Elementary Kurmanji Grammar

ELEMENTAEY
KURMANJI
GRAMMAR.
BY
lAJOK E. B. SOANE, G.BJ.,

POLITICAL
DEPARTMENT.
BAGHDAD :
PRINTED AT
THE
GOVERNMENT
1919.
PRESS.
nPHIS sketch of elementary Kurmanji is intended

primarily for
whose
duties
tricts
of
that of
Ivith
the
use
leads
them
Kurdistan.
The
Sulaimaniyah
slight
latitude 36.
and
variations,
of officers
to
the
dialect
district
as
far
and
others
southern
dis
here
treated
and
is
north
as
is
current
about
PRONUNCIATION
To speak simple
AND
ALPHABET.
Kurmanji with a poor accent is not
difficult, but its fine gradations of vocals from simple vowel

sounds
through
numerous
diphthongs
and semi-vocals
to
other simple vowel
sounds makes
it very difficult to pro
nounce accurately.
It also possesses a large store of semi
consonants, the results of erosions and metamorphic labials

and palatals.
The student, however, will have to sharpen his
ear considerably before he can hope to pronounce these.
For practical purposes the following are the letters which

suffice for the simple alphabet.
VOWELS.
as
e
e
he came
rrash
black.
bet
let him come
bet
yek
one
beet
sh
work
bit
mimk
a breast
kokha
a cough
,,
hole
oo
boot
dan
two
put
amust
a finger
Fr. rendu
khiin
blood
dyk
mother.
ii
,,
byt
These are the simplest to
reduced.
hat
bete
ee
Ex.
bat*
in father
which the
vowels can
Strictly speaking they should be sub-divided.
be
The
earnest student may divert himself by attempting to distin* Never pronounced as u in but.
t Pronounced broad and full, not in a mincing manner.
KURMANJI
GRAMMAR.
guish the 47 vocals into which Justi divided Kurdish vowel

sounds.
CONSONANTS.
These consist of the couplet consonants :
b, p ;
d, t ;
j, ch ; gh, kh ; h, h ; z, zh ; s, sh ; g, k ; and f, 1, 1, m, n, q, r, w.
The
following
alone
require
remark,
the
remainder
having approximately the same value as in English :
gh
the " ghain " of Arabic
kh
the harder form of gh
guttural aspirate (also as in Arabic)
the liquid 1 pronounced with an
accompanying
movement of the throat muscles.
All of the above must be heard to be understood, there

are no equivalents in English.
g is always hard as in " girl", never soft as in "gem ".

The combination ng is a common one in Kurdish and is
pronounced like our own ng, a nasal, as "hang",
a bee,
pronounced exactly as the English word "hang".
THE
Gender,As a rule
does
become
no
necessary to
NOUN.
distinction is made ;
distinguish
where it
between male and
female the words nr, male, and ma or mang, female, are

employed, as in the examples below :
(a) where
the
noun
does
not
indicate
psink, a cat
Psink-i-nr, a torn cat.

Psink-i-ma, a female cat.
gender,
as
THE
NOUN.
(b) where the noun in
its simple form indicates the
as garnish, a buffalo.
mangamlsh, a buffalo cow.
Number.
The
numbers
are
diminutive,
singular,
and
plural, each with its own form.
from po,
as poaka
aka
Diminutive.-
a man.
zhinaka
zhin,
a woman.
malaka
mal,
a house.
IdaSl -^ P^hila
-ela,-
from psh,
a cat.
-ela,-
jii,
jiielaka
pchkla
a Jew.
pchk,
,,
small.
The most generally used is the first form, and has largely
lost
its
meaning,
being
used
with
almost
any
word as a
euphonic only with no intention of diminutive meaning.

Singular.
In its simple form the noun is in the singular
number, and no inflexion is used unless to emphasize the fact

that one alone is meant, when the following are used :
(a)
when noun form is not in diminutive,

-ek is used.
(b) when noun form is in diminutive,

- is used thus :
Pio,
a man
Ploek,
Kurr, a boy
one man
Kurrek, one boy

but
Pioaka,
a man
(dim.)
Ploakai,
Kurraka,
a boy
(dim.)
Kurrakai, one boy (dim.).
Plural
one man (dim.).
To form the plural -an or -akan is added to the
form and there is no general rule
for determination
,^y
KURMANJI
GRAMMAR
as to which should be used, both being permissible in most

cases.
Thus
Sag,
a dog
Sagan
or
Sagakan.
Zhin,
a woman
Plural
Zhinan
or
Zhinakan.
Kurr,
a boy '
Kurran
or
Kurrakan.
Nouns ending in a and I usually take the akan plural ex :

Masi,
a fish
Maslakan,
fished.
Bra,
a brother
Brakan,
brothers.
\y-
WORD
LIST.
bra
brother
Qair
Qadir
khushk
sister
bang ka !
call !
minal
child
bali
yes
kurra
boy, son
na
no, not
kich
girl, daughter
plo
man
hayya
zhin
woman
na
zur
much, very
en
they are
gora
big
nen
they are not
phk
small
he, she, it was
bn
they were
era
here
ora
there
_ bash
[good, well
chak
e:
I bad
kharo
ps
is not
am, a ma
this
that
'
himal
at home
aw,
Hama
Muhammad
ish
also
now
warra !
come !
sta
awa
osa
then
brrCia
go !
ku?
where ?
wa,
and
Exercise
1.
Verbs (except imperatives) come at the end of the sentence.

Warra
Minal
era
zhino
kuna !
Kurraka
khushk
era na.
pchk era
en.
Minfilaka
kCi
a ?
Pioakan ora bun ?
DECLENSION.
Na, lamal bian.

kharo a.
Brrua lamal.
Aw kurra chak a wa am pioaka
Hama bang ka ! Am kichaka ziir
pchQk a.
ora hayya ? Bali wa zhin ish hayya. Ista warra !
Translation
Come here,
boy.
Come
The boys are very big.

is a child.
Exercise
1.
here,
there.
not
Bra
Pshla k a ?
It is well.
Yes, and the sister (diminutive form)
Call the women and the men also.
They are not
there now.
This is no good (" This good is not "). That also
is no good.
Go, call the little boy.
Now ? Yes, now.
DECLENSION.
Nominative.
The noun
in
its
simple
form is
in
the
nominative,
Accusative.
As a general rule there is no inflexion indi
cating this case, though occasionally the old accusative with

tqjminal -I is heard, as :
Am marl bikuzha,
form
kill this snake,
the
nominative
heard all
over South
being mar.
^^ The accusative in
-a is
regularly
^^distan as
Am mara bikuzha
Geniiivi.
Kill this snake.
This case is expressed by the particle i added
la thjûalificativ^, as
Mal min, my house, lit. the house of me.
Dar'l soz, the green tree
the tree of greenness.
Tfenk i Hama, Hama's gun the gun of Hama.
This combination cannot strictly

form
as it
is really i)ut
meaning "of".
parallel of
be called a genitive
French
usage,
the
KURMANJI
GRAMMAR.
A final expresses the dative case, but does not
Dative.
dispense with the use of the 'preposition.
Also
use of
the
is not universal and quite often the noun is uninflected.

Thus :
But :
bida be faqiri give to the poor.
"
bida be faqlr is equally correct and as usually
employed.
Ablative.
da is not
Like the dative inflexion, the ablative suffix
now universally heard,
nor
does
its
use
dispense
with the need of the preposition.

Thus :
la sharda, or,
lashar
From
the
town
are
equally regular.*
EXAMPLE
OF
DECLENSION
Mal
OF
HOUSE.
Plural.
Singular.
Nominative.
Accusative.
Malan, malakan.
Mal.
Mal, mali,
Malan, malanl,
Dative.
malakan,
mala-
kani, malana, malakana.
mala.
Genitive.
NOUN.
mal.
Mal, mall.
malan, malakan.
Malan, malan, malakan,
mala
kan!.
Ablative.--Mal.i malda,
Malan, malanda, malakan, malakanda.
WORD
LIST.
hasp
horse
Hatin
they came
main
mare
arra
he, she,
it goes
hster
mule
rrl
he, she,
it went
kar
donkey
rrn
they went
ga
ox
la derawa
For Khaniqin district and very occasionally
in=o is regular.
market.
outside
Sulaimaniyah Ablative
Thus, la sharo, la bazaro :from
the town,
from
the
EXAMPLE OF DECLENSION OF NOUN.

manga
cow
la nao
inside
chi
what
amma
but
ki
who
rr
road
chan
how many,
awai
village
how
much
hch
none,
azanim
I know
any
min im
I am
ma in
we are.
nazanim
I know
hat
he, she, it.
suwar
horseman
a, be
to, at, in
aza
brave
SulaimanI
Sulaimanii
shrn
pretty
Holir
Erbil
bia!
give !
bigira !
Take
bna !
bring !
yan
or
not
came
tarramash
rogue
la
from, at
Ezerciie 2.
Kurra, min haspek bash

Bigira,
ba
be
manida ki hat ?
suwar.
Pio zur hat.
suwar i hasp yan main
gerekma,
Am rre
yan
arra
ama chi
a
Holir ?
Nazanim.
a ? Aw haspi ba Hama.
ch
Sulai-
bun ?
Suwar
hch
nabn
Chan suwar la
La Chemchemal be Kirkuk chan

Hama suwar aza nia, Qair chak a.
Kicheki shrn la malda hayya.
Sulaimani ?
La
Ball, azanim plo ziir hat, amma
Karaka la kurra i aw zhinaka bigira bia Qair.

Surdash hatin ?
haspek a ?
Zhin i Hasan hat.
Hat a Sulaimani.
Kurra
hster
K hat
bna.
ma
suwar n.
Translation
The girls of the
Sulaimania.
mad.
are not pretty,
2.
pretty
girls are
Hama's wife was a girl of the Jaf.
horses out to grazing.

to Bana.
Jaf
Exercise
He came from Sulaimania
in
Take the
and
went
Bring that big horse here and give it to Muham
Kill that cat.
I am from Erbil.
Where is the son of
KURMANJI
that woman ?
In the
house
bring these donkeys.
GRAMMAR.
of the
horsemen.
Go
SUFFIXIAL
ATTRIBUTIVES.
A number of suffixes are used with nouns to
butives, of which the following are the
most
and a knowledge of which is necessary :
1.
-ana meaning -ly,

Ex.
outside,
I don't know where they are.
form
attri
generally
used,
in the manner of
sal>,
a year
salana
yearly.
mang
a month
mangfina
monthly.
faqr
a humble
faqirana
in a humble
person.
manner.
2. -chi meaning " one who does " or " performs."

jar
a call
jarchi
a watchman,
naowa
naovvachi
a sentinel.
beat
3. -ger meaning a " worker in " or " maker of."

Zrn
gold
Zrnger
a goldsmith.
Asin
iron
Asinger
a blacksmith.
4. -in meaning "full of" "at" " made of."

Gham
sorrow
Ghamn
distressed.
Psh
the front
Pshn
the foremost.
Ber
previous
Berin
long before,
first.
5. -kar meaning " one who does " or " makes."

Jot
'
Dr
a plough
Jotkar
a peasant.
a lie
Drkar
a liar,
6. -dar meaning " possessor of ".

Khizna
a treasury
Khiznadar
a treasurer.
Zwan
a tongue
Zwandar
articulate.
SUFFIXIAL ATTRIBUTIVES.
-yar signifying the
agent.
Kir
purchase
Kiryar
purchaser.
Jot
plough
Jotyar
ploughman.
-wan meaning a keeper, " pertaining to."

Derga
a gate
Pas'
a sheep
Dergawan
a janitor.
Paswan
a shepherd.
Ga
a cow
Gawan
cowherd.
Amust
a finger
Amustwan
a ring.
WORD
rozh
day
sho
night
amro
to-day
dwna
dwka
LIST.
pashawa
latterly,
after,
for, because of
bo
yesterday
bo chi
why ?
bo ama ki
for this reason that
subhni, beyani
to-morrow
amanda
this much, so
dost
friend
awanda
that much, so
dizhmin
enemy
la bar
by
dar
wood, tree
altn
reason of, be
cause
zr
sub
sequent.
gold -
zw
silver
para
money
awzeng
stirrups
him, to him, of him
laqo
bridle *
zln
saddle
jaran
formerly
it, off her, to her.

of her
da
he, she, it gave
bird
he, she, it took away
Exerciie
3.
Dwka Qair o Hama hatin bo mangana.
a para zur a.
Qair zeringer
Hama be faqirana hat wa mangana^ bird
10
KURMANJI
GRAMMAR.
Hama bo ch be faqirana hat ?

Hama ish awanda para na,
Hama o Qair dost
Jaran zur dost bun ista la bar zhin
en yan dizhmin en ?
Hama dizhmin en.
Bo ama ki zhin kharo a.
asinger a.
Bo chi ?
Qair tarramashek a, amustwan
I zrn bo zhin I Hama da.
Translation
Amina's
distressed.
rings
were
Exercise
silver
and
3.
golden,
but
she
was
The mare was pretty that day, golden stirrups
and silver saddle,
but to-day
saddle wooden.
Hama took his monthly wages (mangana)
from
the
treasurer
wife to-day.
yesterday,
and
gave
iron and her
thep
to
Qaip's
Qair is very distressed and is going (he goes)
to Erbil to-morrow.
are enemies.
her stirrups are
For this reason,
too,
(la bar i)
they
Yes, I know, but Amina is so pretty.
PRONOUNS AND PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES.
1.
The
the
form of
complete
Pronoun.
The
simple
(nouns are
Plural.
Singular.
Min
ma
We.
Tu
Thou
wa
You.
Aw, awa
He, sha, it.
awan
They.
Note :
Kurdish is precise in its use of 2nd Persons

When
is used,
speaking
no
to
one
person
complimentary
the
2nd
use of the
Singular and
Person
Plural.
singular alone
2nd person plural
being
pennitted, as is common in Persian and Turkish.
These Pronominal forms are, subject to exactly the same

rules
of
however,
declension
not
flections to
"
as
the
incorrect,
indicate
noun
but
already
unnecessary
the cases,
described.
to
use
It
these
is^
in
excepting alone in the geni-
*Omit " them " in translation.
..
PRONOUNS AND
PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES.
11
tive, which is the same as the Possessive Pronoun mentioned

later.
2.
The Enclitic Pronouns.
The enclitic is that form of the pronoun which cannot

,be used alone, but which is dependant upon another word,,
to which it must be joined as seen below.
The enclitic pronouns are :
Singular.
Plural.
-iman,
-im
It will
-in
-it
-itan,
-in
-I
-lan,
-In
be noticed that the first form of the plural is-
exactly regular, being but the addition of -an to the singular..

The second form of the plural is used only with verbs.
These
in
their
pronouns
use,
though
and fulfil all
weak
the
in
duties
form
of
are
the
complete
independent
forms.
They only appear as Nominatives when used with verbs,

as
in
the
following
examples,
with
the
verb
stem,
kawt,
"fall."
Kawtim
I fell
Kawtiman
We fell.
Kawtit
Thou fellest.
Kawtitan
You fell.
Kawti
He fell.
Kawtan
They fell.
and
-im kawt
I fell.
-iman kawt
We fell.
-it kawt
Thou fellest.
-itan kawt
You fell.
He fell.
-ian kawt
They fell.
-i kawt
They appear as Genitives in examples such as the follow

ing, such
genitive
form giving a possessive
meaning in most
cases :
Sarim
Malian
my head, i.e., the head of me.
their house, i.e., the house of them.
12
KURMANJI
GRAMMAR.
.In the following cases the pure genitive value is seen :

Qsaman akan
they speak of us.
Khyal aka
he thinks of her.
They appear as pure Datives in frequent instances as

para dayan
money gave he to them.
Ihough the preposition p is'generally used to avoid confu

sion making an apparent dative, as follows :
peim
to me.
piman
to us.
pit
to thee.
peitan
to you.
pel
to him.
pan
to them.
They appear regularly as Accusatives as in the following

instances :
The
Kushtian
he killed them.
Akuzhimit
I will kill thee.
learner
is
warned
that
the
use
of
the
enclitic
pronoun is very idiomatic and very confusing, and demands

close
attention.
Full
treatment
of
its
use
will
be
found
in my larger Grammar.
Such difficulties as the following will have to be under

stood, e.g., rtanit krd, where two enclitics follow and permit
of two interpretations, according as
-ian and -it are taken as nominatives or' accusatives.
Further treatment of the enclitics will be found under

Verb forms and sentence construction.
WORD LIST.
ikam
which
ser
head
her dk
both
In
we are
ham-
all
in
you are
hamwakht
always ,
kot
fell
herrozh
every day
saw
elbet, helbet
of course
gut
said
ki
that
alaim
I say
k?
when ?
alal
he says
13
her ista
right now
blai!
tell, say to !
Ish
affairs, work,
la ch
get out of the
liw
there
deeds
way
chi bkam
what can I do ?
wha
thus
chi blaim
what can I say ?
das
hand
qai naka
all right ! it does

not matter.
Exercise 4.
Hasp min ku a ?
I min yan
Blai
arrim
Qair
haspakam
bo
bna.
haspakim.
das
min nia,
zhin
zhin I
kharo In.
tu
Zhin
Hama
wa bo chi chak In ?
be
bird i.
a,
Qair.
Hama a.
and
to-day there.
matter,
Amina,
know
La
dkan
her
chi
bkam,
they
Exercise
where
are
in
he is
a rogue,
are
Yesterday he
are thus, all. of you.
fell
from
his
min
bang ka !
Her
house,
he
Qai naka.
don't
know.
Qair saw them

It doesn't
is a good
horse.
zhin i
dkitan
4.
they ?
their
but
ch,
Amina
ptan ?
blaim
Of course, he thinks of her always.
I know
hasp
paraiman, Ishiman hamii
Min
Chi
b.
Call Qair and tell him that I want my mare.

now.
hasp!" bird,
Hama be min alal, Qair, akuzhimit !
Hama
but
suwar
Qair
Haspiman,
Translation
Yes,
Kam
Ish iman kharo a la bar am Qair.
hasp I tu ?
horseman.
When ?
Yes,
your
Right
works
14
KURMANJI
GRAMMAR.
The Possessive Adjective.

This is practically but the genitive
form of the pronoun,
as follows :
{a)
1 mm
my
I ma
our.
itu
thy
wa
your.
I awa
his
i awan
their,
(b)
im
-iman
-it
-itan.
The Possessive Pronoun.
While
the
above
may
be
used,
there
is
also
form
often employed for the possessive pronoun as follows :
.f^
hn min
mine.
hinl ma
ours.
hini tu
thine.
hn wa
yours.
j KJL'-CI-'
hin aw
his.
hn awan
+v.>;.-o
theirs.
J!
^-"^
The Reflexive Pronouns,
These are formed regularly by the word khwa, "self"

followed by the enclitic form, less the short initial vowel.
4'
myself.
khwaman
ourselves,
khwat
thyself.
khwatan
yourselves,
khwal
himself,
khwaiani
themselves.
' V^ khwam
The
declension exactly follows that of the noun with
out exception.
The Demonstrative Adjectives.*

These are :
this, these
am, am, hin.
that, those
aw.
this same
haram.
that same
haraw,
15
used regularly as follows :

am mal
this house,
am malan
these houses,
aw mal
that house,
aw malan
those houses.
The Demonstrative Pronouns.*

Plural.
Singular.
ama
this
amana
these.
awa
that
awana
those.
harawa
that same.
Itir
the other
harama
this same.
Examples of their use :

what is this ?
ama chia
Itir pel biaI
give him the other.
na, awana albem
no, I will take those.
awa qai naka
That does not matter.
Bali, harawa aizhim
Yes, I mean that same.
The Interrogative Adjectives and Pronouns.

These are of the same forms.
Who ?
Ki.
What ?,
Chi.
Which ?
What sort of ?
Kam.
Chln, chiin
as in the examples below:-
Ama chi rrela
what road is this ?
Kam rre birrn
which road shall we talce ?
*The difference between demonstrative adjectives and demonstrative

pronouns
is
exemplified
by
the
use
of
"this"
in
the
following
two
sentences :
Who is the man ?
Here "this" being introductive
of a noun,
is an
adjective.
What is this ?
Here "this" is introductive of no noun, but takes the
place of one, and therefore
is
pronoun.
The distinction
is necessary
Kurmanji as the actual words of the two classes of speech re'different.
KURMANJI
16
GRAMMAR.
Chln poa
what sort of man is he ?
Ki hat
who has come ?
ChIa
what is it ?
Kl, chi, kam, are
declined exactly in the same way as
nouns.
The
Relative Pronouns.
The \yord ku
or
ki
assumes the
duty of
the
relative
pronouns who, which, and that, as :

plo ku hat
the man who came,
main ku kirrm
the mare which I bought.
Sulmani ku shar maya
Sulaimaniyah which is our town.
This
pronoun
is
indeclinable,
and
to
form
cases
an
ellipses is employed as :
The man to whom, pioi ku be awa
literally, the man

who to him.
The man of, or from, whom,
literally, the man
ploi ku la awa
for, from, whom

to him.
The
Indefinite
Pronouns.
These are :
Kas
one.
Hchkas
no
Filan
such a ohe, so and so.
one.
Hamukas
everyone.
Chishtek
something.
Chan
some.
Herdk
both.
Zr, gal
many.
Ham
all.
Hch
no, not any.
These are subject to the same declension as uouiis.
17
WORD LIST.
iamopesh
formerly
kharik
busy, employed
lamopash
in future
garmian
the warm country
amsal
this year
lawar
grazing
sal par
last year
dil
heart, mind
tap
freehold
pas
sheep
koda
animal taxes
harzan
cheap
ish
as well as, also
giran
dear
little, scarce.
kirri
bought
hna
brought
many
gerekm b
wanted
akan
they make, do
kem
, 1
gal
galek
Ajaman
the Persians
fert
sold
nasakhi
sickness, illness:
ab
will be
jerdai
brigandage
'^
Exercise
5.
Main ku Hama kirri hlni min b.
La Sula imani hamu
kas zhin khwal hayya, wa chan kas zhin i kas Itir ian ish
hayya.
Min mainek i chak gerekm bu, ama cha-bal, har
ama aizhim (or, alalm) Ama kl bo tu hna ?
Jaran Hama-
wand galek suwar o main o tufenk ian bu, be jerdai rrn,
ista khwaian kharik akan be jotkarl khwaian.

hch jerdai la Hamawand nia inshallah !
Lamopash
Hasan Beg tap
khwal be min fert, Ista min tap im zur a.
Translation Exercise 5.
Last year the Persians sold their women for (be) money.
Who bought ?
I know not, but I know that the man who
bought a woman bought also sickness.
the Jaf will be much this year.

bought he did
The animal tax of
The mare which Hama
not buy (bought not) with his own money
18
KURMANJI
GRAMMAR.
This year grazing was scarce in (la) the warm country and
everyone
sold
his
own
sheep
cheap.
do
not know
my
own mind, what can I say ?
THE
1.
ADJECTIVE.
The adjective or qualifying word follows the noun
it qualifies, and is connected to it by the particle -i-, as :
2.
Mal-I-gora
a large house.
Kich-1-shrin
a pretty girl.
Plo-I-aza
a bold man.
In
some
instances
the
adjective
may
precede
the
noun, when the -i- particle is not used, as :
The
Hzbo
a bad fellow.
Zardawala
a yellow hornet.
Gapio
a bovine fellow.
Comparative
degree
is
formed
by
the
addition of
the syllable -tir to the Positive, as ;

Gora
large.
goratir
larger.
Shirin
pretty.
shrntir
prettier.
Chak
good.
chaktir
better.
The Superlative degree is formed by introducing the Com
parative form by the words la hamu (meaning "than all"),
iXf^'
v
as :
Chaktir
better.
La hamu chaktir
best.
Goratir
larger.
La hamu goratir
largest.
These rules are absolutely regular and constant.
The Comparative Phrases.

(1)
as
as, asin:
" This is as dear as that."
" ' '" "*"
^/.V^'
THE
An
elliptical
phrase
19
ADJECTIVE.
must
be
used,
no
exact
parallel
existing in Kurmanji as, for instance :
Giranl ama wa awa yeklka
the
(2)
dearness of this
and
that is one.
Not as
as, as in :
This is not as dear as that.

Here the following ellipses express the meaniiig.
Ama wakii awa giran nia

Literally.
This is not so dear as that.
This like that is not dear.

or
Ama wa giranl awa nia.
Lit.
This of the dearness of

that is not.
(3)
er
er, as :
The higher, the fewer.

Construction
is
as
in
English,
but
introduced
by
and sometimes chi.
Thus :
har barztir, kamtir or chi barztir, kamtllv
NUMERALS.
The
Cardinal
Numbers.
1.
Yek.
18.
Hezhda.
2.
Diian.
19.
NiJezda.
3.
Slan.
20.
Bis.
4.
Char, chwar.
21.
Bis o yek.
5.
Penj.
35.
SI.
40.
Chel.
Hot.
50.
Penja.
8.
Hesht.
60.
Shest.
9.
Nih.
70.
Hefta.'
.6. ' Shash.

7.
har,
20
KURMANJI
GRAMMAR.
10.
Dah.
80.
Heshta.
11.
Yanza.
90,
Nawd.
12.
Dwanza.
13.
Sianza, Ziada.
200.
Dusuo, dsat.
14.
Charda, chwarda.
300.
Ssat.
500.
Pansat.
100.
15.
Panza.
16.
Shanza.
1,000.
17.
Hewda.
10,000.
1919_^hezar o niisat o niiezda
So, siiot.
Hazar, hezhar.
Dah hazar.
Lit.,
a thousand and
nine hundred and nineteen.
Concord Nouns.
As a general
rule it is
not
necessary
to express the plural number of the noun with a numeral -ex.

Fifty years penja sal,
not penja salan
fifteen pounds
panza lira not panza lirakan.
Fractions.
The
only
two
expressed
by
single
words
are:
Niw, nima
half.
Charek
quarter.
All others are expressed by the forms :

One of five, six, etc., or five one, six one, etc.
Thus:yth Yek la penj
or penj
yek.
rth yek la hot-
or hot yek, and so on.
THE VERB.
The
Auxiliaries.
" to be " and " to become "

These present some difficulties, and being (though not
actually one) very close in formation one to the other, are
best placed side by side.
THE VERB.
21
The verb "to become", not used very much in English
as an auxiliary, is employed as such in Kurmanji to form the

passive voice of the verb from a simple form, where English
uses " to be." For instance, the passive voice of the verb
" to catch " is in English " to be caught ", but in Kurmanji is
" to become caught".
It will be seen that more than one form occurs, each
having
its
own
use
according
to
its
context.
As
the
Sulaimania district form is limited in the scope of its use in

some forms, other useful forms have been placed in paren
thesis, which the student of Sulaimania alone may disregard.

Only
the
forms
commonly
used
in
conversation
are
cited.
INFINITIVES.
Bin
to be
Bun
Present Participle
to become
Past Participle
Ba
Wanting
INDICATIVE
Present
been, become
MOOD.
Tense.
Affirmative.
(a)
(North of Zab)
(b)
Min im
min haim
I am
Min abim
I become
min dabim
Tui
tu ha or
thou art
Tu ab or
Thou be-
tu dab
hait
Oa
o hayya
he, she, it
abit
comest
O abe or
He, she, it,
abet
is
o dab
becomes
)ina in
ma han
we are
Ema abin
We become
raa dabn
!fwain
wa han
you
Ewa abin
You become
ango dabin
Awan en
awan han
thev are
are
Awan aben They become win dabin
22
'
KURMANJI GRAMMAR.
Neg.'^tivk.
I am not, etc.
I become not, etc-
Min nim
Min nabim
Tu nit
Tu nabit
O nia
O nab, nabt
ma nn
ma nabin
wa nn
wa nabin
Awan nin
Awan nabin
Preterite
Tense.
I was
I became
line form for b(
The
negative
of
Min
bum
Tu
Ema
bn
Ewa
bn
Awan
bn
this
tense
is
formed
regularly
prefixing namin nabm, tu nab, etc.
Imperfect Tense.
I used to be
I used to become
(Same form for both)
(Sulaimania)
(North of the Zab)
Min abm
Min dabm, or damb
Tu ab, or abit
Tu dabfii, or datbu
by-
INDICATIVE
O ab
MOOD.
23
O dab, or dab
ma abln
ma dabin, or damanb
wa abn
Ango dahn, or datanb
Awan abn
Wan dabn, or dayanb
The negative is formed by the addition of na- simply in
the north of Zab dialects,* but the Sulaimania prefixes na- 4an almost inaudible D, which is heard very slightly as an
extremely soft th.
The negative is written na-abm, etc., and
pronounced nathabm the th being as above noted practi

cally inaudible.
Pi:ki'i:ct
Tense.
I have been
I have become
(Same for both verbs)
(Sulaimania)
The
Damba
Tu bi
Datba
O ba
Daba
ma bln
Damanba
wa bn
Datanba
Awan bn
Dayanba
is
' '
(North of Zab)
Min bum
negative
'
formed
in
Sulaimania
by
prefixing
na-, and in north of Zab dialects by changing initial d- for

initial n-.
Pluperfect
Texse.
I had been
I had become
* Except dambft, etc., which becomes namb, etc., in the negative.
Si4
KURMANJI
GRAMMAR.
(Same form for both)

Min
bbm
Tu
bbi
bb
ma
bbin
wa
bbn
Awan
bbn
The negative is formed regularly by prefixing na-.

This tense is not much used.
Future
Tense.
1 shall be
I shall become
This is exactly the same as the
Present
Indicative of
the verb " to become ".
SUBJUNCTIVE
Present
MOOD.
Tense.
That I be, having also the Optative value.
May I be
That I become, having also the Optative value. May I

become
(Same form for both verbs.).

(Sulaimania)
(Jaf, Hamawand and extreme

south)
ki bim, bibim
ki bam
ki bit, bibit
ki bai
ki be, bet, bibaya, ba\a
ki bat
ki bin, bibin
ki bain
ki bin, bibin
ki ban
ki bin, bibin
ki ban
SUBJUNCTIVE
.25
MOOD.
Negative.
ki nabim
ki nabam
ki nabit
ki nabai
ki nab, nabt
ki nabat
ki nabin
ki nabain;
ki nabin
ki naban
ki nabin
ki naban
The
Perfect
tenses
of
the
Subjunctive
is
not
colloquially.
Imperfect
Tense.
That I were, etc.
min bmaya
ma binaya
tu btaya
wa bnaya
o boaya
awan bnaya
Pluperfect
Tense.
That, or, if I had been

That, or, if I had become
(Same form for both verbs.).
(Sulaimania)
(Jaf and the south)
ki bibuamaya
ki bamassa
ki bibuaitaya
ki bassa
ki bibuaya
ki bassa
ki bibuainaya
ki bainagsa
ki bibuanaya
ki banassa
ki bibuanaya
ki boanassa
Imperative.
Be!
Become !
used
KURMANJI
GRAMMAR.
(Sanie form for both verbs)

Singular
Bibe !
Plural
Bibin
Negative.
Singular
Maba !
Plural
Mabin
The' Uses
of the
Tenses
of the
Auxiliaries.
To be " and " To become "

Indicative Mood, Present Tense.
(i)
Form (a) of the verb " to be."
This is
the
more
must always come
generally used of
at the
end of
the
the
two
sentence,
forms.
as
shown
It
in
the examples below, which have literal translations bracketed

with them
/Diiiya
sar
(The weather cold is
(Tu
goj
(Bagha
diier a
(Ba.ghdad
far
(Hawin
is
Sulaimani feniik a
(Thou a fool art
(The summer of Sulaimania cool is
(Min
Kurd im
(RomI
ll
Kurd am
(The Turks now regretful
(2)
Ista
pashiman
en
are
Form (b) of the verb " to be."
This is used to express the meanings " there is ", " there
are ",
" is there ? ". " are there ? "
as in the following exam
ples :
Nan la mal hayya ?
Is there bread in the house ?
Dar la Qaradfigh zCir hay>'a
There are many trees
in
Qaradagh.
Khwa la asmang hayya ?
Is there a
God in heaven ?
It is also used when the emphasis in the sentence is

the verb, as in the following examples :
on
SUBJUNCTIVE
MOOD.
27
Nan la mal hayya (as above) lays stress on the existence

of bread, without regard to whether it is
other place.
in
the
house or
If we say Nan la mal a, the translation is, " the
bread is in the house ", the use of the weak form of the verb
having shifted the emphasis of the sentence from the subject,
and left it upon the subsidiary " la mal " making the meaning,
to be that bread is in the house as
opposed to any other
place.
Or similarly,
Hasan bok I min a,
meaning that Hasan,,
not another, is my father, but
Hasan bok I min hayya lays stress
upon the fact that
Hasan is my father.
The form has another use yet, where it forms a reply

to a question without repeating the subject, as
Liw i ?
Art thou there ?
Ball, haim
Yes, I am
(3) Indicative Mood, Present Tense of the verb " to

become."
This is used,
besides its ordinary functionsr to express
the conditional of the verb
"to be"
as in the following
literally translated examples :
jmazani chlun abet
(Gutin
tl knew how it would be
(They said here they would be
/Min p it
11
gutim k
hazir
era
abin
abim
to thee said when ready I would be

i.e.,
I told you when I should be ready.
It is also used to express the Potential, in the phrases
" it, he can be ", " it can ", it is possible " as in th'e follow
ing :
(pio
nab
bifarra
tman cannot fly

f Nab !
(chnabet?
(how
Nab !
jlmpossible 1 Impossible
(Elbet, ab
can it be ? (of course it can be
(Amrozh nia wa pash ish nabt
(To-day it is not, and afterwards

also it cannot be
28
KURMANJI
GRAMMAR.
Preterite
(a)
ployed ;
Used
as
in
English,
Tense.
as,
kharik
bO,
he
was, em
min birsi bum, I was hungry.
(b)
Used in place of the Future tense when the action
is just about to occur, as,
suwar bum I
have mounted, mean
ing I am just about to mount.
(c)
or
Used for the future perfect
become ;
where
English
" I shall have been,"
colloquially
uses
the
Present
Indicative, as
ki
zengin bum
and when rich
mall
akirrim
I shall have become, a house will I buy
or colloquial English :
And when I am rich,
I shall buy
house.
agar baran bu
if
ki
rain
ganum
chak abe.
shall have been the wheat good will be
suwar
biiln
birriiin
a Kirkuk
and when mounted you shall be, go to Kirkuk

or colloquial English :
And when you
have
mounted,
go to
Kirkuk.
Imperfect
(fl)
Tense.
Used as in Enghsh, as
la wakhti
RomI
kharapl
ab
In the time of the Turks, evil used to be.
{b)
Used for the Conditional Past, " I should have been,"
etc., as
Bali zengin bibuaya,

Yes, rich
chak abCi
had he been, well it would have been
This use only occurs when preceded as in the above example,

by a purely conditional phrase.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
SUBJUNCTIVE
Present
29
MOOD.
Tense.
{a) The optative use is mostly noticed, in phrases such

as the following :
agar dr im kird, ker bim
if lies I told, blind may I become !

Umi im hayya ki gum bit
Hope I have that lost thou may be.
(b) Used in its ordinary sense, it occurs as in
examples
below
Ba suwar bin
Permit mounted that têy be,
i.e., let them mount.
Hagar hato be garm abet
If sunshine it be, warm will it be.
Imperfect
(a)
Tense.
Used as a rule in the optative sense, as

Kashke ista le Lundra bmaya
Would that now I in London were
or, colloquially, Would that I were in London now, or, I wish

I were, etc.
(6) Used to express the meaning " if I were ", etc.

Agar zengin bmaya, chi im akird
If I were rich, what would I do.
Agar tu her tinia kichi dinya btaya
If you were (thou wert) the only girl in the world.
Pluperfect
Tense.
This has the same use as the Imperfect and is a develop
ment of the time idea to a previous time.
30
KURMANJI
GRAMMAR.
It therefore signifies "if, or, that I had been" as follows :

agar pio bibuSmaya wha be ser im na-ahat
If a man I had been thus on the head of
me
would
not have come.
i.e,,
If
had been a man
this would not
have
happened
to me.
Bali zengin bibuaya chak ab
Yes, rich had he been it would have been well.
SUBJUNCTIVE
- -J ii
31
MOOD.
"
11
1)
^5
SS H.S
.:: X
zc
,3 0 g X3
/0 XI J3 rt
.3 .S .S .3
.3 .3 .S .S
-S
.-.
i3
X) X
S S rS; j^
3
X
3
X!
0)
- go
b,
3 -c t;
S
1)
I)
-
3 o
S ^
D
'_
' -
W X
1> '
Cj
0)
li
u
'
ir
3
u
0)
a.
'o
^::^
C OS
be n.
I)
"a
. X
have dbe
0
rt
CO
II
=:
:r
rt
en
tn
HH
-^
!-
U(
CD
0}
1)
_3
U.
'3
QJ u-i
!-
u.
a 3 
rt
pj

KURMANJI
32
GRAMMAR.
WORD
LIST.
rich, wealthy.
zengin
baran
rain
kashki
would that
minali
youth, childhood.
khalla
crops
chishtek
something.
hechwakh!:
never
khwoshbakht lucky.
aqil
wise
sakht
kawil
poor, wretched
heshta
yet.
ker
Wind ;;
fr
acquainted, learn
difficult.
ed.
tersk
coward, cowardly
amawt
diz
robber
wakupo
manly.
hus
silent
jotyar
ploughman
bha
shameless
kirikar
labourer.
Exercise
Kharik
khalla
bash
ish
abet.
khwat
Aqil
Hama wa Aha diz abn.

bim insha'la.
be !
7.
Dwna
buamaya
Wha
1 want, wish.
nia,
baraneki
kawil
chak
na-abum.
agar
wha
hayya,
Awanda bha mabin.
Hus bin ewa !
wha ba, awrozh wha nabfi.
Suwar be,
tu !
Suwar
bu,
Jaran
kuer
Bo chi
nabim,
suwarl bo min kharapa, nab, PioI ki kharik i Ish I khwai bu,

Dwna ki la Sulaimani bu ?
zengin abet.
bu,
herduk
Chishtek
iman
bo
min
bin,
dwna
Aha
bibuaya
chani
nab
Min
bfim,
liw,
khwosh
Hasan
jaran
abum.
ab.
Alain
Kurmanji sakht a, sakht nia, plo z fr abet, Amawt z fr

bim.
Translation
Exercise 7.
The Persians are cowardly,
they were not formerly so,
their work is evil, and their mind is
black,
so
they
became
cowards, and are still cowards.
Had they been manly,
would not be wretched to-day.
The Ha'mawand used to be
they
robbers, now they are ploughmen and labourers and soldiers.
INDICATIVE
MOOD.
33
The Turks would have been here now if they had been wiser.
If in youth I had been lucky, I should never have been here.

May he become blind !
Would that I were in London now !
THE VERB " TO

Strictly
"Sulaimania
speaking
dialect,
there
and
is
HAVE ".
no
verb
"to have"
the purpose is served with
in
a
the
com
pound of the verb "to be".
The verb "to have" is not used as an auxiliary for the

formation
of
the
compound
tenses of verbs, the verb to be
being the only auxiliary for that purpose.
The verb has two distinct forms, one for use

or
thing
possessed,
is
actually
when
mentioned,
and
the
the
other when the object is not mentioned.
Infinitive.
Bun
to have.
Present participle
Past participle.
ba.
Wanting
INDICATIVE
Present
MOOD.
Tense.
Affirmative.
Without object.
With object.
min
hama
I have
im
hayya
I have.
tu
hata
thou hast
it
hayya
thou hast
hayati
he has
hayya
he has
ema
hamana
we have
iman
hayya
we have.
ewa
hatana
you have
itan
hayya
you have.
awar1
hayana
they have
ian
hayya
they have.
KURMANJI
34
GRAMMAR.
Negative.
mm
nima
im
ma.
tu
nita
it
nia.
niia
nia.
ema
nimana
iman nia.
ewa
nitana
itan
nia.
awan
niiana
ian
nia.
Preterite
Tense.
I had, etc.
Affirmative.
Without object.
min hstmb
tu
With object.
\va
hamanb
ha-ab
wa
ewa
hatanb
it
bu
itan
bii.
haib
awan
hayanb
bu
i^fi
bu.
im
ba
iman bu.
Negative.
min namb
ema
namanb
im nabii
iman nab
tu
natb
wa
natanb
it
nab
itan naj>
naib
awan
nayanb
nab
ian nab.
Imperfect
Tense.
I used to have, etc.
Affirmative.
Without object.
min hamb
With object.
ma hamanab
im hab
tu
ha-ab
wa hatanab
it
hab
itan hab.
iman hab.
halb
awan hayanab
hab
ian hab.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
35
Negative.
In both forms the initial h- changes to initial n-
Perfect
Tense.
I have had, etc.
Affirmative.
Without object.
With object,
ema
bmana
im biia
iman bua.
tu
buta
ewa
btana
it
bua
itan bua.
biiyati
awan
buyana
biia
ian bua.
min biima
Negative.
In both cases the verb form is prefixed by ija-
FuTURE
Tense.
I shall have.
Affirmative.
Without object.
With object,
min
abe
im
abe.
tu
abe
it
abe.
abe
abe.
ema
ab~- ,
iman abe.
ewa
abe
itan
abe.
ian
abe.
awan abe
36
KURMANJI
GRAMMAR.
SUBJUNCTIVE
Present
MOOD.
Tense.
That, or. May I have.

Affirmative.
Without object.
With object.
min buaina
ema
buamana
im buaya,
tu
buata
ewa
buatana
it
buaya
iman buaya.
itan
buaya.
buayatl
awan buayana
buaya
ian
buaya.
Negative.
'
Formed by prefixing na- to the verb form.
Imperfect
Tense.
That I had, or.
Might I have.
Affirmative.
Without object.
With object.
min bimbuaya ema
bimanbuaya
im bibuaya iman bibuaya
tu
bitbuaya
ewa
bitanbuaya
it
bibuaya itan
bibuaya
biibuaya
awan bilanbuaya
bibuaya
bibuaya
ian
Negative.
Formed by changing bi- to na- for both cases, and some
times in the form with object prefixing n- to the pronoun and
omitting initial bi-, as nim, (or nam) buaya, etc.
CONDITIONAL
CONDITIONAL
Present
37
MOOD.
MOOD.
Tense.
If I have, etc.
Affirmative.
With object.
Without object.
min bimbe
ema
bimanbe
im be
iman be.
tu
bitbe
ewa
btanb
it
be
itan
be.
bib
awan biianbe
be
ian
be.
Negative.
In the form without object,
in
the
form
with
object,
by
by substituting na-
prefixing
na-
to
for bi-,
the verb
or
pronoun.
The verb has no Imperative.
WORD
bartir
[before (time)
psh
LIST.
ganum
wheat. -
arzahal
petition.
pashawa
presently
doll
valley.
mang
a month
sahul
ice.
hefta
week
hair
snow.
dolamani
wealth
kazh, ke. kew mountain.
jighara
cigarette
her
nothing
but,
only,
just this that.

dasalat
authority
germ!
heat.
mud.
bakh
garden
qurr
khwt
tent
hatin
coming, to come.
tam
flavour.
mird
died.
3S
KURMANJI GRAMMAR.
Elxercise
Hch im nia.
abum.
Ish
8.
Agar chishtek im buaya, wha kawil na-
it nia?
Bartir la hatin
Romi,
Sulaimani zur
bakh bu, ista hch I nia, inshala pashawa abet.

tam i nia.
Aha para i hayya ?
Bali hayati.
Am jighara
Mangek chwar
hefta i hayya, wa du se rozhi Dasalat im be chi abim.
O ki
zhin o minal o mal o pas o ga I hayya, dolamanishi* abe.

Era nan- ian hayya ? Bali, awan hayana, ema nimana.
nimana,
elbet
hamana.
Rashid
Agha chan
Chlun
khwt I habO ?
Naibti, ista ish I nia.
Translation
I have a big house.
died, last year.
Exercise
8.
Muhammad had a brother, but he
Have you bread in the hoi^se ?
no wheat bread.
Hasan has a petition.
AbduUa had sheep formerly but he sold them.

no Arabs it might be (ab) pleasant.
have
plenty
of water.
If Iraq had
The valleys of Mugurun
Last year
Mugurun had snow till
summer and Sulaimania had ice from it (le).

has not that much snow.
We have
Take it from him.
This year it
Iraq has not mountains, it has not
snow, nothing but Arabs and heat and mud (has it).
THE
REGULAR
VERB.
This presents some apparent, but few real difficulties,
as
it is not subject to many exceptions.

Every
infinitive
is
usable
in
the
same manner
as our
gerund 'in -ing, and in fact more generally expresses it than
our infinitive.
Thus, the infinitive hatin,
to come, is, as a
rule, better translated by " coming," and this applies to most

infinitives.
* = dolamani + ish.
THE
REGULAR VERB.
39
All infinitives are constructed of three parts : (1) the In
complete
stem, (2) the Complement,
Complete
stem,
(3) The
Infinitive
forming
Ending,
" -n", sometimes prefixed by a short -i
with (1) the
which is always
when
necessary'
for
euphony.
Examples :
Incomplete
Infinihve.
gtem.
kshan
to
chespin
to adhere
khestin
hnan
wistin
f>
<-omplement.
Infinitive
g^^^j^g
ksh-
-a-
-n.
chesp-
-I-
-n.
to throw
kh-
-est-
-in.
to bring
hen-
-a-
-n.
to wish
wi-
-st-
-in.
draw
There are five conjugations :
1.
Of the Transitive Verb.
2.
Of the Intransitive Verb.
3.
Of the Causal Verb.
4. Of the Passive (Caudal) Verb.

5.
Of the Passive Verb.
The Transitive Verb
is
such
by
its
meaning,
which
an object upon which to exercise its action.
The Intransitive Verb is such by its

expresses an
action
merely,
without
meaning,
which
demanding an object
upon which to exercise its action.
The Causal Verb is constructed from a simple

though not all simple infinitives permit of
:and by its meaning is transitive.
infinitive,
this development,
40
KURMANJI
GRAMMAR.
The Passive (Causal) Verb is constructed from the Cau

sal
Verb,
though
not
all
Causal
Infinitives permit of this
development.
The Passive Verb is constructed from the Simple Infini
tive (nearly always of a Transitive Verb), and by its meaning

is intransitive.
The Causal Infinitive is formed

tive by i.nserting -an- between the
from the
incomplete
Simple Infini
stem
and
the
Infinitive ending, as :
CAUSAL
INFINITIVE.
Simple
Incomplete
Causal
Infin.
Causal
Infinitive.
stem.
Particle.
End.
Infinitive.
-in
kshanin.
-in
chespanin.
kshan
to draw
ksh-
chespn
to adhere
chesp-
an-
wustan
to stand
wust-
an-
-in
wustanin.
sCitan
to burn
st-
an-
-in
stanin.
The Passive (Causal) Infinitive is formed from the Causal

by the insertion of -ra- between the Causal
Particle
and the
Infinitive ending, as in the table below.
PASSIVE
(CAUSAL)
INFINITIVE.
Passive
Causal
Infinitive.
kshanin
to
cause
to
draw
Incomp.
Causal
stem.
Particle.
ksh-
-an-
(Causal)
Infin.
svParticle. Infi end.
-ra-
-n
kshanran .
chespanran..
chespanin
to
stick
chesp-
-ra-
-n
wustanin
to
arrest
wust-
-an-
-ra-
-n
wustanran
cause
siit-
-an-
-ra-
-n
sQtanran
sOtanin
to
to
burn
-an-
FIRST
41
CONJUGATION.
The Passive Infinitive is formed from the Simple Infinitive by the insertion of -ra- between the incomplete stem and
the infinitive ending as :
PASSIVE
Simple
Infinitive.
kshan
to
INFINITIVE.
"'. .
^s
Passive
Particle,
Infinending.
Passive
Infinitive.
draw
ksh-
-ra-
-n
kshran.
grran.
grn
to
change
gfir-
-ra-
-n
birrin
to
cut
birr-
-ra-
-n
birrrin.
tie
best-
-n
bestran.
bestin
to
FIRST
THE
-ra-
CONJUGATION.
REGULAR
TRANSITIVE
kshan
to
VERB
draw.
Past Participle
Present Participle.
ksha.
Wanting
INDICATIVE
Present
MOOD.
Te.nsk.
Formed
of,
tense
particle -f- incomplete
stem 4- pro
nominal (enclitic) termination

aikshim
I draw
ema
aikeshln
we
tu
aikshlt
thou dravvest
ewa
aikshin
you
draw
aikshet
he draws
awfm aikshin
they
draw
, min
Negative formed with prefixial n-
draw
42
KURMANJI
GRAAIMAR.
Preterite
Tense.
Formed of (a) complete stem
enclitic pronoun (two

forms).
(ft)
<a)
min
ksham
tu
kshait
ksha,
ema
ewa
enclitic pronoun 4- complete stem.
(b) imksha
I drew.
itksha
thou drawest
Iksha
he drew,
keshain, or keshaman
imanksha
we drew,
kshan,
or lcshatan
itanksha
you drew,
awan keshan,
or kshaian
lanksha
they drew.
or Kshai
Negative formed (a) by prefixing na(b)
by prefixing n-
and changing short
i- to short -a-.
Imperfect
Formed of tense particle
Tense.
4- enclitic (without supporting
initial vowel) 4- complete stem.

amksha
I was drawing
amankesha we
were draw
ing.
atkesha
thou wert drawing
atankesha
you
were draw
ing.
aksha
aianksha
he was drawing
they
were draw
ing.
Negative formed by prefixing n-
Pereect
Formed {a)
of
Past
Tense.
Participle
4-
enclitic 4- auxiliary
participle from verb " to be," -a.
(b)
of
Enclitic
pronoun
4- Past
auxiliary particle from verb
Participle
" to be " -a.
4-
FIRST
i,a)
kshama
min
43
CONJUGATION.
(6)
imkshaa
I have drawn
Thou hast drawn
tu
kshata
itkshaiia
kshaa
kshaa
He has drawn
ma
kshaina
imankshaa
We have drawn
wa
kshana
itankshaa
You have drawn
iankshaa
They have drawn
awan kshana
Negative formed (a)

(6)
by prefixing naby prefixing n-
and changing short
i- to short a.
Pluperfect
Tense.
Formed (a) of Complete stem 4- preterite of verb " to

be ".
(6) of
enclitic 4-
complete
stem
4-
complete
stem bu of verb " to be ".

ksha bum
<a) min
ksha
tu
(b) imksha
I had drawn.
bit
itksha
Thou hadst drawn
ksha
He had drawn
We had drawn
ksha
ma
ksha bin
imanksha
wa
ksha bn
itanksha
You had drawn
ianksha
They had drawn
awanksha
bn
Negative formed (a) by prefixing na- to complete stem,-
(6) by prefixing n-
to
enclitic,
changing initial i- to short a.
CONDITIONAL
MOOD.
Present.
I should draw.
Exactly the same as the Indicative Imperfect.
and
44
KURMANJI
GRAMMAR.
Past.
I should have drawn.
Exactly the same as the Indicative Pluperfect.
SUBJUNCTIVE
Present
MOOD.
Tense.
That I, or. May I, draw.
Formed of tense particle -t- incomplete
min blkshim
that I draw
ema
stem + enclitic*
bkshin
that we draw
or bikshiman
Bikshlt
tu
that thou draw
ewa
bikeshin
that you draw
or bikeshitan
blksh
that he draws
awan bikeshin
or bksh
that they draw
or bikshian
Negative formed by changing initial bi- to initial na-
Imperfect
Tense.
That I may have, or. May I have, drawn.
Formed of tense particle
4- enclitic 4-
complete stem -f-
theme of Imperfect Subjunctive of auxiliary " to be ".

min
bimkshaya
That I may have drawn
imbikshaya.
or
tu
bitkshaya
That
thou
drawn
biikshaya
That
have
itbikshaya.
may
have
bikshaya.
may
have
imanbikshaya
may
have
itanbikshaya.
have
ianbikeshaya.
may
or
he
drawn or
ema
bimankeshaya
That
we
drawn or
ewa
bitankeshaya
That
you
drawn or
awan biiankshaya
That
they
drawn
or
may
FIRST
CONJUGATION
Negative formed by changing initial biinitial i- to initial
45
to. initial na-
or
na-.
Pluperfect
Tense.
That I had, or, might have, drawn.
Formed of tense particle 4- enclitic 4- complete stem 4-
theme of pluperfect subjunctive of auxiliary " to be ".

min bimkeshabuaya
imbikshabaya.
That I had drawn

or
tu
bitkshabaya
That thou hadst
itbikeshabuaya.
drawn or
bilkshabaya
That
he
had
Ibikeshabuaya.
had
imanbikshabaya
had
itanbikshabaya;
had
ianbikshabaya
drawn or
ema bimankshabaya That
we
drawn or
bitankshabaya
That
you
dr.awn
awan biakshabaya
That
or
they
drawn or
Negative formed by changing initial bi- to initial nainitial i- to initial na-.
Imperative.
Formed of Imperative particle
<
4-
incomplete stem
4-
-a.
biksha
draw !
bikeshin
draw 1 (you).
I
NEG.A.TIVE.
maksha
In the Preterite Indicative,
makshin
the
Perfect
Indicative, the
Pluperfect Indicative, two forms of tense appear.
46
KURMANJI
GRAMMAR.
The manner of their use is as follows :
The first form
is employed
particularly the object,
(a) when
is mentioned,
no
other word,
but is only understood,,
so that the verb form " min ksham " for instance,
itself a sentence
having
reference
to something
makes in
mentioned
before, and now understood but not mentioned again,
(o)
This form may also be used.
(1) when
another
word,
not
the
object,
is men
tioned, as
Amro
kesham
Zur
ksha
I drew to-day.
He drew a lot.
Drang ksha
He drew late.
(2) when the object is mentioned but it is desired to

lay stress on the subject as
Amro kharitaek min kesham
To-day / drew a map.
Zur ian o kshai
He drew many of them.
O kutakai drang ksha
He drew his portion late.
If a pronoun, noun,
or adjective used for a noun,
is the object, be mentioned,

unless,
as above,
subject.
Thus,
the Second Form must
it is particularly
desired
to
which
be used,
emphasise
the
introducing objective words into the phrases
above :
Amro kharitaek im ksha
To-day I drew a map.
Ziir ian ksha
He drew many of them.
Drang kutakai kesha
He drew his portion late.
The second form cannot be used alone in the affirmative,

but can be, and is very generally
used
alone in the negative,
as
Ewa
kshatan ?
Na, naman ksha
Have you drawn ?

No,
we have not drawn.
These dual forms will also be seen in
wher^ the rules for its use are the same.
the
Causal
Verb,
FIRST
WORD
to bind,
bestin
47
CONJUGATION.
LIST.
Incomplete
to fasten
best,
Comple-
Nil.
ment.
stem
birrin
to cut
do.
birr.
do.
i-
khnn
to read,
do.
khin ,
do.
i-
do.
b-.
do.
hen,
do.
to sing
to take
birdin
'ird-
away
a-
hna
to bring
do.
zann
to know
do.
zan.
do.
i-
kushtin
to kill
do.
kush,
do.
d-
kuzh
kuzhtin
t-
do.
i-
nwi sin
to write
do. ;
agir
fire
bashk, perhaps,
so that perhaps"
kaqaz
paper
khwar .
down.
nwis
below,
under
ban
judge
qazi
up,
upon,
up
on.
above, over
divorce
telaq
agaiii
awa
back
(al
ways joined to
a word).
and when
ku
where
ke
hamushsht
everything
gorani
shan
shoulder
shahid
witness
shar
town
suind
oath
kOw
mountain
qin
anger
manliness
beqin hatin
to
pioati
song
become
en
raged
napioati
unmanliness
khabar
knowledge,
in
formation
thus,
wha
this
after, behind, re
shiin
sult
much
di
saw
gerek
must,
gsht
arrived
labn
between
wakhta
when
necessary
48
KURMANJI
GRAMMAR.
Exercise
Rozhi
Ichwal
ki
bibirret
rr lagall.
hat
Hama
la
shar
bihnet,
wa
bu,
wa
min
rri bo kw,
wha
be
shun
gorani aikhinet.
azanim k '
bu
Hama
Amina
zur beqin
dar
aibirret
" tfenk im bihna
Hama alal
buaya herduk itan amkusht, ista
alal " Birra
dar bo
ian rri bashk herduk ian bihnet a
Ke gesht a ban I kwaka, dl
khwarawa.
Amina
Qair
Wakhta Hama I'am isha khabari
wa khwai
wa Amina
9.
ki tfenk im nia, chi bikam ?"
khwarawa cilnakait lagal
i khwat
biba
" Hama alal " Wallah ! ser'tan aibirrim, am isha ta ke abet ?"
Qair alal
" Am
Isha
la
bar
napioati
Hama rrl a khwarawa, kaqazekl
Itir n'am gereka telaq' man be bash a,
IshI kharap labCn ian
hayya.
khwat
wha bua."
bo qazi nwlsl k'min
labar I ama
ki
Amina
azanim
Qazi alal " agar ish I kharap
laben ian hayya gerek chwar shahid bihnit ki suind bikhwan
Hama alai "min la kii shahid bihnim?"
ki ishi kharap bua."

Ri"l wa mal I khwai.
Translation
Exercise
1 have written to the mudir of
9.
Khulmar
present) me a large tree vi^hich they will cut

the Aoraman mountain.
now
(trans.
Turks
used
Writing
Tree
to
is not
cut
(infinitive)
There
at
wood
no
Would that
to
for
trees
their
two
better killing
send
and
bring
(Subj-
from
at Sulaimania
and reading are
know little (kem), they know

{i.e., robbery).
are
Sul
(dar)
because the
fires
(singular).
things that Kurds

and
taking away
I had taken my money that day,
now another has taken everything.
If one (plo) knew
(Subj.
present) what will be to-morrow, in his own time would he be

wise.
Formerly I used to write well,
work I write badl\-.
now because
of
much
SECOND CONJUGATION.
SECOND
49
CONJUGATION.
INTRANSITIVE
VERB.
Infinitive.
Gshtin
To arrive
Incomplete stem ge-, becoming ga- with enclitics

Complement
esht,
Infinitive termination, -in
Present Participle
Past Participle
gsht
Wanting
INDICATIVE
MOOD.
Present Tense.
Tense particle 4- incomplete stem 4- enclitic,
agam
I arrive
again
we arrive
agalt
thou arrivest
agan
you arrive
agat
he arrives
agan
they arrive
Negative, nagam, nagait, etc.
Preterite
Tense.
stem 4- enclitic
gshtim
I arrived
geshtin
geshtiman
we
arrived
gshti, gshtit thou arrivest
geshtin,
gshtitan, you
arrived
gesht, geshti he arrived
geshtin, geshtian,
arrived
Negative formed by prefixing na-
they
:$^
KURMANJI
GRAMMAR.
Imperfect
Tense.
I used to arrive, I was arriving, etc.
Tense particle 4- complete stem 4- enclitic

agshtim
agshtn, agshtimto
agshti, agshtit
agshtin, agshtitSn
agsht, agsht
agshtin, agshtiSn
Negative with n- prefixed.
Perfect
Tense.
I have arrived, etc.
Past participle
4- enclitic
4-
auxiliary particle of verb
"to be."
gshtma
gshtna
gshtta
gshtna
ghta
gshtna
Negative with na- prefixed.
Pluperfect Tense.
I had arrived, etc.
Past participle 4- preterite of verb " to be "

gsht
bum
gsht
bn
gsht
bi
gsht
bun
gsht
gsht
bn
SECOND
CONJUGATION.
CONDITIONAL
Present
81
MOOD.
Tense,
I should arrive, etc.
Exactly same as the Indicative Perfect.
Past.
I should have arrived, etc.

SUBJUNCTIVE
MOOD.
Present Tense.
That I, or May I arrive, etc.
Tense particle 4- incomplete stem 4- enclitic

bigam
bigain
bigai, baigait
bigan
bigat
bigan
Negative formed by changing bi- to na-
Imperfect Tense.
That I may have, or May I have arrived, etc.
Tense particle 4- complete stem + enclitic 4- theme of
Imperfect Subjunctive of auxiliary " to be ".

bigshtimaya
bigshtnaya
bigshtitaya
bigshtinaya
bigshtaya
bigshtinaya
Negative'formed by changing bi- to na-
52
KURMANJI GRAMMAR.
Pluperfect Tense.
That I had, or, might have arrived, etc.
Tense particle 4- past participle 4- enclitic 4- Pluperfect
Subjunctive of auxihary verb " to be ".

bigsht bmaya
bigsht bnaya
bigsht btaya
bigsht bnaya
bigsht baya
bigsht bnaya
Negative formed by changing bi- to na-.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Formed
of
Imperative
particle
4-
incomplete
stem
reduced to g- 4- euphonic -a.
Biga !
Arrive !
Bigan !
Negative.
.Maga
magan
Arrive ! (you)
THIRD
THIRD
CONJUGATION
CONJUGATION.
CAUSAL VERB.
Infinitive.
ganin
to cause to arrive
Present Participle
Past Participle
wanting
gan
INDICATIVE.
Present Tense.
I cause to arrive, etc.
aignim
aignn
aignt
aignin
aignit
aignin
Negative formed by prefixing n-.
Preterite.
I caused to arrive, etc.
(a)
ib)
ganim
im gan
gant
it gan
ganit
I gan
ganin
iman gam
ganin
itan gan
ganin
ian gan
Negative
(a) naganim, etc.

(b) nam gan, etc.
JR
KURMANJI
GRAMMAR.
Imperfect.
I used to cause to arrive, etc.

I was causing to arrive, etc.
amgan
amangan
atgan
atangan
agan
aiangan
Negative with prefixed n-.
Perfect Tense.
I have caused to arrive , etc.
(6)
(a)
gSnma
im
gana
gSniita
it
ganfia
gana
gana
ganOna, ganmana
iman
gana
ganna, gantana
itan
gana
ganna, ganiana
ian
gana
Negative (a) naganma, etc.

(6) nam gania, etc.
Pluperfec
I had caused to arrive, etc.
(a)
ib)
gan bum
im
gan b
gan b
it
gan b
gan b
gan bO
gan biin
iman
gn
gan bn
itan
gan b
ian
gan b
gan bn
Negative (a)
nagan bum, etc.
(b) nam gan b, etc.
THIRD CONJUGATION.
CONDITIONAL MOOD.
Present.
I should cause to arrive, etc.
Exactly the same as Indicative Imperfect
Past.
I should have caused to arrive, etc.
Exactly the same as Indicative Pluperfect.
SUBJUNCTIVE
Present
MOOD.
Tense.
That I may, or. May I cause to arrive.

bignim
bignn, bigeeimnSn
bignit
bignin, bignltan
bignt
bignin, bigniman
Negative with bi- changed to na-.
Imperfect
Tense.
That I may have, or. May 1 have caused to arrive,
(a)
(b)
bimgeanaya
im
biganaya
bitganaya
it
biganaya
biganaya
biganaya
bimanganaya
iman biganaya
bitanganaya
itan
biganaya
biianganaya
ian
biganaya
Negative (a) namganaya, etc., (b) im naganaya
SS
KURMANJI
56
GRAMMAR.
Pluperfect Tense.
That I had, or, might have caused to draw.
(^b)
(a)
bimganbaya
im
biganbaya
bitganbaya
it
biganbaya
biganbaya
biganbaya
bimanganbaya
iman
biganbaya
bitanganbaya
itan
biganbaya
bianganbaya
ian
biganbaya
egative (a) namganbay'a, etc. ,
(b) im nagai
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Bigna
Cause to arrive ! (thou)
Bignin Cause to arrive ! (you)
FOURTH CONJUGATION.
FOURTH
CONJUGATION.
PASSIVE
(CAUSAL)
VERB.
Infinitive.
ganran
To be caused to arrive.
Present Participle
Past Participle
Wanting
ganra
INDICATIVE
Present
MOOD.
Tense.
I am caused to arrive, etc.
aigrm
aignrin
aignrit
aigrirn
aignrt
aignrn
Preterite
Tense.
I was caused to arrive, etc.

ganram
geanraman
ganrait
ganratan
ganra
ganraian
Negative, naganram, etc.
Imperfect
Tense.
I used to be caused to arrive, etc.

ageanram
aganraman
ageanrait
aganratan
aganra
aganraian
57.
5S
KURMANJI
GRAMMAR.
Perfect Tense.
I have been caused to arrive, etc.

ganrama
ganraina
ganrata
ganrana
ganraa
ganrana
Negative formed with na- prefixed.
Pluperfect Tense.
I had been caused to arrive, etc.
ganra bum
ganra bn
ganra bi
ganra bn
ganra b
ganra bn
Negative formed with na- prefixed.
CONDITIONAL lÔOD.
Present.
I should be caused to arrive, etc.
Exactly the same as the Indicative Imperfect.
Past.
I should have been caused to arrive, etc.
SUBJUNCTIVE
Present
MOOD.
Tense.
That I or, May I be caused to arrive.
Two forms, either of which may be used.
FOURTH CONJUGATION.
(1)
59
(2)
bignrm
bignrin
ganra bim
ganra bin
bigni-it
bignrn
ganra bit
ganra bin
bignrt
bignrn
ganra b
ganra bin
Negative formed (1) nagnrm, etc.
'
(2) ganra nabim, etc.
Imperfect
Tense.
That I may have, of , May I have been caused to arrive.

biganramaya
biganrainaya
biganrataya
biganranaya
biganraya
biganranaya
Pluperfect
That I might
have,
or,
Tense.
Might
1 have been caused to
*rive.
biganrabmaya
biganrabinaya
biganrabtaya
biganrabnaya
biganrabaya
biganrahnaya
Negative with na- prefixed
IMPERATIVE
MOOD.
Wanting.
60
KURMANJI
FIFTH
GRAMMAR.
CONJUGATION.
PASSIVE
VERB.
Infinitive.
bestran to be tied.
Present Participle
Past Participle
Wanting
bestra
INDICATIVE
MOOD.
Present Tense.
I am being tied, etc.,
aibestrm
aibestrn
aibestrit
aibestrn
aibestrt
aibestrn
Note
First, person singular and plural very seldom used colloquially..

\
Preterite
Tense.
I was tied, etc.
bestram
bestraman
bestrait
bestratan
bestra
bestraian
Imperfect
Tense.
Not used.
FIFTH CONJUGATION.
$1
Perfect Tense.
I have been tied, etc.

bestrama
bestraina
bestraiita
bestrana
.bestraa
bestrana
Pluperfect Tense.
I had been tied, etc.
(also used for the Perfect Tense)

bestra bum
bestra biiin
bestra b
bestra bun
bestra bu
bestra boh
CONDITIONAL
Present
MOOD.
Tense.
I should be tied, etc.
bestra abim
bestra abin
bestra abIt
bestra abin
bestra abe, abet
bestra abin
Negative with na- prefixed to the auxiliary.
Past.
<m
KURMANJI GRAMMAR.
SUBJUNCTIVE
Present
MOOD.
Tense.
That I, or. May I be tied.
bestra bim
bestra bin
bestra bit
bestra bin
bibestrt
bibestrn
Negative with na- prefixed to auxiliary where used and

to verb where auxiliary not used.
Imperfect
Tense.
That I may have, or, May I have been tied, etc.
bibestramaya
'
bibestrainaya
bibestrataya
bibestranaya
bibfestraya
bibestranaya
Negative with bi- changed to na-.
Note
All forms except the
third
person
singular
are
very
seldomi
used colloquially.
Pluperfect
Tense.
That I might have, or. Might I have been tied,

bestra bmaya
etc.
bestra binaya
bestra btaya
bestra btinaya
bestra buaya
bestra bnaya
Negative with na- prefixed to the auxihary.
Note
All forms except the third person singular very seldom used'
colloquially.
IMPERATIVE
MOOD.
Be tied !
Bestra be !
bestra bin !
FIFTH CONJUGATION.
SOME COMMON
IDIOMATIC
65
USES.
(1) As mentioned before, the Future Tense is always

expressed by the Present Indicative.
(2) The word " dab "
is
sometimes
heard,
and it
gives the meaning of future intention or probability to the

verb, which must then take the Present Subjunctive form.
Thus : akuzhim it
but
but
I will kill you
dab bikuzhim it
I shall (probably) kill you
arrin
Y'ou will go
dab birrn
You will (probably) go
(3) There is in Enghsh a type of phrase where one
verb follows another, and depends upon the first, as in the

following :
I cannot go
I intend to go
I think a car could come
I hope he will break it
He dare not do it
They cannot do much
They have come to buy sheep
All such phrases must be paraphrased in the following

manner before translating :
I cannot that I go
I intend that I go
1 think that a car may come
I hope that he break it
He dares not that he do it
They cannot that they do

much
They have come that they buy sheep
i.e., all the second verbs are put in the Subjunctive

Present and so translated, as follow :
Min natwanim birrim
Khalim hayya birrim
Khal akam otomobilek bet
64
KURMANJI
GRAMMAR.
Uml im hayya awa bishkeet

O nawret awa bikat
Awanda natwani bikaii
Hatin pas bikirrin
This rule is invariable.
The
Passive
Verb is
used
to
express .the meaning of
" to do " in such phrases as, " That will do no good ",
which
is translated by " awa be hch kas chaki naikert."
Our idiom '' That will do " is translated by " awa bes
aikert."
The Passive Verb (a) will be found to be used in the

same sense and context as the French reflexive verb where
the latter is
used to
express an English passive, i.e.,
the
must be
translated by a
English
French reflexive,
also translated by the Kurmanji passive.
The following sentences show as examples :

English
It is done thus
French
II se fait ainsi
Kurmanji
Wha aikert
English
The tahsman is broken
French
Le talisme se brise
Kurmanji
Talismaka aishknrt
Enghsh
The officers were killed
French
Les officiers s'etaient fait tuer
Kurmanji
Zabitan kuzhran
English
The door is shut with a key
French
La porte se forme a clef
Kurmanji
Daraka be kill aibestrt
when
it is
FIFTH CONJUGATION.
65
(b) The passive must not be confused with the Perfect

Indicative of the Transitive Verb in such phrases as
" he was killed "
= Perfect Indicative
" I am sent"
= I am 4- gerund
Here
again
applicable :
French
the
these
criterion
phrases
Reflexive,
are
of
not
not
the
being
French
reflexive
translatable
translatable
by
is
the
by
the Kurmanji
Complement
-i- Inf. end. -n
passive.
WORD
LIST,
barn
to rain
pirsln
to ask
do
pirs-
do
do
twanin
to be able
do
tw5n-
do
do
-n
shikan
to break
do
shik
do
do
-n
garran
to wander
do
garr-
do
Incomp. stem
bar-
-a-
-ird-
-n
do
-n
do
-in
-n
kirdin
to do, make
do
k-
do
kanin
to laugh
do
kan-
do
--
do
to dare
do
wr-
do
--
do
-n
girtin
to take, seize
do
gir-
do
-t-
do
-in
rrn
to go
do
rr
--
do
-n
wrn
do
zahmat
trouble
wut, wut
said
shemandafr
train, rail
bawir kirdin
to believe
otomobll
motorcar
khin
blood
by, with
dost
friend
inside, at the bottom
ata, ati, ya,
is, Used when the
wa
tea
form
" a "
it
kar
ass
nezk
near, nearly, almost
is
fikr
thought, thinking
audible owing to
khal
thoughts,
imagina
vowel.
tion
tamasha kirdin
dsan
ods
would
word
to look at
qsa
once again, yet
qsa kirdin
to speak
room
kiSrd
knife
char
alternative, help
sakht
hard
be
in
preceding
66
KURMANJI
GRAMMAR.
Exerciie
Aw rozh la
10.
rozh ki Hama rri a
min pirsit ki pash i aw
ban i kew chi bu.
Bo tu wha ainwisret.
Hama rr a mal
dil i nezik bii bishkt.
Bezana ki wakhta
Fikri kird ki
Ki am khalana akird (Imperf.
gereka chi bikam ?
Amina khwai ish i hat.
min
Indie.)
Tamasha i Hama kird, wuti " Bo
chi dilit aishknit I'am isha, b'am khealana chi akert ?
Wut,
"Dil im itir aishknrt la ish i tu, wakhta min gshtim a ser I

kewaka dil im bu be khin.
bikushim."
Amina
wut,
La
" Tu
pashawa
awanda
am
pio
aza
Qaira dab
nit
Qaira
bikuzhit, be dast I tu kuzhra nabe."
" Qair agar dost I min a la bar i amatak 'o aza ya, tu
chi i ?
Min azanim k'tu kaqazeki bo qSzi't nwisa, am'ish
ishek
bu ?
Dilit
bishknraya
her
chak
bu "
Hama
chi
wuti
" Tfenk im b'hna buaya tu'm kusht " Amina I'am qsa aikant
alai " Tu be min wha qsa maka, khwat azani wa aw vi'akht
ish zanit ki nawri "
Hama
wuti,
" chlun
nawerim,
elbet
awerim " Rriil be oda itir tfenk i girt be dast, hna la
aiksht.
Amina
Amina disan akant, alai, " Kar maba, min o
herdk'man aizaninki fshenki tea nia."
tu
Hama wuti, min chi
be tu bikam kheal imkird tu bitersnim.
Translation
Exercise
10.
I think that one goes by train to Baghdad,
one will
got there (will be caused to arrive) without trouble.
written to Baghdad for everything (which is necessary).

road to here from
Kirkuk is very bad,
be
I have
The
a car cannot go now,
it will get broken (it will be caused to break), one car came
the other day but it was
broken.
They are cutting a road
now, but on account of the rain do not dare do much.
do
not believe the wheat will be good.
They will cut it after
two
men
months.
thieves,
Yesterday
they wandered
sent
ten
far after
(la
to bring in
shun)
them,
some
but
the
thieves led them (caused them to wander) afar.
In the end
(la pashawa) they seized them.
would
rain
so
much,
Sulaimania.
it
just
rains,
Would that it
and
Kurdish is written.
The sheep is killed with a knife.
rains.
cannot
go
not
to
That will do you no good.
THE
THE
COMPOUND VERBS.
COMPOUND
67
VERBS.
A certain group of prepositions is used before verbs to

qualify
or
develop
their
meaning.
tions, viz., hal, da, ra or rra,
talk,
Some
wer,
of these preposi
have no independent
meaning or use apart from the verbs.

The prepositional qualificatives are as follows :
hal
giving the verb the meaning of
up,
over
do
do
down
lai
do
do
upon, from, by, off
tai
do
do
into, inter-, in-
rra, ra
do
do
by, away, from, along
talk
do
do
together
pai
do
do
to, by the agency of,
pwa
do
do
on, at, in it, through
with
paik
do
do
together
wer
do
do
from
do
do
out
Examples
From chn
to go/
hal chiin
to ascend
da chun
to descend
lai chun
to leali
tai chun
to enter
taik chun
to disappear
pai chi]I
to elapse'
pewa chun
to penetrate
der chun
to go out, escape
From keshan to draw, pull, etc.

hal keshan
to pull up, out,
da keshan
to drag down
rra keshan
to extend oneself
der keshan
to draw out
da hatin
to descend
From hatin
hal hatin
to come
to rise (the sun)

toflee, disobey
tai hatin
to enter
lai hatin
to leak, seep
rra hatin
to become habituated pai hatin
to accompany
paik hatin
to become achieved
to emerge
der hatin
KURMANJI
68
GRAMMAR.
Not every verb permits of the use of every one of these

prepositional qualificatives.
A list of the common combina
tions is shown in Appendix B.
CONJUGATION
OF COMPOUND VERBS.
This presents very few pecuUarities.
particle is treated as a separate word.
The prepositional
As a guide, the first
person singular of each tense of a common verb hal keshan

to pull up, is appended.
INFINITIVE,
hal keshan to pull up,
or out
Present Participle
Past Participle
Wanting
hal ksha
INDICATIVE
MOOD.
Negative
Affirmative
Present
hal akshim
hal nakshim
Preterite
hal imksha
hal imnaksha
Imperfect
hal imakesha
hal namaksha
Perfect
hal imkshaa
hal imnakshaa
Pluperfect
hal imksha b
hal imnaksha b
CONDITIONAL
Present, same as Ind. Imper.
MOOD.
Past same as Indie. Pluperfect
CONJUGATION
OF
COMPOUND
VERBS.
69
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Affirmative
Negative
Present
hal kshim
Imperfect
hal imbkshaya
hal imnakshaya
Pluperfect
hal imbksha buaya
hal imnakesha buaya
hal nakeshim
IMPERATIVE.
Negative
Affirmative
hal ksha
hal maksha
hal keshin
hal makshin
VERBS
The
particle
as
awa
suffix.
is
one which
Its use
it comes
IN-AWA.
at the
is
can be
absolutely
used
with any
simple as
without
end of the verb form throughout
the tenses without altering or changing either them or itself

anywhere.
It conveys
verb,
and
action.
generally
sometimes
In cases
the
where
the
meaning
sense
its use
of
of
"again"
sustained
has conveyed
or
to the
repeated
some special
meaning by ellipsis, the verb is included in the list of simple

infinitives in Appendix A.
IRREGULAR
VERBS.
It has been already remarked that from
Stem
the
perative
Present
Indicative,
Mood are formed,
Present
the
Incomplete
Subjunctive,
and from the
and Im
Complete Stem all
70
KURMANJI
the
other
the
case
tenses.
of
GRAMMAR.
Therefore
regular
verbs,
provided
the
these
Incomplete
two,
Stem
-or,
and
in
the
Complement (which with the former constructs the Complete

Stem)
are furnished,
the
verb
can
be
at once conjugated.
Most irregular verbs are so because of a simple vowel change

in the
Complete Stem,
and this is shown in the following;
list.
The
' in
the
following
Infinitives
Incomplete
Stem,
containing
change
the
-an,
-a-,
to
ar,
-as,
--,
in
-aw,
the
Complete Stem :
Infinitive
Meaning
awsa
to sow
chn
chan
to smelt
heln
helan
to roar
barren
harran
to gnaw
kfrn
krran
to castrate
khasn
khasan
to remain
men
man
qizhn
qizhan
to swell
chanin
helaniii
harranin
khasanin
- <$iB>
Complete Stem
aws
awsan
krraninawa
Incomplete Stem
qizhanin
to scream
rawaninawa
to force apart
rawn
rawan
stanin
to get
stn
stan
tilanin
to roll
tiln
tilan
twanawa
to molt
twn
twan
bwardin
to pass
bwr
bward
bzhardin
to choose
bzhr
bzhard
nardin
to send
nr
nard
shardin
to hide
shr
shard
"^
N
"
zhmardin
to count
zhmr
zhmar
gwastinawa
to shift
gwz
gwast
parastin
to defend
parz
parast
angawtin
to hit a mark
angw
angawt
palawtin
to filter
palw
palawt
rif^--
/Ua a
71
IRREGULAR VERBS.
The following verbs show irregularity as below :dan
to give
da
dan
to strike
da
hatin
to come
hat
din
to see
bin
di
gutin
to speak
la
gut or wut
hishtin
to permit
hl
hisht
hatin is further in the Imperative, which is warra
Wistin to wish is irregular in the formation of its tenses
as follows :-
Indicative
Present.
I wish
amanaw
we wish
adaw
thou wishest
atanaw
you wish
alwt
he wishes
ianaw
they wish
amaw
Present
Subjunctive.
bimaw
bimanaw
bidaw
bitanaw
biawt
bianaw
Imper-ative.
Bidaw
Bitanaw
The
Preterite and other
tenses
formed from the
com
plete stem are regularly constructed from wist.

Note :
Imperfect
The
are
Tense
an
for aikam or akam
Particles
a-,
ai-,
in
the
Indicative
Present and
erosion of the Kurmanji da-, and may be used.

use
dakam,
for aehim
use
dachim.
In
Thus
Sulaimania
neighbourhood the correct form with da- is used in writing, and is under
stood by everyone.
Farther north it is in proper and regular use and the
Sulaimania eroded version is not heard.
73
KURMANJI
THE
GRAMMAR.
ADVERB.
Any adjective may be used as an adverb without change

of form, as.
Bash hati
thou hast come well
Amawe zu Kurmanji qsa bikam
I want to speak Kurdish soon
Any
noun
may
be
used
as
an
adjective
by
prefixing
ba-, as
Ba dang hat
he came ncisily
ba rrash tamashai kird
he looked at him blackly
ba qin hal wsta
he rose angrily
The adverbs in general use cire as follows
(1)
Negative Adverbs
hchwakhit
never
di, itir
hch
nothing
no longer
With these the verb requires the negative form.

(2)
Adverbs of quantity and comparison
bas, bes
enough. only:
amanda,
1
as miich, as many
awaiida* J
zur, gal
many, much, too
chan
somewhat
hachichani
however much,
zrtir
more
kemtir
less'
kem,hendek few, not much
hchnab
at least
itir
else, still
neziki
about
har, her.
exactly, just, quite,
many
utterly,
precisely,
altogether,
cons
tantly, continually,
repeatedly,
unin
terruptedly, speci
ally, incessantly.
*Often pronounced amanga, awanga.
THE
{3)
ADVERB.
73
Adverbs of time
awakhit
then
dusub, dubani,
the day after to-morrow-
dwna, dwka
yesterday
dwsho
yesternight
par
last year
prar
the year before last
basirprar
the year before the year before
per
the day before yesterday
basirpr
the day before the day before
amsal
this year
salana
yearly
last
yesterday
hamrozh
daily, every day
hamhefta
weekly, every week
jarek
once
pshtir
before
zrwakhta
often
bamza
already
hshta
yet
jaran, lamopsh
formerly
soon, betimes
amjara
this time
ojara
that time
tawakhit
meanwhile
awwal
at first
lawakhta
since
lowakhta
since then
jarjari
from time to time
lamopash
henceforth
disan
still, again, once again
lapashawa
at last
pash
next
hachwakhit
whenever
74
KURiM.^NJI
GRAMMAR.
ista, istaka
now
amwakhta
pashawa
subsequently
ztir
sooner
hchwakht
ever
ki
when
lately
drang
late
hamwakht
always
lapirraka
suddenly
herista
directly
(4) Advei-bs of place

lazhurawa
up, above
lazherawa
down
laldiwarawa
down
labarawa
ahead
lapsh
ahead
jeitir
elsewhere
ger, lador
around
lanaoa, tea
within, in
laderawa
out, outside
lashQna, laduwa behind
lasera
above, up
lakiia
whence
wards
lrawa
hence
amla
hither
era, lra
here
ora, lora, liwe
there
duer
far
hchj
anywhere
ku
where
bok
whither
hamjk
everywhere
nezik
near
jik
somewhere
hachj
wherever
(S) Adverbs of mannei -.

wha
so, thus
anjakh
hardly
zur, gal
very
beyekda, pewa,
together
ta
even
naawanda
not very
bo, bochi
why, because nezik
about
tozek
somewhat
so,
lagal
kem
ki
rather
so as.
(6) Adverbs of affirmation and doubt.agar
if
labar, bo
because
bali, are
yes
na
no
elbet
certainly
by
all means.
THE
75
ADVERB.
ranga
probably
lapirraka
by chance
dab, ab
perhaps
her, har, qat
absolutely
wana
not even
(7)
Adverbs of interrogation.
ke
when ?
bo, bochi
why ?
chun, chlun
how ?
chan
how mueh ? how
itir chan
how iuch
take
how long ?
ku, laku
where ?
bok
whither ?
lakii
whence ?
many?
more ?
WORD
kocher
nomads
LIST.
rrashmal
black
sheep
tents
garmian
warm country
man-
lîzin
goat
tCik
wool
goathair
tela
thin pole
sing
stake
chigh
screen, mat
reed
ban
thin rope
giiris
rope
taCm
loom
barra, qall
carpet
goran
villagers
bar
load
chal
hole
gurj
clever, quick
qamish
in
wiilakh
pack animals
lawchak
beautiful
tl le
ground.
persons)
chapaw
raid
hara, harao,
noise, shouts;
bOfarra
idle, stupid
kawa, shin
grey
qach
leg
beyekda
together
hamushshtlc everything
wahawah
brIn
wound
tarr
wet
westa
craftsman
bigerr
aroimd
bekhew
to maintain.
kirdin.
sersum dan
rear,
care
for
to stumble (of
animals).
(of
76
KURMANJI GRAMMAR.
Exerciie
11.
Kocheri, pai ian dalain rrashmal nishtu.

ian garmian naw abirt
Garmian o kewstan
bizin a.
Jega i zwistan
(passive from birdin)
be kewstan.
kirdin ian bo bekhew kirdin i
marr o
Be rrashmal,' dawar o chadir i (dative) pai abzhrt.
Amana la tk o m
akirt.
tela
wstani davyaraka da achaqnrt giiris
la dar aitashin.
singana
ish
ke
bo rra
pewa bestrawa,
ahlrt
Chigh ish bigerri rrashmalakada rra
la qamish o ban I'am naoa akirt.
Zhin la pio zlatir kharlkl
hal dan i dawar abet la
bo reik khestini nao mal hamshshtk
ki zhin
hachwakhtiek wisti
bar
la shnek
dasti
bar
anrt,
da
bikawt)
kawet (or,
Wha chaktir binrawa ki zhin dawar hal dan.

Zhin I Kurd zur aza o gurj a.
ian la naoda abinrt.

abin.
Pioian kharik
Awana ki la
goran.
gund
da
Ta
bilait zhini lawchak
Kharik i tan
kirdin I
dizi
suwari
chapaw
anishin be zamani Jafi
Goran la bar cho ian zur sk a.
wha ian biia ke hamshshtkl
qali
o barra
kirdin en.
pai ian alain
La wakhtekda
gorani be
hi khwai
pioi
'zaniwa.
Ista wha namaua.
Translation
Formerly
mania.
there
was
not
Exercise
town
11.
where is now Sulai
The Pashas of the Baban family were at
the Qarachwatan stream.
Sitak
with this place because of its water and its broad plain.
moved (hal girt)
his house
from Sitak
He
and settled here and
the name of the place he fixed (da na) as (ba) Sulaimani,

Sulaimania.
near
Sulaiman Pasha Baban was pleased
As (chunki) it was on the road
between
not
Mosul
and Persia it rapidly (bizr) became a big town and Sulaiman
THE ADVERB.
77
Pasha hoped that after some years he would be independent.
He subdued the Jaf and made tliem his servants and paid no
taxes to Turkey.
In the war of
1820 however the power
of
the Baban broke (casual passive) and after the departure of

the Persians, the Turks hoped to finish them.
The year after the Persians had gone,

the death of
Muhammad
owing to
Ali Mirza in SharazQr,
(labari)
the Turks
collected a great many tribesmen (ashair) and regulars (nizam)

at Chemchemal,
and
Ahmad Pasha went to Bazian where a
large number of horsemen with footmen of Qoraman
ed (passive).
collect
The fight took place (happened) at Der bend i
Bazian and lasted some days.
The Turks would
have
been
defeated (shikanra bun), but Ahmad Beg, who was acquainted

with the Bazian mountains,
took
two guns up another pass,
and fired on (at) the Baban from behind causing (and caused)
them to break and they retired demoralized.
From that time the Baban have become dispersed though
members (kasan) of the family
are
found (passive) in all
parts of Kurdistan and Turkey and are always important and

well known (nasran).
KURMANJI
78
GRAMMAR.
CONJUNCTIONS.
The common conjunctions are :
wa
ya
yan
and
ish
also, too
or
neki
not that
amma, wa
but
agar
if
wa agar
but if
wagarna
if not
bo, boama
because
na
neither...
da, di
then
van
ya
chi.
.chi
..ra
nor
either
or
bashk )
perhaps
whether.,
balan j
or
PREPOSITIONS.
Strictly speaking preposition places the noun in the abla
tive case,
and very
In Sulaimania,
generally the ablative inflection is heard.
however,
the ablative da has degenerated to
a and wa or awa and as such is regularly heard after preposi

tion :
(1)
la meaning at, from, in,
of,
on,
for,
through,
along,
across, concerning.
The
noun
used
with
la
takes
final
da,
a,
or wa da
exclusively North of Zab, and all three in Sulaimania.

Examples :
Hamushshtek la khwawa bu
All things were from God.
Beram la Kurkuka ya
My brother is at Kirkuk
Zhin la mala ya
The woman is in the house
Lakwa hati ?
From where have you come ?
PREPOSITIONS.
79
La klana chi alai ?
Concerning ploughing,
what do you say ?
Bakhi ema la gula purr a

Our garden is full of flowers
La sharwa birruin ya la derawa
Shall we
go
through
the
town
or on
the
outside.
Similarly all compound prepositions prefixed

Ihe same inflection in the noun.
by la take
These are :
laser
lakhwar
lagan
laban, on
lazhr, under
lador, around
lanas, in ; lapesht, behind ; lapsh or labon,

lata, beside ;
lakin, near ;
beside ;
before (place) ;
lagal, with ;
labin,
at
the
Tjottom of.
In Pizhder, Rania and farther North,
when la means at
in the noun takes i as :
la Serdeshti bHe was at Serdesht
(2) a
to
The noun takes final da,
a,
wa,
but
in
Pizhder,
of " to "
in such
Rania and farther North.

Birruin a mala or malawa
Let me go to the house
or Northern
Bichim a male.
It cannot
be
used
in
the
meaning
phrases as " I explained to him," " He gave it to Rfuhammad"

being confined to the meaning of direction.
80
KURMANJI
(3) bo
GRAMMAR.
for, to
The noun takes no inflection.
Bia bo Hasan
Give it to Hasan
Amam bo Hasan bu
This was for Hasan

/
(4) be
with, by, to, on, for
When meaning with, be inflects the noun, but in the

other meanings, does not do so.
Be Ahmada binera
Send it with Ahmad
Be karwana hat
He came with the caravan
Be zur binera;
Send him by force
Be agir stra
It was consumed by fire

, Awa da be Hama
He gave that to Hama
Do qran bia be kazhaz
Spend two krans on paper
(5) be virithout
This has no idiomatic use, and does not
noun.
(6) pai to, with (with pronouns only)

This does not inflect the noun.
Hazar qurush pai 'm da
He gave a thousand piastres to me.
inflect the
PREPOSITIONS.
81
If a name or noun replaces the pronoun, the preposition

bo must be used.
Chan kas pai awan bu hat
How many people came with them.

If a name or noun replaces the pronoun,
lagal must be
the preposition
used.
(7) nezik near

This is properly speaking a noun and takes
the
genitive
particle I before another, and also inflects that noun with, da,
a, or awa as
nezik i malda, mala or malawa

Near the house
(8) zhr under

This usually takes a genitive particle but need not do so,
and also inflects the noun, as
zhr takhtawa
sunder the bench,

zhri takhtawa
(9) ser on
This usually takes a genitive particle but need not do so,
and also inflects the noun, as
ch ser malda, mala or malawa
ch ser I malda, mala, or malawa
He went on the (roof of) the house

(10) pisht
(11)
behind, as above
bar, psh, in front of,
(12)
tanesht, kin, la, beside
(13)
bin
(14) nao
(15)
at the bottom of
in
ben naoras, between
(16) pash
as above
behind, after
82
KURMANJI
GRAMMAR.
SYNTAX AND
IDIOMS.
The Enclitic pronouns and their use present many di&7

culties, all of which cannot be dealt
with
peculiarity of a pronoun is that when
if comes between
the
in
here.
the
tense particle and
The
objective
stem of
main
case,
the verb,
where the tense particle is used
(a)
with a simple verb possessing a tense particle as :
bihna
Bring
bi 4- I
4- hena
bihena, bring,
it.
1
aihnim
I bring
agirrim
I take
bi 4- ian 4- hena
bring them.
ai 4- ian 4- hnim
I bring them.
a 4- ian 4- girrim
I take them.
(6) with a simple verb not possessing tense particle.
(a) the enclitic is not always used thus :

hnam
I brought
By an idiomatic
use
final -in being an erosion
(b)
ewa imhna
brought .them,
I brought you.
is
hnamin ;
the
of ian.
the enclitic immediately follows the stem ;
hnaii, they brought, but hena 4- m
4- ian
they brought
4- ian
they brought
me.
hena -ft
thee
hena 4-1
-fian
they brought it
hena 4- man 4- ian
they brought us
hena 4- tan
they brought
4- ian
you.
hnatiania, \
henSniar.
they brought
them.
83
PREPOSITIONS.
(c)
with a compound
verb
possessing
tense
the objective enclitic succeeds the qualificative
particle,
word of
the
verb.
rut kirdin
to strip
rut akam
rtit
strip
akam
I strip thee
rtim
akal
Thou striiJpest me
rtian
akan
They strip them
rut imkird
rtm
ruti
I stripped
ikird
imkird
He stripped me
I stripped him
lai dan
to strike
lai imda
1 struck
lai imda
I struck him
laim Ida
He struck me
la' ian manda
We struck him
laiman ianda
They struck us
The enclitic often precedes the preposition, but may be

used after it.
"
Thus
ama 'mbo nakerrt
Ama bom nakerret
this will not do for me
para 'mlai bistna

para laim bistna
take cash from me
chan kas 'mlagal hat

chan kas lagal' m hat
several people Came
with me
84
KURMANJI
GRAMMAR.
GOVERNMENT OF SEQUENCES 09 NOUNS BY

PREPOSITIONS.
Where" a preposition governs a sequence of nouns,
or a
phrase, the last word only of the phrase is inflected, as

la gund o dda
from villages and hamlets
Not la gundda o deda

la wakhti bar kirdinda
at the time of loading
Not la wakhtida bar kirdin
AGREEMENT OF
VERBS
IN
NUMBER WITH
NOUNS.
(1) Where a noun by

a
plural
meaning,
it
is
kept
meaning or context
in
the
singular,
and
expresses
the
verb
indicates the number

diz la kewda hat a khwarawa
a thief came down
But diz la kewda hatin a khwarawa
thieves came down
from the hills
from the hills
(2) Where the noun is a collective one,
the verb also
remains in the singular,
Hamawand bo Kirkuk risht
The
Hamawand
have
gone to Kirkuk
Rran I jaf zur a
Where the noun
The cattle are many
is
in
the plural
the
verb
may or
may
not take the plural form

Pasakan i Jaf hamu chak a
The Jaf sheep are all good
Dizakan hatin
The thieves came
or Diz hatin, is equally usual and correct.
INDEFINITE
(4)
Where
there
is
PLURAL.
sequence
85
of
nouns,
whether
plural' or not, the verb may or may not take the plural
Suwar o pia o zhin o zlam hat
Or,
Suwar o pia o zhin o zhlam hatin
INDEFINITE
PLURAL.
From a noun the plural is formed with -an or -akan, the

indefinite pluril takes an extra -a, making -ana and -akana.
The difference in use is as follows :
Bo suwarakan (or, suwaran) asp gerek a

The horsemen want horses
Bo suwarana (or, suwarakana) asp gerek a

Horsemen want horses
Also
it
has the
further
significance,
that
the
definite
plural indicates objects and persons the number of which are

known and are definite,
whereas the indefinite plural makes
provision for all that can possibly be included in the statement

without the knowledge of actual numbers and quantity.
86
KURMANJI
GRAMMAR.
u
'Ji
'rt
jj
fl "S
Wororphrd
complemi taroy
Verb.
ci
mg;
CC&.2
J3.S
:
V .t^
'
Ka "O
u
C.N 53
en
1)
Verb.
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C<
lU
& E i
J3
0)
tn
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=:?
iu*^ rt
l_
EU
o J3
...>..-,
L.
.c
&
M g
ICS
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OWrd compl ary b(adve

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S3
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u:
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IClC
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"t^
Id) 3
u jj IE 'c S
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^1
phstaory bial).
o
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4i
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NX
(A
.3 > a
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rt
D. >
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3
BSOH
:
SI
3.S''S O
OX
'
.2 .;
w
to
3 c
43
u
E
S so
Vocabulary.
abuse v. kharap wutin, dizhmin!

w. loma k.
abandon v,
helan, bar dan
abandoned
abase v,
chal
accept v.
da khestin
abash v.
khajalat dan
abate v.
kem kirdin, bun
abatement
abdicate v.
hal
rriq lai hatin

rriq
ability
zrakl
abject
kawil, kota
able V.
shtin, daznwezh
accord
peik hnan
bin
accordingly
wha
hsb, zhmara
account
accountant
muhasibachi
gird bnawa, hal
accumulate v.
qabh
shik ban, such zann
accuse v.
accustom v.
fr b.
accustomed
rrahatiia
ache V.
shn
nezik, ranga
ache n.
sh
above
lesar, lazhr, laban
acid
abrasion
rushanin
tirsh
acknowledge v.
abreast
beramber
acknowledgment
abroad
walati gharlb
acorn
abrupt
rugirzh
acquaint v.
abscess
dumal
abscond v.
rra k.
nabii
absence
zanin, qabiil k.
ilm i khabar
barCi
fr k, sharaza k.
acquaintance
acquainted,
nasi
sharaza
acquiesce v.
qabOl k.
absolutely
qat, her
absolution
lai bwardin
across
awla, bamla, la
absolve v.
lai bwardin
action
ish, kirdua
absorb v.
abstain
v.
keshan, kiisdin
das hal keshan, das
be khud
abundance, t.
abuse
acquire v.
active
acute
add,
lai nadan
absurd
lagal
yekiati
about
abominable
hatin,
bun, gird kirdin
twanin
ablution
pai
hawbash
according to
pchan,
gran'n, rewandin, rraw

abhorrence
lanakao
accomplish v.
zik
abhor v,
accidentally
accomplice
kurt k.
ra
raz b.
la nakao, (la) purikda
rrn
azll khwa qabfil k.
abduction
qabiil,
accompany v.
kem bun
abbreviate v.
abdomen
accident
kawil, shikanra "
abasement
qabl k.
accede v.
zur, gal
dizhmini, loma
hal kh
psk
tiizh
addition v.
jhal dan
additional
adder
za
margisk
jam k., gird k.
VOCABULARY.
88
address
pashnwar
afternoon
adequate
bes
afterwards
adhere v.
chespn
again
(things)
girtin
adherence (persons)
adhesion
chesplati
adjacent
tenisht
adjoin, v.
ben
admire v.
psk
admission (coming in) hatin a nao
agony
admit (let in)
agree
admonition
psk
agility
jumnin
agitate v.
to let come in
naslhat k.
jankeshi
yek bun
agreeable
naslhat
khwosh, khosh
agreement
qabiil, qarSrda
jotyari
adopt V.
bikhwa girtin
agriculture
adorn v.
jCian k, razanin
ague
tkal k.
adulterate v.
adultery
lerzl
laburawa, lapsh
ahead
gana
hal bun
ldhar
aggressor
agHe
idara, daira
lala khosh bun
admonish v.
amnar, wekil
aggregate v.
plwan, mzan k.
administration
pir
agent
be j khwal k.
adjust V.
(position) latanisht, lala
sal
aged
tenisht bun
adjudge v.
against
age
lapashawa, lapash
disan, Itir, awa, ish
aid
yaria
advance n-.
pshak, qarz, dun
aim n.
maram
advance v.
laber, lapsh, k. ch.
aim v.
keshan
rrn.
air
advantage
qazanj
teng
adversity
advertise v.
advice
naslhat
advise v.
adze
twshi
tara
biduer
affair
ish
wstn,
affection
khosh
birruwa k.
affirmation
afflict v.
afraid
after
quwat shkan
sharr
affright v.
afoot
birruwa
tush kirdin
afford V.
affray
pan pai dan
hwan
alcove
gerek
gharib
alight adj.
tersanin
bezlami
beters-
pash, shun, duma
begarr
alight V.
hal nishtia
alight V.
da bazin
alike
wakuyek
alive
zhinu, zinga
all
hamu
allow V.
bun.
affirm
tersanin
alarm n.
alien
rra sipardin, tenblh k.
aeroplane
afar
khabar blao k.
hawa
alarm v.
heshtin
allowance
allude V.
allusion
mangana, salana
lai qsa kirdin
ishara
ally ham yaria

almanac
taqwim
almighty
almond
almost
alms
khuwa
baam
ranga, nezik
karam, bakhshi
VOCABULARY.
faqrkhana, latkhana
almshouse
aloft
laser, laban, lazhur
89
anklet
pamCua, pawana
annals
tarikh,
alone
tinia
annihilate v.
along
la
anniversary
aloof
ja
aloud
annoy v.
ish
graninawa
alteration /;.
alternate v.
always
bash, bilan, magar

her
v. (to be)
waq
wurr
warnnan
ambassador
ambition
sefr
khwashzeman
lanao
among
lanao
amorous
zhindost
chan, hangek
amount
ample
bes
amputate v.
amulet
birrin
dazwana
amuse v.
an
jabakhana
kharik kirdin
-ek, -I
ancestor
ancient
and
^shwa
kuhan, kon
wa, o
anemone
gulalasrka
anew
lano
anger
qin, harra, harrosha
angry
hajiz
animal
ankle
jandar, hwan
raqalal p
ask
anticipation
antique
anvil
ammunition
juwab dan, dwan
mrla
anticipate v.
chadapechran
amend v. giiranin
amidst
juwab
antelope
anus
biisu, mak
amiable
man,
t nagshtin
ambiguity
ambush
answer
ant
hall khestin, gird k.
amazed
batal k.
yekltir
answers,
hamuwakht
amass !'.
salana
annul v.
another
char
altogether
sershl
salana
annuity
pashi yek hatin
alternative
although
annual
blao
hajiz k.
annoyance
granin
alter v.
blao kirdinawa
announcement
bamza
already
also
announce
bedang
fotanin
sersal
pSsh din
chowar, intizarl
antika
qng
sindan
anxiety, anxious
befikr,
betaif-
krln
any
hch, shsht
anyone
liachkas, herkas
anything
hachi
hachj, chij
anywhere
apart
jia
apartment
oda
aperient
derman i rewani
aperture
kuna
apothecary
apparel
ajzachi ,
jii
apparent
diar, binra
appeal v.
arz k.
appear v.
diar b., da hatin, hal
hatin, hal ko., binran

appearance
appease v.
rang
razk., ashtlk., aram,
k.
apple
slw
apply V.
da nan
ap. for, wistin, ap.
to,
VOCABULARY.
90
appoint V.
eirsenic
rra girtin
zernikh
appointment
Ish
artery
sharag
apportion v.
bash k.
article
shshte
apprehend v.
tersQn
artificial
apprehension
ters
artillery
apprentice
approach
shagird
approval
approved
apricot
as
wer girtin
chunki, ba
as
soon
awanda
ta
barozhr rrln, bez-
ascend v.
bzhardin
bzhardCi
kirikar
as much
pesen
approve v.
topkhana
artisan
nezik hatin
appropriate v.
dast kirdua
hr rrn, ser ko., ser k.
kokh, qesl shlana
ascent
hawzhfirl
apron
pshban
ascertain v.
arable
klan
ashes
kholamzh
aside
bela
arbitration
arbitrator
arbour
arch
chardaq
taq, kamar
ardour
v.
(as
of
arm
assauh
prophets)
hal
begzada, ojagh
lasharr
rra
westan,
assist V.
army
leshker, asker
assistance
ger, lador
hal westanin
arrange v.
hal bestin, rek
arrangement
arrears
arrival
girtin
geshtin
arrive v.
geshtin, gehan
arrogance
arsenal
hal best!, rkl
pash khestiia
arrest v.
kh
tirrdil, bai
qurkhana
kh.,
qab.
qablanin, did
telash
bash
assimilate v.
silah
arouse v.
qablanin, hal
assiduity
arms
around
pewa
(intrans.) pewa ko.
assignment
binbakhal
(trans.)
qabul
assessment
dizhmindosti
armpit
assemble
assess v.
besilah
armistice
pelamar, hal kutan
peik ganin.
assent
basik, qol, bal
armed
kotin a ser
plokush
assemble v.
westan, hal hatin, hal ko.
aristocrat
kar
assassination kuzhdin
qsa, guftig
hishk, wishk, chol
arise
khaotCi, nst
assassin
dwan, galta k.
argue v.
pirsln
asleep
assail v.
giran, qurs, sakht
argument
ask V.
ass
taw
arduous
arid
rek kh.
naochl
hal kerranin
t birdin
yarik
yaria
associate
rafikh, tkal
assort V.
jia k.
assume v.
kheal k.
assure v.
dilnia
k.
asthma tengahenas
astonish v.
waq wurr hnan
astonished (to be)

astringent
astride
asunder
girtini
suwar
layek
da man
VOCABULARY.
at
/bag
wurdik
attach z;.
attack
chespanin.
V.
pelamar
dan,
liutan. lai ko.
attain v.
geshtin.
attempt
telash.
attend to v.
attention
aga b.
guedarl, agaari.
attract v,
auction
keshan.
mazad
audacious
aza
audacity
baggage
kalopal
bake v.
kulanin
baker
nanwa
balance
qapan
balance
(of a/c) maa
balance v.
bald
kechel, kal
bale
linga, ta.
band
banish v,
dasalat
bankrupt
palz, paizan
dasglr
bar
mil.
barber
avenge v,
haq stanina'^'a
bare
V.
awake
duer ko.
chowar b.
wurria
awaken v.
halshika
mwanl
banquet
khurmlawa
avoid
sharbeder k.
bank
avalanche
await V.
pchanin
bandage v.
bank
available
pchik
bandage
pur
authority
(an a/c) rozhin k.
turma. wan
'balcony
zla k.
augment v,
autumn
hal
kis, janta
band
azal
bhlstra.
audible
aware
pisl, kharap
badness
la
atom
aunt
91
sertash, barbar
rit
rdar
barefaced
prit
barefooted
bareheaded
khabar k.
barely
bargain v.
be aga
serriiit
anjakh
harzan k.
away
duer
bark
awful
basam
bark v. pas k.
awhile damek
barley
awkward
barn
dasgiran
pest
jih, ju.
ammar
awl
dirosh
barracks
axe
twr
barren
(female) hishk
barren
(land) bkhr
B
Babbler
baby
purrwurra
minal
bachelor
back
bezhin
pisht
backbiting
backward
backwards
bad
qsapishtmila
pishtapisht
pis, kharap
badge
barricade
barter v,
base n.
baseless
bashful
kol
nishan
qishla
chapar
wa gwastin
binagha
bbinagha
shermk
basin
kashi
basis
binagha
basket
sebed,
sawata,
pala, qurlna, barchlna.
bastard
haram
zCil
zamll,
VOCABULARY.
92
bat
chakchakola
bath
hamam
bathe v.
tai ko., hamam k.,
be
tabr
battery
be
belief
snnl
bell
bawir k.
zang
bellow v,
bun
bead
miir
beak
nk.
beam
qirrqna dan
bawir
believe v.
sharr
bayonet
ser birrin
lapisht, lashn, laduwa,
behind
belch V,
batteria
battle
kirdawa
behead v.
pisht
aw rrln
battalion
behaviour
bellows
belly
kuzhulk,
dastek,
kla,
zik
beloved
below
nergakarita
borin, horin
kuradam
khoshawlst
zher, lazher, lakhwar
bean
lbia
belt
bear
wirch
bemoan v,
bear v.
beard
rish, rin
beat V.
lawchak
because
v.
bend
jCian, shirin,
khujual,
(intrans.)
(trans.)
bent
faida, karam
lar, cheft
beckon v.
bedas bang k.
bequeath v.
become v.
bun
bequest
v.
(as
of
cjothes),
zban, zbn.
bed
bedstead
bee
beside
pkhaf
bedclothes
gazlik, wl zwiz
beetroot
before
better
bar
before (place)
beforehand
between
sualker
bier
v,
beginning
das pai k.; hal k.

pshl, pshwa, barl
nao, ben
agaar, wurria.
bewitch v,
beyond
sual k.
beggar
begin
p sh, labar
lapesh
sCiran
bashtir, chaktir
beware
tir.
beg V,
merj k.
betrothal
lasik, saq
(time) jaran, psh,
dor girtin
la hamu bashtir
bet v,
gosht I ga
beetle
ish, Itir
besiege v.
best
lai paranawa
tanisht
besides
takhit
hang
beef
mirdikmirdiia
berl, tutirk
beseech v.
pkhaf, dushek
waslat k.
waslat
bereaved
berry
zban
becoming
chamanin,
wanin, chotanin
benefit
bo, lebar
become
chamin,
bend n, khwarl, larl
jan k.
beautify v.
bend
chawin, chotin
le dan
beautiful
akh k.
pka, takhit
bench
hal girtin
hwan, (wild) dabba
beast
pishben, kamar
jad k.
b'ola
dar I met
biestings
big
gora
bill
hsb
ferCi
clia-
93
VOCABULARY.
bind V,
blow V.
bestin
birth
za
birth
(to
give)
zan,
of
dogs,
pf k.
blow n.
hal
k.
mistakola, sikhurma
bludgeon
hal terekin
(of wind
hatin, bayin
chumakh,
kutek,
tiala
bit
naodami
bitch
delik,
bite V.
biter
bitter
gazCik
tall
qlr, zift
blacken v.
rrash k.
blacksmith
asinger
rkhl, mizilga
dam, gozan
blame v.
such zanln.
basch
blameable
moj
blaspheme v.
garr
bleat V.
barin, marin
khuin lai hatin
bleed (trans.)
blemish
bless
khuin keshan
pala
V.
blight
dua k.
krosha, gandal, kirmtai-
dan.
boil n.
dumal
boil V.
(intrans.) Inilan
boil (trans.)
boil
boiler
qazan
aza, badab
bold
bolt
kulanin
boil over, hal chun
serin, mutakka
cheft
bamba
bondage
bone
hapsi, bendl
sqan
bonnet
klao
ktb
book
bookkeeper
katib
ktbfersh
boon
bashlchak, nimat
boor
ladwl
boot potin, lapchln, kosh, sCiran,

chekma, qundara
blind (adj.)
blind n.
blind V.
kuer
barhatao
kuer k.
blister
tuqla
blizzard
block
lash
llta, zung, qurraw
bookseller
tkal
blend
bog
china dan
belem, qufa, seflna
bomb
kewstan, hawaglr
bleed i'.
boat
bolster
kufr k.
bleach- gazir k.
bleak
takhta, (for bread) pina
body
tutirk
blanket
baraz, waraz
boast V.
rrash
blade
such
kl, kul
blunt
board
blackberry
bladder
kew, shin
blunder
boar
tai
bitumen
blaze
gazin, qap girtin
bitterness
black
blue
dela
tipl
tawir
blockade
mahasira
bootmaker
booty
border
bore
0.
(of
dress)
tak,
kuna k.
borrow v.
borrow
chr
bosom
blood
khuin
both
khuncha, shkaw
kenar,
chak, parawez
blond
blossom
koshdr
talan
bottle
(money) bedn girtin
(things) be amanat g.
sing
herduk
shCisha
VOCABULARY.
94
bottom
bin
bbin
bottomless
gilla, gir, shakh, leq
bough
bounce
o.
hal parrin
break up
hal shikanin
breakfast
qawaltl, teslit
breast
sing, mimik
breath
hinas
bound V.
hal parrin
breathe v.
boundary
hediid, senr
breed v,
kshanin
boundless
bhad
breed n,
tu
bounty
bow
karam
breeze
kiwan
kirrnsh k.
bow 0.
'
rlkhl
bowels
bower
chardaq
kashI, tas, kamla
bowl
bribe
bertll
hajur, khisht
bride
bk, bkzawan
bridegroom
bridge
sanq, qut
bridle
boy
kurr
brier
kurrlati
sukaba
brick
box
boyhood
laqao
tutirk
brigade
alai
bazIn, dazban
brigand
brag
china dan, khwa pasa-
bright
nin, khwa azak
mezh, meshik
brain
bran
kapak
brand
(for animals) dakh
brandy
kuniak
brass
pirinj, birinj
brave
aza, matirs
bravery
brawl
azal, azaiati
harra, sharrik
bray v.
zarrln. serrserr k.
rich, darkhawa
breach
jerda, ashqia
ronalf, rozhia
brilliant
brine
draoshin
shiiraw
bring V,
gilla, gir, shakh, leq
branch
zawa
perrt, perrd
bracelet
0.
hinas keshan
hnan
bring back
bringer
hnanawa
lienanin
brink
llw
brisk
tung
brittle
zshikest, turt
broad
pan
brocade
kulapdiin
shika
broken
broken
(of country) harda
bread
nan
bronze
tuni
bread
(thick) kulra
brook
bread
(thin) tirl, nrd
broom
breadth
pani, panlati
break v,
(intrans.) shikan
break v.
(trans.) shikanin
break down
(intrans.) tek chun,
broth
break down (trans.) tek dan, pak

khestin
gesik
shurba, aogosht
brother
bera
brotherhood
beraiati
brother-in-law
brow
pak kotin
jga
brown
bur
bruise
brIn, kewfl, shlnbCia
brush
fircha
break forth
qomin, ruin
brutal
rriqawl
break open
shikanin
bubble
break out
(trans.) da shikanin
brazhin
nacchao
qup
95
VOCABULARY.
asklnr
buck
bucket
satil, dolcha
buckle
aozengi, barazvvana
bud
khuncha, shklw
buffalo
bug
garnish, kal
ispl
cabbage
cage
kelerm
qefes
cake kulfira
calculate
0.
build 0.
kirdin, durus k.
calendar
taqwim, rozhnama
building
khanii
calf
pwaz
bulb
bulky
zil
gCiilaka, jiianaka, palak
calf (of leg)

calico
ganr, kal
bull
izhmardin
pus
khamlk
caligraphy
bullet
gulla
call
bump
(on a road) zaq
call V.
bunch
desta
calm
0,
dasnwlsar
bang k., chirrin
(to name) pai gutin

aram
bundle
bukhcha, gurz
calumny
burden
bar
camel
hushtir, wushtir
dizlsho
camp
(military) urduga
camp
(civil) awai
burglar
burial
shardinawa
burly
qalao, zil
laidiiwan
camphor
kafiir
burn 0,
(intrans.) stan
camping ground
burn V.
(trans.) siitanin
can
V.
n,
burnish v.
serrin
can
burrow 0.
kun k.
canal
burrow n.
Ian
cancel o,
tanaka
ju
tek dan, shiwanin
burst V.
terekin
candle
bury V.
shardinawa
candlestick
bush
binj
business
busy
Ish, khaiiki
demderzh
busybody
but
amma, awanda hayya
but V,
(of joints) talk chespin
butcher
butter
qasab, goshtferiish
kera
buttercup
butterfly
nwlslnak
papula
buttermilk
dii
button
dokma, qopcha
buy V.
kirrin
by
be
bypath
mom
cane
qamish
cannon
top
canvas
ketan
cap
klao
cap
(of cartridges) taraqa
capable
caper
zirak
shefalata
capital
malat
capitulate i>. teslim b., giroua b.

capricious
demdemi
captive girau
captivity
captor
lar
momman
razgl
candour
kharik
hawarga
twanin
capture
car
girawi
girinna
V,
girtin
otomobll
caravaii
karwan
VOCABULARY.
96
carcase
lash
cemetery
card V.
hal khestin
centipede
care
centre
agaari
care
v.
parastin, agaari k.
careful
agaar
baga
careless
caress
hanek, bosh
carnage
carpet
dartash
fersh
carriage
hezarp
naorast
century
satsalan
certain
burruwa
certainty
rasti
certainly
elbet
certify v.
kuzhtin
carpenter
qabran
arabana
tesdiq k.
cessation
westanin
chafe 0,
khuranin
chaff
kah
carrier
keriabarchi
chain
zenjir
carrion
lak
chair
askamll
chalk
sefiaw
carrot
gezar
carry
cart
v.
birdin, hal girtin
arabana
cartridge
carve
fishek
o.
zhiir, oda, hujra
champ V.
jln
champion
yaria ar
chance (by)
tashin
cascade
chamber
khurraw
yekjar
change v.
(intrans.) gCuir,
(trans.) graniu
case
sannq
change v.
cash
para
change a place gwastinawa
cast
V.
(metal) qalib dan
castle
qala
castrate
cat
o.
change n, (cash) wurdapara

changeable
khasanin
pshi, pshla
channel
chaos
naoyek, tek
cataract
khurraw
chap V.
cataract
(eyes) parda
character
o^tch V.
girtin
charcoal
catch fire
agir girtin
catch cold
catch on
cattle
lai chaqln
gaghal
cauldron
cause
qazan
suwar
ashkot, kalwaz
cease
o.
waz lai
hnan, bes k.,
westanin
ceiling
binmlj
celerity
celery
cellar
cement
gurjl, to
keras
zhirzewl, amarta
chimento
qillshin
dil
khalCis
hsb k.
charge o.
charity
karam
charm
chart
sebeb
cavalry
cave
zuqum khwardin
demdemi
jogala
telism
kharlta, naqsha
chase n,
rrao
chase v.
lashn
rrln
chaste
pakdawn, sharmdar
cheap
harzan
cheapen v,
cheapness
cheat 0,
harzan k.
harzan!
khalatanin
cheek
kulum
cheese
penir
chemist
cherry
dermanfersh, ajzachi
gllas, belalk
97
VOCABULARY.
pakzli, (of rice) bzhard
chess
satrinjan
clean
chest
sing
clean v.
chestnut
chestnut (adj,)
clearly
diar
cleave v.
* chicken juchka
jjik
chicks
pakzhl
rhnak, rozhin
clear
kwt
jn
chew 0,
pak k., temlz k.
cleanliness
shabarCi
cleft
chespin
shaq
chief
agha, gora
clemency
narmi
child
minal
clench v.
quchanin
chill
clever
sar!
chilly
zIrak
click V.
sar
chimney klaorzhna
(intrans.) taqln, (trans).
taqanin
chain
china
cliff
chirp
V,
climate
rozhigar
climb V.
hal garran, ser k., baro-
ziriwzirlw k.
chisel
askana, qalam
choke
V.
cloak
(trans.) khenkanin
'.
choose
zhiir rruln
(intrans.) khenkan
choke v.
hal
bzhajrdin,
hal
anjanin, jinin
chopper
churn
cigarette
bestin,
kholl, kholakewn, pshko
clot
khist, gir, khirr
khurl,
clothe V.
clothes
chal, haoz
qala
la zaman I
citizen
khalq
wutin
shar
civil
qsakhosh, zamantar
claim V.
lai gerek bun, wistin
labar k.
cloud
hawr (heavy) tawl
clove
mhak
cloven
(hoofs) dusumma
clover
separr
club
(wood) kutek, tiala
clumsy
dasgiran, dasqurs
talabkar
coagulated
clamour
highalbaghal
cluster
clan
qifil
khl, hCiz, tira, birka
clap I'.
chapla k. ,
clarify v.
clash '.
claws
clay
palaotin
chaqanin
chirnCik, chingr
qurr
mahCit,
jii, jilik
claimant
clamp
chkh,
.khamik, jaw, dawar
cistern
cite V.
dan, da
bizirka
cloth
darchn
citadel
pewa
dan, biyeko khestin, pewa k.
circumvent v. barobirr danawa
city
batia
nezik, tanisht
close V.
jighara
cinnamon
circle
aba,
clod, gilmatik, kulo, chim. glr
close
twr
meshka
cinder
(camelhair)
.(felt), farajl (woman's) charCikhia
chinin
chop V.
kan
coachman
coal
arabanachi
bardlkhaliisl
coalition
coarse
coast
has, khast
hsh
yeklati
gora
kenar
._
coat
satr
'
cock
kalashir, kaiabab
98
VOCABULARY.
cockscomb
cocoon
coffee
commotion
qahwa
coffin
cog
poplna
qazakha
tablit
coin
companion
para
company
coincide v.
biyeko der ko., biyek
der chun
sherlket, hawbash!
la yek da nan
qeblanama
compassionate
pala
kemjeglr
hawbash, rafikh
compare v.
compass
gan
colander
hatochii
komal
compact {adj.)
qafqaf da nan
coition
khabar gehanin
communications
community
daana
coil V.
qalobalikh
communicate v.
compel V.
dilnarm, dislCit
nachar k.
cold
sar, zuqum
compensate v. kharaman dan
colic
dilgirtin
competent
la Ish hal hata
compile v.
gird k.
rkhan, da riikhan
collapse V.
collar
milwana
complain v.
(intrans.) pkwa
collect V.
b.,
(trans.) pekwa kh., gird k.
complaint
gill k.
gill, shikat
complete paik hata, tawaw

paik hnan, tawaw
collection
gird kirdua
collide V.
pekwa chun
coUyrium
kil
complicated
naoyek
colocynth
zhala, gulazhala
compliment
qsalkhwosh
colour
colt
complete v.
k.
rang
comply V. be wist I
jan, noma
comb
compose v.
shana
combat
comprehend v,
v.
compress v.
come v.
comely
comfort
hatin
command v.
farmn
commemoration
nacharl, zur
compulsory
asCi, askan
commence v.
shelana, tilandia
compulsion
astiati
conceal v.
ziir
da wushardin,
pai
concede v.
k.,
das
girtin
conceited
dan
bai, lakhwarazl
concentrate v.
commencement
shar
dinawa
yadgarl
das
tai geshtin
shelanin, pastinawa
compressed
shirin, jCian
comfortable
psh, barIn, aw
concerning
pewa k.
la
conciliate v. raz! k.
wal
commerce
tijaret,
daostand,
kirrino fershtin
commission
(errand)
conclude
v.
tawaw
k.,
hnan
separish,
ra separd
conclusion
concord
commit v.
kirdin
concur v.
komit
concussion
hamyat awamana
ser, akhir, shun
yeklati
committee
common
tkal
compound
sharr, jeng
yek bun
k.
rek kh., hal bestin
yek bCin
condense v.
pewa kotin
pastinawa
paik
99
VOCABULARY.
condition
conspicuous
hal, hawal
condolence
confederate
constantly
tekal
conference
majlis
confess v.
siich wutin
dilnlal,'
(in
confi
confirm v.
contents
ban!
paik hnan
raz!
tea, nao!
continually
burruwa k.
confirmation
burruwa, tesdiq
contract
confiscate V.
lai girtin, lai
contradict
stan-
her
muqawill
v.
lapesh
wutin,
bedr khestin, berbest kirdin
din
conflagration
conflict
khwardin
girtin
contented
lai bestin
confinement
consume v.
contemplate v. kheal k.
mahramana
confine v.
kirdin
pirsln
contain v.
dilnia
confidential
giral
construct v.
consummate v.
dence) biraati
confident
her
constipation
consult v.
confide v. ra separdin
confidence
diar
khariki fl b.
conspire v.
serkhwoshi
contribution
agir
contrite
sharr, jeng
confront v.
baroru k.
confuse v.
shewanin,
control V.
pashoka-
dasalat bun
convalescent
convene v.
nin
confusion
bash, kut
pash!
converge v.
tekal bun
layek geshtin
congealv.
ranawa
conversation
congest V.
glr bun
convey v.
convict
plrzl
congratulation
congregate v.
cook
gird bun
kheal, gflman, shik
cook V.
connect '
jut k., wayek k.
cool
connection
gir
coolness
conquer V.
shikanin
copper
conscience
conscious
shun, duwa!
beshn,
duwa,
tai fikrn, fikr k.
considerable
console V.
core
awanda
nardin
bCin
serkhosh! wutin
gan
shekil der hnan
warls, giiris
meshik
coriander
corner
corpse
kishnish
kunj
corporal
lashn
consider V.
consist V.
fnk!
fakhir
copulate V.' gain
copy
lashCiniyek
consequent
consign V.
kulanin
fnk
copy V.
raz b., qabiil k.,
consequences
haps!
copulation
aga
consecutive
consent V.
khiiinakhiiin
dil
galta
birdin
ashchi
conjecture
consanguinity
buzhawafawa
gird k.
onbash!
lash
corpulent
correct
qalao, zikzil
rast
correct v.
correction
rast k, chak k.
rast k., chak k.
100
VOCABULARY.
correspondence
nwlsan, nwlsin
corrode, corrosion
cost
lai khwardin
ba
costly
crease
qirzh, chirch
create v.
credit
giran
cottage
afirll k.
den
creditor
khanCi
cotton
ICika, pamu
couch
takhit
crest
telabkar
(of bird or man),
crestfallen" kakul kotiia
cough V.
kokin
crevice
qllsh
cough n.
koka
cricket
sisirk
count V.
zhmardin
countenance
country
ladwl
course
crop
hosh
pewa girtin, r psha-
tersflk
cower V.
khwa be
shaq, dirz, qllsh
crack v.
qillshan,
shaq birdin
dirz birdin (trans.) qillshanin
crag
serr
kolinga
cranium
cravat
crave
cream
westa
shakhla
cramp
crane
taqa k.
beshika
craftsman
crowd
V.
tai
cruel
khizanin,
taik
tanj
zebardast
wurd
crumple v.
crack n.
cradle
komal, taik pilisha
crumb
qirrzhank
crackle v.
khinin
crowd
crown
salamlnawa,
duwa girtin
crab
crow qazh, kallarash

crow V.
pilishanin, pastinawa
manga
coward
chwarmishql
chwarrr
crossroads
bCikaban
cow
tai parr b., lai bwardin
cSDSslegged
nin da pshanin, pshanin

covey
daghl, khalla
cross v.
kurrmam, amza
cover V.
lar, cheft, khwar
(of bird) chiqildana
crops
aza
dlwan
cousin
waqwaq k., qirraqirr k.
gochan
crooked
ast, kirdar, r^^-e
courtyard
turt
crook
dil, azai
courageous
court
crisp
shal, lang
croak v.
jilt
courage
al
cripple
ladw
countryman
couple
crimson
welat
countryside
sh, guna
crime
damocho
bzhmar
countless
kakul,
(of hill) ser
kasaser
milwan
wistin
tiikhaw, tesh, qmagh
zhakanin
crupper
qushqun
crush V.
harrin
crust
pest
cry V.
cry
girian
(cry out) bangk., hawar k.
crystal
bulflr
cuckoo
kepii
trozl, khar'
cucumber
cuff
qol, serqol
schar
culpable
cultivate v.
cultivation
cunning
jot k., chanin

kelga
rewlkirdawa
101
VOCABULARY.
dandelion
piala
cupboard
curds
dangerous
curl
daring
dark
derman
darkness
curse V.
dam V.
dizhmin wutin, kharap
date
khwar b.
curve n.
khwar!
du subhn!
daybreak
dead
rusm
deaf
birrin
dealer
chirch!
dear
(price)
(earth) birrlwa
namam,
dearness
death
debt
dabble v.' das pai k.
sht
Jam
drang k.
barbast
n.
khesar, kharap
nim, she
damp adj.
damsel
ser birrin
drii
deceive V.
deceiver
dol, doll
damage
mirdin, merg
den, qarz
deceit
golagzhl-
nazha
dally V.
giranl
decay v. da razin, fotin
rozhana
khazmoku,
(beloved)
kembiin
decapitate v.
khanjr
giran
khwoshawlst'
dearth
<lale
miranin, kuzhanin
brIn
<]aisy
r-'
karr
n.
dagger
spialrozh,
mirdii
deaden v.
gumruk
shatl
daily
rozh,
naki
palaka, serin
(plant) qalam,
daft
kich
rozh, spl
day rozh, (day after to-morrow),
parda
curve V.
cut n.
chinlnawa
(fruit) khurma, (day) rozh
dawn
kurt k., birrin
house
khwoshRwist
daughter
wutin, loma k.
cut V.
tarlkl (pitch darkness),
darling
taik chawin
rezala
curtail v.
custom
tar, tarik
rrash!
up V.
cushion
aza
derman k., sagh k.
qaf
curtain
hal wasin
wran, wrln
dare v.
bizirka
V.
beamn, jters
dangle v.
bizirkian
mast
cure .
bamn, ters
danger
derman
curdle v.
khuzhllik
tarrposh
khiiin girtin
curative
curdled
dandy
diilaw
she, nimar
kich
khalatanin
khalatan
deception
khalatanin
decide v. decision
declare v.
decline
wa da nan
wutin, diar k.
v.
serbarokhwar
barokhwar
hatin,
qabiil nakirdin, nawlstin
declivity
barokhwar!
dance v.
hal parrin
decompose v.
dance n.
halparka, chop!
decorate v.
b.,
(refuse)
da razIn
jQan k.,, razanin
102
VOCABULARY.
decrease V.
(trans.) kem k. (in
trans.) kem b.
decree
farman, Irada
dedicate v.
bo sharaf dan
deduct V.
da shikanin, kem k.
demean v,
siik k.
rkhanin, rumanin,
demolish v.
hal wushanin
demon
dlw
demonstrate v,
deed
kirdua, Ish
demoralise v.
deep
qtil, chal
demoralisation
deepen v.
deer
qiil k.
ask
demur v.
den
deface v.
tek dan
hlana
dense
naoyek
jlai chun, berr kotin,
depart v.
defamation
departure J
defeat n.
shkan, bazanin
defeat v.
shikanin, tai sh.
defeated (to be)

defective
defence
dependent
pishtmala, mafir
depopulate v. weran k., khak] k.
natawavi'^
deposit V.
da nan
deposit n.
spard, amanet
parastin
deficient
defile
rrfiln, rishtin
depend v. mawa b., bestrawa b.,
khoparastin
defend ?;.
' deficit
shikan b., bazin
kem, natawaw
kembCin
teng, tengabarl
defile V.
pis k.
define v.
da nan
deflect V.
khwar k.
defraud v.
khalatanin, lai birdin
depreciate v.
< ppredation
kem bun
chapao
xfepress V.
iiizm k. (of objects)
depression
chal! (of ground)
deprive v.
lai stSnin
depth
qol!
bej khwa nardin
depute V.
derange v.
|pak
defunct
mirdua
derangement j
defy V.
ber! bun
deride v. ),
degenerate v.
da kotin, fotIn
degeneration
degrade v.
degree
delicate
lai keshan
v.
barokhwar
nawa
describe v. Ichnlatl
zfirkhosh
wurr
deliver v.
gehanin
delude v.
khalat,
lafao
demand v.
wistin
hatin,
da bazIn, da chiin, da garran
ttishbun, drang!
delightful
deluge
, ,
descent
tamkhosli
tele
Moma k.
j
descendants
khosh!
delirium
descend
khestin,
dan
drang k., pash kh.

nazik
delicious
delight
da kotfia
rlz
delay n.
1
derision
derive v.
da khestin
degradation
delay v.
bzar k.
minjaminj k.
defalcation- bedrii zhmardin

bukhtan, buhtan
nishan dan
lakhwar hatin
wutinhat
wutin
desert .chol
desert v.
deserter
bar dan, ra k.
ra kirdua
deserve v.
desire v.
desire n.
desist V.
beje bun
wistin
wist, maram
lai
garran,
bar
dan,
, das kshanawa, waz hnan
VOCABULARY.
wran, kawil
desolate
103
dice V.
tas kh.
desolation
wranl, chol!
dictionary
despair v.
na nm bun
die V.
despair n.
be um
despatch v.
diet
nardin
behech nazanin
despoil V.
chapao, talan k.
destination
destiiiy
dig V.
weran
kfi
detail
blao biin
kandin, hal kandin
dignity
tek dan, kharap

hal
wushanin
laik dan
detach v.
blao k.
diffusion
digest V.
) fotanin,
shikanin,
sakht!
diffuse V.
riiit, kawil
destruction J
fariq, nao
sakht
difficulty
na um
rii bun, rii kirdin
destroy v.
k.,
difficult
qismat, bash
destitute
khwardin
difference
despise v.
despondent
qamiis
mirdin
kirdinawa, jia k.
wurda
tai birdin
labar (in some contexts
only).
digress v.
lai kotin
digression
lai kotin
dike
berbest
dilate V.
geshanawa
diligence
taifikrin
detect I'. 1 j-
dilute V.
tekal k.
detection j
diluted
detain v.
gil dan, bang k.
detention
gil dan
deter v.
deteriorate v.
detest
dim
labar girtin
V.
da kotin
, .
pchiik bun
diminution
riq
. _
an aza
diminish v.
pchek, larr
devastate v.\
nadiar, nlwblnin
dimension
riq lai hatin
detestation
detour
riin
,.
pchiik biin
dimple
chal! r
dinner
shiw
dip
nuqum k.
?'.
devastation T^"^'"^" ^^""^'"
direct V.
farmiin, la rre kh.
develop v.
direction
ast
hal kotin
development
deviate v.
pechek, larr
deviation
devil
shun, pash, duwa
duer ko., la chun
halpahalpl k.,
nin, shikanin
awing
dialect
zaman
dialogue
duwan
diamond
almas
diarrhoea
diary
dice
zik chiin
rozhnama
tas
Ista
pis!
pis, chilkin
dirty v.
perestanin
devour v.
dew
dirty
dlw, shaitan
devQtion
directly
dirt
pis k.
disability, natwanin
dira-
disable V.
pak khestin
disadvantage
aib
disagreeable
(temper)
riitirsh,
bad fasal, (quality) nakhwosh

disagree , v.
rre nakotin
disallow V.
nahishtin
disappear v.
qirr
hatin,
birra-
nawa, nabinran, taik chun
VOCABULARY.
104
disappear
v.
(b\'
being
con
pak kotiia, bbash
disappointed
disapprove
disaster
v.
distance
duer!
distant
sumed) lai birranawa
khosh nahatin
diier
distend v.
distil V.
distinct,
pirrikda, kharapl
pan k., geshanawa
sp! k., araq girtin

diar
distinguish V.
disband v.
blao k.
discard v.
khestin
distress
discern v.
din
distribute v.
discharge v.
discomfort
district
der k.
discover v.
dive
na raz!
din,
dozlnawa,
pea
V.
nuqum biin
diverge v.
la
chiin,
diier
ko.,
lai ko.
k.
discreet
dambastrawa
discriminate
discuss
V.
v.
hal bzhardin
tai fikiin qsa k., galta
k.
disease
nasakhi
disentangle v.
disfigure v.
disgrace
layek kirdinawa
lacho
divert v.
(water) da shikanin
divide v.
bash k.., kut k.
divine
Idiuai
division
bash, kut
divorce
tilaq
gj
dizzy
do
kharap k.
khajalet,
khes-
V.
docile
v.
disguise
V.
disgusting
kirdin
aram
(plant) kard
dock
ta
disgrace
dish
bash k.
la, ladew, dor
jga, chal
ditch
na asCi!
discontented
jia k., naslnawa
tangazarl, kawih
lacho khestin
doctor
kho granin
document
riqaw!
dor!
hakim, sertebib
seg, gumal
doll
buk
dishonour
khajalet
dome
dismiss v.
harda k., der k., bar
domestic
gumez
kew!
kar, guedrzh
donkey
dan
kaqaz
dog
dismount v.
da bazin
door
disobedience
la farman hal hatin
doorkeeper
teyeku, tkch
disorder
disown V.
khawandl nakirdin
der, derga, qap!
khrak
dose
dispel V.
blao k.
dot
dispersed
khala
blao
double
displace V.
bizwanin, laj la dan
doubt
display v.
nishan dan
dough
displease v.
narazi k.
dove
jiit
shik
hawlr
qumri
dispose
V.
kirdin
down
dispute
i'.
dangadang k.
downfall
dissimulate v.
dissipate V.
dissolve V.
ladil girtin
blao k.
aw k.
qapchl, derwan
niist
dormant
khwar, zhir, da
da kotin
downward
barozhr
doze V.
wanoz birdinawa
drag V.
rra keshan
VOCABULARY.
jgala
drain
draper
bazirgan, bazaz, chukh
ferfish
during
drawing
naqsha
dusk
sam
kho din
drench v.
zCir tari" k.
jilik
dress v.
pshanin, bar k.
duty
Ish
dye
dysentery
Each
drive V.
lai khiirln, birdin
eagle
(nails, etc.) da kutan
ear
wurdabaran
droop ?'.
sis bull
dlopa, dropa
herkam, hamii, chi
giie
early
zCi
earn
v.
betelash
guara
(intrans.) kotin
earring
earth
tin, da khestin
bbaran
rrawa, rran, gal
drown v,
drown v.
drowning
drowsiness
dry
duck
due
easy
wanoz
hurdek, muraw!
gerek
giian
dull
(of person) kol, nazlrak
dull
(of weather) girta, kawa-
rozh
dumb
east
6at
rozhalat
V.
khwardin
eaves
beduwa chun
dangdanawa
eclipse
rozhglran
eddy
gsh
edge
llw
edible
edict
khwardin!
farman
khanfi, tjala
educate v.
wurr, wurrm:iwa
khwardin!
giieswana
ebb V.
echo
edifice
lai
dumbfounded
fhasan
)
eatable, -s
(of a person) dudil
chlnl, qurrin
gurmalarza
as, asal, askan!
ease
(trans.) khenkanin
khenkin
hishk, wishk
dug n.
earthenware
earthquake
easily ) , _
serkhosh
dubious
ard, khol
(intrans.) khenkin
derman
drunk
pea k.
earnest
(trans.) bar dan, khes
drought
yekltir, yekod
kuelara, dal
drop V.
drug
zikchiin
each other
drop V.
drove
khanCi
reng
dropa k., palawtin
drop
kholapatani, bekhol, be-
toz
drip V.
drive v.
khu-
toz, khol
khwardinawa
drop dlopa
drizzle
khurazerd^
lagal aw rrCiIn
drink v.
drip
dust
dwelling
pflshln, pCishanin, hal
drift V.
war,
dusty
khaosh, tekal, khuulta
dress
dirzhai
lawakhta
rawa
sam!
dream- v.
dregs
tak, jiit
bekar, belsh
duration
keshan
dreadful
duplicate
durable
draw V.
dread
105
educated
fr k.
khfiinawar
VQPABULARY.
106
eel
embarrassed
marika aw!
efface v.
effect
pak k.
shun, duwa
kul, halchnl
effervescent
effort
egg
bain j an
derawa chun, bider chun
eight
hazhda
der
emigrate v.
eighty
heshta
eminent
lther
ya, chikam, hachkam
emissary
der k.
ejector
(rifle) fishekfir
elapse v.
elbow
ra bfirdin, pai chCin
anishik
elder
goratir
elect V.
elector
hal bzhardin
hal bzhlnar
zeiif, janl
elegance
elementary
elephant
elevated
barz k.,
elicit V,
yanzal, yanzamin
keshan, lai der keshan
else
der k.
zamanshlrin
Itir
jtir
elsewhere
rnak k.
elucidate v.
elude V.
der chiin
emaciated
larr
emancipate v.
embankment
embargo
embark V.
der dan
empire
dolet
employ v.
Ish pai k.
employee
Ishkar
employer
khawandlsh
employment
empty
barrala k.
berbest
yasakh
suwar b.
embarrass v.
Ish, kharlkl
puch, batal
encamp v.
da inaziin
encampment
enclosure
rrashamal, hawar
nao bestin, da girtin

naobestrawa
shermk k.
tush hatin
tCish hatin
lai wer girtin
end
ser
end
(aim, desire) wist
endeavour v.
endive
rrawl b., rra ko.
eloquent
rawankaro
emit V.
encroach v.
rrashadar
elope V.
hatin,
gora, naslw
encounter n.
barzl
eliminate v.
elm
der
kiich k.
encounter v.
yanza
eleventh
ko.,
kuch
enclose v.
barz
elevation
eleven
berlnl
f!l
elevate v.
baosha
emerge v.
emigration
eject V.
diz!
baosh k.
embrace .
hesht!, heshtum
eighth
dizin
hal hatin
hesht
eighteen
pal, pshko
embezzle V.
embrace v.
hilka
egress
embers
shermOk
shabandarkhana
embezzlement
telash
eggplant
embassy
endless
telash k.
talatarra'
bser, btawaw
endorse v.
jero k., dasabar k.
endure v.
keshan
enduring
(indefatigable) betaw
janhishk
enemy
dizhmin
energy
taw
enfeeble v.
kemtwana k , zabn
enforce v.
zur k.
engage V.
(of
taik
tilings
k.
together)
birdin, (of personal) rra
"irtin
107
VOCABULARY.
engagement
Ish, qsa biyek dan,
engine
equalize o.
equip V.
maklna
maklnachi, muhandis
equipment
Ejigland
Ingiltera
equipped
English
takhm, dasga, tifaq
rek khestiia, hal khes-
ta
Ingills
engrave v.
suwar
rek kh
engineer
Englishman
wakuyek k.
equestrian
(in war) tekal chun
equitable
Ingills!
hal kandin
equity
dadsan, adil
yeklati
engraver
miir halkan
eqiiivalent
engulf V.
nuqum k.
eradicate v.
enjoy v.
khosh bun, wistin
enlarge v.
gora k.
pak k.
erect v.
hal k., hal bestin
chiinlati wutin
erection
enlightened
khiiinawar
ermine
enmesh v.
ziir gora, banaza
enormous
enough
enquiry
binjobinawiin
beqin hnan
enrage v.
entangle
v.
giranin,
shiwanin,
hatinanao
mwanl k.
entertain v.
enthusiasm
entire
paranawa
entwine v.
lai paranawa
enumerate v.
envelop o.
zhmardin
tai alin, alln, da pu-
envelope
pakat
environs
la, dor
envy
rawankaro
chobirslati, chochuati
epidemic .
nasakhi
epidemic adj.
epitaph
equal
blao
tarikh hawyek
beramber, wakuyek
equality
essay v.
essence
telash k.
haraq
gerek
establish v.
danari, da mazranin
establishment
dasga
tap
estate
qablanin
daimi, mawayati
Europe
Frang
evacuate V.
evade
v.
batal k.
duer
ko.,
kho
duer
keshan
evaporate v.
behawa
biin, blao
bCin
shanin
envoy
rra k., farrin
parzdhar
escort
eternal
hatinanao
'
(skin) danga
estimate v.
der
entreat v.
entry
telash
tawaw
entrance
Ish, rra separdiia

such
essential
naoyek k.
enter v.
error
escape v.
pirsln
khalatin
errand
eruption
bes
enquire V.
hal kirdiia
chalaka
err v.
taik birdin
dizhminati, dizhmin!
la rag hal kandin
erase v.
enlighten v.
enmity
beramber
yekiati
even adj.
(smooth) rrk (num
ber) jut
even
adv.
evening
eventually
ever
(so
much)
ta,
hata
war
pash, lapashawa
hachwakht,
(in
com
pounds as " whatever," etc.)

hacli
every
hamii
VOCABULARY.
108
everyone
evident
evil n.
expedite o.
expel V.
hal henan
exact
exaggerate v.
examine v.
expert
zCnchak
expiration
excess
zlal, ziirl, laimawa
expire
gCiraninawa,
pk
sergarm k.
exclusion
nahishtin
biser hatin
gii,
las
(of
tai gehanin, nasanin
explode v.
terekin
goats)
exports
export V.
expose V.
(rellexi\e)
palp, bhana
execute V.
kushtin,
(carry out)
tarkhan
exercise v.
exhausted
exhaustion
garanin
ma, man!
manatl, hlak
exile V.
sharbider k.
exile n.
sharbider
exist V.
habn
existence (of living beings) azliTt,

(of things) habn
exit
bider ko., da nan

tai gehanin
expulsion
der k.
extend v.
dirzh k. ra keshan
dirzh kirdin!
expand v.
geshanawa
expansion
geshanawa
expatriate v.
extension
dirzh kirdin
extensive
pan, gora, ziir
pan! dirzh
extent
exterior
derawa
exterminate r.
sharbider k.
chowar b., psh din
labin hal kandin,
miranin
extermination
external
extinction
extort V.
extra
miranin
hiderawa
kuzhdinaw-a
extinguish v.
der, rre
expect V.
bider kh,, da nan
exposure
extensible
kirdin
exempt
nardin a derawa
expound v.
dil hnanawa
excuse n.
terekin
derchiia, derchtini
horses) tars
bwardin,
tai gehanin,. nasanin
explanation
pishkil, (of cows) shiaka, (of

v.
hinas dan, tawaw b.,
explosion
nakhestinanao
excrement
ser, pash
v.
explain v.
qablanin
exclude v.
chnlatl.
wussa, sharaza
nabe, mar
excite V.
zanln!
taq! k.
except
v.
qai b., paikeraCi, la
experiment
hal kandCia
exchange
sharaza!
Ish der hatu a.
zCirtir b.
excellent
giran
experience
experienced
excavate v. . hal kandin
exceed v.
daskotin
expensive
zla wutin
taibin! k., tai fikrln.
tamasha k.
excavation
birranawa
expenses
her rast
excuse
(speed) zl
der k.
expend v.
me
tufin
rre khestin
expedition
kharap
evolve V.
ewe
expectorate v.
kharap!
evil adj.
chowar
expectation
hamukas
diar, bInra
kushanin, kuzhdin
lai keshan
zla
extract v.
shan
lai
keshan,
der kts-
VOCABULARY.
extravagant
ziirkharjker,
das-
blao
zrziir
extreme
extremity
eye
eyebrows
birCi
eyesight
bawushn
fan V.
bawushanin
fang
far
chopaikotii
qirsichmaldin
fikr, kheal
kalpa
diier
farmer
jotyar, zara
farming
jotyar, kelan, zeraat
Fable
serguzasht
farrier
nalband
fabric
parcha
fart V.
tiriin
fart n.
tirr
fabricate v.
face
fact
kirdin
damocho
facile
silk
diierter
fashion
rotar, terz, rasm
fast V.
karkhanii
fade V.
farther
fast adj.
rastI, habiin!
factory
rang chun, bakht k.
fasten V.
kol, taga
fat n.
fail V.
beje na hnan, natwanin,
fat adj.
fair
fate
laser chiin
(complexion)
choshlnim-
per!
faith
bawir
shilda-
bewefa
fall down
fall out
false
rCikhln, rCikhan
da kotin
laser ko.
lai ko.
fall short v.
kem hatin
falsehood
drii
falsification
birdrii k.
bidrii k.
IdiazGr
hatm
baokana
bawishk
fatigue
mabfln
fatness
qalao!
fault
qalao k.
siich
bstich, biiaqs
faultless
favourite
khoshawist
fear n.
ters
fear v.
tersin
fearless
drii
falsify V.
fathom
fatten v.
kotin
fall forward
fall upon
bav, baok
fatherly
bejhna,
qsa
peshcho, bewefa, wefadhar
fall V.
bash
father
fatherless
fairy
faithless
qalao
kuzhdin!
father-in-law
zerd, (just) raskar
faithful
bestin
chaor
fatal
pak ko.
tun, tung, zti
rCizhii girtin, perhiz k.
faggot
faint V.
kasokar,
nasrau, bistra
fan n.
fancy
cho
eyewitness
hiiz,
birsiti, kem!
fanatical
birzhan
pstlcho
eyelid
khzan,
famous
biblla
eyelash
nasrawa
family
famine
der keshan
cho
eyeball
naw
familiar
ojakh, khanadan
ser
extricate v.
fame
109
feast
beters
jezhn
feather
features
tiik, par
damocho
VOCABULARY.
no
federation
fee
fig
yeklati
feeble
kemtwana (of
old age)
dakotiia
feebleness
feed V.
hanjir
fight
miz, mizd, haq
kemtwana!
fight V.
bala
filbert
finq
file
(trans.)
fill v.
(of horses) allk
feel V.
das lai kh., das pai k.
feign V.
bedrii k.
film
da hnan, da kh.
fin
kabra
final
female
fen
shaparr
pshmughr!
ferment v.
tirshan
fermentation
ferocious
ferry
besam
festival
fetid
finish V.
finish n.
tw, tew, t,"i
fever (to have)
ta lai hatin ta k.
kem
fidelity
wefadarl
fidgety
halusha
mergan, mrikan, chlman
fierce
be harra, besam
fiery
wakagir
fifteen
panza
fifteenth
pashin,
tawaw k.,
ser,
tawaw,
agir
agir dan,
taqanin,
taqa
taqa
firm
qurs
first
berIn, awai
firstborn
naozik, nukhr!
firstfruits
khuin
fever
fire
firing
hnan
pewanokalapcha
feud
paik hSnan,
beser hnan
k., hawishtin, khestin
ganin
gan,
fetter
jerlman k.
penja, amust
fire V.
jezhn
fetch V.
hal hnan
(pleasant) khosh, bash,
akhir
telash
fester v.
field
finger
tirshaii
bebirisht
fervour
few
fine V.
kelek
fertile
din, dozlnawa, pea k.
chak (small) wurd
tman, zinj
fender
pashin
find V.
llta, zung
fence
r nak k., palawtin
fine adj.
ma
tai kh.,
chilkin, pis!
find out V.
bergin
tai nan,
pest
filth
fellow
nwt, kurk, libadbak rong,
purr k.,
filter V.
fell V.
felt
birrban
da girtin
khwardaman! dan
feed n.
jengin, sharr k.
figure
(intrans.) Khwardin
khwaranin,
'
sharr, jeng
parizal, panzamin
fish
nobar
fist
mas!
mist
fit V.
pai khwardin, lai khwar
din
five
penj
fix V. , tai girahin,
damazranin,
hal bestin, (fix in) da ches

panin
fixed
giraii
flabby
fifth
penji, penjmin
flag
fifty
penja
flake
sis
bayaq
danka
Ill
VOCABULARY.
flame
garr
fluid
flank
la
flurried
tuwaw
sersam
flap V.
ferraferr k.
flush adj.
flap ;/.
serqapakh
flute
flare
fly
gerr
flare v.
flash
mesh
fly V.
hal girsan
reik
bilyiir
(of birds) rrafin (of aero
planes) ferrin, (flee) hal hatin
beruska
jiian, noma
flask, matara
foal
flat
foam
takht
kef
flatten v.
takht k.
fodder
flatter v.
qsa ltrawanl k.
foe
dizhmin
fog
tam, taman, mizh
ltrawanl
flattery
flatulence
flavour
flaw
intala
tam
flee V.
chun,
rra
k..
hal
da takanin
chanilnawa, narm
flicker v.
pita k.
shiin kotin
flinch 0.
karati, karani
rrafin
salamlnawa
khoshawist!
(cooked) chesht,
fool
goj, kar
foot
bekhu
pe, pia
plarr
footpath
fling V. ferre dan, hawishtin
for
flirt
forbear v.
silk
float V.
flock
ser kotin
azhin,
bo, la
be aw da pCish
anin, be aw daglr kirdin
flood n. lafao
zew, ard
das parastin, das lai
hal girtin
forbid V.
ran, gal
flood V.
nek., nahishtin, nahG-
lan
force
zur, hazh
force apart v.
rawaninawa
ford
buwar
flounder v. hal bazinawa
fore
bar, pesh
flour
forearm
floor
ar, ard
flourish V.
(to wag) rra wusha
nin, (to prosper) hasanawa

flow V.
flower
flue
rshan, tuwaninawa
gol
kalaorozhna
fluent
zamantarr
khwar
daman!
foolish
rra k.
flight (of birds)
ma.uh-
mafIr, pishtamala
fondness
food
gosht
flexible
(for ani
pachar,
gla
follow V.
fo}ly
psta
fleece v.
flight
pacha,
follower
hatin
flesh
shnqad, qad,
foliage
hal
fleece
qat k.
fold n.
alga, koz, pishtir
pest kandin
kch
flea
fold V.
mals)
dirz
flay V.
allk
basik
forefathers
forehead
foreign
forelock
bapir
naocho
nanasraO, nasharaza
parcliam,
barcho,
gudla, naochowan
foreman
serkar, serfaala
VOCABULARY.
112
foremost
pshn
fourth
forenoon
bayani, pshanlmarii
fourthly
foresee v.
la pesh cho bun, la
fox
pesh din
forest
jangalstan
forestall v.
foretaste v.
forge
pesh cheshtin
lapshawa wutin
forfeit 0.
lai girtin
singan
forget V.
lai bwardin
forgiveness
fork
rewl
lai bwardin
chengr
fragile
fragment
kut, pal
fragrant
bnkhosh
nazik
frailty
nazik!
frame
chwarchiia
francolln
fraud
dusera
fray v.
rasm!
free
shikil, tar;^
serbesti
jaran,
freehold
tapCi
fornication
lapeshawa,
gan
forsake v.
bar dan
waz lai hnan
forswear o.
qala
chill, chilmin
fortification
fortnight
fortress
sipar
chwardasho
qala
fortunate
forty
bebakht, bakhtj'ar
bakht
lapesh, labar
fosterbrother
fostersister
foul
khoshklhawshir
pis, chilkin
found V.
da mazranin
foundation
fountain
four
braihawshir
binagha
kanI, fwara
chwar
fourteen
chwarda
fourteenth
da!
chwardamlii, chwar
sahul bestin
freight
bar
frenzy
wurr
frequent
ziir
taza, no
friable
turt
friction
laik kotin
friend
dost
friendship
fright
chii
forward
freeze v.
fresh
biderawa
fortieth
fortune
khora!
freedom
Iamopesh, lamobar
forth
chun
(at libertj) azakaro (gratis)
pshln, barn
formerly
fort
suesk, piir, sisk
driikarl, Ishidru
forked
former
dirz
nazik
formal
formation
wurd, kut
fracture
frail
lablr chiin
forgive o.
chwar!
mirishk
fraction
la pesh k.
foretell v.
fowl
chwarumin
dost!
ters
frighten
v.
tersanin,
da
chili-
kanin
frigid
sar, sard
fringe
rshi, rsho
friskiness
halbazlnawa
frog
boq
from
la
front
pesh, bar
frontier
frost
senOr
sahul bestin, zuqum (hoar
frost) khiiiser
froth
kef
frown n.
girzh i cho
frown?;,
girzh b.,maiT b.
113
VOCABULARY.
frozen
fruit
game
sahul girtiia
fruitful
bebar
fruitless
fry V.
fuel
gaol
lapeshawa girtin
jilik
garbage
siitinl. ardCi
plsopukhf!
fugitive
rrawl
garden
fulfil V.
beje hnan
gardener
full
purr, tr
function
qash
henaska birrin, hanisik
dan
gate
jepai kanIn
qapl, derga
gather o.
furious
beqin, beharrasha
gauge
furl V.
qad k.
gay
tamasha
gazelle
kalopal
chinin, hal chiiiTn
pusla
aza, shadman
gaze
kCira
furniture
jilik
gaz
gasp v.
khurl, tCik
furnace
bakhchawan
sir
gash
binagha!
tersiik
funny
fur
gas
Ish
fundamental
bakhcha
garment
dkal k.
fumigate v.
funk
garlic
purri, tr!
fullness
ask
furrow
lat, hl
generally
further
zlatir, zCirtir
generate v.
fuss
pashin,
lamopash,
lap
ashawa
daskera .
genius
hoshar, hawash
gentle
asii
gentleness
genuine
damharir k.
gabble o.
gable
gumbezi
shirpak
germ
kirm
kermsh
German
gag V.
dam rawaninawa
get V.
qazanj
gaiters
gale
gall
dozHkh
baitiing
get
mazii
(become) bun
(bring) hnan
get
(take away) wer girtin
gift
ghar, chwarnal, taw-
gimlet
gallop V.
as above with k.
ginger
dar, qannara
gamble v.
yar! k.
gezh
diar!
gallop n.
gallows
Alaman
girtin
get
giddy
sipul
gallnut
narm!
asil, (personal quality)
gadfly
gain
hal hnah
daskerawal
generous
bekar, bekhu
future
zCirtir
generosity
halopal
futile
banlkhana
bain, nao
garb
tawa
ganIn
hapskhana,
dusakhana
gap
brzhanin, sCir k.
fryingpan
komal
gangrene
bebar
frustrate v.
bangzl, yar!
gang
bar, mlwa
gipsy
girdle
burgh!
zanjafil
qaraj. jingana
banglkhuin
114
girl
VOCABULARY.
kich
girths
go on
tanga, kurls
give v.
dan
give
(give back) danawa
glad
khwosh
glade
rriiln
go out
derawa chiin
go out
(of' fire) kuzhran kuzh
din
lai chiin laser rrn
go over
gechi
ban rrln, zhiir rriin
go up
glance
chaogiran
go with
glands
alii, ar
go through
morr bnawa,
glare v.
marr
biinawa, biz biinawa
shsha
glass
gleize V.
glean v.
bruska
glisten V.
globe
pita k.
draoshin
kharr!
globular
gloom
glow V.
glue
gula astra
zOrkhwar
da kirranin, gezin kir-
ruin,
go ahead
teng, shiw, kal
chiin,
grade
gradient
grain
riiishtin,
danga, danka
amar, hizra
grandchild
la shun kotin
nawa
la pesh chiin
garranawa
la pesh chiin
bwardin
derawa rrin
go forward
bepsh riiishtin
rriiln a nao
lai chun
(of a gun) taqln
bapIr
grandmother
grandson
grant v.
go in
kemkem
nrom k., muturfa k.
grandfather
go before
barozhiirl, barokhwar!
gradually
grape
go off
hukumat
hakim
(degree) riz
go away lai rriiln
go forth
purropQch k.
baarl
go back
go by
qaz
klaka
granary
rrln
go after
sona,
graft V.
raninawa
go v.
goose
gorge
baro'zhlr!
mshla
gnaw v.
kalopal
governor
gnash V. jirr k., cheqanin

gnat
bash!, chak!
goods
government
chesp, jewl, jlwa
glutton
goodness
gout
bruska dan
glowworm
zeringer
bash, chak
gourd
daskesh
morr, biz
zer, altiin
gossip V.
kherr -
tariki
glove
Khua
good
draoshin
glitter V.
God
goldsmith
rawan riiishtin
glimmer v.
bizin, (he goat) sabern
gold
dirotin
glide 0.
pewa chun
goat
goggle eyed
rii keshan
gleam n.
lagal chun
dan
tire, (unripe) birsiela
grasp V.
grass
das girtin
gia
grasshopper
grate
grating
kulla
mghrl
grateful
gratis
dapir
nawa
lachak, malawa
penjira
khura!
115
VOCABULARY.
gratitude
malawa!
gratuitous
khurai
gratuity
grave
gravity
grunt V.
guard
skim
past)
(pasture)
lawarln.
grazing lands
grease
qiiruq,
chan
green
grief
harrin.
gunsmith
brzhanin
(of
knives)
bardihasan
girtin
gripes
zikpch
gristle
rag
grit
grocer
akh keshan
baqal
groom V.
rrinak k., qasho k.
groom n.
maiter
lat, hl, chizik
groove
grope V.
gross
das kutanin
qalao
ground
arz, zewl
groundless
grouse
grove
be binagha
suesk
komaladar
grovel V.
o-row V.
gut
girriba
rlkhlQ
malaz k
i''cin
nokha
(of roof)
plusk
gypsum
gech
H
habit
zIkh
groan v.
gust
derman
tfenksaz
gutter jiigala,
tiiezh k.
grindstone
grip V.
topch!
gunpowder
tanzhi
birshanin,
grind v.
bkhldan
tfenk, tfek
gunner
salaw
kham, dilgirani
grill V.
qui dan
benisht, jajik, jew!
gun
soz, kesh
greyhound
tamiira
shiw
gums
Rum
greeting
gully
gum
gora
Greece
besCich
gulp V.
chaor
great
such, qabahat
guitar
lawar
parastin, parezan
sharaza
guilt
guilty
lawaranin
grazing
paswan,
mwan
guest
guide
rushanin
v.
parezar,
guard V.
boz, kholamSzh!
graze
dasabar
n.
qrarwul
awgosht
(to
minjaminj k.
neqaneqa k.
guarantee
kel
graze v.
riiln
kirm
grumble v.
gor
giran!
gravy
gray
grub
zikh
gravestone
gurrma
growth
bakhshish
qor,
gravel
growl
rasm, rotar
habitation
haggle V.
awai, awaani
dangadang k
hall
terg
hair
mO,
(of
women)
qizh,
pirch, (of animals) tuk

hairbrush
firchaiser
hairdresser
hairless
sertash
kachal, bm
pirrm, pirrqizh
hairy
half
nlw
hall
dlwankhan
halt r.
rra
westan,
journey) bazIn
(as
on a
116
VOCABULARY.
hawsar, bkhao
halter
hahingplace
hammer
hand
hatchet
hawarga, shQnbaz
chakush
riq lai hatin
hatred
dast, das
riq
haughty
handcuff kalapcha
handful mishta
have V.
handkerchief
haven
handle
dastaser, mangll
dasa'ka, dasak
V.
hal
tirzil
haul V.
rra keshan
bun, habiin
panaber
hawk washa,
handsome jiian, khujual

hang
twr
hate V.
(trans.)
hal
awlstin
hawker
khestin,
hal
awasin
hawthorn
(intrans.)'
hal
wasIn
(of
criminals) hal khankanin
hangman qanarachi
gizra
haze
toz
hazel
finuq
happen v.
kotin, qoman, der ko
head
happiness
shaman!
headman
shaman
hard wishk, sakht, rraq

harden v. sakht k
diliraq,
dilwishk,
dilsakht
hardiness
hardly
o.awa
ser
kukhwa
headstone
rra girtin, panad
hardhearted
guzh
hay
he
harbour v.
esikqurs
anjakh
kel
headstrong
heal V.
health
heap
khosh
koma, komal
hear v.
bhistin
hardship
cjursl, giran!
heart
esikqurs
harlot
harm
ganda
zian, khesar
harmful
zianar
mgherl, bukhr!
bdil
hearth
heartless
heat
gernil, grerma
gawr
heathen
heave v.
be zlan
heave n.
harmony
yeklati
heaven
takhm
harrow
mala
harsh
zibir
harvest
dirwn, kharmasan
hasp
qulap, chengal
haste
gurj
giie dan
dil
harmless
harness
shan dan a bar

takan
bahisht
heaviness giranl, qurslati

heavy
giran, qurs
hedge
tman
hedgehog
zhuzhik
heed v. gue rra girtin gue dan

heedless laguedan! guenada
hasten v. gurj k
heel
hasty
heifer
parn
height
barz!
hat
bigurjl
klao
k.
saghl, khoshbiin
healthy
hearken v.
kerwishk
derman
(intrans.) sagh b.
rraqlati, wishk!
hardy
serkesh
(trans.)
hardness
hare
mishik-
bazawan
hapless bchar
happy
serger,
girik
pazhna
117
VOCABULARY,
barz k.
hilt
dasa
irsbar, bashbar
him
heighten
heir
heirloom
hell
himself khwa!
bashlbaplr
hind
jehannim, dozaq
help v.
hinge
yar! k., yaria k
hem V.
hal
pechan,
gra-
hal
labar girtin, nahishtin
dulal
hip V.
bchar
helpless
duwa
hlnjcler v.
helmet, klao
kuling
hire v.
kira k.
hireling
kirekar
nawa
hen
mirishk
hence
rabwardii
gia
herd
gal, ran, .gagal, garan
here
era
bama
hereof
lama
lamser
heresy
gawri
hers
lamobar,
bama
khwa!
rra man
da
wushaiin,
shardi
nawa, bsa b.
zrnashlrln
hidingplace
bsa, maka
barz
highlands
kewstan
highroad
shaqam, share
hill
hilly
girda, harda, halata, chia

harda
hillock
twsha
hog
baraz
hal
girda, tapola
k., hal awastin
girtin
kCin, kuna
holiday
jezhn
hollow
naobatal
hone
hero
mal
homeless
nizgera
V.
pewast, peben
hoe
home
birrin
hiccough
high
dang girtua
hollyhock
jrbajr
heterogeneous
hideous
hoarse
hobble n.
hole
hl
hew v.
gird kirdua
hold V.
kuling
hesitate v.
khuiser, zuqum
hoard
hoist V.
jiianmr
herself
hide
Iamopesh
awdal
heron
Iamopesh
kanlka, piira
hive
hoarfrost
hereon
herewith
lerawa
hitherto
lamnao
heretofore
giran
hither
lamopash
herein
hero
dan, lai dan, lai khestin,
(of a mark) angawtin

hitch
hereafter
k.
serguzasht, tarikh,
hit V.
herb
hermit
sis
history
lamopash
o, awa, I
hereby
hlo
hiss V.
lerawa
henceforth
her
his
weran
hasan
dilpak. rast, shrast, Ish-
honest
pak
honey
hengwin
honour
awr,
hood
bashliq
hoof
sum, lep
hoopoe
hop V.
hope V.
nams,
ganaiiasma
bazIn
uwl biin
rspati
118
VOCABULARY.
hope H.
uwl, um!
however
hopeful
b'uwl
how much
hopeless
beuw!
horizontal
horn
ama
howl V.
rast
chan
werrin
huddle V.
qoch, kuloch, shakh
pal
pai
nanawa
horse
hasp, hasip
hue
horse
(pack) barglr
hug V.
horse
(saddle) suwarl
huge
horse
(purebred) rasan
hum V.
wurtawurt k.
horse
(mixed breed) bargr
human
plol
rang
baosh girtin
ziirgora
horse
(puller) serwishk
humane
horse
(biter) gezk
humanity
horse
(good goer) rrawan
humble
horse
(stumbler) dasglr
humid
horse (gelding) khasann, yakhta

kermsh
horsefly
dilsiitl
she
humiliate v.
humility
nal
hump
mwanperest
hundred
host
hostage
hostile
koz, kospai
sat, so
atl, satmin
hundredth
khawanmal
giro
dizhmin
shkanin, da khestin
dilnizm!
horseshoe
bmarkhana
poatl
dilnizm
hospitable
hospital
hunger
birs, birslati
hungry
bris!
hunt
rraw
hot
germ
hunter
hot
(as of spices) tung
hurl v.. fere dan
mwankhan
hotel
hotheaded
hound
hour
seg
shln zhan k.
hurtful
mal, khan
household
hut
kwanmal
langar girtin
chun, chani
Note :
bezian
husband
kasokar
housekeeper
how
gurj bun
hurt!', (trans.) eshanin (intrans.)
hourly satbesat
hover v.
baiziirtung
hurry v.
sat
house
rrawchi
hurricane
sergerm
tai
khizanin
merd
kepar
hypocrisy
drOatl, drfi
hypocrite
drCi, dildr
hypothecate v.
jlrii dan
Words in im- and in- are rarely translatable by one
word as they are usually expressed by an ellipsis
employing the
positive
to im- and in-
adjective,
the
negative
corresponding
occurring with the accompanying verb.
I
I
min
Ibex
bizinikewl, pasakewl
ice
sahul
icicle
idea
chilra
guman, kheal, fikr
Identical
yek
119
VOCABULARY.
identify v.
idiom
Impart v. dan
hal bzhardin
Impartial
zeman
bela
idiot goj, tainagshtl
impassable
idle
dasbatal, Ishnakar, tember
impatient
idol
but
Impede v.
if
(trans)
(intrans)
agir
da
girsanin
girtin
be
agir
impel i'.
kharlkman
lai khiiran
Impenetrable
Impenitent
bun
Ignorance
hazaiil,
nakhuinda-
war!
nazaii, nakhuindawar
ignore v.
(of
padshai, shaan!
luitbarz
taiknachn!
impertinent
nakhuinniua!
illegitimate
Imperial
imperishable
bmar, nasakh
illegible
nadiar nablnrau
natawaw
imperious
gue nadan
nabur
bar!
Imperceptible
Imperfect
ignorant
ill
pe girtin
impediment
hagar, agar, haar
Ignite V.
nabur
be aram
children)
zol,
Imperturbable
Impetuous
haramza
chaqawasii
khorraglr
serkesh
Implacable
nakuzhran!
Implant v.
da chikanin
illtempered riitirsh, badfasfd
implement
karasta
illuminate v.
implicate v.
illiterate
illness
image
nakhuinawar
nasakhi
rfmak k.
kh-al, fikr
imagination
imagine v.
tai fi kiin,
aqil
birr
imbibe v.
tai birdin, tai khestin
imitate V.
Immense
nuqum k.
immersion
imlgrate
herista, herlstaka
zur gora
immerse v.
jtir
hatin
da
malra,
immutable
impossible
nabletl, nabn!
Impotence
natwan!
impoverish v.
rCihal-
Impreganble
derpai
Impregnate v.
man)
Impregnated
namirdin!
immoveable
immunity
warris, khwazik
(of
bakhur, narast
Immortal
warris k.
Importunate
(of a woman)
halmalra
Immoral
hnan
Impracticable
mazrin
immodest
nem
importation
Impotent natwan
nuqum!
v. la
hnan
hna, hat
importune v.
cho lachakan k.
immedlate,-ly
tai gehanin
chaqawasii, nasaz
important
khwaidinawa
Imbue V.
Imply r.
imports
shit
paranawa
Impolite
import V.
k., layek danawa
imbecile
lanao keshan
Implore v.
but, menit
nabizuati
terkhan!
nagiiri nawal
impress v.
nabiini k.
nakirdin!
naglrdhar
tai kira k.
purr kira ba
shiin
da
nan,
pas-
tanawa, shelanin, pilishanin
impression
imprint v.
imprison v.
pilishawa, shun
chap k.
haps k.
VOCABULARY.
120
imprisonment
Improbable
hapisi
ncomplete
nazbln!
improper
improve v.
improvident
imprudent
natawaw '
ncomprehenslble
nconcelvable
chaktir k.
improvement
bfarr
ncompetent
rangnia
chakbn
nconsistent
dasblao
wayek nabiin!
rrnakaw
nconvenlent
be tai fikrln
ncorrect
tai nagshtini
birruwa nakirdin!
narast
impudent
be abr
ncrease v.
ziirtir k.
impulsive
be aram
ncredlble
nabawir!
impunity
baknabiin
ncurable
bderman
impure
napak, chilkin, taikal
Impurity
taikal, napak!
impute V.
in
ndemnlty
kem
ndent v.
qiipanin
ndentatlon
inanimate
ndependent
nazhinii
nazSba, hal
nagl-
bzaman
inattentive
nfidel
.guenada
Inaugurate v.
nfirm
lazan, daikza
incapable
Incessant, -ly
Incident
incite V.
her
nflexible
wishk, rraci
nfluence
dasalat
incitement
bizwanin
chaqawas!
inclination
incline n.
wist, rradan
barozhiirl,
barozhlrl,
incline v.
wistin, rra dan
inclose v.
nao bestin, da girtin
income
nao k.
daskaot
nfluentlal
bedasalat
nform v.
wutin
nformant
agadhar, khaberdar
nformatlon
serakhwarl, barokhwar!
include v.
nasCir
ba k.
qomi, rCian!
bizwanin
incivility
agir dan
nfiammatlon
nflate v.
brn
incision
bmar, nasakhi',
nflame v.
ban k., haps k.
baga
incautious
beser, bhad,
kemtwana
kemtwana!
natwana
incarcerate v.
purr
nfirmlty
bzhmrir
incalculable
serbikho, serbest
gawr
nfinite
da nan
qupaw, pilishawa
tai geshtin
nfested
nin
inarticulate
inborn
nfer v.
kharaman dan
kharaman
inadvertent lanakao
inappropriate
esikqurs
nadiar
ndemnlfy v.
narast
inadequate
qat
ndefinite
pai nagshtin
inaccurate
dudil!
ndefatlgable
natwana!
Inaccessible
bsherm
ndeclslon
ndeed
lai zanln
nao, tai, la
inability
ndecency
nfringe v.
nfuriate o.
nfuse V.
aga, khaber
shikanin
beqin henan
dem keshan
ngratltude
namanziirl, lachak-
nabiinl
ingress
hatinanao
Inhabit i'.
da nishtin
121
VOCABULARY.
inhabitants
inhale v.
khalq, kasan
hal mizhin
inherent
daikza, lazan
inherit v.
bash birdin
inheritance
iniquity
bash
sQch, tawan, qabahat
nsoluble
aw nabiini
nsomnia
bSkhawI
nspect V.
nstal V.
taiblnl k.
da nan
nstant (of time)

nstantly
tozek, damek
herista, herlstaka
j, laje, labat
inject I'.
kutanin
nstead
injure o.
zlan pai dan, kharap
nstlgate v.
bizwanin
nstruct V. fer k.
k.
injury
zlan. khesar
nsufficient
kem
injustice bdad
nsult n.
loma, dizhmin jinwl
ink
nsult V.
loma k., dizhmin
murakkab
dwt
inkstand
inn
mowankhiinu, khan
nnate
nner
daikza, lazan
naorasti
innkeeper
innocence
bzhmar
kutanin
bbn
bwakht
pirsln, tai fikrln
pirs, tai fikrln
inquisitive
insane
pirskar
chobirsi
tashin, nwslii, hal
inscribe o.
nwlsraii, kangra
inscription
kirm, kirniik, janbar
laser cha, behosh
nsensible
inseparable
insert
janab
v.
tai nan
insertion
tai nan
inside
lanao, tai, tea, tda
insignificant
nsincere
nslpid
hech
narast
betam
insist 0.
nsolence
Ishrastl, rastkarl
ntellect
aqil, hosh
ntelllgence
ntelllgent
hosh
aqil, hoshdar
taigshtin!
ntelligible
ntend v.
ntense
ntention
nter v.
tama biin
purr, giran
maram, wist
shfirdinawa
dumjar k.
chaqawasii!
insolence chaqawasii!
paranawa bo yeki
ntercept v. barobirr! dan '

nterchange o.
ntercourse
kandin
insect
above words with
ntercede v.
shit
nsatlable
nsurrection
ntegrity
inopportune
nqulry
as!, berl, yakhl
bcschl
inoculate v.
inquire v.
bima
nsurgent
biin
innumerable
nodorous
nsurance
khanchi
bsch, bequsr
innocent
wutin, jinwl dan
nterest
granin
hatochii
so, qazanj
nterfere v.
taikal b., laqa k., tai
qultanin
nterference
nterlor
nterlace v.
nternal
as above
nao
hiininawa
hinao, Inao
nternatlonal
naodolatan
nterpret o. tarzumani k.
nterrupt v. qsa birrin
ntersect v.
birrn
ntersperse v.
ntervene o.
tea blao k.
naobizhi k.
VOCABULARY.
122
tai honn
Interweave v.
interview
chopaikotin!
intestine
into
rikhlii
lanao
intoxicated
intrigue
Intrude v.
jailor
nasanin
invaluable
bbha, bqlmat
bfariq
pai da henan,
fikrln,
pai
nablnra, nadiar
invitation
qsa
gran,
wer
qsa
wer girtin
invite V.
involved
halshlwawa,
taik
benao
Irrigation
irritable
irritation
Isolate V.
dudil
aw dan, azhIn
nerga
ioke
hanik
k,
paik
shlaqanin
ioumal
rozhnama
ulce
aw
awdar
bazIn,
hlo, hiawa
itself khwa!
farrin,
serldrian
adil, dadsan
justice
adalet, dadbln!
der
hatin,
Keen
tuesh
keep V.
khurin
hal
K
k.,
bederawa dan
o, I
shaman
iuicy
just
tetinia nan
blao
riiisht, safar
shaman!
junction
khurin
issue V.
its
jut
bazIn, kho ferre dan
khurii
tinia!
itch V.
jumik, jumga
iolst
iump V.
awdai
isolation
it
k.
udge qaz!
dilnazik
irritate v.
beyek
ioint
ioyful
asinfersh
ironmonger
irrigate v.
zringin
join V.
ioy
asin
irresolute
goher, durr
iourney
naoyek
iron
jii, jiilaka
iolt V.
as above
inward
jew
gehanin, taik chespanin
hilanin
invisible
hanik, galta
jingle V.
damokhwar k.
ta!
jumanin, julanin
jest
jewel
pchanawa
investigate v.
dilpls
nishasta
jerk V.
ikhtira
zardaw!
esiklchina, zhirkakila
jelly
k.
Invert v.
goza, jarra, kop markana
jealous
invariable
inverse
jar
jaw
azhIn
ziir hatin
Invent v.
wardlan, banlband
murabba
jaundice
hal qultanin
Invade v.
girinj
banlkhana, hapskhana
jam
tai qultanin, kho tai
inundate v.
satr, salta
jail
chlnl, tagblr
introduce v.
chaqal
jacket
jagged
serkhosh
naoyek, pcha
intricate
Jackal
girtin lala bun
keepsake
kernal
kettle
diarl, yadgari
chinja, naiik
ketr!
hal
123,
VOCABULARY.
key
ladle
killl, kllla
kick
kick V.
shaq dan, shaq tai
hal
kawr, kar, gisk

hal granin
kidnap v.
kidney
kra
kiln
kin
gulchlla
la shiin man
kuna, lan
lake
golaw
lamb
berkh
'lameness
shall
lament v.
kasokar, khizm
kind
khanum
lag 0.
lair
dan
kid
kochiki mastawa
lady
shaq
dilsoz
shin k
lamentation
chirakh
khol, arz
kindle v.
da girsanin
land
kindness
dilsiitl, awurdanawa
landholder
kindred
king
kasokar, khizman
padsha
kingdom
dolet
kinsman
khizm
landlord
mach
landscape
lane
ashkhan!
language
sis!
turwa
languor
lank
be azhnii hatin
kird
knife
knit V.
iknob
dasta, qoqizi
knock V.
'knoll
dan, lai dan
iknow V.
zanln, nasin
known
zana!
nasrau
knuckle
lantern
lap
jumga
yakha
large
gora
lark
klaona, klaokurra -
lascivious
lassitude v.
last
last V.
latch
ILabel
marqa
lath
ilabour
Ish
lathe
lace
qarakh, oya
keshan
halqarez
drang
amwakhta
tllmadar
lather
latter
charkhigerr
kef
pashin
lack n.
kemi
lattice
lack V.
kem hatin
laudanum
lad
kurr
ladder
pzlia
maniilat!
pashin, akhir
lately
kirikar
bekhurii
kich
late
labourer
fanCis
pshdam
lass
girda
iknowledge
larr
lapel
chinin
zaman
sis
shelanin
azhn
choarwan
languid
knead 1.
knee
as
kolan
knapsack
ineel v.
same
holder "
mach k
kittik, bchupshlla
kha
khawanmal
landowner
kiss V.
kitten
khawanmilk.
wanzewl, malik
kiss n.
Jiltchen
shin
lamp
shabbak
teriak
laugh V.
pai kanIn
laughter
kanIn
" land
VOCABULARY.
124
jilshr, jilshi
laundress
lave V.
law
legacy
legible
qanim, rawisht
lawless
lawn
bashlbaok!
hqann
legal
shshtin
khoshkhuin
legislation
ber!
legislator
chlman, merk
Ish! hukumat
hakim
lawsuit
dawa
legitimate
lawyer
avoqat
leisure, to be at o.
das parzhan
leisure, to have v.
parzhan
lax
sis, sist
laxative
lay V.
derman I rwana
laziness
lazy
'
leisure n.
parzhan, firsat
llm
lemon
da nan
beqaniin
lemonade
femberl, sisti
awllmii
(money) bedn dan
lend V.
tember
drzh
lead V.
birdin, keshan
length
lead n.
qurqushun
lengthen v.
pshwa
leader
leadpencil
leaf
lenient
qalam i qurqushun
gla
lentil
nisik
leopard
peleng
balakl, gairl
leak /7.
dirz, kun
leprosy
leak t).
lai chCin
less
lean
lean v.
back,
against,
ward,
pal
shan
or
da
out,
danawa,
pisht
kereger
lessen v.
kem k.
for
lesson
hangiek khuinin
khwar
lessor
kerewergir
dan,
lest
kirdinawa
leap V.
kemtir
lessee
larr
drzh k.
dasnerm
agar, k'agar
let V.
baz dan, bazin
(of
property)
learn v.
fer bun
dan, (allow)
learned
khuindaw-ar
quish) bar
learning
khuindawari
lease
letter
kemtir, (at
leather
least) daskem
charm, sakhtlan
leave v.
(quit)
ruishtin,
alone) bar dan, helan,
kaqaz,
level
takht
lever
nuela
hish
levity
sk!
liability
sila
hawlr tirsh
liar
ledge
llw, qarakh
libel
zhal!
liberal
left
pwaz I shirin
bejma,
(behind)
leg
buktan, buhtan
beje man
laq, qach
daskerau
liberate V.
(hand)
liberty
library
chep
left, to be V.
den
duriizin
leech
leek
lick V.
lid
nwlsin,
bsharm
lewd
leave n.
(let
kah
lettuce
leave
tin
leaven
dan
ker
(relin
down)
da hishtin rra hishtin
miidda
least
be
hishtin,
barrala k.
serbest!
ktebkhani
llstin
dam, ser
nwlsra
125
VOCABULARY.
lie n.
dr
liquid
lie V.
dr k., (down) ra keshan,
lisp
pis
list
siahl, defter
(in wait) mako dan

life
listen V.
zhian, zhin!
lifetime
lift V.
zhin!
(weight)
siik,
litter
(lumi
rnak
light V.
da
little n.
girsanin
(a
lamp)
lighten V.
lightning
pruska, shamarta
wistin, pai khosh b.,
like, to be v.
man, layek
chiin,
lai chiin
like adj.
wak, waku, mena
likelihood
kemek
zhinin, zhian
zi ngii
livelihood
liver
jerg
living
zhian, zhi, zing
lizard
qorl, marmilka,
load
layek da nan
loaf
bar
likeness
man
loan
wha
loathe V.
lobe
narmague
kra
local
hinezlkana
senr
limp V.
shalln
limp adj.
sist, sis
rasta,
lineage
tllma,
khat
khanadan, za
jaw, ketan
linger v.
linguist
drang k.
zamanzan
liniment
lining
link
marham
barr
khishtazanjir, jumga
linseed
bazrak, twketan
lint
parro
lion
sher
lip
dora, nezlkana
lock n.
qifl
dil
tIr
aw k
( of
hair )
pirch,
kill k., da khestin
locksmith
tokmach!
locomotion
locust
ruishtin
kulla,
kulamiska,
kula-
zarda
lodging
lofty
jega
barz
log
kotara
loin
laran
loiter 0.
lonely
long
llw, lich (lower only)
hquefy v.
locality
lock V.
(of things) qatar
linen
hatin,
qizh
rnak
'limpid
line
riq lai
ahek, qisil
limekiln
limit
den, qarz
biin
sosan
lime
qumqu-
nan
likewise
Illy
zhian
gurj, psk
lively
mak, bizinmizhink
rang
rang
likely .
horses)
pchCik, wurd
live adj.
sCik k.
(of
naqdek, tozek, hendek,
live V.
hal k.
likely
takhtarawan
tars (dry only) pen.

little adj.
nous) rnak
Kght n.
like V.
gue dan, gue rra girtin,
bhistin
hal girtin, barz k.
light adj.
awaki, ruin!
be Ish rra wustan
tinia
drezh
longing
arezO, haz, wist
look V.
nwarin, tamasha k.
looking glass
awena
126
VOCABULARY
loom
taiin
maggot
qulfa, dla
loop
loose
shil, barrala
loosen V.
lop V.
shil k.
ost
lot
shikan
win k., bizir k.
gora k.
gora!
ziir, (portion) bash
derman bekhodan
(to draw) v. pishk khestin

plshk
love V.
love n.
lovely
wistin
major
blmbash!
rra hishtin, da hishtin

nizimtir,
khwartir,
wefadhar
baami
lubricate v.
lusty
lute
riin pai dan
bakht
kirdin, durus k.
malady
nasakhi
malaria
lerzota
malcontent
shllatn
zaq, kulum
shit
malevolent
malice
esikqurs
ziandhar,
malleable
nerm
mallet
man
tola
daya
plo
kalapcha
manage v.
purr
manager
luxurious
razan
mane
washak
Machination
machine
mad
chlnl, tagblr
maklna, charkh
shit
kirdin
gora,
rels
yal
mange
M.
kharapker
tela, tukhmakh
manacle
temtira
riqladil
malignant
mamma
awdar
riqladill
riqladil, dilrrash
badkhwah!
mallow
naosing
kharapker
malevolence
luxuriant
lynx
narazi
nr
male
malicious
kalopal
lukewarm
make v.
malefactor
khwarin
luscious
bekhew k.
zurat
lower adj.
lump
kharap k.
maize
nizim, khwar
lunatic
kich
posta
wistin
lower V.
luggage
maiden
maintain v.
lover khoshawist
lozenge
qalabaska
(servant) karaker
malm v.
pal dan
zfirshlrln, zCirjiian
loyal
magpie
maid
mall
bedang
lounge V.
lungs
daskerau
asinkesh
magnify v.
loud
luck
magnet
magnitude
lottery
low
hakim I mahkama
magnanimous
zian
(many)
lots
bazIn,
win, bizir
lotion
rifle)
jadCi
magistrate
bun, (mislay)
loss
magic
(a fight)
(of
ambar
birrin
lose V.
kirm, kirw
magazine barCitkhana,
kharisht
manhood
maniac
plo!
shit
manifest
diar
mankind
khalq, kasan, beniaam
manly
wakupio
127
VOCABULARY.
jr, tarz
manner
manufactory
manufacture v.
manuscript
mattress
karkh ana
kirdin
mauve
map
maze
me
kharlta.naqsha
mare
meal
mark
hamlshabahar
mean
market
marriage
ferfitin!
mara
married (women)
marrow
(of
bones)
mara birrin
llta, qurraw, zung
ta wakhit
srzha
biqad girtin, pwan
measure n.
pwandhar, pwana'
gosht
mechanic
medal
mokh
marsh
maana
measure v.
meat
zhin
kiilaka,
marry o.
man
measles
bSzher, bazhar
marketable
v.
(flour) ard
piska, dasteng
meantime
nishan k.
khewala
khwardin
meaning
nishan, marqa
mark v.
chimin, mergan
mean adj.
kenar, qarakh
marigold
min
meadowsweet
berls chun
main
margin
twanin
taik, naoyek
meadow
marmar
march v.
tolek
may v.
dasnwIsraCi
ziir,gal, galek
marble
doshek
geshtii, ghla
mature
maklnachi
nishana
meddle v.
tekal biin
mediate v.
naobizhi k.
marten
dalak
mediation
martyr
shahid
mediator naobizhlker
marvellous
ser, ajaib
masculine
mason
bena
masonry
mass
ploana
kheshtkarl, bardkar!
komal
massacre
kuzhdin
shlan
massage
massive
mastic
gora, agha
binisht
mastication
mat
hidermankarl
medicine
jiian
chkh, hasir
medium
meek
serkej, bedang
meet
v.
tush
melon
melt
(as above)
V.
(intrans.)
twanaw,
member
memento
memory
maternal
daikana
menace v.
Ish
qe! k.
beaw
b.,
k.
yadgari
memorandum
karasta
matter v.
beaw
tekal
materials
matter
(trans.)
twaninawa
shubhanin
dalklati
paik
kalak
shkharta
jiit
hatin,
geshtin
match V.
maternity
tai fi krin
naorasti
match .
mate
derman
meditate v.
meeting
zil
master
medical
naobizhi
mend v.
menial
slahl
bir
tersanin, harrasha k.
chak k.
khizmakar
mention v.
wutin
128
VOCABULARY.
merchandise
merchant
merciful
malitujarl
tujar
berahm, dilnerm
merciless
berahm, dilrraq
me;rcury
merely
bas
mesh
mess
miscellaneous . juejue
mischief
lanakao
Ishlkharap
misdeed
miser
pis
pgham
messenger
awena
pkanin
mirth
misconduct
kun
message
qurr
mischance
jiwa
dilnerml, chogrl
mercy
mire
mirror
rawankeraii
kirdawa! kharap
such
pIska
miserable
kiz, kizalatCi
misery kiz!
metal
maadan
misfortune kawill, bebakht!
meter
metro
misrepresent v.
method
reik
methodical
reiki
ma k.
mew V.
mews
taola, paga
bedr henan
miss V. (in shooting), (too high)
ser k, (one side), bela kotin,

(too low) pe dan, kem k.
mist
tam, mizh
midday
nlwarii
mistake o.
midden
seranuelk, srkwan
mistake n.
narast,
bj,
shubha,
middle
naoras
raldge
meshiila, mizh, miznik
midnight
nlwasho
mtdst
naoras
might
zur
mild
koch
military
milk
askar!
ashawan
anjanin, jinIn, tai jln
mince o.
maadan
mineral
maadan!
mangle v.
tekal k.
dilnia
nabCin,
ra
hal
daqlq
minute adj.
zurwurd
shalaqanin,
taikal
k., layek dan
taikal
moan v.
hawai
keshan,
akh
keshan
mob
komal
hiamrozhana
modest
besharm
sharm
granin
modify 0.
moist
she
mole
shdhar k.
kakila, khir
molars
(on
face)
khal,
mishkakuera
moment
tozek, damek.
Monday
punga
minute
mix ?.'.
moisten o.
dil
pron, himin, Imin
mine n.
mint
V.
naparmii bun
modesty
iish
mind
mistrust
modern
doshin hal doshlii
miller
mine
nerm!
shir
milk V.
khalat,
laigurrin shik
mixture
karru
mildneess
mill
kochin, koch k,
nerm
mildew
narawan,
misunderstanding tainagshtinl
migrate v.
migration
lai gCirran
money
monkey
Dushemu
para
maimCii)
(animal)
129
VOCABULARY.
monopoly
month
yekdasi, imtiaz
muddled
muddy
mang
pashoka
qurr!
mood
hal
mug
moon
mangasho
mulberry
moral
Ishrast
mulberry tree
more
moreover
wa I'o zfirtirish
sbnan, sbn
tw
darltw"
hster
mule
ziirtir
morning
tas
municipality
baladia
munificent
daskerau
morsel
par
murder v.
khuin k.
mortal
mirdin!
murder n.
khuin
mortar
murderer
gech, qurr
khuinker, plokuzh
mortgage u-.
giro k.
murmur v.
mortgage ;/.
giro
muscle
mortify v.
mosque
music
qoza, berkamar
most
zCirtir
musk
khas
mould
must
rra wstau
kherdel
girda, tapiila
Muslim, Islam
barbiin, as!
mutiny
bekarrii
mound
kham
Musulman
qalib (mildew) karru
mouldy
mutter v.
qsa! nizim k.
mutton
gosht! pas
mutual
laherdCilawa
mount V.
suwar bun
my
mountain
kew, kazh
myrtle
mort
myself
khwam
mountaineer
Tcewsan!
mountainous
kew"san
mouse
mouth
tainagshtini
mystery
sml
dam
mouthful
Nail
dampirrka
(intrans.) biztin, julln
move v.
(trans.) bizwanin, julanin
movable
bizuat!
movement
mow V.
mower
bizCitin
galek
qurr
ruit, khaos
nakedness
(so
much)
riiiti, khaos!
name
naw
name
r.
namely
deroker
zur,
bismar, (finger) nlnulc
naked
nameless
durim
awanda amanda
mud
Imin, im
mishk
moustache
much
temCira-
abe, abet, gerek
mustard
daikana
biztin
motionless
laidhar,
misk
muslin
mother-in-law
motion
saz
zhin
daik
motherly
khuindin
musician
papula
mother
qn-chik
mushroom
ganlii
mizgot
moss
moth
(water) shfiiin
baz, malcha
nap
nape
miw nan, pai wutin
bnaw'
nawlan
wanozdan, chogermkirdin
pishtmil
napkin
dasaser
130
VOCABULARY.
narrow
tasik
niece
nasty pis, chilkin
nation
'
millat, kasan, ploan
mill!, hamat!
national
nationality
native
nature
millat, kas
nightly
nine
diltr
ninety
gerekbiin, pwlst
mil, ust
necklace
nozda
ninetieth
abet, gerek, lazim
necessity
neck
hamusho
nineteenth
nezik -
necessary
bilbil
rrashakho, khogiran
no, na
nineteen
dil, khCi
nawik
near
nezik
nightmare
elbet
nauseated
navel
nigh
nightingale
kas
naturally
beraza, khoshkaza, kich-
bera, kichkhoshik
nawa
ninth
no!
nip V.
gazIn
nippers
milwanka, barmiira
nozdamin, nozda!
nawa!
gaz
nipple
sermimk
need v.
gerek b., pai wistin
no
needful
gerek
nobility
begzada
nobody
hchkas
needle
derzi, (pack) siizhin

bhch, nara
needy
na
nocturnal
shoana
neglect v.
bwirriai k.
nod V.
neglect Ji.
bwirrlal, bagal
noise
dang
noisy
bedang
negotiate v.
neigh v.
soda k,,
bazhar k.
helan, horranin
ser rra wushanin
nomads
kocher
neighbour draosi, haws!
nominate v.
neighbourhood
nominee
neither
nor
nephew
nest
na
none
rag
helana, lan
malas k.
tor
(for
chaff)
never
bela
nevertheless
news
lagal amada, bibii-
next
nor
khabar
not
(after)
Itir,
kunlluit
na
khwosh
gora
lala
kaqaz, nwlsrain
nothing
(nighest)
wana
lalzhiirl
luit
note
rozhnama
harza
qulfa, dla!
na,
notch
tanisht, (next after) pash

nice
nlwarii
notable
no, taza
newspaper
quzhbin
noon
nostril
n! ama
new
nook
nose
hchwakhit
^
qsabatai,
qsapiich, bekhud
north
rrashik
neutral
hech
noose
holding
naw da nan
nawdaraii
nonsense
braza, khoshkaza
nestle v.
net
na
hchkam
neither
nerve
naoa
notice
hech
noun
Ilan
notwithstanding
naw
'
'"
ba, wa
-
VOCABULARY.
nourish
v.
khwardaman!
dan,
obscure
khawand! k.
nourishing
novelty
now
bequwat
obscurity
obstacle
hchj
'
sershik serharz
obvious
numb
to become tazin
occasion
chan!
zhmardin
numberless
bzhmar
numeration
oath
occur 2'.
odd
bar
suind
ferman hal girtin,
gue
object n.
maram
object V.
kharapa
lai
such
such
k.,
h^jiz
raz!
nawlstin
abet, bezr
(to force) zCir lai k.
taik dan, paik dan
drezhotask
pis, napak
k.,
tiiranln
offended,
offensive
offer V.
obliterate v.
obscene
la, I
offender
girtin,
nabiin
oblong
of
off
to
be
tiiran,
biin
rra dan
oblige V.
bnar
ben
offend?;,
fermanbarl, itat
fermanbar, gradhar
obligatory
4
tflsh, qomI, rCtdan
riqaw!
offence
sakht
objection
der
tak
odour
qalas
obey V.
kotin,
deria
odorous
parCi
obedient
ish
qoman,
occurrence
tokul
obedience
occupant)
(work)
kotin '
joz
obdurate
an
kharlkl
odious
oats
(of
tadanishtin,
oar
tadanish-
'
ocean
Oak
jarjari
danishtii,
occupation
zhn-iara
finuq
nutshell
jar, kurrat
tu
dain
nutmeg
peda, hayya
occupant
zur
'
diar
occasional
number v.
numerous
wer girtin, standln
obtainable
tazlwa
nut
labar girtin, nahish
obtain v.
numb
nurse
sakht, serkho
tin.
ziandhar
number
'*
glr, giradhar, berbest
obstruct V.
chnek
nuisance
virirria, aga
obstinate
hchjiirl, hhlsh, hch-
noxious
nanas-
riakar, marai
observant
Ista, Istaka
nowise
tarIk,
tariki
obsequious
nasharaza
nowhere
nablnra,
rfui
dahatiia
novice
131
office
siichdhar
nakhwosh
dan
defter
officer
zabit
official
adj. rasm!
official II.
offspring
often
maamr
mindal, minal
zrwakhtan
hajiz
'^
VOCABULARY.
132
oil
origin
run
oily
ointment
binagha
psh, awwal
original
run!, riinar
originate v.
merhain
old
(of persons) pIr
ornament v.
old
(of things) kuhan
orphan
ztn
olive
omit V.
on
ostler
once
one
Itir
otter
sagavyl
Ottoman
jarek
ought
yek
onion
pewaz
our
onset
palomar
ours
hi ema, man
hi ema
bepshawa, labarawa
ourselves
ooze V.
lai chiin, palawran
out
open V.
(intrans.) kirranawa
outbreak
open V.
(trans.) kirdinawa
outcast
opening
kheal, bIr
opium
oppose V.
la pesh westan,
bar
nah-
girtin,
same as above
beramber, pchawana
opposite
oppress V.
zur k.
oppression
zur, taada
oppressive
(of
or
men)
ziukar,
sharbider
rre
outpost
output
qarawul
lîderchCin
laderawa
oven
fur,
over
laserawa, labanawa
tandiir
(weather)
dolamani, zengin!
overflow v.
overhead
lai rzhan
laserawa,
overhear v.
bhistin
overlook v.
(pardon)
overseer
purtuqal
bakh
overspread v.
order v.
fermiin
overtake v.
order n.
ferman, ferm
overthrow v.
reik khestin
dasga
orifice
kuna
labanawa,
lai
bwair-
sarkar
orchard
organisation
girtua,
din (of matters) tai fikrln
na, yan, ta
organise v.
hor
lazhiirawa
wist, kef
orange
dasga, tifaq
kawarozh
kawarozh
opulence
outfit
overcast
dasgiran, (of weather) giran,

option
derawa
outside
lan, nahishtin
opposition
shun, duwa!
outer
outlet
parzhan, firsat
girtin, la pesh
riiln, harraka
sharbider
outlaw
teriak
opportunity
khwaman
derawa
outcome
kiraw
derz, rre, shaq, kuna
opinion
RomI, Usmanli
abet
onward
open adj.
biztinawa
metar
other
nakirdin
la, laser, ban, lazhiir
razanin
liatiw
oscillate V.
run I ztn
olive oil
habiin
hal
bestrawa,
overturn v.
owe V.
owl
azhIn, blao bun
pai geshtin
rkhanin
damokwar k.
qarzdhar bu, dndar b.
baiaqush, biim
own V.
khawand biin
VOCABULARY.
swan, shems!
parasol
khawand
ox
133
parcel
ga
bestek, bestraii
parch V.
wushk k.,
pardon v.
Pace
(step) gaw, hangaw
pacify V.
pack
pare v.
aram k
lai bwardin
pak k.
parentage
bar, ta
parents
baok o daik!
baok o daik
pack animals wiilakh
parish
package
parliament
packet
bestek, bestraii
same as above
packhorse
pad
parrot
barglr
packsaddle
part
padlock
page
qifil
part n.
butperest
etc.)
la
naowana,
la.glrl, laingni
participate v.
shn, zhan k
painful
besh, cshn
partner
party
jiit
yaria k., taikal b.
sherik, rafikh, taikal
partridge
reng, biiyagh
piir, kot, ko
komal
pass n.
gelQ, kal, bwar
palace
sera!
pass V.
bwardin
palate
mulashii
pass up V.
hal dan
pass by v.
lai bwardin
pale
bSreng
zinj, tman
palisade
palm, date
palm,
passable
darlkhurma
(of hand)
passage
bar I dast,
lep
palsy
paltry
wurd, naqabil
panel
cho
panic
ters, sam
hanisik
paste
birrin
panther
paper
parade
pes
shiiani
hawlr
pasturage
palang
kaqaz
rasmlgechi
henaska
Iamopesh, jaran
rra bwardiia
pastoral
pastry
dan,
qndhar
tezkere
past, In the
past, In
maian dan
jam, chengala
pant V.
qin, riq, harrasha
passport
swna, lanjina
pane
rwang, sernishin
passenger
passionate
lerz
pamper v.
pan
pitapit k.
biir
bwar, rre
passion
I dast naomist
palpitate v.
taik
bela, laglr, ladhar
partiality
pain i\
pair
(locality)
partial
sh, zhan
paint
rope,
ladew
dolcha, satil
pain
(of
pichirran
parra
pall
piska
bash, kut, par
part V.
parii
pagan
mejlis
tiiti
parsimonious
kurtan, palik
goshagira
paddle
garrak
quruq, lawar, chan
patch n.
pIna
patch V.
pinan, pIna k.
path
rre, piar
patient
bedang
patriotism
wilatperest!
VOCABULARY.
134
patrol
penknife
paswan, nawach!
pattern
nimiina
pauper
kawil,
people
bshsht,
hit,
V.
alat
perennial
perfect
giro dan
pay V.
dan, para dan
pay n.
mash,
muzd,
sakh, tawaw
kir,
bewefa
perforate v.
kiinkun k.
bezr
perforce
payee
parastan
perform v.
payer
paradhar
performance kirdua
pea
para
ntik, (wild) polka
peace
askan, dilas
peach
nCik, tCik, ser
pear
harm!
perjury
ladwi, jotyar, guran
pedigree
pedlar
rredan, hishtin, helan
perpetually
shiwanin
perplexed, to be
tokul
pak k.,
lai
pest
persecute v.
persevere o.
pest
peep V.
seratatia k.
peevish
badfasaal, rutirsh
persist V.
pen
see " fold " for animals
person kas
pen
qalam
personal
bezr hatin a nao,
tai qultahin, tai chiin
penis
kir
penitent
pashiman
tai
zur k.
telash
hal
surran,
telash
Persia Eran, Ajam
sing, mekh
penetrate v.
man,
k.
peg
qalamlqurqurshiin
rra
man
perseverance
kandin
pencil
rast
her
perplex v.
za
(intrans.)
peel n.
tai kera bun

rredan, izin, dastr
permit v.
pia, zlam
bunawa (trans.)
drii khwar
hamiiwakhtl
perpendicular
cherch!
peel V.
suindldr
permission
pea
pedestrian
suind
permeate v.
nk dan
peck V.
taik chun
permanent
cho, wurdaberd
pedal
wakhit
din
sQf, merwar!
pebble
bSamnI, ters
perjure v.
tails
peasant
bashk, dab
perish v.
peak
pearl
ben
perhaps
period
kokh
peacock
kirdin
perfume
peril
asht!
peaceful
pai
hamCisalana
perfidious
mangana, rozhana
payment
cho
bilan, bashk, dab
perchance
berdposh
lep, pe
pawn V.
din, ditin,
kotin
rraman
paving
paw
pepper
perceive v.
ruit.
pause
qalamtash
kasan, khalq
warris k.
hikho
perspiration
perspire v.
persuade v.
perturbed
peruse v.
khii, haraq
haraq k., khii dan
X.7A k.
pashoka, damaw
khuinin, khwandin
VOCABULARY.
pestilence
petal
nakhoshl, nasakhi
pitch
gla
petition
petroleum
pith
nafit
photograph
akis, ask
place
(flowers)
chinin,
(of
hal girtin
pick out V.
lai bzhardin
pick off V.
lai kirdinawa
pick to pieces v.
pickaxe
pickle
pigeon
tai chun, kun k.
pill
splndar, spldar
takhta
plant V.
da chiqanin, da riian
plantation
kotir
pilgrim
renga
plaster
plate
koma, komal
pilfering
rengin, rena k.
plane n.
(broadcast) da wushanin
baraz
pile
honraii
plane v.
plank
(of bridge) pea
pig
diar, bInra
V. honin
plane tree
naqsh
pierce v.
desht
plait M.
hal deraniii
pal, par, kut, parcha
pier
da nan
plain n.
plait
tirsh!
piece
place V.
plain adj.
pacha
picture
je (where something else
has been) shiin, ast
fruit) renin
pick up V.
berahm, bchogr
rahm, chogri
pity
derman
pick V.
goza
kuruk
pitiless
balgham
physic
zift, qlr
pitcher
arzohal
phlegm
135
dor!
plateau
daladiz!
ban
platform
zawar, hajl
play V.
danga, habb
plea
bisha
gech
sakii
yar! k.
bian
pillage V.
talan k.
plead v.
paraninawa
pillage n.
talan
pleasant
khosh, khwosh
pillar
kulaka
pillow
serrin
danga, zerderzh
pimple
pin
plenty
nuqurch girtin
pinion
pliers
d'ana
plot
surekl siplvvasli
pious
pipe
(tobacco)
sabll,
pistachio
pit
plough V.
qizgwan, pista
damancha
qol, gom, qui, chal
pluck V.
plum
kart, diikan
jot
kelan, jot k.
ploughman
nawuk, chinjik, danik
pistol
tagblr
plough
qaniia
pips
chamlnawal, nerm
,gaz
plot garden
lakhwaters
Iwrl, ICil,
pirr biin
ziir, galek
pliable
darachami
pmk
giro
plentitude
gaz, miqash
pinch V.
pine
pai khwosh biin

khwosh!, shaman
pledge
sanjaq
pincers
please v.
pleasure
jotyar
(fowl) hal kandin
haiozha
plumage
tiik
plummet
shaiil!
136
VOCABULARY.
plump
tialao
plunder
post
talan
plunderer
talankar
posta
pot
manjala,
plunge V.
(intrans.) nuqum b.
pot, water
plunge
(trans.) nuqum k.
potato
pocket
pod
girlfan
purk, kelii
poem
gorani
poet
point
niik
nkar
fKiinted
poison
pole
zhar
polls
polish V.
polite
pollute V. pis k.
glaw, gomaw
ponder v.
pony
tai fikrin.
hasp, asip, asp
pool giilaw, gomaw

poor
kawil, bshsht dakotfia
poplar
chenar
poppy
gulanlsan
populace kasan, khaki

popular
(of a person) khosha
wist.
population
porous
portent
porter
kasan
fakhfiir
dalan
awkesh
nishana! duwai
hamal
pour
V.
power
ziir, dasalat, hfizli, betaw
powerful
beziir, behazh
khawand!
khawand
abet, dab
possible to be
bzr, behazh, betaw
powerless
practical
kirdawa!, kirdin!
practice
kharlkbiin
practise v.
prayer
kharik biin
nwzh k., paraninaw-a
pray V.
nwzh
preach v.
wa'z k.
precaution
pashbliiT,
a.t;a;irl,
diirbln!
precede
lapesh kotin
qlmati, ginin
precipice kan, nishlvv
preclude v.
nahishtin
la pshawa wutiii
predict V.
prefer v.
lala khoshtir bim

awis, awis
zu, lapshwakhit
premeditate v. ia pesh tai fikrln

prepare
khawand bun
possession
rzha
'
, poverty nabiini
prematiire
position je
possessor
rezhan
prejudice laglrl
naqsh, akis, pekar
possess V.
(intrans.)
rzhanin. hal
(trans.)
pregnant
qalao
portrait
possible
turwa, kIs, girifaii
predecessors peshlnan
portion bash
portly
gozagerl
pouch
precious
porcelain
porch
gozasiirkeraw a
powder tiiz
runak dan
adabana
pond
potsherd raqa, dIza
nin, tai k.
kiilaka, tela
police
goza, jar
potent beziir
pottery
gorani, sh'r
poetry
koz,
sewlbinarz
potter
sha'ir
tanjara,
kulz, diza
biin, twanran
v.
reik
khestin
rra
ganin, pai ganin

pshak! dan
prepay v.
presence
present
rii
?;.
(trans.) dan, (intro
duce) la pesh henan
VOCABULARY.
present
h.
(gift)
diari,
soghat
(time) ista, Istaka

presently pashtir
preserve o.
137
profound
quel, qiil
progency
minal, mindal
pshchiin,
progress
parastxn-v parezan
n k. nahishtin
press V,
shelanin
prohibit V.
pressure
pastinawa, pilishanin
prohibition
presumption
(impertinence) cha
awasin
pretend v.
pretext
kho bedrii k.
bhana
shirin, jan,
pretty
prevent /'.
nahishtin,
danawa
prey
nahishtin
pshtir, bartir
previous
nchlr
price
prolong V.
drezh k.
promise v.
qsa dan
promise ti.
qsa
pride
wiqar
(Christian)
gurj
promptitude gurj!
property
h!
pkhambar
qas, keshlsh,
bash
propose V.
kheal biin
proposition
proprietor
mala,
prospect
shaza
prmcipal
print 0.
prosper
awwal
chap k.
prmter
chapchi, chapker
printlnghouse
prior
chapkhana
pshtir, bartir
pshlati
priority
prison
hapiskhana, banlkhana
prisoner
hapsI, ban!
chilnl
o.
chak biin,
prosperity
dolamani
prostitute
protect
ganda
V.
parastin,
protection
same as above
protector
parezar, khawand
protest V.
kharapa girtin
private
chol, khahvat
protrude v.
proceed v.
ruishtin
ferman
procurable
hayya, pda
procure r.
dozlnawa, pda k.
prodigal
dasblao
produce u.
der henan
parezan
bekhew- k.
protract v.
proclamation
dolaman
bii
choll, khahvat!
ranga
kheal
khawand
privacy
probable
raz! k.
proportion
qasha, (Muslim) feqa, sht-kh,
prince
gora k.
propitiate v.
kutan
priest
shakh gita, luit
promote v.
prophet
bha, iiimat
prick V.
darparlwa
prompt
prevention
n, man
projecting
promontory
barrobirr
pshch
pshkotin
proud
drezh k.
der parin
La!
prove V.
rast
der henan,
isbat
k.
provide v.
(for
children,
etc.)
bekhew k. dan
province
welat
provisions
khwardaman!
profanity kufr
proximity
proficient
prudence hosh, a.gaarl, pesh bin!
profit
sharaza
ciazHnj
prudent
nezik!
hoshar, hosliiar, agaar
138
VOCABULARY.
prune
halosha
public khalq
puff
(of wind) girriba
pull V.
Quadruped
rra keshan, keshan
pull up V.
hal keshan
pull aside v.
pull down V.
pull out V.
pullet
quail karawala
da keshan
der keshan
jiijik
pulse
pumice
lerzin
jrek, nu', jinis
quantity
nabis, haraka
berdazebra
pump
quake v.
quality
shlawa
pulp
lta, qurraw, zung
quagmire
la keshan
charwa (of horses
only)
taikal chiin, tiiran
quarrel /;.
harra, sharr, tiir
quarry
turumba
hangiek
quarrel v.
(hunting) nechlr
quarter
chwarek
smangana
punch ' sikhurma
quarterly
punctual
bewakht
question
puncture
kuna
questionable
punish V.
jeza dan, pai geshtin
quick
punishment
pupil
jeza
puppy
purchaser
pure
quiet
gujalka, tutik
quote 0.
kalk
Rabbi
khakham
rabbit
kerwishk
purposely anqasd
rabble
purse
race
kIs, kisa
pursue V.
lashiina rrln, beshim
kotin
pus
V.
para
radiance
radish
nan,
dan
palamar
raft
rra dan
nan
put on 0.
rag
la dan
put right -It.
chak k.
put down V.
da nan
ganIn
putrid gania, ganlwa
dastak, giiring, kaiita
qin
ragged
raid
turp
kuhana, pilas, parro
rage
labar k.
put aside ''.
putrefy v.
riinakl, draosh!
kalak
rafter
push aside V.
put V.
qalabaliq
(human) khalq, millat
radiant . riinak
kem, ziikh
push
la qsa I yekltir wutin
dizIn
miir
purpose
lai chiin, der chiiu
palawtin
purloin V.
purple
genagena
quit 0.
darman I rawan!
purify V.
beh
quinine
sakh
purgative
ISf, urqan
quince
kiryar
jlwa
bedang
quilt
kirrin
jepirsin
zii, gurj, tung
quicksilver
shagird
purchase v.
pirsyar, pirs
ruit, jilderaii
chapao
railing
railroad
tman
shemandafr
rain V.
barIn
ram n.
baran
VOCABULARY.
rainbow
palkaashufatma,
zar-
rlnosmlna, pirchasmang
raise v.^ hal
bizwanin,
girtin, rast
k.,
berz
k.,
reason
hal
reassure v.
ram
range
garran
rape
fekak
rapidity
rare
gandakhwardin
ziil, gurjT
zidkazidka
bkhal, bbr
mishk
rather
n a tj d ,
hendek
rattle o.
shaqashaq k.
raw
ray
shiw, dol
nakulia, khaw
bruska, briqa
reae v.
razor
riikhanin
guezan
reach v.
geshtin
read v.
khuinin
readable
ready
real
bun
kalarrash
ravine
khoshkhuin
reik khestiia, amawa
rast
realize v.
lablr bim
recollection
lablr
sipardin
sipardin
recompense
kharaman
reconcile v.
reik
khestin,
(of
people) asht kirdinawa
reconciled to.to be
reconciliation
wirr
raven
nasran
recollect v.
reconcile to, to rra henan
(somewhat)
rave v
nasIn
recommendation
tarrannish
rash adj.
recognise v.
recommend v.
kem
rash n.
girtinawa
pfil dan
recognised, to be
talan
rascal
hsb k., zhmardin
recline v.
zil, gurj
rapine
wer girtin
amchanwakhta
reclaim v.
bebin k.
rapid
rrtiinawa
reckon v.
ladil bim
rapacious
bang kir
gesht, ilmokhabar
receive v.
recent
hangaw
ransom
recede v.
receipt
qin
rankle v.
pan dan
chirlnawa,
dinawa
tirsh
rancour
ra aparmu k.
as!, ber!
recall v.
baran, shak, quch
rancid
labar
rebuke o.
gird bun
ramble v.
rat
rebel
shana
rally v.
(of young) bar henan
hal
kishmish
rake
pisht, duwa, shiinda
rear v.
kshanin
raisin
rear
139
nwsln
record v.
recover o.
stfininawa
rectangular
chargue
dsan bim, biinwa
recur v.
red
al, siir
redbreast
redress
ferrnagiila
char, haq
reduce o.
kem k
reduction
kem k.
redundant
reed
reel
zla, ziir
qamish
tashi, bkra
re-establish v.
tai geshtin
rra heaii
asht!
refine v.
reap v.
dinitin
reflect v.
reaper
diroker
refrain !
da mazraninawa
qai k., sp! k.

tai fikrln, rra man
das lai nadan
140
VOCABULARY,
refresh c.
taza kirdinawa
refreshment
remedy
khwardaman!
refrigerate v.
sar
or, sahul,
or.
pan a
refusal
nakirdin,
raz!
same as abo\-e
refuse n.
kholomol
regal
remnant
regard v.
region
rend v.
kirdinawa
zin.ga biinawa
das
lai
hal
girtin-
renowned
blao,
nasrau,
man-
shr
saltanat
rent
para danawa
reiterate u.
reject v.
yarl, yaria
repair v.
disan waitin
repairs
(trans)
kirdin
relations
(intrans.)
release n.
barbn
release v.
barrala k. bar dan
nerm
bun
man
tai nanawa, da ,gii--
be
tlr
reply v.
jawab dan, ehawan;
reply w.
jawab
repose
khabar dan
askan, as
repose v.
bar dan
remain o.
remainder
da nanawa
report v.
din, bawir^
cho
pashii
replace v.
replete
bar biin
askan k., asii k.
rely on 0.
pashiiT,
tinawa
askan, aslat!
religion
repentant
replenish u.
dasparzhan
released, to be v.
pashlmam,
toba
relaxation
relinquish v.
her
pashiman biin toba k,
repentance
kotinawa
khizman
relieve v.
gutinawa, disan gutin
repent v.
sist kirdinava
relent v.
kiilaiii-
ditwan
repeatedly
chiinawa
relax v.
wound)
chak kirdinawa
repeat v.
biyek
awa, jiit kirdinawa
relapse v.
(a
pinaparii
repartee
ahamani k.
rejoin v.
v.
nawa
danawa
rejoice v.
kir, kera
reopen
dastijilo
reinforcement
relief
v.
das ra girtin
mat bim, pashiman
reimburse v.
reins
no kirdinawa
renounce
defter
biin
reign
no kirdinawa
renewal
nawana
regret v.
hal girtin, la bircliir
deranin
renew v.
aala!
register
duer
remove i'.
zinga
regeneration
hawala, barat
pashlmani
remote
nw.'arin
regenerate v.
bwardin
kut, wurdamawa
remorse
shaana
regiment
lai
remit v. (money) hawala Ic.

remittance
nabiin
refuse v.
bIr, yadgari
lablr khestin
remission
qabiil
lablr bun
remembrance
remind v.
zuqum kirdinawa
refuge
darman
remember v.
hasanawa
represent v.
)
mawa, manawa
bim,
(a
person)
la
biin, (a case) gutin
representative
repress i'.
nardii, wektl
lapesh girtin
jf
VOCABULARY.
reprieve v.
bwardin
141
retainers
pishtamal, ma:f!r
reprimand
amiizharl, naslhat
retention
gildanawa
reprove v.
pan dan
retire
reptile
janbar
republic
retreat v.
nan asin
repugnant, to be
repulsive
beduwa!
(same as above)
retribution
bazran
riqaw!
hatinaw"a
reveal v.
diar k.
naw
revelation
request '.
wistin
revenge
requisite
wistin, gerek bim

gerek
rescue v.
resent v.
revenge v.
pcliawana
reverse i'.
nabiin
riq, qin
revive v.
reservation
dagirta
revolt
reserve v.
hishtinawa,
hal .gir
resin
rhubarb
lapesh rra westan
rib
abr, hiirmat
ribbon
respect v.
hurmat lai girtin
rice
respectful
beadab
respiration
henas
respite
rest V.
dolaman,
ride i'.
pir.sinawa
ridge
rlz
(trans.) hasaninawa
ridiculous
asii
rifle
baram, halusha
(give
back)
danawa
(remake) kirdinawa
restrain v.
nahishtin
duwai, pash, shiin
resume v.
retailer
retain v.
disan das girtin
dukandar
gil dan
husk)
zengin
(food)
suw-fir biin
(intrans.) hasanawa
restore v.
(in
rimi, rundhar
suwar
restless
pirinj
chaltiik
rider
rest n.
result
dantela, girtela
birinj,
rich
parzhan
responsibility
ba
rcwSs
parasii
respect .
wiqardar, beabni
(horizontally)
bakhshish
rheumatism
binisht
respectable
garran, gerr khwar
khulln khulanin
reward
istlfa k.
resist v.
grraw, harraka
din cherikhin,
laimawa
resign v.
zingu kirdinawa
revolution
hoz
mal, je, khanii
dam
as!, bar!
revolve v.
tin, gil dim
residue
pechawana k.,
okhwar k.
resentment
residence
haq standi n
m:il
reverse
lai chun
pai khosh
reservoir
diarbiinawa
dizhmini, haq
revenue
rizgar k.
resemble i).
seza
return v.
reputation
require v.
chunawa,
pash chunawa
jumhur!
repudiate v.
v.
rifleman
tfenkch!
right adj.
right /;.
rigid
rim
rast
dad, haq
wishk, raq
llw
rlnce V.
ring
bekhud
tfenk
tai ber dan
khishta.
amustwana
halq
(finger...)
142
VOCABULARY.
ring V.
lai dan
rot V.
da razin,
ringlet
pirch, palka
rotten
darazia
rough
zebir
round
khesht, gerr, kherr
khsln,
rinse V.
khiisanin
hal
khiisanin
riot
ashb, giirraw
rouse V.
ripe
geshtii, ghla
rout
ripen v.
rise u.
rise
risk
hal westanin
shikan
(intrans.) geshtin
route
(trans.) pai ganin
row
hal westan, hal biziitin
(of fruit) ganIn
rre
qatar, rez
royal
shaana
sanawa
(water in a well) hal gozin
rub V.
(the sun) hal hatin
rubbish
(of price) zia bim
ruby
yaqt
bamnl, khatar
rude
nasaz, adabsiz
river
cham, aw
rivulet
road
jugala
rre
roam
v.
kholomol
rudeness
ruffian
nasaz!, adabsizi
tarramash
ruffle V
garran
zhakanin, pash okanin
ruin n
kelawa, wOraii
ruin V
kharap k , wran k.
roast V.
(intrans.) brzhin
rule V.
hukumat k.
(trans.) brzhanin
rule V
roast n.
kebab
ruler
roar v.
rob
giirln, korrin
dizin
robust
rock
rod
dizI, jerdai
zil, bitaw
bardazil, tawir, git
rocky
berdalan
tilana, tol
rogue
rastaksh
(gover
nor) hukmdar
diz, jerda, ashqa
robber
robbery
hukm
rasta,
tarramash
roll n.
top
roll V.
(intrans.) khullnawa, girr
rumble v.
run V.
iFûssla
rust
gurrma k.
rra k.
rtis/
zheng
rustic
ladew!
rustle' V
rye
khishakhish k
rashrash
biin, gilo biin, tilan
(trans.) tilanin, khulaninawa
bagirdn
roller
rolllngpin
roof
ser, serban, serkhanii
room
root
oda
rag
rope
tasblh
gul, gulbakh
rosetree
semr
sabre
shir
sack
liiska, juwal
sacrifice
sad
qurban
mat!, kiz, dilglr
saddle
zln
saddlebag
patik, resen, gurls, tanaf
rosary
rose
tirnan, tlrok
Sable
guldar, gulabakh
sadness
safe n.
saniiqlasui
safe adj.
safety
khuijui
kiz!, kizalati, mat!

amin, amn
pan:! I
'
VOCABULARY.
scatter v.
samt
pIr
sake
khatir, labar
' salary
sale
mangana, m'ash
scent
feriish ran
saline
shuer
zard
same
sal am
nimiina
sanction
sand
rre daij
muallim, mamusta '
science
zanal, ilm
scissors
miqash
hal
scoundrel
meshiila
Satan
maktab
scour V.
scout
pishtn
sash
school
sutanin,
hal
bzrkan
masa, lim
sandfly
kitabi
scorch v.
haraw, haram
sample
p!o! kharap
siinawa
qalawis
scowl V.
Shaitan
scrap
marr bun, qirzh b.
kut
satisfaction
razlbiiii
scrape v.
satisfactory
chnlc, bash
scratdi v.
kharashin, renin
scream v.
qizhanin
qizh
satisfy V.
raz! Ic.
tashin, da kirranin
saturated
pirr
scream .
Saturday
Shemii
screen
saucepan
manjala, qazan
screen v.
saucer
zherplfda
save V.
(money)
gird k
savings
saw
pash
khestin
(persons) rizgar k.
arra, harra
say V.
screw n.
pech, garr, burgh!
scrub V.
siinawa
scrupulous
qsa
scrutiny
scuffle
qatmagha
scurf
kresh
sea
deria
scald V.
siitanin
seal
miir
(fish) piilaka
terazii, qapan
scalp
pestaser
scanty
scar
scarcity
scare v.
seat
biikasamakara
slamlnawa
bo garran
fasil
nishlman!
diiini, diimin
secondly
slamaninawa, tersanin
liik, mum
derz
second
kem!
scarecrow
ssam
season
kem
scared, to be v.
seallngwax
search V.
kem
shimbrln
scarce
''
k.,
taiblnl
dar, qamiaia
scales
taiblnl
sharrik, harra
scaffold
scale
taibin
fikrln, -warrman
gutin, wutin
scab
pewa girtin
ba dan
scrutinise V.
tam
saying n.
hait
screw V.
pashkhestiia, pashakot
savour
b.
slahl
scholar
schoolmaster
khu!
salutation
blao
ben
schedule
sallow
salt
(intrans.)
(trans.) blao k. hal vvushanin
feriish
saleable
143
secret
as above
pan!, an!
secretarj'
katib, nwlsar
secrete v.
.shardinawa
tai
144
VOCABULARY.
secretly
bidiz!
section
secure v.
panhan, awn
panhan!, awni
security
sedentary
goran,
malnishin
gundl, askan, dew!
sediment
see I),
khalatanin
din, dItin, cho pai kotin
seed
tiim, tw
seek V.
seem v.
sever
khogirtin, khogirt!
sew
behosh
zhindost
sentinel,
sentry
serge
nawachi,
pas
serve v.
service
jia k., da birrn
jiai, duerl
duwai, shun
servant
kalapcha, palbend
sbar k.
sebar
shakaniii
chokha
sergeant
hal
sbar
shake off v.
jia
separation
duranin,
shake v. (intrans.) ra wushaii

shake v.
(trans.) ra wushanin
chatisli
bardast, khizmanch
bardast! k., khizmat k.
bardast!, khizmat
takanin
shake up v.
sham
separate
duriin,
shade v.
wan
separate v.
0.
shadow
bekhud
sensual
kandin,
chan
shackle
waq, fam
sensible
hal
sakht, tung
shade
fam
senseless
Icandin,
duranin, (of shoes) diroshln
hosh, aqil
sequel
several
feriishtin, feriitin
nardin, chuauin
senses
hotmin, hot!
hota
v.
severe
gora
sense
hewda!
jia kandin, pchrin
khowlst
sensation
hewda
hotmin, hot!
seventy
hal bzhardin
send I'.
awa!
hot
seventhly
fershyar
senior
(of hquids) bin girtin
.girtin
self-control
sell V.
(trans.) da mazranir
seventeenth
kho, khwa
seller
settle V.
settle V.
seventeen
binran
kemwakhta
selfish
la da nan
(intrans.) da mazrin
seventh
select V.
self
da nan
rast k.
settle V.
palawran
seize V.
seldom
riianawa
set down v.
seven
man, ran.g dan
seep I'.
set V.
settlement
bo garran
seen, to be v.
takhm, dasga
(of sun) awa biin ,
set aside v.
ashiib, tahrik
seduce v.
set n.
set V.
set up V.
khulta
sedition
marai, kusksh
servile
bestin
secure adj.
besli, bekalk
serviceable
bash
drii
shame
shalqanin
.
sharm
shamefulness
shameless
shape
ruswai, khejalat
besharm
rang, jur
share o.
bash k.
share n.
bash
sharp
tuezh
sharpen v.
shatter i'.
tuezh k.
shikanin, kutkut k.
145
VOCABULARY.
shave v.
tirash k.
shred
shavings
telash, posh
shrine
she
o, awa
klish, baosh
sheaf
khurl birrnawa
shear v.
kut
khaniqa
shrink v.
bekho keshan
shrivel V.
bekho keshan
shroud
kifin
shears
piring
shrub
sheath
kelan
shrug V.
shed
shun I'.
da rishanin
sheep
mar, pas, shak, kawir
sheet
shan bizwanin
shudder i'.
amar
shed V.
binj
hal julan, lerzin
duer kotin
shut V.
bestin, da khestin
shut down v.
serdoshek
da bestin
shelf
takhta
shut up I'.
hal bestin
shell
tokul
shut out V.
lai bestin
swan, pana
shelter
shelter v.
shin
shutter
takhtapeshpenjlra ,
(intrans.) pana bun
shuttle
makiik
(trans.) parastin
shy adj.
raqala khwar ! azhnii
shine v.
shiny
sick
diraoshin
shingle
ship
kesht, merkeb
shirt
kiras
side
dasiila, dasulka
kaosh,
yemeni,
bzhinh, pala
bzhanin
sift I'.
kalash,
sigh n.
akh, wakh
sigh I'.
akh keshan
sight
qundara
shoemaker
kaoshch!
nasakhi
dlw, la, par
sieve
lerzn
lapirraka
shoe
nasakh, bemar
sickness
runak
shock
shermin
rra parrin, salamlnawa
sickle
zIkh
shiver v.
shy V.
(vision)
cho,
binai
gun)
shoot V.
tfenk khestin
(front) nishanga
shooting
hawishtin
(back) qarawul
shop
dukan
shore
l!w, kenar
short
kurt
shorten v.
kurt k.
shortsighted
shot
kembn
ishara k.
shan, mil (of hill) noqa
shoulderblade
signet
kolinj
imza
miir
bdang
silence
silent
silk
sachnia
shoulder
nishan
signature
bamz!
shortly
sign n.
sign V.
bedang
awrshem
silkworm
silly
kirmlawrshem
bekhud, piich, batal
shout V.
bang k., hawar keshan
silver
shove V.
palamar dan
silversmith
shovel
show V.
shower
parO, khakanaz
nishan dan
pala
zlv\-
similar
similarly
simple
zeringer
waku, wak
hervvha
bpang
(of a
146
VOCABULARY.
simpleton
goj
simplify v.
slake V.
hasan k.
simultaneous
wayek, beyek
since
lawakht, (meaning " as",

or, " if") chunki, a.gar
sincere
dilrast, dilpak
sincerity
smew
rast!
single
khuinin
kushtin
sleep V.
khotin, niistin
sleep .
kho
sleepless
nuqum
bim, (to
sub
side) da rriiin
sleepy
sleet
bewanoz
siichar
slender
sip V.
hal quranin
slice
khoshk
sister-ln-law
slight
shiibra
sit V.
da nishtiii
sit up V.
hal nishtin
situation
ji
shanzal
sixth, sixthly
sixtieth
sixty
shashmn, shash!
skewer
skim V.
askalat
shish
lai girtin
akin n.
pest
skin V.
pest kandin
skip !'.
bazn
skull
dawn, atak, chak
kuchalaser, kasaser
sky
asmang
slab
takhta
slack
qurr
qalmaseng
khizin
slipper
silt
shil
slacken!', shil k.
slain kiizhraii
da kotin
kalash
derz
slope n.
shest!
size gora!
skirt
sling
(up) barozhrl (down)
baozherl.
shest
skeleton
naotengok, naotjabarik
slime
slip down V.
shanza
sixteenth
slim
slip V.
shash
sixteen
hal khiliskan, khiziii

figure)
naotengok
(of
(quantity)' kem
nishtin
sit down V.
six
naotengok.
qash
slide V.
z h i n k h o s h k,
wanoz
bekho
pursha
sinner
sister
kushtin
zerkirri, bend!
sleepiness
tak
sink V.
lar chun
slay V.
siichar
sing V.
slant V.
slau.ghter
slave
rag
sinful
kuzhanin,
slaked (lime) kuzhraii

slander buktian
siich, qusr, qabahat
sin
(lime)
(thirst) shikanin
hewash,
drang,
giran.
slumbes v.
sly
niistin, khotin
hlla
small
pchiik, wurd
smallpox
haola
smash v.
shikanin
smell
ben
smell V.
(intrans.)
Iii-n
(trans) ben k.
smelt V.
tuwaninawa
smile
zardakhaiia
smith
asinger
smithy
nsingerkhana
smoke v.
khwardinawa
smoke /;.
du, d'jkal
bun
VOCABULARY.
smooth
reik, takt, sada, Itis
smother
v.
(a
fire)
aawa (a person)
smuggle V.
khankanin
qachaq k.
snake
mar
snare
daf, tala
snatch v.
kuzhani-
rifanin
sneak v.
chughull k.
sneeze v.
pirkhapirkh
snort V.
son-in-law
gueran!
soon
zil
soothe V.
aram k
sore adj.
be sh
sore .
dumal, brin
sorrow
kizi, dilgirani
(regretful) pashii,
k.
sort
jiir, no
soul
jan
snout
luit
sound
snow
bafr
sound n.
bafr barIn
soup
sour
source
wha, dl, awanda
soap
souvenir dar!
tai chiin
sow V
ask
society
(of a stream)
chIm
soft
nerm
barazlma
sower
space
je
spacious
pan
nerm k.
spade
bl
softeness
nerin!
span
bist,
soil V.
solid
some
spawn
chan, chan!
somehow
hachjrl
special
shshtek
somewhat
hendek,
jeik
naqd,
yadak
pruska
chelaka
lafaw
maslkera
gutin, qsa k.
nCza
makhsus
specially har, harbo

specie
jarekl, jarjar
iozek, kem!
somewhere
kurr
spear
yewakhtl, wakhtik
sometimes
finger
bwardin
speak V.
kasek
something
sometime
spark
spate
tinia!
somebody
spare v.
sparrow
tinia
solitude
(of
dar
spare adj.
nafar, asker
qurs, zil, qaim, qawl
solitary
son
spar
pis k.
binp (of boot) binkaosh
sole
thumb) kulanj
ard, arz, khol
soldier
'
tiider
soften I'.
soli
tu wushanin, da chanin
sow n
kasan, khaki
sod
sercho
south lakhwarii
khiisanin
sabiin
sob
tirsh
(origin) binagha
ki
soak In v.
dang
shurwa
snowshoes layan
soak V.
(griev
adj. sakh
so
so soon as
<
ed) dilgiran
pirrmin
snow 0.
zawa
song
sorry
pizhmin
snore V.
147
khezana
specimen
speck
khala
spectacles
speech
nimiina
ainak
zaman
and
14<S
VOCABULARY.
speed
zil!, tung!
spend ?>.
spendthrift
sphere
spy
ktierj k.
dasblao
squall
kherr!
square
spider
jajal
spin V.
shalaqanin, rishanin
spin V.
, --
(revolve)
gerr
khwar
din
spin
buliik
girriba
squander v.
darmanlchsht
spice
jasiis
squadron
squash V.
qushin, pillshanawa
squeak v.
zika k.
squeeze
v.
7'.
(to cause
to
revolve)
squint
khl
squirt
fichka
spin V.
(wool) rslu
stab V.
spindle
diikh, tash!
stable adj.
splnningwheel
spinster
kharrak
spit V.
staff
kich
tf k.
(of a journey) qonagh
stagger
v.
bela
splash V.
shapul dan
stagnant
shapul
stain
sipul
chiqil
split V.
westaii
(intrans.)
stake
derz
birdin,
pilakana
sing
stalk
lasik
shaq birdin, (trans,) derz dan,
stammering
shaq wa
stamp n.
spoke
k.
kharap
spot
bekho
kawchi, kowchik
(chase) rraw
(speck) khala, (place) je
spout
naokha, naokh
spout
(of utensila) liila
sprain v.
spray v.
ba dan
aw wushanin
spread v.
spring
da khestin, rra kh.
bahar, baharan
spring, water
sprinkle v.
sprout V.
kanI, kanI, ken!
awushnl k.
raii
spur (of a hill) shakh (in riding)

mamzji
stamp
lalapata
pill
v.,
pai
malln,
zirrnia-
zirrm k.
stand V.
hawa'
spontaneous
sport
k., fotanin
darlrastaka
sponge
labela
laka, pala
staircase
splinter
spoil V.
hatin,
rriiln
splash n.
spleen
qurs
tawlla
dar
stage
riq
spoon
tirinjan,
beklienjer lai dan
stable n.
munar
spite
gushin,
shelanin, pastinawa
.gerr dan, surranavxa
spire
blao k. ,
chwargue
westan, rra 'wcstrai
stand up v.
star
hal westan
astra
starch
nishasa
start V.
start
rre kotin
(jump)
v.
rra chinin,
da
chalakin
startle
v.
da
cbalakanin,
chinanawa, slamaninawa
starvation
state
birslati
mirl, dolet
statement
station
wut, wutin
qonagh
stationary
rrawestati, westaii
stationery
kaqazana
stature
anam, bezhn
rra
149
VOCABULARY.
stay V.
stool
man, rra westan
rrawsta
steady
dizIn
stealthy
dizI, bedizi
stopper
pola
see " uphill " &
"down
lasik
bnlpls
stench
step
sterile
bawazhin
wishk,
V.
(of women)
zik-
chespin,
in
lekin,
chaqlii
0.
(as
in
mud)
hal
peik chespin
dar, chilka, tliadar

chespin, shllawl
wishk, raqq
stifle
0.
(intrans.)
khankin
rrawsta
n.
sting V.
stink
ziir
giran
nasharaza,
nanasraii,
kharib
strangle v.
khankanin
strap
q-aish
straw
kah
stray v.
garran, pash kotin
khat
cham, aw, jiiga
kiilan, ku
taw, hazh, hz
behz k.,
(of ob
jects) rra girtin, (of a person)

biizhaninawa
stress
taik dan, shalaqanin

awzeng!
stitch
taqala
ziir
stretch v.
stride
strife
stomach
zik
strike I'.
ziksh
tawer,
berdal-ana
rra
keshan,
gaw, hangaw
gueraw!
chinja, naiik
keshan,
drezh k.
stocking
tai
rast k.
strengthen v.
ganlii
herd,
nan,
zQr k.
strain n.
strength
stirrup
stone
da
pashkotii
straighten
pewa dan, gazin, (as of
stomachache
k.,
rast
street
bnlpls
stir V.
straggler
stream
pIska, ninokwishka
stink II.
amar
chizii
a chemical) kezanin
stingy
iDukherl, mgherl, kwanik
streak
(trans.) khankanin
still
qalao
stranger
da chaqln
tick together v.
stiff
stout
strange
stick fast V.
sticky
serguzasht
strain v.
chaqln
stick n.
frtana
story
straight
(as of bills) hal chespanin
stick
laqlaq
nan
nakar'
stick
amar, amarta, ambar
stow V.
bawapiara
stepmother
der!
stork
stove
gaw, hangaw
stepfather
westan
store
storm
ward "
stem
rra
glra
stopped up
biiq, bukhar
steep
(intrans.)
(trans.) rra westanin
steed charwa, bajgia

steel
kho chamanin
stop V.
steal V.
steam
chwarp
stoop V.
sharr, jeng,
dan,
harraka
lai
khestin
(of
fruit)
string
strip V.
stripe
rlsl, lis, band

ruit k.,
tllnia
dan,
lai
VOCABULARY.
l.SO
strive V.
malln, das pai henan
bezur, ziirdhar, behz
strong
struggle 0.
stuck, to be v.
tai tirinjan
(religious)
(secular) darskhuin
bas, bes
shakar
suicide
kho kuzhdin
suit V.
zbn
sulks
man
sulky
riqdhar, rikar
pastinawa
sullen
hal kotin, hal antin
stumble c.
(on animals) ser sum dan
sulphur
sultry
guird
kawarohz
stump kotara
summer
sun
behosh k.
hawIn
hataw
stupid
goj, kar
Sunday
sturdy
zil
sunflower
stutter V.
chimlatl, no, jiua
subdue
zhrdast
V.
sunset
henan,
shikanin
submerge
nuqum biin
submersion
nuqumbiin
subsequent
subsist V.
substitute
pashawa
zhian
peik
henan,
beje
success, to be a, V.
peik hatin
waku
mizhin
suckle V.
sudden
suffer X).
ser, ban
jarra
ziai
waq wer henan
da man
kho
hawishtin
la
'.
surround
tai
alln
chwarla
girtin
surroundings
chanokharan, gar
rak
mizhanin
survive v.
lapirrika, lanakaw
keshan
khafanin
dilnia, awin, burruwa
surrender v.
kotin
such as
khafanin
suppression
surprise v.
wha, awanda
suck V.
guman k.
suppress V.
surprised, to be
awdar
succumb V.
such
paranawa
ganin
suppose V.
surplus
peikhat
succulent
chamlnawal
surgeon
henan, hal surran

success
supple
surface
lai kem k.
succeed v.
shiw
sure
giirl, lajati
subtract v.
chowerl k.
supper
support V. yaria pai k., bekhew k.
zherdast
zhian
subsistence
khurawa
supervise v.
supply V.
bazhrdast hatin
submit V.
subordinate
guliberozh
rohalat
supplicate V.
itat, zhrdastl
submission
Yekshemii
sunrise
lalapata k.
mangirtiia
same as above
stun V.
style
khankanin
khankin
khuinin
study v.
stuff V.
sufficient
sugar
talaba
'
bas kirran
suffocation
bismar
student
kesh
suffice V.
suffocate v.
begizh chun
qalash, parz
stubble
stud
sufferer
telash k.
stroke V.
survivor
'
Suspect V.
zinga man
zingamawa
zanin
VOCABULARY.
suspend v.
hal
awasin,
hal
awlstin, hal khestin
suspicion
take up I'.
hal girtin
take down i'.
shik, guman
sustain V.
151
bekhew k.
tale
qiit dan, da jiilii
talk I'.
swallow n.
parasilka
tall
qsa k., galta k.
drezh
swamp
llta, qurraw, zung
talons
swarm
(bees) kuwar
tambourine
kho rra wiishan
swear v.
suind khwardin
sweep V.
malln, gesik k.
sweep away v.
sweet
sweetmeat
shirin!
gIranIn, shiwanin
tangle n.
naoyek
tank
hoz
tanner
awsan
tap 7'.
swelllngl
awsawa
tape
swift
la k.
tar
tung
swim V.
hal khalatanin,
sword
biziitinawa
shir
sympathy
symptom
syringe
.syrup
tal
task
kha
latanin, khasanin
swing V.
nawar, ciaitan
target nishana, armaj
malawan
swindle!;,
dabbakh
lai dan
qlr, zift
tares
maki k.
swimmer
binraii
tangle '.
swell V.
swerve v.
dabbakh k.
tangible
khiizgln, dasgiran
Ish
tassel
rlshii
taste V.
hal
tasteless
hawshl
diar!
tawny
tax
fichka
tea
betam
baj, mal
mallat
cha!
teach V.
charp, masa, peshtakh-
ta, dastakhan
tablecloth
tack 7'.
tall
slifra
riidoz k.
kilk
tailor
take V.
nasanin, fer k.
frker
girtin,
stanin, (of time)
take away v.
take off V.
chaan
tear v.
(intrans.) derran, deran
(trans) deranin
tear n.
asr
tease i'.
birdin
derawa birdin
da kandin
serbiser dan
sermimk
teeth
d an
telegram
telegraph
keshan
take out v.
teapot
teat
derzl, khayyat
chezhn
bur
taxation
dshap
chezhin,
cheshtin
teacher
Table
dol
kewl, mail
tan r.
shirin
sweetheart
chengr
tame
rra malln
biran
serguzasht
swallow V.
s-way -^.
khwar henan
taken, to be i'.
telephone
telescope
tell V.
telegraf
tl
telefon
diirbln
gutin
VOCABULARY.
152
temper
thereupon
khii
temperature
sarogarm!
these
tempest
tofan, frtana
they
temples
naocho
thick
ten
tenacious
tent
barmada
tanlshtiia
tender
dahi dahmin
shlatn
wakhit
terminate v.
tawaw k.
termination
hastiir!
thickest
thief
esikgiran
diz
thigh
pash, akhir, ser
dizIn
ran
thimble
rrashamal
tenth, tenthly
tepid
hastr, (of liquids) khas
thieves v.
nazik
(white) khwt, (black) mal,
term
awan
thickness
dah
tenant
beawa
amana
thin
aniustela, kishtaban
taniik, (of beings) larr
thine
hitu, it
thing
shsht
think
I'.
tai fikrln
thinness
taniikl, larr!
terrible samar, samnak
third, thirdly
terrify i'.
thirst
tersanin
terror
ters
thirsty
test V.
taibin! k., tam k.
thirteen
testicles
tether
pbaii, pbast
thirty
chlnraii, hiinraii
this
textile
than
la
thank v.
thanks
that
malawa! k.
shukur, malawa!
(dem) aw, (rel) ki
thaw I'.
tin!
sianza, ziada
thirteenth
gun
twanawa
sianza!
s!
am, ama
thistle
sertash!
thong
qaisli
thorn
dirrik, chiqil
those
(dem)
tu "
thou
theft
diz!
though
their
hiawan, ian
thought
them
awan, awana, ian
thoughtful
khwaian
aw,
hagarish
fikr, taifikrin
befikr
thoughtless
befikr
awwakht, awjarl
thousand
hazhar
then conj.
Itir, dl, d
thrash v.
kutanin
thenceforth
there
thread
liwe
liwe
there is
hayya
there is not
nia
thereafter
liwpash
therefore
labarama
therefrom
therein
liwe
lawnawa
risi, machir
thread v.
threat
iwe
awan
tu
then adv.
thence
(pron)
awana
thee
themselves
suimin
tin!, tinltl
pewa k.
harrasha
threaten v.
three
harrasha dan
slan
thresh v.
kutan
threshingfloor
shiinkharman
threshlngmachine
thrice
sjar
janjar
153
Vi CABULARY.
throat
tombstone
pitapit k.
throne
takhit
throng
komal
through
tongs
khestin, hawishtin
gaz, miqash
tongue
zaman
fere dan
to-night
throw down v.
da khestin
too
penjaastr
Thursday
thus
thy
tie V.
toothpick
top
khwat
khutiika k.
tie together I'.
palang
tight
teng
tighten V.
tile
timber
total
hamii
V.
touchy
dar
(one time)
time)
damek,
tersinuk
tanuka
tiny
pchapch
das
lai
ztirwurd
jarek,
tough
(short
tour
garran
tow i'.
rra keshan
towards
bela
towel
khaoll,
tower
burj
dastaser
town
shar, bazar
trace
shun
tithe
iishr
trace v.
to
man! k.
naw
a, bo,
tobacco
to-day
toe
lai
dilnazik
ma, man!, hlak
title
das
jlr
tired
tire V.
dan,
khestin
time) tozek.
tin
ksal
halmaqii k.
touch
wakhit,
timid
shlwaw', lafaw
' toss i;.
teng k.
(lon.g
sist, sis
tortuous
ta,'hata
time
azar, sh
dirawa
tortoise
kashI
till
gufka
torment
torrent
lai bestin
tiger
ser
torpid
peik bestin
tai bestin
tie on I'.
d'ansh
jajll
topknot
torn
bestin
tie to V.
d'an
toothache
Penshemu
Itu, it
tickle I'.
daskar, karasta
tooth
wha
thyself
amsho
ish
tool
gurrmahawr
thunder
sbhnl, bani
to-morrow
tea
throw away v.
thumb
kel
nrapsh
tomcat
la, lanao,
throw V.
gr, qor
tomb
giro
throb V.
be
titin, tambakii
amrozh
penja
shim der k.
track
piarre
tracks
shun
trade v.
tijaret k.
trade n.
tijaret,
kirrinoferiish-
tin, sanat
trader
cherchi, bazirgan, tujar
toll V.
sh k.
traitor
khain
token
nishan
trample i'.
together
toll
baj
lagalyek, beyek
pai malln
transcribe i'.
larii nwislnawa
VOCABULARY
1-S4
as. aram
tranquil
,truce
granin
transfer v.
transform v.
terjuman!
transmission
kotara, noqa, (box) saniiq
trust I'.
terjuman! k.
translation
rast
trunk
giiranin
translate v.
dizhmindosti
true
truth
nardin
nardin
transparent
lai wadiar,
lai
bin-
tub
burl.
chaqaninawa
tuft
Sshemu
gufka
transports,
birdin, bar k.
tumble I'.
kotin
transport n.
kerbar bar
turbulent
sharrker
trap
birdin
turf
tala
travel
rewik, rwang
traverse v.
tray
turn I'.
khianat
diishap
treadle
pea
(intrans)
garranawa,
garran,
turn round v.
lerzin
ziirzil
turn up I'.
mahakama
turn over i'.
tube
il, ashiret, hiiz, tira
turnip
behendek rriiln
kutek, shshtni
trigger
trip V.
hal aniitin
tripod
sepa
troop
trot
twelfth
twenty
twice
loka
zamat, sh, sersh

astl
trough
trousers
ranik,
trowel
twig
keshina
mala, malinj
patliin,
bistmin, bisti
bis
diijara
wach
twilight
derp,
damarqopan
trout
dwanza
twentieth
taqum
trouble
gaz
dwanza!
twelve
'
binisht, qazgwan
raqqa
tweezers
keiipri
twine
war
risI
twinkle v.
twins
vjev garanin
hal garranawa
shelam
turpentine
turtle
palapika
triggerguard
wer
hal garaninawa
turn down v.
trial
trifle
lai garran
kho surran,
cherikhin
chal, jiiga
trickle V.
(trans.)
garranawa
turn back from v.
dar
tremendous
garran
surran wer
surran,
turn back v.
kirdawa
tremble v.
wa
kho
garaninawa
khazan
treatment
trench
Rom
allshlsh, bqalamn
turkey
bwardin
treacle
tree
Turk
Turkey
sini
treachery
treasure
merg
Turk
riiishtin, garran
traveller
rra ap-
telash k.. taqi k.
Tuesday
der kotin
transplant v.
biin,
swna
tube
ran
transpire v.
dilnia
rasti
try V.
transmit v.
lai
armiin
draoshanawa
jiita
twist V.
ba dan
VOCABULARY.
mrlana k.,
twitch V.
muchurk
tjnrant
taada, ziir
undertake v.
ziirker, zalim
alanin
u
Udder
giian
ugly
nashlrin
ulcer
dumal
ulterior
swan, shams!
na-, na-, be-,
unable
natwana
unanimity
yeklati
beyekat
unanimous
benahaq
askan, nablziitiia
undo V.
kirdinawa
undress
jii hal
undutlful
nakhuinawar
unemployed
batal, bsh
uneven
nareik
unexpectedly
unfaithful
nazban
nabawir!
Icirdinawa
bSseniir
baskan!
uneducated
baga
bewefa
unfasten v.
unfinished
unfit
nasakh
uncertain
naburruwa
unforeseen
mam, khal
unclean
uncomfortable
unconscious
iiarahat
leserchii (ignorant)
baga
uncover v.
qat kirdinawa
lapshnablnraii
unforgotten
lablrnachiia
unfortunate
bebakht
bbinagha
unfounded
napak
(intrans.) hal malran
(trans.) hal malln
unfriendly
dizhmin
unfruitful
wishk
unfurl I'.
pech kirdinawa
bkalopal, btifaq
unfurnished
ungraceful
nashlrin
namamniin, nanas
uncultlvable
naklanl, naklga
ungrateful
uncultivated
naklrati
unhapplness
undamaged
undecided
under
kharap nabiia
dudil
zher, lazher
undergo v.
keshan
underground
underhand
zhrarz
zhrdas
bebin
natawaw
unfold V.
uncle
kirdinawa
unfathomable
nashikawa
nagiirran
lapirrika
nahaq
unbroken
unchangeable
der
barzonizml
uneasiness
unaware
unbounded
jii
serchot
unfair
unbind v.
kandin,
ruit
undulation
besilah
unbelief
tai
undeserved
unarmed
unbecoming
girtin,
undisturbed
undressed
pashawa
umbrella
lai geshtin
das
kirdin
pashin
ultimate
tai geshtin
understand from v.
jOrek
tyranny
bin danawa
lazherawa
understand v.
diian
type
un
undermine v.
underneath
k.
two
155
dilgirani,
kham,
kiz!
unhappy
dilgiran, khamin, kiz
unhealthy
unheard
nasaz
nabhistraii
uniform n.
jillrasm!
uniform (/(//.
\ek, wakuyek
VOCABULARY.
156
uniformity
unsafe
yekbiin, yeklat!
uninhabited
naamiii
unscrew v.
bnmii
unimportant
unseen
chol
pech kirdinawa
iiadlWa
unintelligible
tainagshtinl
unsteady, to
unintentional
btama bim
unsltck V.
union
unit
untamed
(intrans.)
pewa
bim
unity
until
yeklati
unjust
bawurdanaw'a
unknown
unless
rangnia
bseniir
unload i'.
bar
da
girtin,
bar
unlucky
kirdinawa
ser,, zhiir, ban
uphill
(man)
larag hal kandin
upset
(intrans.)
befikr, bagaari
upside down
upwards
urge I'.
nabiziitrawa
unnecessary
urine
nalgerek
batal, bsh
unoccupied
I'.
kotin
us
damokhwar
be ban, be ser
lai khurin, rewanin
mIz
iman, ema
unpack v.
kirdinawa
use n.
kalk
unpick 0.
hal pchrrin
use V.
bekalk
unpleasant
la
(trans) la khestin
taikal' nabiia
unmoved
rast
uproot I'.
bmaan!
unmindful
zhiirawa
upright
bezhin,
(woman) kich
unmeaning
barozhiirl
laban, lazhiir, laser
upraise v. hal k.
napio
unmarried
unmixed
unwrap v.
upper
bebakht
unmanly
pechaninawa
upon
qifl kirdinawa
khosh nahat
unwind v.
up
khestin
unlock V.
rii hal malran
unwelcorhe
nakhuinawar
unlimited
ba danawa
unveil v.
ma.gar
unlikely
drii, narast
untwist V.
haram
unlearned
lapirrika
be
untrue
nazanraii
unlawful
kirdinawa
ta
unto
bawnrdanawa
unkindness
blao
untimely
bdad
unkind
untidy
torr
untie I'.
(trans.) peik k.
juhan
befikr, bshik
unsuspecting
yekbiin
yek
unite I'.
be
hal pchrrin
henan,
sh
be
henan, Ish pai k.
nakhosh
unprepared
baga
used up, to be
tai birranawa
unprofitable
bqazanj
used to, to be
rra hatin
unprotected
bkhawand,
b-
i'.
unravel
risaninawa,
nawa.
unreasonable
unripe
useful
belsh, bekalk
useful, to be
parz
guenadhar
nagela, kal
kirdi
kalk girtin
useless
bfarr, bekalk
utensil
karasta
utter V.
utterly
gutin
her, hai"
',
VOCABULARY.
vile
157
pis, ziirpls
village
Vacant
batal
vacate v.
vacuous
kutanin
valuable
violence
violent
beba, qlmati
ba,, qlmat
vanish v.
biranawa,
nabinra
vanquish i'.
virgin
kich
visage
damocho
visible
diar, binraii
basanin
visit I'.
vapour
hawa, boq, bukhar
visitor
varlous
jiirbejiir, jiirjiir
voice
varnish
biiyagh
vegetable
veil
darogia
velvet
voyage
riiisht, sefer
vulture
sergar
m akh mar
w.
haq
Wade I'.
ventilation
baksh
wag I'.
venture v.
verandah
verdure
liw-
rast
ziir, gal
veterinary
wage
kir maash
wager i'.
wages
janawr
vertical
baital
lanao aw' riiishtin
hal surranin, rra
wushanin
weran
aiwan
gia, sozi
vermin
giro bestin
mangana, maash
waggon
arabana
waggoner
wail V.
waist
arabanachi
shin k., wâi k.
nao
vex I'.
tranin, hajiz k.
waistband banlkhuin
viands
khwardamani, chesht
waistcoat
vibrate i'.
vicinity
view
rizha-
feriisl/yar
vengeance
verge
hal
tungi
vendor
very
bewlstlkho
rishanawa,
nin
rag
velocity
qsaker
vomit V.
chashiir, riiwang
vein
shillk
voluneary
soz!
vegetation
mwan
dang, chirranin
volley
taq, kamar
binran
didani k.
voluble
ziirgora
vault
siir
beziir
visible, to be
biin.
vast
(of a virgin) bebin k,
(of a W'Oman) bezur gain
aza!
vaule
bakhlmlw
violate v.
serbatal
dol
valour
serka
vineyard
ba!
valley
gund, dl, awai, awani
m!w
vinegar
batal k.
vaccinate i'.
vain
vine
lerzn
nezlkana
choblna
vigilant
vigorous
wurria
bitaw
wait V.
kapanak, sal ta
chowar man
choware
biin, rra westan, lai westan
wake V.
walk V.
bakhabar biin
pia chiin, bzlami chun,
bep riiishtin
VOCABULARY.
158
walk H.
wall
(of a horse) rot
way
walnut
guez
wander v.
n;e
waylay
dlwar
we
i'. barrobirr? dan
ema
bhz, sst, siwh'
weak
garran
want V.
wistin
weaken v.
wanting
kem
wealth
war
wealthy
sharr, jeng
warder
hapsawan, banlvvan
warehouse
warm
amar
garm
bhz k.
dolamani
dolaiiian, zeiighi
wean v.
birrlnawa
weapon
silah
wear c.
labar k", piishfn
warmth
garm!
wear out v.
warn v.
agaar k.
wear
warped
khwar, chotaiitawa
wart
washerwoman
washing
wasp
hangasura,
zardawala,
mara
watch n.
saat
wedding
watchful
wurria
wedge
watchmem
water
aw dan, azhn
watercarrier
watercloset
waterskln
hiza,
waterway
wavering
wax
kuna,
jQga, sulina
gerdim
b'aw
wave V.
hal Wushanin
dudil
m'w, liik
girin
keshan, pewan
khoshhat,
bekhr
hati
mushamma
plusk
waterwheel
heftaana
giranl, qurs!
weld t).
barani,
waterspout
weekly
welcome
goza
waterproof
bzhar
hefta
weight
dem, beau-
waterpot
weed n.
.weigh 0.
jawdan _
Chwarshem'u
bzhar k.
weep V.
khurraw.
waterless
watery
kozala.
wateringplace
mara, zawan
weed I'.
week
adabkhana
watercress
waterfall
awkesh
zhin
pwaz
Wednesday
saatchi
paswan
aw
water v.
birrin,
stanin
cho lai khestin
watchmaker
mutabchi
agh, parda
wed V.
dasblao!
watch I'.
honlnder,
qazzaz, jola
web
zardazira
waste
honIn
weaver
jii bo shshtin
(trans.)
rozhigar
weave o.
jilshii
down,
man!, ma
weather
shshtin.
or,
da khwardin
weary
barQka
wash V.
kon bun
away,
mashka
joshaniii
well n. bIr
well
adv. chak, bash, sakh
west
wet
khurawa
tarr, shil
what
ch!
whatever
hachl, haclishte k.
wheat
ganum
wheel
cherkh,
tekalik
khirr,
khisht
159
VOCABULARY.
cherkhger
whore
ganda
khizakhiz k.
whose
hiki
wheelwright
wheeze v.
when
(interr)
ke?
(pos)
ki,
where
hachwakhit
lakaiiila
whereabouts n.
whereas
je
lamaki
whereby
kibiawa
wherein
liwe
whereupon
wabiawa
hachj
wheresoever
wherewith
whet I'.
kibiawa
widen v.
whether
hasan
ya, yan, na
biwazhin
widower
width
bezhin
pan!
wife
zhin, khezan
wild
kevvi, torr
wilderness
will V.
chol
wistin
n.
wist
will n.
(inheritance)
(rel) ki
willing
bemeililsh
which
(pron.) kam
willow
bl
whichever
hachkam
win I'.,
whichever
hachkam
wind
lranin
whine i'.
whip
qamchl.
whirl I'.
birdin
ba
wind I'.
ki
kherr khwardin
whlrpool
garraw
whirlwind
garraba
windfall
bakhestiia
window
penjira
windpipe
sharap
bal
beserka qsa k.
wing
serka
wink I'.
white
niikr! k. 'cho hal taka
nin
winnow v.
sp!
biba k.
whiten V. sp! k.
winnowing fork
whiteness
winter
splat!
whitewash
gachaw
bek
whither
whithersoever
who
kl, kl
whoever
whole
hachkas, hachki
beqalam, laseriyek
wire
wise
hacbtji
garmian
serrin
maftiil, tl
zanai
zana
wish V.
wistin
wish n.
wist, maram
wit
ki
whomsoever
winter quarters
wisdom
sakh, tawaw
wholesale
whom
behachkii
shan
zwistan
wipe V.
'
hal bestin
gerii
wine
whisper ;;.
flka keshan
qurrmish k. (of clock)
wind up (business)
whisper v.
whistle V.
wasiat-
nama
which
while
siichar,
pan k.
widow
tiiez k., hasan k.
whetstone
kharapker,
guni'kar
wide . pan
kii, lakii
whereabout
plita
wicked
lakii
whenever
bochi, bo
wick
chiwakhit
whence
why
with
hosh
lagal. latak
VOCABULARY,
160
withered
within
agira
wriggle I'.
lanao
kho pech dan
wring V.
ba dan
without
be
wrinkle girj, chirch, qirch
witness
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wrist
jumka dast
woe
dilgirani, kham
write V.
wolf
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writer
woman
writhe V.
zhin
womanly
womb
minaldan
da man
wonderful
ajaib
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wrong
narast
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dar
wooden
wool
writing
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wonder i'.
wood
nwisin
nwsar, katib
darin
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(short,
of
sheep)
Yard
gez
kulk,
(fine) bergin, (of goats)
yarn
mil,
(uncarded)
yawn v.
bawishk dan
yawn n.
azhazhka, bawishk
shil
naka-
rawa, (carded) shil karawa

word
qsa
risI, lka
year
sal
work n.
Ish
yearly
work '.
Ish k.
yeast
worker
Ishker
workman
yellow
kirekar
workshop
salana
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yes
karkhana
zar, zard, zerd
ball, bll, mbar!
dwna, dwka
yesterday
world
dinia
yesternight
worm
kirm
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wormeaten
kirmkhwardiia
worry
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worse
kharaptir, pistir
worship V.
worst
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ewa, itan
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hwa
yours
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wrapper
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young
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you
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nla
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worth, to be v.
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yoke
perestin
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wrench 1.
Zeal
telash
zealous
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qai
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189
IRREGULAR
VERBS.
For meanings see Tabic of Simple Verbi,

Group I.
]In-iird, changing to -rd

Theme of Pres. Ind.
Infinitive.
Theme of Pret.
Imperative.
bwardin
bwr
bward
bibwra
bzhardin
bzlir
bzhard
bibzhra
nardin
nr
nard
binera
zhmardin
zhmr
zliniard
bizhmra :
In- an, changing to -n
Group II.
chanin
hn
chan
biclna
harranin
barren
,harran
biharrna
khasanin
khasn
khasan
bikhasna
krranawa
krrn...awa
krran . . . awa
bikrrnawa
bimna
man
men
man
qizhanin
qizhn
cjizhan
biqzhii;i
rawaninawa
rawn...:iw;i
rawan-.
birawnawa
stanin
stn
stall
razanin
razn
razan
bistna
*-
birazna
In -aw, changing to -ew
Group III.
angawtin
angw
angawt
biangwa
palawtin
palw
palawt
bipalwa
In -as, changing to -z
Group IV.
gwastinawa
gwz...awa
parastin
parz
Group V.
gwast... awa
bigwzawa
biparza
. parast
Miscellaneous.
awsan
aws
boin
ha
bfi
ba
bun
bi
bu
be
dan (to give)
da
bla
dan (to strike)
da
ba, bida
din
bin
dl
biwna
hatin
e-
hat
warra
twanawa
tw...awa
twa...awa
bitwwa
awsa
The 'Verb wstin, to wish, forms the Present Indicative as follows :

Amawe, I wish, adawe, thou wishest, a'iwt, he wishes, ainan;iw, we
wish, atrinaw, you wish, ayfaiawe, they wish.
The Preterite is regular

*
The Subjunctive is bimaw,
bitaw,
brinawr'
The Imperative is Bidawp bitanawc
biiwe,
bimSnaw,
bit/inaw
190
APPENDIX II.
VERBS WITH
PREPOSITIONS
PREFIXED,
(i) hal
hal angawtin
to trip up
hal awsan
to swell up
hal bazinawa
to flounder, skip, hop
hal bestin
to arrange, fix, do up, tie up, erect, throw

up, cut a channel, work a
fringe
into
tassels.
hal biztin
to rise a little
hal bizwanin
to raise
hal bizhan
to burn up (as of one standing in the sun)
hal brzkian
to curdle, to scorch
hal bun
to accumulate
hal bwardin
hal bzhardin
to grant a free pardon

, ,
to select, to choose
hal chaqanin
to pluck
hal chaqln
to stick in (slightly)
hal cherikhin
to come upwards on
the perimeter
of :i
wheel.
hal chespanin
to stick (as of bills)
hal chezhin
to taste
hal chinin
to choose
hal chun
to flee, boil over, overflow, effervesce
hal dan
to throw over, toss, pass up, pitch (of a

tent),
s hal deran
to fall down a descent
hal deranin
to pick to pieces
hal doshhT
to milk
hal durn
to sew together, or over and over
hal farranin
to put up ih flight
hal farrin
.^bal garran
hal garranawa
hal geranin
hal girsan
.-.hal girtin
hal gozin
to fly up, to jump
'
to run up, to climb

to turn up, to turn over (in sewing)
to abduct, to be lifted, to be worthy of

to flare up
to bear, pick up, reserve, raise
to well up
hal gushin
to squeeze together
hal hatin
to appear, arise, escape, ferment, disobey
191
hal hnan
to
guess,
generate,
bring
up,
bring
out
(only of chicks from eggs) to find out,

evolve,
hal jlan
to shudder
hal kandin
to dig up, excavate, eradicate, engrave
hal keshan
to pull up., out
hal kezanin
to scorch meat a little to prevent it
going
bad.
hal khalatanin
hal khankanin
hal khestin
to swindle
to hang (criminals)
to amass, acquire, hang up, to card (wool)
hal khiliskan
to slide, sHp up
hal khizan
to slip up forward
hal kirchan
to scorch (of leather)

to begin, hoist, raise, turn up, pitch, erect.
hal kirdin
Wind up, (as of string on a spindle)

manage, get on with, run (used in the
hal kirranawa
to
imperative only),
ascertain the general
meaning
of
thing, to get a rough idea,

hal kokIn
hal kotin
hal kotin
to cough up
to eventuate, result
to eventuate, result, turn out. come across,
stumble,
\Jial kutan
N^ hal malran
hal mizhin
hal nan
hal nishtin
hal palawtin
to attack, assault
to open up, to be uncovered

to inhale
to raise a little, lean against, place against

to alight, sit up
to turn over,
(out of
the pot on to the
sieve).
hal parrin
to bounce, jump
hal pchrrin
to unpick, uncork
hal pechanawa
to bandage above the breast,
to
wrap
up
while holding high, to hem.

hal pechaninawa
to wrap up
hal qablanin
to assess
hal rzhan
to pour out, spill
hal rrafin
to fly up
hal slamin
to be startled
hal shalaqanin
to mix (mud)
to mix flour with water in making dough
hal shlan
hal shwln
to be mixed up or involved
192
hal siln
to rub continuously
hal suranin
to wag oneself
hal stan
to scorch
hal takanin
to shake
hal terekin
to give birth (of dogs only)
hal torranin
to kick anl plunge
hal tiiranin
to be annoying (especially of horses)
hal wariin
to be a threat of no consequence
hal wasIn
to hang up
^^da bazIn
*^
da bestin
to shut down, to fatten sheep
da birrin
to separate out, to cut a little way down
da bun
to stand with hands below the knee
da chalakanin
to startle
da chalakin
to start, to jump
^da chanin
i;
(2) da.
to dismount
da chaqanin
to sow seed
to plant
da chaqln
to stick fast
da chespanin
to fix in
da chun
to descend
da dan
to break down, to cut (of a pencil)
da doshin
to milk to the last drop
da durfin
. garran
da girsanin
to sew down
to descend
to light
da girtin
to enclose, fill, reserve
da hatin
to be a novelty, to be newly invented
da henan
to fell, introduce, bring down, invent
da hishtin
to let down, lower
da jfiln
to swallow down
da kandin
to take off, doff, peel
da keshan
to pull down
da khestin
to throw down, abase, liumihate, degrade.
da khizan
to slide down
da khuran
to be eaten 'awa\' by the passage of
da khwardin
to wear away
spread out.
"^"^- da kirdin
to pour out on the ground (of wheat
barley).
da kraniii
^ da kotin
water
to gnaw,
scrape
to fall down, to degenerate
and
193
da kutan
to drive in (nails, etc.)
da listin
to wipe off (as with the finger)
da malln
to wipe down
da man
to be delayed, in need
da mazranin
to establish, settle down
da mazrin
to encamp, settle
da mirdin
to die down (of fire)
da nan
to put down, deposit, appoint
,da nishtin
to sit down, to inhabit
.da pchrran
to expose by pulling apart (mostly of eyes

opening)
to
pull
down
(by unstick
ing).
da pechanawa
to bandage below the waist
da pilishanin
to press clown
da poshanin
to envelop
da razIn
to decay
da renin
to scrape down
'da rrafin
da rrCiIii
1 da ran
to fly down
to sink
to plant
da rCikhan
to collapse
da shikanin
to divert water,, to cut a price
da takanin
to fleece, to bleed
da twaninawa
to remelt
da wushanin
to scatter (down), to shake down,
to aim
a blow (with a stick).
(3) lai.
lai bestin
lai birdin
lai birran
lai birrin
to tie on
to insert (in copulation), to defraud

to disappear by consomption
to
stick
in
(figurative
in
punishment).
lai bwardin
to forgive, to pass by
lai bzhardin
to pick out
lai chaqln
to catciûpon
lai chun
to leak, to' resemble, to ooze
lai dan
to beat, strike, knock
lai duwan
to calumniate
lai garran
speaking
'
to desist, seek, overlook, forgo, sea:rch
lai garranin
to prevent
lai geshtin
to understand from
of
194
^ ai girtin
to take off, extract, skim
iai grran
to make a mistake (idiomatic use)
lai hatin
to become
infected,
result,
eventuate,
to
be affected, to be seized with colic,

lai keshan
to drive, extract
lai khestin
to throw oft', throw on, hit, put, put on
lai kirdin
to put on, imitate, load up
lai kirdinawa
to pick oft"
lai kotin
to attack, fall on evil
days,
be
overtaken
by, digress,
lai khurin
to beat, to urge
lai fchwardin
to nibble, erode, corrode, to fit
lai man
to be left over
Si lai nan
lai paranawa
to cook, to load
to entreat
lai rezhan
to overflow
lai stanin
to deprive, confiscate
lai westan
to await, wait for
lai zanln
to impute, to blame
(4)
rra aparmOn
bwardin, brdin
rra chinin
to trust
to elapse, pass by
to starts (jump)
rra chun
to leak, to go out
rra dan
to carry oft",
sweep
away,
clefeat
utterly,
incline to, push aside,

rra farrin
to shy.
rra ganin
to make ready, prepare
rra girtin
to harbour, strengthen, engage, appoint
rra hatin
to be habituated, tamed
rra helan
to extend
rra henan
to train, tame
rra hishtin
to let down
rra keshan
to drag, lead, haul, lay out (a rope), to

down.
rra khestin
. rra kirdin
to spread out
to flee, desert, run, escape
rra kotin
to stretch oneself
rra malln
to sweep a-yvay
rra
to hesitate, pause
man
rra pechan
out
to iibduct, to take quickly
lie
195
rra rrifanin
to put to flight
rra shalaqanin
to shake (a churn)
rra westan
to stop, halt, stand
rra -wushanin
to sow, scatter, shake (a tree), to wave
(5)
tai alanin
tai alln
tai.
to undertake
to envelop, surround, surround closely
tai biranawa
to be used up
tai birdin
to assimilate, digest
tai birrin
to look sideways, to bore a hole
tai chun
tai dan
>tai fikrln
tai ganin
, tai geshtin
to enter in, to soak in, to pierce

to add a piece to, to join together
to examine, scrutinize, ponder, imagine
to expound, explain
to understand, realise
tai granin
to fix
tai girtin
to fire, throw, cover up
tai gwastinawa
to change fropi one place to another
tai honin
to interweave
tai jiiin
to mince, cut up small
tai khestin
to fill, put aside, imbue
tai khizanin
to crowd,
tai kirdin
to pour out, inculcate
tai kotin
to fall
huddle
into,
bathe in cold water, lose in
gambling
tai mizhin
to suck in and spit out again
tai nan
to put into, insert
tai nishtin
to sit in
tai qultanin
to intrude
tai shikan
to be defeated
tai tirinjan
to become jammed
tai wushanin
to shake out (fleas)

(6)
taik.
taik birdin
to mesh together,
taik chawin
to curl up
taik chespanin
to make a joint
taik chespin
to butt
taik chun
to be destroyed
taik dan
to destroy
196
taik kutan
to be pulverized (as of a body)
taik pchrrin
to come apart, sunder, part
taik pechan
to take away ciuickly by force
taik pilishanin
to crowd
(7)
wer cherikhin
to turn round
wer garran
to turn
wer garranin
*wer girtin'
wer kirdin
.vver kotin
to turn down
to take from, obtain
to scatter
to go to sleep '
(8)
der bun
der.
to burst, open oiit
der chiin
to go out, elude
der dan
to clean out (a well), emit
der hatin
to emerge
der henan
to let out of,
der keshan
to extract, extricate
der khestin
to discover
cler kirdin
to expel, to discharge
to take out
der kotin
to emerge, come in sight, happen
der fiirrln
to protrude, flee out
(9)
pewa bun
. pewa chanin
pewa.
to be entrapped
to sow seed
by dropping
from the
hand
with a circular motion

pewa chCin
dan
to go through
to stick bread against the oven wall, close
together, to bite, to sling

pewa girtin
to screen, to put against one another
pewa hatin
to come together, harmonise,

with
pewa henan
to convene
pewa kotin
to fall together
pewa
to fire a gun
nan
come
along
197
{10)
pai chn
pai geshtin
pai.
to elapse
to overtake, to have become ripe, to have

access to
pai hatin
pai kokIn
pai wutin
to accompany
to' cough in warning

to name, appellate
ill)
paik ganin
.paik geshtin
paik girtin
paik hasinawa
paik hatin
paik.
to assemble (trans)
to meet
to fold (the hands)

to be glad in meeting
to be
accomplished or
consummated,
to
be a success (of work), to turn out well

paik henan
to succeed
paik qablanin
to exchange
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Elementary Kurmanji Grammar

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Elementary Kurmanji Grammar

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ELEMENTAEY

lAJOK E. B. SOANE, G.BJ.,

nPHIS sketch of elementary Kurmanji is intended

Kurmanji with a poor accent is not

difficult, but its fine gradations of vocals from simple vowel

other simple vowel

it very difficult to pro

It also possesses a large store of semi

consonants, the results of erosions and metamorphic labials

The student, however, will have to sharpen his

ear considerably before he can hope to pronounce these.

For practical purposes the following are the letters which

let him come

These are the simplest to

Strictly speaking they should be sub-divided.

guish the 47 vocals into which Justi divided Kurdish vowel

These consist of the couplet consonants :

having approximately the same value as in English :

the " ghain " of Arabic

the harder form of gh

guttural aspirate (also as in Arabic)

the liquid 1 pronounced with an

movement of the throat muscles.

All of the above must be heard to be understood, there

g is always hard as in " girl", never soft as in "gem ".

pronounced like our own ng, a nasal, as "hang",

pronounced exactly as the English word "hang".

between male and

female the words nr, male, and ma or mang, female, are

Psink-i-nr, a torn cat.

(b) where the noun in

its simple form indicates the

plural, each with its own form.

euphonic only with no intention of diminutive meaning.

In its simple form the noun is in the singular

number, and no inflexion is used unless to emphasize the fact

when noun form is not in diminutive,

(b) when noun form is in diminutive,

Kurrek, one boy

Kurrakai, one boy (dim.).

one man (dim.).

To form the plural -an or -akan is added to the

form and there is no general rule

as to which should be used, both being permissible in most

Nouns ending in a and I usually take the akan plural ex :

they are not

he, she, it was

Verbs (except imperatives) come at the end of the sentence.

Pioakan ora bun ?

Na, lamal bian.

Aw kurra chak a wa am pioaka

Hama bang ka ! Am kichaka ziir

ora hayya ? Bali wa zhin ish hayya. Ista warra !

The boys are very big.

Yes, and the sister (diminutive form)

Call the women and the men also.

They are not

This is no good (" This good is not "). That also

Go, call the little boy.

Now ? Yes, now.

As a general rule there is no inflexion indi

cating this case, though occasionally the old accusative with

kill this snake,

Kill this snake.