3 hip bones and the sacrum

Ilium, Ischium and Pubis
o Iliac crest and fossa
o Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
o Posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS)
o Obturator foramen (hole)
o Gluteal surface (ASS)
o Ischial tuberosity and spine

o Greater sciatic notch (between ilium and ischium)

o Acetabulum (formed by all 3)

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Lower Limb:

Femur:
o Head
o Neck
o Greater trochanter (large lump)
o Lesser trochanter

o Shaft
o Linea Aspera (ridge down posterior side)
o Medial and lateral condyles (where it articulates)
o Medial and lateral epicondyles (outside of circles)
Patella (knee cap) sesamoid bone that develops within the tendon of the
quadriceps muscle

Tibia:
o Medial and lateral condyles (round bits at top)
o Tibial plateau
o Intercondylar eminence (between condyles)
o Tibial tuberosity
o Shaft
o Medial malleolus
Fibula:
o Head
o Shaft
o Lateral Malleolus

Ankle/Tarsus comprised of seven tarsal bones:

o Talus (back of foot, up top, connects to tibia and fibula)
o Calcaneus (heel bone)

Articular System:
Fibrous Joints:

Coronal suture between frontal and parietal bones

Sagittal suture between the two parietal bones
Lambdoid suture between parietal and occipital bones

Cartilaginous Joints:

Two parts of the intervertebral disc:

o Nucleus pulposus in the center changes shape when pressure placed on
it, enabling movement to occur between adjacent vertebrae
o Annulus fibrosus consists of fibres arranged in concentric layers and
pass obliquely from one vertebra to the next, providing a strong union
between them, able to resist excessive movement in most directions
These contribute to spinal curvatures

Synovial Joints:
COME BACK TO IT

The Nervous System:

EYE AND EAR:

EYE:

The Orbit
o Optic canal (optic nerve passes through on the way to the brain)
o Superior Orbital Fissure (other nerves and blood vessels enter into the
orbit)
o Eyeball
o Extra-ocular Muscles (attached to its exterior surface)
o Optic nerve (transmits sensor information from retina to brain)
o Lacrimal gland (located superiolaterally beneath upper eyelid)
Releases fluid which cleanses and protects the eyes surface as it
lubricates and moistens it
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The Extra ocular Muscles:

o Superior rectus muscle elevation and adduction
o Inferior rectus muscle depression and adduction
o Medial rectus muscle adduction of the eyeball
o Lateral rectus muscle abduction of the eyeball (supplied b abducens)
o Superior oblique muscle depression and abduction (supplied by trochlear
nerve)
o Inferior oblique muscle elevation and abduction
Rest supplied by ocular motor nerve
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The Eyeball:
o Sclera

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Cornea
Ciliary body
Iris diaphragm
Lens
Pupil
Conjunctiva

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The Retina:
o Retina
o Optic Disc
o Optic Nerve
o Ganglion cell layer, then bipolar cell layer and finally photoreceptor cell
layer

The Visual Pathway:

o Optic nerves, optic chasm, optic tract
o Visual cortex
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Ear:

Outer, Middle and Inner Ear:

o External Acoustic Meatus
o Tympanic Membrane
o Ossicles (malleus, incus and stapes)
o Oval window
o Auditory tube

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Bony
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Labyrinth:
Vestibule
Cochlear
Semicircular Canals and Ampullae

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Membranous Labyrinth:
o Semicircular ducts (rotational balance) and their ampullae (swellings at
ends of ducts)
o Utricle (closest to semi-circular canals) and saccule (closer to cochlea
swelling not ampullae)
o Cochlear Duct (also organ of corti in cochlear duct)

Organ of Corti:
o Cochlear Duct
o Scalae vestbuli and tympani
o Vestibular membrane
o Tectorial and basilar membranes
o Hair cells
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