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joaca un rol foarte important in

eforturile medicinii de a
menine starea de sntate si de
a combate bolile
ne ajuta sa obinem cunotine
noi si sa dezvoltam instrumente
adecvate pentru a fi utilizate pe
baza cunotinelor existente

este piatra fundamentala pentru luarea unor


decizii eficiente si in cunotina de cauza
este parte integranta din eforturile tarilor
pentru:
a ameliora starea de sntate a populaiei si de
a creste eficienta sistemelor sanitare, mai ales in
condiii de transformri dramatice epidemiologice,
demografice si economice, transformri care
afecteaz profund sistemele sanitare

cercetarea tiinifica este o


descoperire a cunotinelor
prin cutare, investigaie sau
experimente avnd drept scop
obinerea de noi cunotine
metoda tiinifica este un grup
de tehnici si proceduri
sistematice aplicate in cursul
desfurrii investigaiei sau
experimentului i orientate
ctre obinerea de noi
cunotine

1.Cercetarea Empirica si Teoretica

2.Cercetarea Fundamentala si Aplicata

3.Triunghiul Cercetrii in Domeniul Sntii

cercetarea epidemiologica, de ex., depinde de

colectarea sistematica a observaiilor fenomenelor


legate de starea de sntate care prezint interes in
cazul unei populaii definite

Cercetarea teoretica: modelare numerica,


matematica (studii in silica, simulari, abstractizari)

Cercetarea empirica: observatia, experienta


personala sau colectiva (anecdotica)

Cercetarea empirica in tiinele medicale poate


fi:

cantitativ (cifre, masuratori, instrumente, statistica)

calitativ (descrieri, imagini, observatii, comentarii)

! Metode de cuantificare a informatiilor calitative


(chestionare, scale)

In general cercetarea in domeniul


medical utilizeaz informaii de tip
cantitativ

In majoritatea cazurilor aceasta implica


identificarea:

populaiei de interes
caracteristicilor (variabilelor) indivizilor
(unitilor) din populaie
studierea variabilitilor acestor caracteristici
intre indivizii din populaie

De aceea cuantificarea cercetrii empirice se


obine prin trei procedee numerice interrelaionate:
msurarea variabilelor
estimarea parametrilor populaiei (parametri ai
distribuiei probabilitii care surprind variabilitatea
observaiilor in populaie)
testarea statistica a ipotezelor, sau estimarea
gradului in care "ansa" singur poate fi responsabil
de variaia dintre indivizii sau grupurile aflate sub
observaie

Luarea in considerare a ansei sau


probabilitii este substana alctuirii
planului de cercetare (design-ului
cercetrii)

mai mult dect orice, planificarea


cercetrii trebuie sa tina seama de rolul
ansei pentru a asigura validitatea

metodele statistice sunt acelea care


menin legile probabilitii in cursul
cercetrii noastre

Metodele statistice:

permit analiza si interpretarea adecvat a


rezultatelor

statistica ofer instrumentele care permit


cercetrii medicale sa fie mai degrab empirica
dect abstracta
ea ne permite sa ne confirmam descoperirile prin

continuarea observaiei si experimentului

din punct de vedere funcional cercetarea poate


fi clasificata in:

fundamentala (sau pura sau bazala = "basic")

aplicata

cercetarea fundamentala de obicei este

considerata a implicata o cutare a cunotinelor fr


definirea unei utilitati clare sau a unui scop specific

cercetarea aplicata este orientata spre o anumita


problema si este direcionata ctre rezolvarea unei
probleme existente

Exista o controversa continua cu privire la


beneficiul relativ i contribuia ctre societate a

celor doua tipuri de cercetare

trei categorii interconectate operaional:

cercetarea biomedicala
cercetarea serviciilor de sntate (serviciilor
medicale)
cercetarea comportamentala

Cercetarea biomedicala se preocupa in


principal de cercetarea fundamentala

implicnd procesele de la nivel celular

Cercetarea serviciilor de sntate (a serviciilor


medicale) are drept obiectiv mediul care l nconjoar
pe om (ca pacient) si care determina transformri la
nivel celular

Cercetarea comportamentala se preocupa de


interactiunea dintre om si mediu inconjurator intr-o
maniera reflectand credintele, atitudinile si practicile
individului in societate

mai multe principii


fundamentale sunt utilizate
in cercetarea tiinifica:
1.Ordinea
2.Deductia si ansa
3.Evaluarea si Probabilitatea
4.Ipoteza

3.Evaluarea si Probabilitatea

Cerina critica a efecturii


proiectului in cercetare, aceea
care asigura validitatea, este
evaluarea probabilitii de la
nceput pana la capt

3.Evaluarea si Probabilitatea (2)

cele mai importante elemente ale proiectului de cercetare,


elemente avand drept scop asigurarea integritatii probabilitatii
si prevenirea bias-ului, sunt:
esantionul sa fie reprezentativ

randomizarea in selectia grupurilor de studiu

3. Evaluarea si Probabilitatea (3)

cele mai importante elemente ale proiectului de cercetare:


meninerea grupurilor de comparaie sub forma grupurilor control

realizarea principiului "dublu-orb" (att a experimentelor cat si a


subiecilor)
utilizarea metodelor probabilitii (statistice) in analiza si
interpretarea rezultatelor

4.Ipoteza (1)

ipotezele sunt afirmaii atent construite referitoare la un fenomen


ntlnit intr-o populaie

ipotezele pot fi generate fie prin:


raionament deductiv
raionament inductiv rezultat din observaii anterioare

Question Identified
Hypothesis Formed

Research Plan
Data Collected
Results Analyzed
New Questions
Arise

Conclusions

Cercetarea stiintifica medicala

Sa intelegem mai bine fenomenele medicale


Sa aducem argumente / contra-argumente sa fim
mai greu de manipulat
Sa imbunatatim educatia / formarea medicala
Sa obtinem granturi
Sa promovam in cariera

Trebuie descris in
cateva propozitii
simple
Titlul trebuie sa fie
incitant, atractiv,
chiar sub forma de
intrebare

Poate fi cercetat?
Da, daca:
- Subiectii vor accepta
participarea
- Investigatorii au
resurse materiale si
umane pentru a face
asta

Aduce ceva nou?


E cineva interesat in acest lucru?
Se potriveste cu obiectivele personale?

Studierea literaturii este primul pas


obiective:
- Intelegerea problemelor din domeniu
- In prezentarea lucrari va fi fie o scurta
introducere sau o parte generala la inceputul
lucrarii.

Indiferent de abordare
sunt cativa pasi
obligatorii

Provide access thousands of


journals, conference papers,
and materials

Researchers should:
Use computerized resources
available in your academic
library, such as CD-ROM or
Web site versions to access
literature about your topic.
Search databases such as
Medline, Willey, Proquest,
etc.

Broad synthesis of literature (encyclopedia)


Journal Articles (respected, national journals, report
research studies)
Books (monographs, entire book or chapters related to topic)
Conference papers (major, national, make contact with
authors)
Abstracts (Dissertation Abstracts International)
Online journals are becoming more popular

One of the first tasks for a researcher working with a new


topic is to organize the literature about the topic.
This will better help the researcher determine how their
study adds to , extends, or replicates research already
completed.

Different ways in organizing a literature map,


Ex: Hierarchical , Flow chart , and circles.
Hierarchical is a top- down presentation of
the literature at the bottom with a proposed
study that will extend the literature.
By using different ways to draw out your map,
the researchers central idea is to begin to build
a visual picture of the existing research about a
topic.

The figure was taken from page 40


The topic of the literature review was placed in a box at the top of the
hierarchy.
Next was divided the map into 3 sub-categories; they are discovered after,
from a collection of studies that are found from your research.
Within each box are labels that describe the nature of the studies in the box
(i.e. outcomes)
Each box is also referenced to major citations illustrating the content of the
box. Useful to use current and up to date information. (e.g. smith, xxxx)

When reviewing the


content of research
studies, researchers
record essential
information from them
for a review of the
literature.
Very important to what
information is extracted
from a research study.
The information that is
extracted can be placed
in a Review of related
literature section.

A good literature review summary for a research article


reported in a journal might include the following points:
-

Mention the problem being addressed


State the central purpose or focus of the study
Briefly state information about the sample, population, or
participates.
Review key results that related to the study
Point out flaws in the study
A well designed journal article, the problem and purpose
statements are found and clearly stated in the introduction
of the article. Then the sample, population and other
information is found mid-way article. Results are often
reported at the end of the article.

It is very important to use an appropriate and a consistent


reference style.
Most important style manual considerations involve the use of :
In-text citations keep in mind appropriate form
End - of - text reference can be alphabetized or numbered.
Headings In a scholarly paper they are ordered in terms of
levels. Note how many levels you will have in your research
study. 2 -4 four levels of headings are common in research
studies.
Footnotes Used less frequently in scholarly papers today, if
you include them note whether they go at the bottom or the end
of the paper.
Tables and Figures Note different lines, titles , and spacing

When composing a review of the literature, it is


difficult to determine how much literature to
review.
To address this problem, a model was developed
that provides parameters for the literature review,
especially as it might be designed for a
quantitative or mixed methods approach.
It is divided into 5 components

1)
2)

3)

4)

5)

Introducing the section : Tells the reader about the sections


included in the literature review.
Addresses the scholarly literature about the independent
variable/s. You want to focus on the single most important
variable.
Incorporates the scholarly literature about the dependant
variable, with many dependant variables it is wise to write
down sub-sections and focus on the main variables.
Looks at the relation between the 2 variables. This is a short
section, and contains studies only related to your proposed
study, if nothing is available then focus on the next closest
topic.
Provide a summary of the review that highlights the most
important studies, captures major themes in the review, and
suggests why we need more research on the topic.

Type

Purpose

Time
frame

Experimental

Test for cause/ current


effect
relationships

Quasiexperimental

Test for cause/ Current or


past
effect
relationships
without full
control

Degree
of
control
High

Examples

Comparing
two types of
treatments for
anxiety.
Moderate Gender
to high
differences in
visual/spatial
abilities

Type

Purpose

Time
frame

Degree
of
control

Examples

Nonexperime
ntal correlational

Examine
relationship
between two
variables

Current
(crosssectional)
or past

Low to
medium

Relationship
between
studying style
and grade
point average.

Ex post
facto

Examine the
effect of past
event on
current
functioning.

Past &
current

Low to
medium

Relationship
between
history of
child abuse &
depression.

Type

Purpose

Nonexperime
ntal correlational

Cohortsequential

Time
frame

Degree
of
control

Examples

Examine relat. Future betw. 2 var.


predictive
where 1 is
measured
later.

Low to
moderate

Relat. betw.
history of
depression &
development
of cancer.

Examine
Future
change in a
var. over time
in overlapping
groups.

Low to
moderate

How motherchild
negativity
changed over
adolescence.

Type

Purpose

Time
frame

Degree
of
control

Examples

Survey

Assess
opinions or
characteristics
that exist at a
given time.
Discover
potential
relationships;
descriptive.

Current

None or
low

Voting
preferences
before an
election.

Past or
current

None or
Low

Peoples
experiences of
quitting
smoking.

Qualitative

Stabilirea tipurilor de variabile

Surse IT de date
Identifica si localizeaz seturile corecte de date
In instituie
In afara instituiei

Strategii de msurare

Variabile de
confuzie*

Predictor*

Rezultat

Modificatori ai efectului*
*Considerate general ca expunere la factori de risc

Studii fr variabile

Studii cu o singura variabila

Studii de caz, serii de cazuri, editoriale, opinii /


comentarii, rapoarte review
Studii descriptive

Studii cu 2 variabile

Experimente
Studii observaionale
Meta-analize si review-uri sistematice

Studii clinice

Descriptive

Analitice

Experimentale

Observationale

Cohorta

Caz-control

Cross-sectional

Variabile

Variabila predictor
(independenta)

Variabila rezultat
(dependenta)

Metode de tratament susinute de dovezi


clinice si de cercetare.
Necesita integrarea celor mai bune dovezi
din cercetare pentru diagnostic si tratament
cu experiena clinica.
Ia in considerare ce este optim pentru fiecare
pacient precum i preferinele acestuia.

Care este cea mai bun alegere terapeutic pentru


pacientul meu?
Este acest program suficient de bine documentat
teoretic?
Funcioneaz acest program terapeutic?
Ct timp dureaz acest program?
Ce urmeaz dup aceea?

O msurtoare bazal este o msurtoare a


ratei de rspuns in absena tratamentului
Linii de baz

Stabilete necesitatea tratamentului


Permite mbuntirea documentaiei
Ne permite s mbuntim studiul

Se creeaz un set de exemplare ale intelor


studiului
Pregtim o fi de nregistrare
Folosim msurtori conform criteriilor de
referin

ntotdeauna alegei mai mult dect o msurtoare

Verific acurateea datelor de baz

Selecteaz designul cercetrii clinice

Cerine

Fiabilitate
Valide
Sensibilitate
Universale
Fr erori

Exemple de variabile calitative sunt ocupatia, sexul, status


marital, etc.
Variabilele care permit cuantificarea i care pot fi msurate
sunt considerate variabile cantitative. Exemple de variabile
cantitative sunt greutatea, naltimea, vrsta.
Variabilele cantitative pot fi clasificate ca discrete sau continue

Tipuri de variabile

1.

Variabile de tip categorii (e.g., Sex, Status Marital,


religie, naionalitate, profesie)

2.

Variabile de tip continuu (e.g., vrsta, venit,


greutate, inaltime)

3.

Variabile discrete (e.g., Numar de copii)

4.

Variabile Binare sau Dihotomice (e.g., ntrebri la


care se da raspuns prin Da sau Nu)

1. Nominale: Aceste date nu reprezint o cantitate (e.g., Status Marital,


Sex)

2. Ordinale: Aceste date reprezint o serie ordonata de elemente interrelaionate (e.g., nivelul de educatie)
3. Interval: Aceste date reprezint o cantitate msurata pe un scala de
interval avnd un numr egal de uniti i un punct zero arbitrar.
(e.g.: Temperatura in Celsius)

4. Raport : Variabile, cum este greutatea pentru care putem compara


semnificatia uneia fata de cealalta (, 100 Kg este dublul a 50 Kg)

TIPURI de VARIABLE
independente
dependente
intermediare
De confuzie

O caracteristica pentru care se face o


msurtoare i/sau observaie, care
influeneaz un eveniment sau rezultat
(variabila dependenta).
NOTA
Variabila independenta nu este influenat
de eveniment sau rezultat, dar o poate
determina sau contribui la variaia sa.

O variabil a crei valoare este dependent de


efectul altor variabile (variabile independente)
in raportul de cauzalitate studiat.
Sinonime: variabila rezultat sau rspuns.
NOT

Un eveniment sau rezultat a crui variatie


ncercam sa o explicam prin influenta
variabilelor independente.

O variabila care apare intr-o relaie de cauzalitate de la


o variabila independenta la o variabila dependenta.
Sinonime: intervenie, mediere

NOTE
produce variaii in variabila dependenta i variaz
datorita variabilei independente.
O asemenea variabila este asociata att cu
variabila dependenta cat i cu variabila
independenta.

Un factor (care este el insusi determinant al


rezultatului), care perturba efectul aparent al unei
variabile de studiu asupra rezultatului.
NOTA
Un asemenea factor poate fi distribuit inegal
intre cei expui i neexpui i astfel
influeneaz magnitudinea aparenta i chiar
direcia efectului.

Analiza, interpretarea si raportarea rezultatelor

Selecteaz programul adecvat: Excel, SPSS


Folosete programele pentru analize statistice simple
si prezentarea grafica a rezultatelor
Interpreteaz rezultatele

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Tabel de frecventa
Histograma de frecventa
Grafic cu coloane
Grafic placinta
Tabel Trunchi cu ramuri

Suppose we are interested in studying the number of


children in the families living in a community. The
following data has been collected based on a random
sample of n = 30 families from the community.
2, 2, 5, 3, 0, 1, 3, 2, 3, 4, 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 3, 2, 4, 1, 0, 5, 8, 6,
5, 4 , 2, 4, 4, 7, 6

Organize this data in a Frequency Table!

Tabel de frecventa
X=No. of Children Count
(Freq.)

Relative Freq.

2/30=0.067

3/30=0.100

5/30=0.167

5/30=0.167

6/30=0.200

4/30=0.133

2/30=0.067

2/30=0.067

1/30=0.033

Grafic de frecventa
6
5
4
3

Freq.

2
1
0
0

Unde este centrul distributiei?


1. Media
2. Mediana
3. Modulul

Scale de msura
Distribuie, tendina centrala, variabilitate,
probabilitate
Prevalenta i incidenta bolilor
Rezultate ale bolilor (mortalitate, morbiditate)
Asocieri (corelaie sau covariana)
Impact asupra sanatatii (diferene de risc i rapoarte)
Sensibilitate, specificitate, valoare predictiva

Nominal qualitative classification of equal


value: gender, race, color, city
Ordinal - qualitative classification which can
be rank ordered: socioeconomic status of
families
Interval - Numerical or quantitative data: can
be rank ordered and sizes compared :
temperature
Ratio - interval data with absolute zero value:
time or space

Mean

Mean
Median
Mode
Standard deviation
Statistical Significance p < .01

Null Hypothesis = Ho
Ho True

Ho False

Reject Ho

Type I error

Correct
decision

Do Not Reject
Ho

Correct
decision

Type II error

The Statistics Homepage

http://www.statsoftinc.com/textbook/stathome.html

Prevalence

probability of disease in entire population at any point


in time
2% of the population has diabetes

Incidence

probability that patient without disease develops


disease during interval
0.2% or 2 per 1000 new cases per year

sensitivity =
a / (a+c)
specificity =
d / (b+d)

Patients
with
disease

Test is
positive
Test is
negative

Patients
without
disease

Positive predictive

Negative predictive

Patients
with
disease

value = a / ( a+b)

value = d / (c+d)

Post-test probability of
disease given positive
test = a / (a+b)
Post-test probability of
disease given negative
test = c / (c+d)

Test is
positive

Test is
negative

Patients
without
disease

An Introduction

http://www.poems.msu.edu/InfoMastery/default.ht
m
Diagnosis
Sensitivity and specificity
Predictive values
Likelihood ratios

InfoRetriever

Calculators: Epidemiology, Diagnostic test

Areas in which bias can occur


Systematic error in . . .
Allocation
Response
Assessment

Dublu orb
Randomizat
Placebo controlat

Study 1

A U.S. study (2000) compared 469 patients with brain cancer


to 422 patients who did not have brain cancer. The patients
cell phone use was measured using a questionnaire. The two
groups use of cell phones was similar.

Study 2

An Australian study (1997) conducted a study with 200


transgenic mice. One hundred were exposed for two 30
minute periods a day to the same kind of microwaves with
roughly the same power as the kind transmitted from a cell
phone. The other 100 mice were not exposed. After 18
months, the brain tumor rate for the exposed mice was twice
as high as that for the unexposed mice.

How do the two studies differ?

Study 1

Study 2

Why do the results of different medical studies


sometimes disagree?

Could the second study be performed on


human beings?

Presupunand ca un pacient tocmai a fost


diagnosticat cu cancer cerebral si intreaba daca
are vreo legatura cu folosirea telefonului
celular. Exista dovezi suficienta ca sa-I
raspundem ca da?

Raportari contradictorii
Raspunsul trebuie bazat pe studii cu nivel cat mai
inalt de credibilitate

Observational Study

The researcher observes values of the response and


explanatory variables for the sampled subjects
without imposing any treatments
Example:

Experiment

The researcher assigns experimental conditions (also


called treatments) to subjects (also called experimental
units) and then observes outcomes on the response
variable.
Treatments correspond to values of the explanatory
variable
Example:

Retrospective

Observational studies that look back in time


This is sometimes done to find risk factors for certain

diseases

Cross-Sectional

Observational studies that take a cross section of the


population at the current time

Prospective

Observational studies in which subjects are followed


into the future

Simple Random Sampling (SRS)

A simple random sample of n subjects from a population is


one in which each possible sample of that size has the
_______ chance of being selected.

Lucrarea de licenta
Articole stiintifice
Veti fi judecati dupa ce cum si cat
scrieti

Continut
Structura
Stil

Conferinte
Mese rotunde
Postere

Rapoarte
Articole
Propuneri
Web

Audienta
specifica
tehnica

Audienta
generala
tehnica

Audienta
generala
non-tehnica

Audienta

Cine sunt
Ce stiu
De ce sunt
interesati sa
citeasca
Formatul

Ocazia

Scopul

Formal/informal
Politica-etica
Procesul si termenul
limita
Sa informezi
Sa convingi

Cele trei aspecte ce determina


judecata audientei/cititorilor

Continut

Stil

Forma

[Peterson, 1987]

ilustratia

structura
stil

words
wordswords
wordswordswords
wordswordswordswords
wordswordswords
wordswordswords
wordswordswords
wordswordswords

limbajul

Stadiile procesului de scriere


Getting in the Mood
Atingerea unei stari potrivite

Scrierea primei versiuni

Finalizarea
Revizuirea

Cal-Tech

Maria Goeppert Mayer

Linus Pauling

Structura:
Concluzii

Daca o persoana poate grupa niste idei


atunci e un scriitor.
Robert Louis Stevenson

Sfarsit

Sectiunea de
mijloc

Mijloc
Titlu, sumar,
introducere

Inceput

Titlu

Sumar

Introducere

Orienteaza asupra
documentului

Spune esentialul

Pregateste cititorul
pentru sectiunea de
mijloc

Obiectivul?
Importanta?
Date generale?
Schita?
Introducerea

O introducere buna il face sa inteleaga pe cititor de


ce e importanta cerectarea respectiva

Women may not


experience the
same effects

Medical histories
not considered

scope
Proposed Study
on Effects of Alcohol
on Life Expectancy

Ten-year study

Three classes of drinkers:


non-drinkers
moderate drinkers
heavy drinkers
Men surveyed
Other effects,
such as exercise,
not considered

limitations

In sectiunea medie se prezinta


efectiv rezultatele proprii
Alegeti o strategie logica

Sectiuni si
subsectiuni
Heading
Subheading
Subheading
Heading
Subheading
Subheading
Subheading
Heading

[Sandia, 1985]

Strategii comune pentru sectiunea mediana

Cronologica

[Maizels, 2001]

Spatiala
[Pratt & Whitney, 2000]

Cand divizam prezentarea datelor, bucatile


sa fie din aceeasi placinta!

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Discussion
Results

Concluzii
Analiza rezultatelor

Analiza rezultatelor din


perspectiva mai inalta

Perspective viitoare

Recomandari
Discutii pe teme
ulterioare de
cercetare
Limitarile studiului

Glosar de termei pentru cititori secundari


ce ar putea sa aiba dificultati de intelegere
ai unor termeni
burst point: the exact point in space where an
atomic bomb is detonated.
clear visibility: a viewing range of twenty miles.

fallout: the descent to the Earth's surface of


radioactive particles from a cloud contaminated
with the fission products of a nuclear explosion.
hypocenter: the point on the earth's surface directly
below the burst point; also called ground zero.

[Franklin, 1952]

James Watson a folosit fotografia


ADN facuta de Franklin

[Luzzati, 1950]

Watson did not give enough


credit to Franklin

Formatul documentelor
stiintifice

Raport formal

Articol

Prezentari

Reports

Textbooks

Journals

Sandia Laboratories

Prentice-Hall

ASME

Figure 1

Fig. 1

fig. 1

Table 1

Table 1

table 1

equation 1

equation (1)

Eq. 1

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Words set in all caps use more
space than words set in lowercase.

Prezentarea lui Morton-Thiokol la NASA a fost


desconsiderata din cauza majusculelor!!!
PRIMARY CONCERNS FIELD JOINT - HIGHEST CONCERN
EROSION PENETRATION OF PRIMARY SEAL REQUIRES RELIABLE SECONDARY
SEAL FOR PRESSURE INTEGRITY
IGNITION TRANSIENT - (0-600 MS)
(0-170 MS) HIGH PROBABILITY OF RELIABLE SECONDARY SEAL
(170-330 MS) REDUCED PROBABILITY OF RELIABLE SECONDARY SEAL
(330-600 MS) HIGH PROBABILITY OF NO SECONDARY SEAL CAPABILITY
STEADY STATE - (600 MS - 2 MINUTES)
IF EROSION PENETRATES PRIMARY O-RING SEAL - HIGH PROBABILITY OF
NO SECONDARY SEAL CAPABILITY
BENCH TESTING SHOWED O-RING NOT CAPABLE OF MAINTAINING
CONTACT
WITH METAL PARTS GAP OPERATING TO MEOP
BENCH TESTING SHOWED CAPABILITY TO MAINTAIN O-RING CONTACT
DURING
INITIAL PHASE (0 - 170 MS) OF TRANSIENT

Morton-Thiokol Presentation to NASA January 27, 1986

Alegeti o dimensiune usor de citit

48 point

posters

36 point
presentation slides
24 point
18 point

titles

14 point
12 point

text

10 point
8 point

footnotes

Spatiu pt
margini

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sectiuni

Spatiu pt ilustratii

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asteptat pentru
tipul respectiv de
prezentare

Complianta si etica
Complianata inseamna ca cercetatorul urmeaza regulile si legile generale,
locale si ale sponsorului.
Etica inseamna o atitudine responsabila fata de oameni, animale, fiinte vii,
societate si ecosistem refers to a responsible behavior towards humans,

Cercetare eronata

Fabrication =inventarea datelor.

Falsification = manipularea materialelor, proceselor, schimbarea sau omiterea de date

Plagiarism= folosirea datelor altcuiva fara acord.

Nu include erorile de buna credinta sau diferentele de opinie

Research Misconduct
A finding of research misconduct requires that

There be a significant departure from accepted practices of the relevant


research community; and
The misconduct be committed intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly;
and
The allegation be proven by a preponderance of the evidence.

For More Information

Office of Inspector General, National Science Foundation

http://www.nsf.gov/oig
Office of Research Integrity, Department of Health and Human Services

http://www.ori.dhhs.gov
UTEP Research Misconduct Policy
http://admin.utep.edu/Default.aspx?PageContentMode=1&tabid=30390

Some Recent Famous Research Misconduct Cases

Dr. Hwang Woo Suk Korean Stem Cell Research Scientists

Dr. Jan Hendrik Schn, Bell Laboratory

Falsification, Fabrication, Criminal, Civil and Administrative

Ali Sultan, M.D., Ph.D., Harvard School of Public Health

Falsification and Fabrication

Eric T. Poehlman,MD, PhD University of Vermont (UVM) College of Medicine in


Burlington

Falsification and Fabrication

Fabrication

Dr. Luk Van Parijs, MIT

Falsification and Fabrication

NSF OIG Research


Misconduct Investigations

Falsification
12%

Other
9%

Fabrication
12%
Plagiarism
67%

Intellectual theft

24

Fabrication in proposal

Verbatim plagiarism

16

Data sharing

False statements
(CV& CPS)

Impeding research progress

Conflicts of interests

Duplicate submissions

Mishandled investigation

Data tampering

NSF procedures

Falsification in a proposal

Peer review violation

Mentoring or colleague abuse

Human subjects

Retaliation

Animal welfare

0.1

Fraud

Recombinant DNA

0.1

Source NSF OIG Website


April 2000 Data

Some Recent Famous Research Misconduct Cases

Dr. Hwang Woo Suk Korean Stem Cell Research Scientists

Dr. Jan Hendrik Schn, Bell Laboratory

Termination
Debarment for life
Monetary Penalty
Jail time

Ali Sultan, M.D., Ph.D., Harvard School of Public Health

Termination
Revocation of his Doctoral Degree

Eric T. Poehlman,MD, PhD University of Vermont (UVM) College of Medicine in


Burlington

Termination
Criminal Charges

Termination
Debarred for 3 years

Dr. Luk Van Parijs, MIT

Termination

the power and influence of the researcher


the dependent situation of populations chosen as research
subjects
the perception of a national necessity or government pressure to
conduct research
the perception of an urgent and overriding scientific need
extreme detachment and lack of any sense of sympathy with the
fate of research subjects
the perception that some people are expendable or already
terminal
the perception that some populations should be excluded from
social concern
secrecy

Research projects that carry with them a modest to


high risk of serious harm to research subjects life,
health, privacy or dignity should be regarded as
abusive forms of acquisition of medical knowledge
Research projects purely justified with reference to
arguments about national necessity or an urgent
and overriding scientific need should be carefully
monitored because of their potential for abuse and
human rights violations

Legally effective informed consent


Legally Authorized Representative (LAR) under State
law
No coercion or undue influence (recruitment)
Obtained by Investigator/Staff trained and authorized
by IRB
Language understandable to the subject
No exculpatory language
Eight required elements
Six additional elements

(1)

(2)

(3)
(4)
(5)

Statement that study is research and information on


purposes/duration/procedures/experimental
procedures
Reasonably foreseeable risks or discomforts
Benefits which may be reasonably expected
Alternative procedures
How confidentiality will be maintained

(6)

(7)

(8)

For more than minimal risk, information on


compensation for injuries
Contact names -- at least one not associated with the
research recommended
Statement that participation is voluntary and the subject
can withdraw at any time without penalty or loss of
benefits to which the subject is otherwise entitled

Statement that there may be risks which are


unforeseeable
Under what circumstances investigator could
terminate subjects participation
Additional costs to subject
Consequences of subjects withdrawal from research
Statement that will be told of new findings
Approximate number of subjects in study

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