WIRELESS COMMUNICATION USING MATLAB

PROJECT MEMBERS
1. Chaitanya Vig
2. Shweta Saigal
3. Utkarsh Malhotra
OBJECTIVE
The objective of our project is to establish a wireless communication between two terminals
using MATLAB.
PROJECT DETAILS
Our project can be broadly divided into three steps1. Establishing a connection between two remote hosts using UDP.
2. Encryption and decryption.
3. Filtering out the noise added during transmission.
Given below are the details of each step.
1. ESTABLISHING A CONNECTION
We will establish the connection between two devices using the UDP object.
To create a UDP object associated with the remote host 127.0.0.1, remote port 4012, and local
port 3533,
u = udp('127.0.0.1', 4012, 'LocalPort', 3533);
Various Properties of UDP

The UDP object must be bound to the local socket with the fopen function.

The default remote port is 9090.

When the UDP object is constructed, the Status property value is closed.

Once the object is bound to the local socket with fopen, Status is configured to open.

The maximum packet size for reading is 8192 bytes.

The data will be sent in packets of at most 4096 bytes.

Baud Rate The default value is 9600. (Data obtained from Instrument Control
Toolbox Properties Documentation)

2. ENCRYPTION AND DECRYPTION ALGORITHM

The Encryption of the voice signal will be a three step process

Scrambling
Principal Component Analysis
Encryption
Scrambling
The digital data will be divided into slots ( In the time domain) and these slots will be
scrambled making the signal unintelligible. This will be done using Caesars cipher
method. The direction and degree of shift will be sent as a part of the private key.
Principle Component Analysis
Principal component analysis is a useful statistical technique that has found application in
fields such as face recognition and image compression, and is a common technique for
finding patterns in data of high dimension.
PCA it is useful when you have obtained data on a number of variables (possibly a large
number of variables), and believe that there is some redundancy in those variables. In this
case, redundancy means that some of the variables are correlated with one another,
possibly because they are measuring the same construct. Because of this redundancy, you
believe that it should be possible to reduce the observed variables into a smaller number
of principal components (artificial variables) that will account for most of the variance in
the observed variables
PCA gives two Eigen-vectors. These two vectors will be separately encrypted using
different encryption algorithms to increase complexity of encryption.
PCA consists of a number of steps:
- Loading the data
- Subtracting the mean of the data from the original dataset
- Finding the covariance matrix of the dataset
- Finding the eigenvector(s) associated with the greatest eigenvalue(s)
- Projecting the original dataset on the eigenvector(s)
MATLAB has a built in command for PCA ( coeff=pca(x))

Plot of Actual Data

Plot of Transformed data using 2 eigen vectors

The

original data can be retrieved by matrix multiplication of the two vectors

3. FILTERING TECHNIQUE TO BE USED

ADAPTIVE FILTERING:
Introduction:
Adaptive filtering involves the changing of filter parameters (coefficients) over time,
to adapt to changing signal characteristics. Over the past three decades, digital signal
processors have made great advances in increasing speed and complexity, and reducing
power consumption. As a result, real-time adaptive filtering algorithms are quickly
becoming practical and essential for the future of communications, both wired and
wireless.

Adaptive Filtering Methodology:

Adaptive filters self-learn. As the signal into the filter continues, the adaptive filter
coefficients adjust themselves to achieve the desired result, such as identifying an
unknown filter or cancelling noise in the input signal.

Block Diagram Defining General Adaptive Filter Algorithm Inputs and Outputs

Designing the filter does not require any other frequency response information or
specification. To define the self-learning process the filter uses, you select the adaptive
algorithm used to reduce the error between the output signal y(k) and the desired signal
d(k).
When the LMS performance criterion for e(k) has achieved its minimum value through the
iterations of the adapting algorithm, the adaptive filter is finished and its coefficients have
converged to a solution. Now the output from the adaptive filter matches closely the desired
signal d(k).
When you change the input data characteristics, sometimes called the filter environment, the
filter adapts to the new environment by generating a new set of coefficients for the new data.
Notice that when e(k) goes to zero and remains there you achieve perfect adaptation, the ideal
result but not likely in the real world.
Noise or Interference Cancellation

In noise cancellation, adaptive filters let you remove noise from a signal in real time. Here,
the desired signal, the one to clean up, combines noise and desired information. To remove
the noise, feed a signal n'(k) to the adaptive filter that represents noise that is correlated to
the noise to remove from the desired signal.
Using an Adaptive Filter to Remove Noise from an Unknown System

So long as the input noise to the filter remains correlated to the unwanted noise
accompanying the desired signal, the adaptive filter adjusts its coefficients to reduce the value
of the difference between y(k) and d(k), removing the noise and resulting in a clean signal
in e(k). In this application, the error signal actually converges to the input data signal, rather
than converging to zero.
Procedure for the project:
1. Construction of the signal to be transmitted (image/audio/text)
2. Performing encryption algorithm and obtaining the key.
3. Transmission of the signal wirelessly to the receiving PC terminal. This received
signal will be fed in the adaptive filter, as s(k)+n(k)

4. N(k) signal represents noise that is correlated to the noise to remove from the
desired signal

5. E(K) signal is calculated and represents the error between the desired and received
signal, which is used to obtain the required signal at the receiver station.
6. Types of adaptive filters:
a. Adaptive filters based on least mean squares (LMS) techniques, such as
dsp.LMSFilter and dsp.FilteredXLMSFilter
b. Adaptive filters based on recursive least squares (RLS) techniques,
including sign-data, sign-error, and sign-sign.
c. Adaptive filters based on lattice filters.
d. Adaptive filters that operate in the frequency domain.
The following will be implemented:

Noise Cancellation Using the Sign-Data LMS Algorithm

Noise Cancellation Using Sign-Error LMS Algorithm

Noise Cancellation Using Sign-Sign LMS Algorithm

The algorithm for noise removing filter will be based on the above mentioned techniques of
implementing adaptive filter