Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
eforturile medicinii de a
menine starea de sntate si de
a combate bolile
ne ajuta sa obinem cunotine
noi si sa dezvoltam instrumente
adecvate pentru a fi utilizate pe
baza cunotinelor existente
populaiei de interes
caracteristicilor (variabilelor) indivizilor
(unitilor) din populaie
studierea variabilitilor acestor caracteristici
intre indivizii din populaie
Metodele statistice:
aplicata
cercetarea biomedicala
cercetarea serviciilor de sntate (serviciilor
medicale)
cercetarea comportamentala
3.Evaluarea si Probabilitatea
4.Ipoteza (1)
Question Identified
Hypothesis Formed
Research Plan
Data Collected
Results Analyzed
New Questions
Arise
Conclusions
Trebuie descris in
cateva propozitii
simple
Titlul trebuie sa fie
incitant, atractiv,
chiar sub forma de
intrebare
Poate fi cercetat?
Da, daca:
- Subiectii vor accepta
participarea
- Investigatorii au
resurse materiale si
umane pentru a face
asta
Indiferent de abordare
sunt cativa pasi
obligatorii
Researchers should:
Use computerized resources
available in your academic
library, such as CD-ROM or
Web site versions to access
literature about your topic.
Search databases such as
Medline, Willey, Proquest,
etc.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Type
Purpose
Time
frame
Experimental
Quasiexperimental
Degree
of
control
High
Examples
Comparing
two types of
treatments for
anxiety.
Moderate Gender
to high
differences in
visual/spatial
abilities
Type
Purpose
Time
frame
Degree
of
control
Examples
Nonexperime
ntal correlational
Examine
relationship
between two
variables
Current
(crosssectional)
or past
Low to
medium
Relationship
between
studying style
and grade
point average.
Ex post
facto
Examine the
effect of past
event on
current
functioning.
Past &
current
Low to
medium
Relationship
between
history of
child abuse &
depression.
Type
Purpose
Nonexperime
ntal correlational
Cohortsequential
Time
frame
Degree
of
control
Examples
Low to
moderate
Relat. betw.
history of
depression &
development
of cancer.
Examine
Future
change in a
var. over time
in overlapping
groups.
Low to
moderate
How motherchild
negativity
changed over
adolescence.
Type
Purpose
Time
frame
Degree
of
control
Examples
Survey
Assess
opinions or
characteristics
that exist at a
given time.
Discover
potential
relationships;
descriptive.
Current
None or
low
Voting
preferences
before an
election.
Past or
current
None or
Low
Peoples
experiences of
quitting
smoking.
Qualitative
Surse IT de date
Identifica si localizeaz seturile corecte de date
In instituie
In afara instituiei
Strategii de msurare
Variabile de
confuzie*
Predictor*
Rezultat
Modificatori ai efectului*
*Considerate general ca expunere la factori de risc
Studii fr variabile
Studii cu 2 variabile
Experimente
Studii observaionale
Meta-analize si review-uri sistematice
Studii clinice
Descriptive
Analitice
Experimentale
Observationale
Cohorta
Caz-control
Cross-sectional
Variabile
Variabila predictor
(independenta)
Variabila rezultat
(dependenta)
Cerine
Fiabilitate
Valide
Sensibilitate
Universale
Fr erori
Tipuri de variabile
1.
2.
3.
4.
2. Ordinale: Aceste date reprezint o serie ordonata de elemente interrelaionate (e.g., nivelul de educatie)
3. Interval: Aceste date reprezint o cantitate msurata pe un scala de
interval avnd un numr egal de uniti i un punct zero arbitrar.
(e.g.: Temperatura in Celsius)
TIPURI de VARIABLE
independente
dependente
intermediare
De confuzie
NOTE
produce variaii in variabila dependenta i variaz
datorita variabilei independente.
O asemenea variabila este asociata att cu
variabila dependenta cat i cu variabila
independenta.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Tabel de frecventa
Histograma de frecventa
Grafic cu coloane
Grafic placinta
Tabel Trunchi cu ramuri
Tabel de frecventa
X=No. of Children Count
(Freq.)
Relative Freq.
2/30=0.067
3/30=0.100
5/30=0.167
5/30=0.167
6/30=0.200
4/30=0.133
2/30=0.067
2/30=0.067
1/30=0.033
Grafic de frecventa
6
5
4
3
Freq.
2
1
0
0
Scale de msura
Distribuie, tendina centrala, variabilitate,
probabilitate
Prevalenta i incidenta bolilor
Rezultate ale bolilor (mortalitate, morbiditate)
Asocieri (corelaie sau covariana)
Impact asupra sanatatii (diferene de risc i rapoarte)
Sensibilitate, specificitate, valoare predictiva
Mean
Mean
Median
Mode
Standard deviation
Statistical Significance p < .01
Null Hypothesis = Ho
Ho True
Ho False
Reject Ho
Type I error
Correct
decision
Do Not Reject
Ho
Correct
decision
Type II error
http://www.statsoftinc.com/textbook/stathome.html
Prevalence
Incidence
sensitivity =
a / (a+c)
specificity =
d / (b+d)
Patients
with
disease
Test is
positive
Test is
negative
Patients
without
disease
Positive predictive
Negative predictive
Patients
with
disease
value = a / ( a+b)
value = d / (c+d)
Post-test probability of
disease given positive
test = a / (a+b)
Post-test probability of
disease given negative
test = c / (c+d)
Test is
positive
Test is
negative
Patients
without
disease
An Introduction
http://www.poems.msu.edu/InfoMastery/default.ht
m
Diagnosis
Sensitivity and specificity
Predictive values
Likelihood ratios
InfoRetriever
Dublu orb
Randomizat
Placebo controlat
Study 1
Study 2
Study 1
Study 2
Raportari contradictorii
Raspunsul trebuie bazat pe studii cu nivel cat mai
inalt de credibilitate
Observational Study
Experiment
Retrospective
diseases
Cross-Sectional
Prospective
Lucrarea de licenta
Articole stiintifice
Veti fi judecati dupa ce cum si cat
scrieti
Continut
Structura
Stil
Conferinte
Mese rotunde
Postere
Rapoarte
Articole
Propuneri
Web
Audienta
specifica
tehnica
Audienta
generala
tehnica
Audienta
generala
non-tehnica
Audienta
Cine sunt
Ce stiu
De ce sunt
interesati sa
citeasca
Formatul
Ocazia
Scopul
Formal/informal
Politica-etica
Procesul si termenul
limita
Sa informezi
Sa convingi
Continut
Stil
Forma
[Peterson, 1987]
ilustratia
structura
stil
words
wordswords
wordswordswords
wordswordswordswords
wordswordswords
wordswordswords
wordswordswords
wordswordswords
limbajul
Finalizarea
Revizuirea
Cal-Tech
Linus Pauling
Structura:
Concluzii
Sfarsit
Sectiunea de
mijloc
Mijloc
Titlu, sumar,
introducere
Inceput
Titlu
Sumar
Introducere
Orienteaza asupra
documentului
Spune esentialul
Pregateste cititorul
pentru sectiunea de
mijloc
Obiectivul?
Importanta?
Date generale?
Schita?
Introducerea
Medical histories
not considered
scope
Proposed Study
on Effects of Alcohol
on Life Expectancy
Ten-year study
limitations
Sectiuni si
subsectiuni
Heading
Subheading
Subheading
Heading
Subheading
Subheading
Subheading
Heading
[Sandia, 1985]
Cronologica
[Maizels, 2001]
Spatiala
[Pratt & Whitney, 2000]
Introduction
Discussion
Results
Concluzii
Analiza rezultatelor
Perspective viitoare
Recomandari
Discutii pe teme
ulterioare de
cercetare
Limitarile studiului
[Franklin, 1952]
[Luzzati, 1950]
Formatul documentelor
stiintifice
Raport formal
Articol
Prezentari
Reports
Textbooks
Journals
Sandia Laboratories
Prentice-Hall
ASME
Figure 1
Fig. 1
fig. 1
Table 1
Table 1
table 1
equation 1
equation (1)
Eq. 1
typografie
Dispunere
pe pagina
Sans Serif
Arial
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Garamond
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Arial Narrow
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Courier
abcdefghijklmnopqr
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Comic Sans
abcdefghijklmnopqr
stuwxyz1234567890
TYPE IS TO READ
Type is to read
WORDS SET IN ALL CAPS USE
MORE SPACE THAN TEXT SET IN
LOWERCASE.
Words set in all caps use more
space than words set in lowercase.
48 point
posters
36 point
presentation slides
24 point
18 point
titles
14 point
12 point
text
10 point
8 point
footnotes
Spatiu pt
margini
Spatiu pentru
sectiuni
Spatiu pt ilustratii
Urmati formatul
asteptat pentru
tipul respectiv de
prezentare
Complianta si etica
Complianata inseamna ca cercetatorul urmeaza regulile si legile generale,
locale si ale sponsorului.
Etica inseamna o atitudine responsabila fata de oameni, animale, fiinte vii,
societate si ecosistem refers to a responsible behavior towards humans,
Cercetare eronata
Research Misconduct
A finding of research misconduct requires that
http://www.nsf.gov/oig
Office of Research Integrity, Department of Health and Human Services
http://www.ori.dhhs.gov
UTEP Research Misconduct Policy
http://admin.utep.edu/Default.aspx?PageContentMode=1&tabid=30390
Fabrication
Falsification
12%
Other
9%
Fabrication
12%
Plagiarism
67%
Intellectual theft
24
Fabrication in proposal
Verbatim plagiarism
16
Data sharing
False statements
(CV& CPS)
Conflicts of interests
Duplicate submissions
Mishandled investigation
Data tampering
NSF procedures
Falsification in a proposal
Human subjects
Retaliation
Animal welfare
0.1
Fraud
Recombinant DNA
0.1
Termination
Debarment for life
Monetary Penalty
Jail time
Termination
Revocation of his Doctoral Degree
Termination
Criminal Charges
Termination
Debarred for 3 years
Termination
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)