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PERMBALUR
DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL
ENGINEERING
YEAR/SEM: II / III
THERMODYNAMICS LABORATORY
AE2207
0032
OBJECTIVE
To enhance the basic knowledge in applied thermodynamics
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
LIST OF EQUIPMENTS
(for a batch of 30 students)
Sl.No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Details of Equipments
4 stroke twin cylinder diesel engine
Cut section model of 4 stroke diesel engine and
cut section model of 2 stroke petrol engine
Parallel and counter flow heat exchanger test rig
Bomb Calorimeter
Vapour compression refrigeration test rig
Vapour compression air-conditioning test rig
Conductive Heat Transfer set up
Composite wall
Qty
Req.
1
1
Experiment
No.
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
3,4
5
6
7
9
10
AIM:
To draw the valve timing diagram for the given four stroke engine.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Measuring tape
Scale
Thread
Feeler gauge
FORMULA:
Required angle = Distance x 360
Circumference of the flywheel
Where,
Distance = Distance of the valve opening or closing position marked on
flywheel with respect to their dead centre.
PROCEDURE:
1. First the TDC and BDC of the engine are found correctly by rotating the flywheel
and the positions are marked on the flywheel.
2. Now the circumference of the flywheel is found by using the measuring tape.
3. The flywheel is rotated and the point at which the inlet valve starts opening is
found out and its position is marked on the flywheel.
4. Similarly the position at which it closes is also found out.
5. The distances are measured by using thread with respect to their dead centre and
converted into angles.
6. The same procedure is repeated for the exhaust valves also.
RESULT:
Thus the valve timing for the given four stroke engine is found out and is drawn.
Inlet valve opens =
Inlet valve closes =
Exhaust valve opens =
Exhaust valve closes =
Ex.No : 02
Date
AIM:
To draw the port timing diagram for the given two stroke engine.
TOOLS REQUIRED:
1. Measuring tape
2. Scale
3. Thread
FIXING THE DEAD CENTRES:
For fixing up the dead centre a chalk mark is made on the piston. The fly wheel is
rotated. When the chalk mark coincides with the end of the cylinder a mark is made on the
flywheel and it represents TDC.
Now the flywheel is again rotated and the position at which the piston reaches the
lower most position is noted on flywheel and it represents the BDC.
IDENTIFICATION OF POSTS:
The port which has more area and is nearer to the TDC is the exhaust port and the
other is the inlet port.
DIRECTION OF ROTATION:
As the port opening and closing are symmetrical about the dead centre any arbitrary
direction of rotation may be selected.
FORMULA:
Required angle = Distance x 360
Circumference of the flywheel
Where,
Distance = Distance of the valve opening or closing position marked on
flywheel with respect to their dead centre.
PROCEDURE:
1. The flywheel is turned in any arbitrary direction.
2. During the downward traverse position when it just uncovers a port it is marked as
the opening of the port on the flywheel.
3. The rotation is further continued until the piston covers the port during its upward
travel.
4. A mark is made on the flywheel against the fixed mark. This gives the closing of
the port.
5. The same procedure is repeated for other ports also.
RESULT:
Thus the port time for the given two stroke engine is found out and the port timing
diagram is drawn.
Transfer port opens =
Transfer port closes =
Exhaust port opens =
Exhaust port closes =
TABULATION:
Event
AIM:
To find the performances characteristics of four stroke single cylinder vertical
diesel engine.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Engine test rig. Tachometer, Stop watch, Measuring tape.
ENGINE DETAILS:
Engine type
Power
Bore
Stroke
Calorific value
Specific gravity
FORMULAE:
1. Brake power:
B.P = 2 N R (W-S) 9.81 kW
60x1000
Where,
N = Engine speed in rpm
R = Brake drum radius in cm
W = Dead weight added in Kg
S = Spring Balance reading in Kg
2. Total Fuel consumption:
T.F.C = cc x Specific gravity x 3600 kg / hr
tf
1000
Where,
kg / kW hr
4. Friction power:
Values taken from graph(BP Vs TFC)
5. Indicated power:
I.P = B.P + F.P
kW
6. Mechanical efficiency:
Mech = B.P x 100 %
I.P
7. Indicated thermal efficiency:
Ith = I.P x 3600 x 100 %
T.F.C x C.V
8. Brake thermal efficiency:
Bth = B.P x 3600 x 100 %
T.F.C x C.V
Where,
C.V = Calorific value of fuel in kJ / kg(43000 kJ/kg)
9. Indicated mean effective pressure:
I.M.E.P = I.P x 60000
L.A.N.k
N/m
N/m
Where,
L = Stroke length, m
2
A = Area = / 4 D D = Bore dia in m
N = Speed / 2(for a 4Stroke engine)
K = Number of cylinders
DESCRIPTION:
The engine is four stroke, single cylinder, water cooled vertical diesel
engine. The engine is connected to rope brake dynamometer. The burette is
connected to the engine through three way cock to measure the fuel
consumption.
PROCUDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
GRAPH:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
TABULAR COLUMN:
Dead
Speed rpm
Serial number
RESULT
Thus the load test on single cylinder four stroke vertical diesel engine is
performed and its load characteristics are obtained.
ALTECH
Vapour compression refrigeration air conditioning.
CAPACITY: Freon 12
REFRIGERANT
: Hermatically sealed compressor
CONDENSOR : Air cooled finned tube.
EVAPORATOR : Finned tube with air flow duct surrounding
POWER MEASUREMENT : By energy meter to get power input to the entire set , motor
,condensed fan, air blower.
THROTTLING EXPANSION SYSTEM : Capillary tube or thermostatic expansion valve.
AIR FLOW : By a blower.
AIR FLOW MEASUREMENT : By pitot tube.
AIR FLOW DUCT : 0.37*0.17 sq.m
DESCRIPTION :
The test rig consists of basic vapour compression refrigeration system along with air
flow system. The refrigeration side consists of hermatically sealed compressor, condenser,
and an evaporator. This refrigeration unit can be operated either with the thermostatic
expansion valve or with the capillary tube as expansion device by using the control valves.
The evaporator unit consists of a number of coils and forms as liquid refrigerant air
heat exchanger. This unit absorbs heat from the air to be chilled. A blowe is used to
circulate the air through the evaporator. A thermostat is provided to cut off the compressor
when the air temperature reaches the required set value. A pitot tube is provided to
measure the mass flow rate of air which is cooled.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE :
1. Note the ambient dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures of atmospheric air.
2. By controls put in to operation the thermostatic expansion valve in the
refrigerant line.
3. Turn on the air conditioner unit and set the thermostat at the required chill
temperature.
4. at steady state condition note the wet bulb and dry bulb temperature of the chilled
air in the duct.
5. Measure the air pressure difference across the pitot tube using the water manometer
provided in the air duct.
6. Note the time taken for 10 revolution of energy meter disc to calculate the input
energy to the air conditioner as a whole. This includes power input to compressor,
condenser fan, air flower.
7. Repeat the experiment putting capillary tube into the operation cutting off the
thermostatic expansion valve.
Measuring
points
Ambient air
T1d
T1w
Specific
enthalpy from
chart.
H1
H2
T2w
Chilled air after T2d`
evaporator coils
Pitot tube water manometer level difference in the air duct = dH cm of water.
2
MODEL CALCULATION :
(1) AIR FLOW RATE :
Pitot tube water manometer level difference
Manometer pressure difference Dp
Air velocity V
Mass flow rate of air M
= dH cms of water
= dH * density of water / density of air
= ( 2* g* dP)^0.5 m/sec
= 13.0(dH)^0.5 m/sec
= duct c.s area * velocity * density of air
= 1.16* A* V kg/sec
= 1.16 * A * 13.0(dH)^0.5 kg/sec
AIM:
To conduct performance test on an refrigeration unit to determine the co-efficient
of performance
SPECIFICATIONS:
Type
ALTECH
Vapour compression refrigeration-air conditioning
Capacity
Refrigerant
Refrigerant compressor
Condenser
Evapourator
Power measurement
:
tonne
: FREON 12
: Hermatically sealed compressor
: Air-cooled fine tube
: Fine tube with air flow duct surrounding
: By energy meter to get power input to the entire
set, motror , condenser fan, air blower.
: capillary tube or thermostatic expansion valve
Any one may be used by controls
: By a blower
: By pitot tube
: .37*.17 m^2
DESCRIPTION:
The test rig is a vapour compression system using the refrigeration
Freon 12. The system consists of a compressor, a condenser, an expansion device and a
evaporator. For throttling expansion, two devices are provided.
1) capillary tube
2) thermosetting expansion valve
Any one of the two devices may be used by closing the other one
with the controls.
A chilled water is calorimeter used as a evaporator. It consists of a
refrigerated SS vessel of required capacity placed inside a well insulated wooden box
and provided with
1) evaporator coil
2) manual stirrer
3) electric heater 230 V, AC
4) the sensing bulb of a low temperature thermostat
Expansion Device
Ambient
Temperature
Evaporator chilled
water temperature
Using Capillary
Tube
Comp.Sm
Heater.So
Using Thermal
Expansion valve
sec Comp.Sm
sec Heater.So
sec
sec
Measuring Points
Kg/Cm^
2
Kg/Cm^
2
1. Evaporator Outlet
Compression Suction P1 T1 h1
2. Compressor Outlet
Condenser Inlet
P2 T2 h2
3. Expansion Device
Condenser Outlet
P3 T3 h3
4. Expansion Device
Evaporator Inlet
P4 T4 h4
CALCULATIONS:
1) Heat equivalent of work input to compressor per minute, Qc KJ/min.
Time taken for 5 rev of energy meter disc, Sm =
sec.
=1200 rev/KWH.
Meter constant
Motor input power,
Qm= 5*3600*60 =900 KJ/min
1200*Sm Sm
Mechanical efficiency of compressor=80%
Qc=.80*Qm KJ/min
2) Refrigerating effect equal heater input power = Qo
Time taken for 5 rev of energy meter disc, So =
Kj/min
sec.
Qo=900 KJ/min
So
Refrigeration Capacity
= Refrigeration Effect
210
= Qo Tonne
210
3) Actual Co-Efficient of performance of the refrigerating system.
C.O.P for cooling =
Heat equivalent of compressor work input
refrigeration effect
=Qo
Qc
KJ/Kg
C
actual COP
Theoretical COP
EX.NO:.8
DATE:
AIM:
To determine the viscosity of a fluid or liquid by virtue of which it offers resistance
to its own flow. It is measured in poise. The kinematic viscosity of a liquid is the ratio of
absolute viscosity to its density for the given temperature. The unit for kinematic viscosity
is centistokes. Viscosity is the most important single property of any lubricating oil,
because its the main determinant of the operating characteristics of the lubricant. If the
viscosity of the oil is too low, a liquid oil film cannot be maintained between to moving or
sliding surfaces, consequently excessive wear will take place. On the other hand if the
viscosity is too high, excessive friction will result due to fluid friction.
Measurement of viscosity of lubricating oil is made with the help of an apparatus
called the viscometer. In a viscometer, a fixed volume of liquid is allowed to flow from
given height through a standard capillary tube under its own weight and the time of flow in
secondss is noted. The time is proportional to true viscosity. Redwood viscometer is
commonly used in commonwealth countries.
Redwood viscometer is of two types: Redwood viscometer No:1 is commonly used
for determining viscosities of thin lubricating oils and it has a jet of bore diameter 1.61 and
length 10mm. Redwood viscometer No.2 is used for measuring viscosities of highly
viscous oils. It has a jet of diameter 3.8mm and length 15mm.
FORMULA:
1. Density (D) = D15[1-A(T-15)]kg/m^3.
Where,
D15=Density
of
given
oil=866kg/m^3 A=.00036 a constant
T= Temperature of oil.
2. Kinematic viscosity (v)=At-B/t*10^-6 m2/s
Where,
A=.247, B=65, for T=85 to 200 seconds
T= Time taken to collect 50ml in seconds
A=.264, B=190, for t=40 seconds
3. Dynamic viscosity (m)= D*v NS/m2
PROCEDURE:
1. The leveled oil cup is cleaned and ball valve rod is placed on the gate jet to close it.
2. Oil under test free from any suspension and dust is filled in the cup upto the pointer
level.
3. An empty conical flask is kept just below the jet.
4. Water is filled the bath and side-tube is heated slowly with constant stirring of the
bath.
5. When the oil is at the desired temperature, the ball valve is lifted and suspended
from thermometer bracket.
6. The time taken to collect 50ml of oil in the flask is noted and the valve is
immediately closed to prevent any overflow of oil.
7. The result is expressed in redwood No.1 seconds at particular temperature.
8. Similarly the above procedure is repeated for the oil at various temperatures and the
viscosity is found out.
9. Now a graph is drawn between the temperature and viscosity of oil.
GRAPH:
1, Temperature Vs Kinematic Viscosity
2, Temperature Vs Dynamic Viscosity
RESULT:
Thus the viscosity of the lubricating oil is found out using Redwood Viscometer
and the graphs are drawn.
WALL THICKNESS
CONDUCTIVITY
a. M. S.
b. Bakelite
c. Brass
0.46 W/mK
0.12 W/mK
110 W/mK
= 2.5 cm
= 1.0 cm
= 1.0 cm
OBSERVATIONS
Sl. No.
CALCULATIONS
1. Mean Readings
a. TA = (T1+T2)/2 C
b. TB = (T3+T4)/2 C
c. TC = (T5+T6)/2 C
d. TD = (T7+T8)/2 C
2. Rate of heat supplied
Q = V x I Watts
For calculating the thermal conductivity of composite walls, it is assumed that due
to large diameter of the plates, heat flowing through central portion is unidirectional i.e.
axial flow. Thus for calculations, central half dia. Area where unidirectional flow is
assumed is considered. Accordingly thermocouples are fixed at close to centre of the
plates.
Now,
Heat flux, q = [Q/A] Watts/m
Where,
A = [3.14/4]x d
NOTE : The heat flowing through different slabs does not essentially flow in axial
direction but a part of it also goes radial outwards. Hence, real heat flow in axial direction
for whole area of slabs is not known and hence by just knowing the temperature difference,
thermal conductivity of the slabs cannot be determined.
PRECAUTIONS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
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