Backbone Rev M

BACKBONE DISTRIBUTION
SECTION OBJECTIVES
At the successful completion of this section on
Backbone Distribution, the student shall be able to:
I. Recall the requirements associated with the annexes A

and B of this manual.
II. Recall and list the Siemon-approved components and
the relevant specifications which comprise the Backbone
distribution of the Siemon Cabling System.
III. Describe the compliant cabling topology to facilitate the
Backbone distribution for the Siemon Cabling System.
IV. Define and recall the prescribed distance limits for
Backbone cabling, and patch cords and equipment
cables, which permit compliance to the Siemon Cabling
System.
V. Select the approved copper and optical fiber
components and configurations, which comprise the
Backbone distribution of the Siemon Cabling System.
VI. Describe the requirements for fire stopping and other
safety issues as they apply to the Siemon Cabling
System.
VII. Recall the various techniques and know the approved
types and methods for designing and installing
Backbone pathways to facilitate Backbone distribution.
= Normative (Shall)
Siemon Cabling System Training Manual IS-1821-01 Rev. M
= Informative (Should/Recommend)
5-1
BACKBONE CABLING
The Backbone cabling extends from the Main Cross-connect to the Horizontal Crossconnects and includes the Main Cross-connect, the Intermediate Cross-connect, the
connecting hardware dedicated to the Backbone cabling, and the cables that join them. The
Backbone cabling also includes the mechanical terminations and jumpers/patch cords used for
Backbone-to-Backbone connectivity. The Backbone cabling does not include cables in the
Telecommunications Rooms, Equipment Rooms, or Entrance Facilities that connect directly
to customer premises equipment (CPE).
The following requirements and recommendations are intended to assure that the Backbone
cabling system can accommodate present and future information technologies that are
introduced over its planning period.
EMI Considerations for Backbone Cabling
Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) is an important consideration during the design and
installation of Backbone cabling and pathways.
1
To avoid problems caused by electromagnetic emissions from power

cables and from premises equipment, the requirements of Annex B of this
manual shall be met for all Backbone cabling and pathways.
= Normative (Shall)
5-2
Example of a Typical Building and Campus Cabling Star Configuration

= Normative (Shall)
5-3
Example of a Typical Building and Campus Backbone Cabling Star Configuration

= Normative (Shall)
5-4
Backbone Cabling Structure
Topology
2
The Backbone cabling shall use the conventional hierarchical star

topology.
3
There shall be no more than two subsystems of cross-connects in the

Backbone cabling. From the Floor Distributor/Horizontal Cross-connect, no
more than one cross-connect shall be passed through to reach the
Campus Distributor/Main Cross-connect.
The first subsystem is the cabling from the Campus Distributor/Main Cross-connect. The
second subsystem is the cabling from the Building Distributor/Intermediate Cross-connect.
The Floor Distributor/Horizontal Cross-connect is not considered to be part of the Backbone
cabling. The implication of the two levels of hierarchy in the Backbone system is that no
more than three cross-connects can exist along the cabling route between any two Floor
Distributor/Horizontal cross-connects.
The limitation of two levels of cross-connects is imposed to limit signal degradation for
passive systems and to simplify moves, adds and changes. This limitation may not be suitable
for facilities which have a large number of buildings or those that cover a large geographical
area, such as universities, industrial parks and military bases. In these cases it may be
acceptable to divide the entire facility into smaller areas within the scope of this document and
then connect these areas together.
The figures shown on the preceding two pages represent a typical Backbone cabling star
configuration with two buildings. If a logical bus, ring or tree is required, the star topology
provides the flexibility needed to implement them through connections to the Campus
Distributor/Main Cross-connect or Building Distributor/ Intermediate Cross-connects.
Backbone Cross-Connect
The Backbone cross-connect (CD/MC and/or BD/IC) is composed of cross-connections or
interconnections.
= Normative (Shall)
5-5
Backbone Cabling Diagrams
Cross Connections
Whereas a "cross-connect" is defined as a means to enable the termination of cables and their
interconnection or cross-connection using jumpers/patch cords or equipment cables, a "crossconnection" refers to a configuration in which cables or jumpers/patch cords are used to
connect between separate distribution fields that serve Horizontal cabling, Backbone cabling
and premises equipment.
4
Cross-connections shall be used for connections between Horizontal and

Backbone cabling, between first level Backbone and second level
Backbone cabling and for connections between Backbone cabling and
premises equipment with multiple port outputs (such as 25-pair
connectors).
Interconnections
Interconnections provide direct connections between premises equipment and Horizontal or
Backbone distribution fields by way of equipment cables that serve a single output port.
1
Interconnections may be used for connections between premises

equipment with single port output connectors (such as modular jack or
optical fiber connectors) and distribution fields that serve Horizontal or
Backbone cabling.
= Normative (Shall)
5-6
Note: Interconnections shall not be permitted for attachment of Horizontal cabling directly
to Backbone cabling, and first and second level Backbone cabling.
Locations of Backbone Cross-Connects
While a CD/MC typically serves an entire campus or building, BD/ICs serve only a portion of
the installation. BD/ICs are useful for establishing Backbone service zones based on
occupancy or on the physical layout of the building, campus, or infrastructure. It should also
be noted that Campus Distributor/Main Cross-connect and Building Distributor/Intermediate
Cross-connects often occupy the same spaces as Floor Distributors/Horizontal Crossconnects.
2
In order to make optimum use of a star topology, it is recommended that

the Campus Distributor/Main Cross-connect be located near the
geographic center of the area that it is intended to serve.
5
Connecting hardware shall not be installed in locations that are not

specifically intended for telecommunications use or where they may
violate applicable codes and regulations.
Although it is sometimes convenient to place a cross-connect block in a ceiling, this practice

limits the serviceability of the cabling system and may violate applicable codes and regulations.
Application Specific Devices
6
All devices that are specifically intended to support a given application

shall be installed external to the Campus Distributor/Main Cross-connect or
Building Distributor/Intermediate Cross-connect.
This requirement assures that the implementation of new telecommunications applications will
require minimal change to the telecommunications cabling infrastructure. Examples of
application-specific devices include media filters, baluns, MAUs, protection apparatus, splitters
and adapters. The use of these devices is specifically outside the scope of the Siemon Cabling
System, as well as industry cabling standards.
Bridged Taps
7
Bridged taps shall not be used as part of the Backbone cabling.
As is the case with horizontal cabling, bridged taps (parallel connections of the same cable
pairs) do not comply with the requirement for star topology and are severely detrimental to the
transmission properties of the cabling system.
= Normative (Shall)
5-7
Splices
8
When used, UTP and optical fiber splices shall be kept accessible and shall
not be used for routine cabling system changes.
3
The use of both UTP and optical fiber splices in the Backbone cabling
should be limited to as few as possible.
9
Splices shall not be used on F/UTP and S/FTP cables.
UTP Splice Limitations

10 Where UTP copper cable is used in the Backbone (campus Backbone and
building Backbone), the number of splices shall be kept to the minimum
required by the physical system design or installation constraints.
11 When used, splices shall be constructed using insulation-displacement
type connectors and housed in enclosures appropriate for the
environment.
Note:
UTP splices used in the Backbone cabling are intended for voice applications only.
Optical Fiber Splice Limitations

12 Optical fiber splices used in the Backbone shall be limited to an
acceptable number which is based on an acceptable link attenuation
budget.
Cabling Directly Between Telecommunications Rooms

If requirements for bus or ring configurations are anticipated, cabling directly between
Telecommunications Rooms may be done. Such cabling is in addition to the connections for
the basic star topology.
The installation of Backbone cable runs that supplement the basic star topology is optional,
and it should be noted that the installation of Backbone pathways between rooms on the same
floor is also optional in the Siemon Cabling System.
= Normative (Shall)
5-8
Recognized Backbone Cables
The following types of cable are supported by the Siemon Cabling System. These types are:
a) Four-pair 100 balanced twisted-pair (UTP, F/UTP, F/FTP, S/FTP),
b) *Multi-pair 100 unshielded twisted-pair (UTP),
c) 62.5/125 m OM1 and 50/125m OM2, including laser optimized OM3 & OM4
multimode optical fiber cable,
d) Singlemode optical fiber cable.
*Multi-pair Cables
Multi-pair Cables are identified as cables that contain more than four pairs that are covered by
an overall sheath/jacket.
13 Multi-pair cable(s) used in the Backbone are intended to support voice
applications only, and shall be tested for continuity.
Other cable types that are used to serve special needs are considered to extend beyond the
minimum requirements of this manual. These "other" media choices are outside the scope of
the Siemon Cabling System. Examples of additional Backbone media include 150 STP-A
cabling (Token Ring) and 75 coax (Cable TV). These and other application-specific cables
may be used, but only in addition to the minimum requirements of the Siemon Cabling
System.
Backbone Cabling Component Specifications
Components used in the Backbone Cabling System are subject to the following requirements:
Backbone Twisted-Pair Cables
14 Balanced twisted-pair cables shall be Qualified Cables for use in the
Siemon Cabling System. Refer to Ally Website, www.siemon.com/ally for
Qualified Cables.
Backbone Optical Fiber Cables

15 Multimode and singlemode optical fiber cables shall be Qualified Cables
for use in the Siemon Cabling System. Refer to Ally Website,
www.siemon.com/ally for Qualified Cables.
When a qualified cable is not available to meet specific installation needs, the Certified
Designer is responsible for submitting Form 1, Siemon Cabling System Request For
Exception, prior to installation for approval.
= Normative (Shall)
5-9
Backbone Connecting Hardware
16 All connecting hardware used with 100 balanced twisted-pair cables
and all connecting hardware used with optical fiber cables shall be
provided by Siemon.
BACKBONE PATCH CORD/EQUIPMENT CORD ASSEMBLIES
Backbone Modular Cord Assemblies/Channel Model

17 All patch cords and equipment cables used to cross-connect or
interconnect 100 balanced twisted-pair, 62.5/125 m and 50/125 m
multimode and singlemode optical fiber cabling for use in a channel
model warranty, shall be manufactured by Siemon to receive applications
assurance. For field terminated cable assemblies, see note below.
Note:
The construction of patch cords and equipment cables incorporating double ended
S110P or S210P or TERA plugs can be performed by the Certified Installer
(Company). The use of which in a Channel Model qualifies the channel for
applications assurance under the Siemon System Warrant
For category 5e or higher modular to S110P or S210P assemblies, the Certified
Installer (company) can purchase these factory assembled or they may be purchased as
double-ended modular-to-modular assemblies (typically double the length) cut in half
and terminated to the S110P or S210P on the cut end, leaving the factory assembled
modular plug as it is.
100 Balanced
Twisted-Pair
Optical fiber
= Normative (Shall)
5-10
Choosing Backbone Cabling Media
Considerations that factor into the selection and quantity of Backbone cable pairs and fibers
include:
The planning life of the Backbone system
The bandwidth requirements for planned applications
The number of Work Areas served by a given Backbone segment
The first two criteria listed above are unique to each installation and are left to the discretion
of the Certified Installer.
Whenever possible, the different service requirements should first be determined. It is often
convenient to group similar services together in a few categories such as voice, display
terminal, Local Area Networks (LAN) and other digital connections. Within each group,
individual types should be identified and required quantities projected.
When uncertain, use worst case scenarios when evaluating different Backbone cabling
alternatives. The higher the uncertainty, the more flexible the Backbone cabling system needs
to be.
Each recognized cable has individual characteristics that make it useful in a variety of
situations. A single cable type may not satisfy all the user requirements at a site. It is then
necessary to use more than one medium in the Backbone cabling.
= Normative (Shall)
5-11
Building Backbone Cabling
The following requirements and recommendations are provided for Backbone cabling runs
within a building.
Optical Fiber Cabling
18 For each building Backbone subsystem that is greater than 90 m (295 ft) in
length, optical fiber cable shall be provided if support for data
applications is required.
Requirement: Optical fiber cable
This requirement assures that high-speed data applications can be supported between Campus
Distributor/Main Cross-connect and Floor Distributor/Horizontal Cross-connect. Fiber is
desirable for building Backbone runs because of its bandwidth capability and the fact that it
occupies less pathway space (per delivered bandwidth) than balanced twisted-pair.
4
It is recommended that at least two optical fiber cores/strands be

provided for every known application to be served by the building
Backbone over its planning period. A growth factor of 100% should be
provided.
Application:
Voice
Video (Security)
LAN (10BASE-F)
Growth
Total
Fiber Count:
2
2
2
6
12
For this example, a 12-fiber building Backbone cable is recommended.
= Normative (Shall)
5-12
Balanced Twisted-Pair Cabling
5
For each building Backbone run, balanced twisted-pair cable should also
be provided.
Recommendation: Balanced twisted-pair cable, regardless of length
19 If the building Backbone run is less than or equal to 90 m (295 ft) in length,
and optical fiber is not installed, category 5e or higher Backbone cable
shall be provided if support for data applications is required.
Requirement: Balanced twisted-pair Cat. 5e or higher
This requirement assures that both voice and high-speed data applications can be supported
between Campus Distributor/Main Cross-connect and Floor Distributor/ Horizontal Crossconnect.
6
It is recommended for sizing multi-pair Backbone that at least two cable

pairs (category 3 or higher) be provided for each Work Area served by the
building Backbone segment.
This recommendation provides for a minimum of one pair per Work Area to support voice
applications and at least one additional pair for growth or for ancillary devices.
= Normative (Shall)
5-13
Campus Backbone Cabling
The following requirements and recommendations are provided for all Backbone cabling runs
that extend between buildings.
Optical Fiber Cabling
20 For each campus Backbone run, optical fiber cable shall be provided if
support for data applications is required.
Fiber is the preferred media for campus runs because it typically provides more bandwidth
than twisted-pair cabling and is immune to ground loop problems that may occur between
buildings for some types of metallic media.
7
It is recommended that at least two optical fiber cores/strands be

provided for every known application to be served by the campus
Backbone over its planning period. A growth factor of 100% should be
provided.
Application:
Voice
Video (Security)
Video (Interactive)
LAN (10BASE-F)
LAN (FDDI)
Data Mux (3 applications)
Growth
Total
Fiber Count:
2
2
2
2
4
6
18
36
For this example, a 36-fiber campus Backbone cable is recommended. Although this is a
recommendation, consideration should be given for the environment in which these additional
strands will be stored.
= Normative (Shall)
5-14
Balanced Twisted-Pair Cabling
8
For each campus Backbone run, balanced twisted-pair cable should also
be provided.
9
It is recommended for sizing multi-pair Backbone that at least two cable

pairs (category 3 or higher) be provided for each Work Area served by the
campus Backbone segment.
This recommendation provides for a minimum of one pair per Work Area to support voice
applications and at least one additional pair for growth or for ancillary devices.
Multi-pair Balanced Twisted-pair
Optical Fiber
Inside Plant
Optical Fiber
Outside Plant
= Normative (Shall)
5-15
BACKBONE CABLING DISTANCES
The following requirements and recommendations apply to all portions of the Backbone
cabling. The connection of multiple campuses or buildings that extend beyond the distance
limits specified in this section are outside the scope of the Siemon Cabling System.
Equipment manufacturers, application standards and systems providers should be consulted
before selecting the Backbone medium.
Backbone Maximum Lengths Limits
21
The total channel length between the Campus Distributor/Main Crossconnect and any Floor Distributor/Horizontal Cross-connect shall not
exceed the following length limits:
3,000 m (9,840 ft) for singlemode (OS1) optical fiber,
2,000 m (6,560 ft) for 62.5/125 m or 50/125 m multimode (OM1-OM4)
optical fiber,
2,000 m (6,560 ft) for balanced twisted-pair for PBX/Class A (100 kHz)
applications
Note:
Although the North American standards specify 800 m (2,624 ft.) for voice, Siemon
and ISO allow longer distances for these lower performing applications.
200 m (656 ft) for balanced twisted-pair for Class B ( 1 MHz) applications.
For data Class C, D, E, EA, F and FA applications over copper:
100 m (328 ft) for balanced twisted-pair (per Backbone segment when
providing a two-level Backbone).
Note:
Although maximum channel distance listed above may be capable for some
applications, certain high-speed data rate applications require channel/subsystem
distances that are significantly reduced. Refer to the Applications Guide in Annex C.
Note 2: Balanced twisted-pair Backbone cabling that exceeds 100 m (328 ft) are typically
designed to support voice applications.
= Normative (Shall)
5-16
Backbone Cabling Links and Channels
For the purposes of this section, two terms are used to distinguish between Backbone cabling
subsystems with and without equipment cables. These terms are Backbone Permanent Link
model and Backbone Channel model.
Backbone Permanent Link Model
A Backbone Permanent Link model includes the Backbone connecting hardware and the
cables which extend between these connecting hardware fields.
Backbone Channel Model
A Backbone Channel model includes all components of the Backbone Permanent Link
including jumpers/patch cords and equipment cables.
Campus Distributor/Main Cross-Connect to Entrance Point
10 Cable lengths between the entrance point and the Campus
Distributor/Main Cross-connect should be documented in the applicable
cable records.
For more information on cable records, see the
Administration section of this manual.
Cable Slack
During the installation of Backbone cable, extra slack should be provided on both ends, in
order to facilitate termination operations and to accommodate possible relocation of
terminations in the telecommunications rooms.
11 For Backbone terminations that service
the Floor Distributor/Horizontal Crossconnect, a minimum of 3 m (10 ft) of
cable
slack
is
recommended.
Backbone terminations at the Campus
Distributor/Main Cross-connect and
Building Distributor/Intermediate Crossconnects should also have at least 3 m
(10 ft) of cable slack.
It should be noted that cable slack constitutes part

of the total length allowance for Backbone cabling.
= Normative (Shall)
5-17
Equipment Connections
Although equipment cables are an integral part of the telecommunications network.
Therefore, the following requirements shall be met to assure that applications will operate
properly over the Backbone cabling system.
Maximum Length of Cross-Connect Jumpers/Patch Cords and Equipment Cables
22 The total combined length of category 5e and higher balanced twistedpair cross-connect jumpers/patch cords and equipment cables in a
channel shall be determined by the following formula:
C = 102*- B
(1 + D)
C = Combined length of patch cords/jumpers and equipment cables on
both ends of a Backbone channel
B = Length of fixed Backbone cable
D = .2 for UTP; .5 for shielded systems
* ISO uses 105 for 5e. We have chosen to be more stringent to provide
better channel performance. This also allows for formula consistency.
Maximum cable lengths in backbone cabling

Length of
Maximum combined length of
backbone cable (B)
patch cord and equipment cable (C)
Unshielded
Shielded
m (ft)
m (ft)
m (ft)
90 (295)
85 (279)
80 (262)
75 (246)
72 (236) or less
10 (33)
14 (46)
18 (59)
22 (72)
25 (82)
= Normative (Shall)
5-18
8 (26)
9 (30)
15 (50)
18 (59)
20 (66)
For balanced twisted-pair if the formula is not utilized, the total combined
length of cross-connect jumpers/patch cords between the CD/MC and
BD/IC, or BD/IC and FD/HC, or CD/MC and FD/HC, and equipment cables
shall not exceed 15 m (50 ft) in length if the Backbone channel is:
100 m (328 ft) for balanced twisted-pair and applications assurance is
desired .
Example: If the length of the fixed UTP cabling (CD/MC to FD/HC) is 85 m (278 ft)
long, then the combined length (both ends) of equipment cables and crossconnections may be up to 14 m (46 ft) long. However, if the length of the fixed
cabling is 90 m (295 ft) long, then the combined length (both ends) of equipment
cables and cross-connections may be up to only 10 m (33 ft) long.
BACKBONE CABLING PRACTICES

Backbone Cabling Installation Practices
23 The installation practices specified in the Installation Practices section of
this manual shall be followed.
Backbone Cabling Grounding/Earthing Considerations

24 Grounding/Earthing and bonding requirements specified in the applicable
codes and regulations shall be met.
BACKBONE PATHWAYS
Backbone pathways consist of building and campus pathways. The term Backbone replaces
riser, house, feeder and building-tie cable terminology. Backbone pathways may be either
vertical or Horizontal. Campus Backbone pathways extend between buildings. Building
Backbone pathways are contained within a building.
Backbone pathway requirements and recommendations are intended to accommodate all types
of telecommunications cable (voice, data, image, etc.). This section covers guidelines and
recommendations on pathways used for Backbone cable distribution.
General Requirements/Recommendations For Backbone Cabling

Pathways
Building Codes
25 Backbone pathways shall be designed and installed to meet all
applicable local and national building and electrical codes.
26 The quantity, size and bend radius requirements of Backbone cables shall
be known to determine the type and size of the Backbone pathway. An
allowance for growth shall be provided.
= Normative (Shall)
5-19
Grounding/Earthing and Bonding
27 Grounding/Earthing and Bonding of Backbone pathways shall comply with
all applicable codes and regulations.
Fire Stopping
28 Properly designed fire stop systems shall be installed to prevent or retard
the spread of fire, smoke, water, and gases through the building. This
requirement applies to openings designed for telecommunications use
that may or may not be penetrated by cables, wires, and raceways. Such
systems shall comply with all applicable national and local fire protection
codes.
Cable Protection
29 Pathways shall be suitable for the environment in which they are installed
and shall not be impeded by HVAC Ducts, electrical power distribution, or
surrounding building space limitations.
Bend Radii
30 Backbone pathways shall be installed or selected such that the minimum
bend radius of Backbone cables is kept within manufacturer specifications
both during and after installation.
12 Minimum inside bend radius of Backbone pathways should not be less
than ten times the maximum cable diameter to be installed.
Building Pathways
The ideal vertical Backbone pathway consists of Telecommunications Rooms located on each
floor, which are vertically stacked one above the other and tied together by sleeves or slots.
In this context, the term sleeve refers to a circular opening in a wall, ceiling or floor to permit
the passage of cables between adjacent spaces. A slot is the same as a sleeve, except that the
shape of the opening is usually rectangular.
Backbone pathways encompass all pathway types as specified in the Horizontal Distribution
section of this manual.
Cable Management
31 A defined telecommunications cable pathway (i.e., A pathway that is
specifically dedicated for telecommunications use), shall be used for
cable management.
32 Building pathway types used for Backbone cables which have similar
design and type as Horizontal pathways shall comply with the
requirements of the Horizontal section of this manual.
= Normative (Shall)
5-20
Backbone Conduit Size
13 The following charts are provided as a resource for design purposed only
and should only be used for approximations.
EMT Conduit Fill for Backbone Cable
Size
Internal
designator diameter
mm (in)
mm (in)
Total Area
100%
mm2 (in2)
Maximum recommended occupancy Minimum bend radius

A
B
C
D
E
1 Cable
2 Cables
3 Cables
Steel
Other
53% fill
31% fill
and over
layers
sheaths
40% fill
within
sheath
mm2 (in2)
mm2 (in2)
mm2 (in2)
mm (in)
mm (in)
21 (.75)
20.9 (.82)
343 (.53)
182 (.28)
106 (.17)
137 (.21)
210 (8)
130 (5)
27 (1)
26.6 (1.05)
556 (.86)
295 (.46)
172 (.27)
222 (.35)
270 (10)
160 (6)
35 (1.25)
35.1 (1.38)
968 (1.50)
513 (.79)
300 (.46)
387 (.60)
350 (13)
210 (8)
41 (1.5)
40.9 (1.61)
1314 (2.04)
696 (1.08)
407 (.63)
526 (.81)
410 (15)
250 (9)
53 (2)
52.5 (2.07)
2165 (3.36)
1147 (1.78)
671 (1.04)
866 (1.34)
530 (20)
320 (12)
63 (2.5)
69.4 (2.73)
3783 (5.86)
2005 (3.11)
1173 (1.82) 1513 (2.34)
630 (25)
630 (25)
78 (3)
85.2 (3.36)
5701 (8.85)
3022 (4.69)
1767 (2.74) 2280 (3.54)
780 (30)
780 (30)
91 (3.5)
97.4 (3.83) 7451 (11.55)
3949 (6.12)
2310 (3.58) 2980 (4.62)
900 (35)
900 (35)
103 (4)
110.1 (4.33) 9521 (14.75)
5046 (7.82)
2951 (4.57) 3808 (5.90)
1020 (40)
1020 (40)
NOTES
1 Column A is used when one cable is to be placed in conduit.
2 Column B is used when two cables share a conduit. The percentage fill is applied to straight runs
with nominal offset equivalent to no more than two 90 bends.
3 Column C is used when three or more cables share a conduit.
4 Column D indicates a bend of 10X the conduit diameter for cable sheaths equipped with steel
tape in the sheath.
5 Column E indicates a bend of 6 times the conduit diameter up to and including 53 (2) trade size,
and 10 times the diameter above 53 (2) trade size conduit.
6 The number of cables that can be installed in a conduit can be limited by the allowed maximum
pulling tension of the cables.
7 For large diameter cables, conduit fill is a factor of cable pulling tension. See pull tension
information.
Pull Tension on Cables With the Use of Conduit

Conduit sizing is directly related to the planned diameter of the cable and the maximum pull tension
that can be applied to the cable without degradation of the cable transmission properties. The pull
tension limit is based on the strength of the conduit (including sidewall pressure), the strength of the
pull line, the geometry of the conduit system, and the strength of the cable. The position of the bends
and length of the conduit system will affect the pull tension that will be imposed on a cable. For
instance, pulling cable in one direction may cause a cable pull tension of 2700 N (600 lbf) whereas
pulling from the opposite direction may cause a tension of 1350 N (300 lbf). The pull tension of the
planned cable to be installed needs to be calculated in both directions.
NOTE: Cable pulling tensions may be reduced by using lubricants that are specially formulated for
the composition of the cable.
= Normative (Shall)
5-21
The following main contributory functions should be considered when calculating cable tensions.
- The mass per unit length of cable.
- The coefficient of friction between cable sheath and surfaces with which it will come in contact.
- Deviations and inclinations.
RMC Conduit Fill for Backbone Cable
Size
Internal
designator diameter
mm(in)
mm(in)
Maximum recommended occupancy

A
B
C
Total Area
1 Cable
2 Cables
3 Cables
100%
53% fill
31% fill
and over
40% fill
mm2 (in2)
mm2 (in2)
mm2 (in2)
mm2 (in2)
Minimum bend radius

D
E
Steel
Other
layers
sheaths
within
sheath
mm (in)
mm (in)
53 (2)
52.9 (2.083) 2198 (3.41)
1165 (1.81)
681 (1.06)
879 (1.36)
530 (20)
320 (12)
63 (2.5)
63.2 (2.489) 3137 (4.87)
1663 (2.58)
972 (1.51)
1255 (1.95)
630 (25)
630 (25)
78 (3)
78.5 (3.090) 4840 (7.50)
2565 (3.97)
1500 (2.33) 1936 (3.00)
780 (30)
70 (30)
91 (3.5)
90.7 (3.570) 6461 (10.01)
3424 (5.31)
2003 (3.10) 2584 (4.00)
900 (35)
900 (35)
103 (4) 102.9 (4.050) 8316 (12.88)
4408 (6.83)
2578 (3.99) 3326 (5.15)
1030 (40)
1030 (40)
129 (5) 128.9 (5.073)13050 (20.21) 6916 (10.71)
4045 (6.27) 5220 (80.9)
1300 (50)
1300 (50)
155 (6) 154.8 (6.093)18821 (29.16) 9975 (15.45)
5834 (9.04) 7528 (11.66)
1550 (60)
1550 (60)
NOTES
1 Column A is used when one cable is to be placed in conduit.
2 Column B is used when two cables share a conduit. The percentage fill is applied to straight runs
with nominal offset equivalent to no more than two 90 bends.
3 Column C is used when three or more cables share a conduit.
4 Column D indicates a bend of 10X the conduit diameter for cable sheaths equipped with steel
tape in the sheath.
5 Column E indicates a bend of 6 times the conduit diameter up to and including 53 (2) trade size,
and 10 times the diameter above 53 (2) trade size conduit.
6 The number of cables that can be installed in a conduit can be limited by the allowed maximum
pulling tension of the cables.
7 For large diameter cables, conduit fill is a factor of cable pulling tension. See pull tension
information.
Pull Tension on Cables With the Use of Conduit

Conduit sizing is directly related to the planned diameter of the cable and the maximum pull tension
that can be applied to the cable without degradation of the cable transmission properties. The pull
tension limit is based on the strength of the conduit (including sidewall pressure), the strength of the
pull line, the geometry of the conduit system, and the strength of the cable. The position of the bends
and length of the conduit system will affect the pull tension that will be imposed on a cable. For
instance, pulling cable in one direction may cause a cable pull tension of 2700 N (600 lbf) whereas
pulling from the opposite direction may cause a tension of 1350 N (300 lbf). The pull tension of the
planned cable to be installed needs to be calculated in both directions.
NOTE: Cable pulling tensions may be reduced by using lubricants that are specially formulated for
the composition of the cable.
The following main contributory functions should be considered when calculating cable tensions.
- The mass per unit length of cable.
- The coefficient of friction between cable sheath and surfaces with which it will come in contact.
- Deviations and inclinations.
= Normative (Shall)
5-22
Layout
33 Building pathways shall provide access to all Entrance Facility,, Equipment
Room(s) and Telecommunications Room(s) located in the same building.
For instance, when a Telecommunications Room cannot be vertically stacked with the one
above or below it, a pathway must be provided to link them. These pathways may be
dedicated, or may be connected through a series of telecommunications spaces.
34 Building pathways shall be configured to support a star cabling topology.
See the Telecommunications Room section of this manual for additional pathway
recommendations for Telecommunications Rooms located on the same floor.
Location
35 Pathways shall not be located in elevator (lift) shafts.
This requirement is provided due to the potentially detrimental effects of electromagnetic

interference (EMI) in the shaft of an active elevator (lift). Additionally, the use of such
pathways may be in violation of applicable codes and regulations. This requirement is made to
allow Backbone pathways and cables to be serviced with minimal occupant disruption.
Size
14 Sizing of Backbone pathways between building spaces containing crossconnect facilities should be sized based on a minimum of three, 100 mm (4
in) conduits. When the quantity of Backbone cabling exceeds more than
one row of sleeves, designers should restrict the number of rows to two (2).
Provisions for Cable Installation

15 When rooms are aligned with a common vertical pathway, some means
for cable pulling, such as a steel anchor pulling iron or eye embedded in
the concrete, should be provided above and in-line with the sleeves or
slots at the uppermost room of each vertical stack. Similar techniques may
be required for long Horizontal pathways.
= Normative (Shall)
5-23
Campus Pathways
Campus pathways interconnect separate buildings such as in campus environments. These
consist of underground, buried, aerial, and tunnel pathways.
16 It is recommended that a telecommunications design plan be developed
for all buildings, and the pathways between buildings, identified on the
initial plot plan.
= Normative (Shall)
5-24
Layout
36 Campus pathways shall be provided between buildings served by the
same Campus Distributor/Main Cross-connect.
These pathways may be aerial or underground, and may be connected through a series of
telecommunications spaces. The figure shown below shows a typical configuration of campus
pathways in a campus environment.
Typical Campus Backbone Pathway Scheme
Design
37 Campus pathway design is outside the scope of the Siemon Cabling
System, however, requirements involving the media choices length and
bend radii limitations shall be met.
= Normative (Shall)
5-25
NORMATIVE SUMMARY
Backbone Cabling
1
To avoid problems caused by electromagnetic emissions from power

cables and from premises equipment, the requirements of Annex B section
of this manual shall be met for all Backbone cabling and pathways.
2
The Backbone cabling shall use the conventional hierarchical star

topology.
3
There shall be no more than two subsystems of cross-connects in the

Backbone cabling. From the Floor Distributor/Horizontal Cross-connect, no
more than one cross-connect shall be passed through to reach the
Campus Distributor/Main Cross-connect.
4
Cross-connections shall be used for connections between Horizontal and

Backbone cabling, between first level Backbone and second level
Backbone cabling and for connections between Backbone cabling and
premises equipment with multiple port outputs (such as 25-pair
connectors)
5
Connecting hardware shall not be installed in locations that are not

specifically intended for telecommunications use which may violate
applicable codes and regulations.
6
All devices that are specifically intended to support a given application

shall be installed external to the Campus Distributor/Main Cross-connect or
Building Distributor/Intermediate Cross-connect.
7
Bridged taps shall not be used as part of the Backbone cabling.
8
When used, UTP and optical fiber splices shall be kept accessible and shall
not be used for routine cabling system changes.
9
Splices shall not be used on F/UTP and S/FTP cables.
10 Where UTP copper cable is used in the Backbone (campus Backbone and
building Backbone), the number of splices shall be kept to the minimum
required by the physical system design or installation constraints.
11 When used, splices shall be constructed using insulation-displacement
type connectors and housed in enclosures appropriate for the
environment.
12 Optical fiber splices used in the Backbone shall be limited to an
acceptable number which is based on an acceptable link attenuation
budget.
= Normative (Shall)
5-26
13 Multi-pair cable(s) used in the Backbone are intended to support voice
applications only, and shall be tested for continuity.
14 Balanced twisted-pair cables shall be Qualified Cables for use in the
Siemon Cabling System. Refer to Allied Website @ www.siemon.com/ally
for Qualified Cables.
15 Multimode and singlemode optical fiber cables shall be Qualified Cables
for use in the Siemon Cabling System. Refer to Allied Website @
www.siemon.com/ally for Qualified Cables.
16 All connecting hardware used with 100 balanced twisted-pair cables
and all connecting hardware used with optical fiber cables shall be
provided by Siemon.
17 All patch cords and equipment cables used to cross-connect or
interconnect 100 balanced twisted-pair, 62.5/125 m and 50/125 m
multimode and singlemode optical fiber cabling for use in a channel
model warranty, shall be manufactured by Siemon to receive applications
assurance. For field terminated cable assemblies see note below.
18 For each building Backbone subsystem that is greater than 90 m (295 ft) in
length, optical fiber cable shall be provided if support for data
applications is required.
19 If the building Backbone run is less than or equal to 90 m (295 ft) in length,
and optical fiber is not installed, category 5e or higher Backbone cable
shall be provided if support for data applications is required.
20 For each campus Backbone run, optical fiber cable shall be provided if
support for data applications is required.
21
The total channel length between the Campus Distributor/Main Crossconnect and any Floor Distributor/Horizontal Cross-connect shall not
exceed the following length limits:
3,000 m (9,840 ft) for singlemode (OS1) optical fiber,
2,000 m (6,560 ft) for 62.5/125 m or 50/125 m multimode
(OM1-OM3) optical fiber,
2,000 m (6,560 ft) for balanced twisted-pair for PBX/Class A (100 kHz)
applications
200 m (656 ft) f for balanced twisted-pair for Class B ( 1 MHz)
applications.
For data Class C, D, E and F (1-600 MHz) applications over copper:
100 m (328 ft) for balanced twisted-pair (per Backbone segment when
providing a two-level Backbone).
= Normative (Shall)
5-27
22 The total combined length of category 5e and higher balanced twistedpair cross-connect jumpers/patch cords and equipment cables in a
channel shall be determined by the following formula:
C=
102*- B
(1 + D)
C = Combined length of patch cords/jumpers and equipment cables on
both ends of a Backbone channel
B = Length of fixed Backbone cable
D = .2 for UTP; .5 for shielded systems
* ISO uses 105 for 5e. We have chosen to be more stringent to provide
better channel performance. This also allows for formula consistency.
For balanced twisted-pair if the formula is not utilized, the total combined
length of cross-connect jumpers/patch cords between the CD/MC and
BD/IC, or BD/IC and FD/HC, or CD/MC and FD/HC, and equipment cables
shall not exceed 15 m (50 ft) in length if the Backbone channel is:
100 m (328 ft) for balanced twisted-pair and applications assurance is
desired.
Example: If the length of the fixed UTP cabling (CD/MC to FD/HC) is 85 m (278 ft)
long, then the combined length (both ends) of equipment cables and crossconnections may be up to 14 m (46 ft) long. However, if the length of the fixed
cabling is 90 m (295 ft) long, then the combined length (both ends) of equipment
cables and cross-connections may be up to only 10 m (33 ft) long.
23 The installation practices specified in the Installation Practices section of
this manual shall be followed.
24 Grounding/Earthing and bonding requirements specified in the applicable
codes and regulations shall be met.
25 Backbone pathways shall be designed and installed to meet all
applicable local and national building and electrical codes.
26 The quantity, size and bend radius requirements of Backbone cables shall
be known to determine the type and size of the Backbone pathway. An
allowance for growth shall be provided.
27 Grounding/Earthing and Bonding of Backbone pathways shall comply with
all applicable codes and regulations.
28 Properly designed firestop systems shall be installed to prevent or retard the
spread of fire, smoke, water, and gases through the building. This
requirement applies to openings designed for telecommunications use
that may or may not be penetrated by cables, wires, and raceways. Such
systems shall comply with all applicable National and local fire protection
codes.
= Normative (Shall)
5-28
29 Pathways shall be suitable for the environment in which they are installed
and shall not be impeded by HVAC Ducts, electrical power distribution, or
surrounding building space limitations.
30 Backbone pathways shall be installed or selected such that the minimum
bend radius of Backbone cables is kept within manufacturer specifications
both during and after installation.
31 A defined telecommunications cable pathway (i.e., A pathway that is
specifically dedicated for telecommunications use), shall be used for
cable management.
32 Building pathway types used for Backbone cables which have similar
design and type as Horizontal pathways shall comply with the
requirements of the Horizontal section of this manual.
33 Building pathways shall provide access to all Entrance Facility(ies),
Equipment Room(s) and Telecommunications Room(s) located in the
same building.
34 Building pathways shall be configured to support a star cabling topology.
35 Pathways shall not be located in elevator (lift) shafts.
36 Campus pathways shall be provided between buildings served by the
same Campus Distributor/Main Cross-connect.
37 Campus pathway design is outside the scope of the Siemon Cabling

System, however, requirements involving the media choices and length
limitations and bend radii shall be met.
= Normative (Shall)
5-29

Backbone Rev M

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BACKBONE DISTRIBUTION

I. Recall the requirements associated with the annexes A

To avoid problems caused by electromagnetic emissions from power

Example of a Typical Building and Campus Cabling Star Configuration

Example of a Typical Building and Campus Backbone Cabling Star Configuration

The Backbone cabling shall use the conventional hierarchical star

There shall be no more than two subsystems of cross-connects in the

Cross-connections shall be used for connections between Horizontal and

Interconnections may be used for connections between premises

In order to make optimum use of a star topology, it is recommended that

Connecting hardware shall not be installed in locations that are not

Although it is sometimes convenient to place a cross-connect block in a ceiling, this practice

All devices that are specifically intended to support a given application

Bridged taps shall not be used as part of the Backbone cabling.

Splices shall not be used on F/UTP and S/FTP cables.

UTP Splice Limitations

Optical Fiber Splice Limitations

Cabling Directly Between Telecommunications Rooms

Backbone Optical Fiber Cables

Backbone Modular Cord Assemblies/Channel Model

Requirement: Optical fiber cable

It is recommended that at least two optical fiber cores/strands be

For this example, a 12-fiber building Backbone cable is recommended.

Recommendation: Balanced twisted-pair cable, regardless of length

Requirement: Balanced twisted-pair Cat. 5e or higher

It is recommended for sizing multi-pair Backbone that at least two cable

It is recommended that at least two optical fiber cores/strands be

It is recommended for sizing multi-pair Backbone that at least two cable

Multi-pair Balanced Twisted-pair

It should be noted that cable slack constitutes part

Maximum cable lengths in backbone cabling

BACKBONE CABLING PRACTICES

Backbone Cabling Grounding/Earthing Considerations

General Requirements/Recommendations For Backbone Cabling

EMT Conduit Fill for Backbone Cable

Maximum recommended occupancy Minimum bend radius

1173 (1.82) 1513 (2.34)

1767 (2.74) 2280 (3.54)

97.4 (3.83) 7451 (11.55)

2310 (3.58) 2980 (4.62)

110.1 (4.33) 9521 (14.75)

2951 (4.57) 3808 (5.90)

Pull Tension on Cables With the Use of Conduit

RMC Conduit Fill for Backbone Cable

Maximum recommended occupancy

Minimum bend radius

52.9 (2.083) 2198 (3.41)

63.2 (2.489) 3137 (4.87)

78.5 (3.090) 4840 (7.50)

1500 (2.33) 1936 (3.00)

90.7 (3.570) 6461 (10.01)

2003 (3.10) 2584 (4.00)

103 (4) 102.9 (4.050) 8316 (12.88)

2578 (3.99) 3326 (5.15)

129 (5) 128.9 (5.073)13050 (20.21) 6916 (10.71)

4045 (6.27) 5220 (80.9)

155 (6) 154.8 (6.093)18821 (29.16) 9975 (15.45)

5834 (9.04) 7528 (11.66)

Pull Tension on Cables With the Use of Conduit

This requirement is provided due to the potentially detrimental effects of electromagnetic

Provisions for Cable Installation

Typical Campus Backbone Pathway Scheme

To avoid problems caused by electromagnetic emissions from power

The Backbone cabling shall use the conventional hierarchical star