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Practice Exercise
4.1
1 mol Al
mol Al = 3.47 g Al
= 0.129 mol Al
26.98 g Al
4.2
1 mol K 2SO 4
-5
Uncertainty in moles = 0.002 g
= 1.15 x 10 mol K2SO4
174.25 g K 2SO 4
4.3
Find the mass of 5.64 1018 molecules of C18H38 (MW = 254.50 g/mol
254.50 g C H
18 38
3
1 mol C18 H38 = 2.38 10 g
1 mol sucrose
6
Uncertainty of mol of sucrose = 0.002 g
= 5.8 10 mol sucrose
342.299
g
1 mol sucrose
4.6
2 mol Al3+
3 mol SO 2
4
2 mol N
mol N = ( 8.60 mol O )
= 3.44 mol N atoms
5 mol O
4.7
= 59.6 g Fe
16.00 g O 3 mol O 1 mol Fe
35
4.8
= 10.5 g Fe
159.7 g Fe2 O3 1 mol Fe2 O3 1 mol Fe
4.9
16.00 g O 2 mol O
4.10
4.10
1 mol Ti
1 mol TiO
47.87 g Ti
= 18.0 g Ti
1 mol Ti
0.0870 g H
mass H
100% =
% H =
100% = 13.04%
total mass
0.6672 g total
0.3481 g C
mass C
% C =
100% =
100% = 52.17%
total mass
0.6672 g total
It is likely that the compound contains another element since the percentages do not add up to 100%.
4.11
4.12
We first determine the number of grams of each element that are present in one mol of sample:
2 mol N 14.01 g/mol = 28.02 g N
4 mol O 16.00 g/mol = 64.00 g O
The percentages by mass are then obtained using the formula mass of N2O4 (92.02 g):
% N = (28.02/92.02) 100% = 30.45% N
% O = (64.00/92.02) 100% = 69.55% O
4.13
N2O:
NO:
NO2:
N 2O 3:
36
N 2O 4:
N 2O 5:
4.14
1 mol N
mol N = ( 0.712 g N )
= 0.0508 mol N
14.01 g N
We need to know the number of grams of O. Since there is a total of 1.525 g of compound and the only
other element present is N, the mass of O = 1.525 g 0.712 g = 0.813 g O.
1 mol O
mol O = ( 0.813 g O )
= 0.0508 mol O
16.00 g O
Since these two mole amounts are the same, the empirical formula is NO.
4.15
First, find the number of moles of each element, then determine the empirical formula by comparing the
ratio of the number of moles of each element.
Start with the number of moles of S:
1 mol S
mol S = 0.7625 g S
= 0.02378 mol S
32.066 g S
Then find the number of moles of O: since there are only two elements in the compound, S and O, the
remaining mass is O
g O = 1.525 g compound 0.7625 g S = 0.7625 g O
1 mol O
mol O = 0.7625 g O
= 0.04766 mol O
15.9994 g O
The empirical formula is
37
S0.02378O0.4766
The empirical formula must be in whole numbers, so divide by the smaller subscript:
4.16
0.02378
= 1.91 10 mol Al
1 ton Al 1 lb Al 26.98 g Al
2000 lb O 454 g O 1 mol O
5
mol O = 5.04 tons O
= 2.86 10 mol O
1 ton O 1 lb O 16.00 g O
Empirical Formula: Al1.91105 O 2.86105
In whole numbers: Al1.91105 O 2.86105 which becomes AlO1.5 and multiply the subscripts by 2: Al2O3
1.91105
4.17
1.91105
1 mol N
mol N = ( 0.522 g N )
= 0.0373 mol N
14.01 g N
We need to know the number of grams of O. Since there is a total of 2.012 g of compound and the only
other element present is N, the mass of O = 2.012 g 0.522 g = 1.490 g O.
1 mol O
mol O = (1.490 g O )
= 0.0931 mol O
16.00 g O
Since these two mole amounts are not the same, the empirical formula is N0.0373O0.0931; to have the
empirical formula in whole numbers, first divide by the smaller number of moles:
NO 2.5
0.0373
4.18
It is convenient to assume that we have 100 g of the sample, so that the % by mass values may be taken
directly to represent masses. Thus there is 32.4 g of Na, 22.6 g of S and (100.00 32.4 22.6) = 45.0 g of
O. Now, convert these masses to a number of mol:
1 mol Na
mol Na = ( 32.4 g Na )
= 1.40 mol Na
23.00 g Na
1 mol S
mol S = ( 22.6 g S)
= 0.705 mol S
32.06 g S
38
1 mol O
mol O = ( 45.0 g O )
= 2.81 mol O
16.00 g O
Next, we divide each of these mol amounts by the smallest in order to deduce the simplest whole number
ratio:
For Na: 1.40 mol/0.705 mol = 1.99
For S: 0.705 mol/0.705 mol = 1.00
For O: 2.81 mol/0.705 mol = 3.99
The empirical formula is Na2SO4.
4.19
It is convenient to assume that we have 100 g of the sample, so that the % by mass values may be taken
directly to represent masses. Thus there is 81.79 g of C, 6.10 g of H and (100.00 81.79 6.10) = 12.11 g
of O. Now, convert these masses to a number of mol:
1 mol C
mol C = ( 81.79 g C )
= 6.81 mol C
12.01 g C
1 mol H
mol H = ( 6.10 g H )
= 6.05 mol H
1.008 g H
1 mol O
mol O = (12.11 g O )
= 0.757 mol O
16.00 g O
Next, we divide each of these mol amounts by the smallest in order to deduce the simplest whole number
ratio:
For C: 6.81 mol/0.757 mol = 9.00
For H: 6.05 mol/0.757 mol = 7.99
For O: 0.757 mol/0.757 mol = 1.00
The empirical formula is C9H8O.
4.20
Find the moles of S and C using the stoichiometric ratios, and then find the empirical formula from the
ratio of moles of S and C.
Molar mass of SO2 = 64.06 g mol1
1 mol SO 2 1 mol S
3
mol S = 0.640 g SO2
= 9.99 10 mol
64.06 g SO 2 1 mol SO 2
= 5.00 10 mol
44.01
g
CO
1
mol
CO
2
2
39
Empirical Formula C5.00103 S9.99103 divide both subscripts by 5.00 103 to get CS2.
4.21
Since the entire amount of carbon that was present in the original sample appears among the products only
as CO2, we calculate the amount of carbon in the sample as follows:
44.01 g CO 2 1 mol CO 2
12.01 g C
= 2.021 g C
1 mol C
Similarly, the entire mass of hydrogen that was present in the original sample appears among the products
only as H2O. Thus the mass of hydrogen in the sample is:
= 0.3386 g H
18.02 g H 2 O 1 mol H 2 O 1 mol H
The mass of oxygen in the original sample is determined by difference:
5.048 g 2.021 g 0.3386 g = 2.688 g O
Next, these mass amounts are converted to the corresponding mol amounts:
1 mol C
mol C = ( 2.021 g C )
= 0.1683 mol C
12.01 g C
1 mol H
mol H = ( 0.3386 g H )
= 0.3359 mol H
1.008 g H
1 mol O
mol O = ( 2.688 g O )
= 0.1680 mol O
16.00 g O
The simplest formula is obtained by dividing each of these mol amounts by the smallest:
For C: 0.1683 mol/0.1680 mol= 1.002
for H: 0.3359 mol/0.1680 mol= 1.999
For O: 0.1680 mol/0.1680 mol = 1.000
These values give us the simplest formula directly, namely CH2O.
4.22
To find the molecular formula, divide the molecular mass by the formula mass of the empirical formula,
then multiply the subscripts of the empirical formula by that value.
Formula mass of CH2Cl: 49.48 g mol1
Formula mass of CHCl: 48.47 g mol1
40
For CH2Cl
100
289
= 2.02 and
= 5.84
49.48
49.48
For CHCl:
100
289
= 2.06 and
= 5.96
48.47
48.47
The CH2Cl rounds better using the molecular mass of 100, therefore multiply the subscripts by 2 and the
formula is C2H4Cl2.
For CHCl, the molecular mass of 289 gives a multiple of 6, therefore the formula is C6H6Cl6.
4.23
The formula mass of the empirical unit is 1 N + 2 H = 16.03. Since this is half of the molecular mass, the
molecular formula is N2H4.
32.0 g/mol hydrazine x 1 mol NH2/16.03 g = 2 mol NH2/mol hydrazine
4.24
4.25
3Ca(NO3)2(aq) + 2(NH4)3PO4(aq)
4.26
1 mol O 2
mol O 2 = ( 6.76 mol SO3 )
= 3.38 mol O 2
2 mol SO3
4.27
1 mol H 2SO 4
mol H 2SO 4 = ( 0.366 mol NaOH )
= 0.183 mol H 2SO 4
2 mol NaOH
4.28
Fe2O3(s) + 2Al(s)
2Fe(l) + Al2O3(s)
4.29
4.30
2
First determine the number of grams of CaCO3 that would be required to react completely with the given
amount of HCl:
41
For the number of grams of left over HCl, the excess reagent, find the amount of HCl used and then
subtract that from the amount of HCl started with, 125 g.
4.31
First determine the number of grams of O2 that would be required to react completely with the given
amount of ammonia:
4.32
First determine the number of grams of salicylic acid, HOOCC6H4OH that would be required to react
completely with the given amount of acetic anhydride, C4H6O3:
1 mol C4 H 6 O3
102.09 g C4 H 6 O3
1 mol HOOCC6 H 4 OH
= 42.2 g HOOCC6H4OH
Since more salicylic acid is required than is available, it is the limiting reagent. Once 28.2 g of salicylic
acid is reacted the reaction will stop, even though there are 15.6 g of acetic anhydride present. Therefore
the salicylic acid is the limiting reactant. The theoretical yield of aspirin HOOCC6H4O2C2H3 is therefore
based on the amount of salicylic acid added. This is calculated below:
42
30.7 g HOOCC6 H 4 O 2 C2 H3
actual yield
percent yield =
100%
100% =
theoretical yield
36.78 g HOOCC6 H 4 O 2 C2 H3
= 83.5%
4.33
First determine the number of grams of C2H5OH that would be required to react completely with the given
amount of sodium dichromate:
100 = 86.1%
Three step synthesis overall yield = (0.872 x 0.911 x 0.863) x 100 = 68.6 %
Two step synthesis overall yield = (0.855 x 0.843) x 100 = 72.1 %
Therefore, the two step process is the preferred process.
43
Review Questions
4.1
To estimate the number of atoms in a gram of iron, using atomic mass units, u, convert g to kg, then use the
relationship, 1.661 1027 kg = 1 u, finally using the atomic mass of Fe (55.85 u) to find the number of
atoms:
1 molecule
1 kg
1u
1 g Fe
= 1.08 1022 atoms Fe
27
kg 55.85 u
1000 g 1.661 10
4.2
The mole is the SI unit for the amount of a substance. A mole is equal in quantity to Avogadros number
(6.022 1023) of particles, or the formula mass in grams of a substance.
4.3
Moles are used for calculations instead of atomic mass units because they have the right units for
converting from grams to moles and vice versa.
4.4
There are the same number of molecules in 2.5 moles of H2O and 2.5 moles of H2.
4.5
There are 2 moles of iron atoms in 1 mole of Fe2O3. The stoichiometric equivalent between Fe and Fe2O is
2 mol Fe 1 mol Fe2O3.
For the number of iron atoms in 1 mole of Fe2O3:
4.6
(a)
1 mol S
2 mol O
(b)
2 mol As
3 mol O
(c)
(d)
4.7
= 1.204 10 atoms Fe
1
mol
Fe
1 mol S 2 mol O
1 mol SO 2 1 mol SO 2
3 mol O 2 mol As 3 mol O
2 mol As 1 mol As O 1 mol As O
2 3
2 3
2 mol O
1 mol S
2 mol K
1 mol S
2 mol K
4 mol O
2 mol Na
1 mol H
1 mol P
4 mol O
1 mol P
2 mol Na
1 mol P
1 mol H
(a)
3 mol Mn
4 mol O
4 mol O
3 mol Mn
(b)
2 mol Sb
5 mol S
5 mol S
2 mol Sb
1 mol P
4 mol O
4 mol O
2 mol Na
3 mol Mn
1 mol Mn 3O 4
2 mol Sb
1 mol Sb2S5
44
4 mol O
1 mol H
4 mol O
1 mol Mn 3O 4
5 mol S
1 mol Sb2S5
4 mol O
1 mol P
2 mol N
1 mol ( NH 4 ) SO4
2
4 mol O
1 mol ( NH 4 ) SO4
2
8 mol H 1 mol S
4 mol O 2 mol N
(c)
2 mol N
8 mol H
1 mol S
1 mol ( NH 4 ) SO4
2
2 mol N
1 mol S
1 mol S
8 mol H
2 mol Cl
2 mol Hg
2 mol Hg
2 mol Cl
(d)
8 mol H
1 mol ( NH 4 ) SO4
2
2 mol N
4 mol O
1 mol S
4 mol O
2 mol Hg
2 mol Hg 2 Cl2
8 mol H
2 mol N
4 mol O
2 mol N
4 mol O
8 mol H
8 mol H
1 mol S
4 mol O
1 mol S
2 mol Cl
2 mol Hg 2 Cl2
4.8
The molecular mass is required to convert grams of a substance to moles of that same substance.
4.9
The statement, 1 mol O, does not indicate whether this is atomic oxygen, O, or molecular oxygen, O2. The
statement 64 g of oxygen is not ambiguous because the source of oxygen is not important.
4.10
1 mol Al
26.98 g Al
1 mol Al and 26.98 g Al
4.11
At a minimum, the identity and mass of each atomic element present must be known. If the total mass of
the compound is known, then it is necessary to know all but one mass of the elements that compose the
compound.
4.12
When balancing a chemical equation, changing the subscripts changes the identity of the substance.
4.13
4.14
The subscripts in a formula may not be changed unless one is determining the molecular formula from the
empirical formula.
There are three distinct empirical formulas represented AB2, AB3, and A3B8. There are two molecules with
the empirical formula AB3; AB3 and A2B6. There is one A3B8, and there are two with the formula AB2;
A6B12 and A3B6.
4.15
1000 g
Avagadro's number = 2 1027 kg
1 kg
4.16
= 5 1023
To convert grams of a substance to molecules of the same substance, the molecular mass of the substance,
and Avagadro's number are needed.
4.17
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
45
4.18
S
O
4.19
Student B is correct.
Student A wrote a properly balanced equation. However, by changing the subscript for the product of the
reaction from an implied one, NaCl, to a two, NaCl2, this student has changed the identity of the product.
When balancing chemical equations, never change the values of the subscripts given in the unbalanced
equation.
4.20
Convert moles of B to moles of compound, A5B2; then using the stoichiometric ratio of moles of A to
moles of A5B2, determine the moles of A; and finally convert the moles of A to grams of A using the
molecular mass of A.
1 mol A 5 B2 5 mol A 100.0 g A
(10 mol B)
4.21
4.22
To determine the number of grams of sulfur that would react with a gram of arsenic, the stoichiometric
ratio of the arsenic to the sulfur in the compound is needed, as well as the atomic masses of sulfur and
arsenic.
4.23
(a)
(b)
The scale of the reaction is determined by the number of moles used as reactants in the
experiment.
4.24
2H2O2 2H2O + O2
4.25
First write the balanced equation for the reaction of NH4NO3 as an explosive:
2NH4NO3 (s) 2N2 (g) + O2 (g) + 4H2O (g)
Then find the molecular mass of NH4NO3 (80.04 g/mol).
Then calculate the number of moles of NH4NO3 is in 1.00 kg of NH4NO3:
Finally, using the stoichiometric ratio of N2 to NH4NO3 calculate the number of moles of N2 and then
multiply by Avagadro's number:
46
1
mol
NH
NO
4
3
4.26
1
mol
N
2
Reaction 1
Reaction 2
Review Problems
4.27
1:2,
4.28
1:4,
4.29
4.30
1 mol Ta
3
1.56 1021 atoms Ta
= 2.59 10 mole Ta
23
6.022 10 atoms Ta
1 mol I2
3.65 1024 molecules of I2
6.022 1023 molecules I
2
4.31
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
4.32
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
2 atom C: 1 atom O
2 mole C: 1 mole O
1 atom C:2 atom H
1 mole C:2 mole H
= 6.06 mole I2
4.33
2 mol Bi
mol Bi = (2.24 mol O)
= 1.49 mol Bi
3 mol O
4.34
2 mol V
mol V = (0.565 mol O)
= 0.226 mol V
5 mol O
4.35
2 mol Cr
mol Cr = (3.64 mol Cr2O3)
= 7.28 mol Cr
1 mol Cr2 O3
47
4.36
3 mol O
mol O = (4.25 mol CaCO3)
= 12.8 mol O
1 mol CaCO3
4.37
(a)
2 mol Al
3 mol S
3 mol S or 2 mol Al
(b)
3 mol S
1 mol Al2 (SO4 )3
or
3 mol S
(c)
mol Al =
(d)
mol S =
(a)
3 mol Fe
1 mol Fe3O 4
or
3 mol Fe
1 mol Fe3O 4
(b)
3 mol Fe
4 mol O
4 molO or 3 mol Fe
(c)
3 mol Fe
mol Fe = (2.75 mol Fe3O4)
= 8.25 mol Fe
1 mol Fe3O 4
(d)
mol Fe 2 O3 =
4.38
4.39
( 0.638 mol S)
2 mol Al
= 0.425 mol Al
3 mol S
3 mol S
= 7.62 mol S
1 mol Al2 (SO 4 )3
3 mol Fe
1
mol
Fe3O 4
1 mol Fe 2 O3
1 mol N 2
3 mol H 2
and
2 mol NH3
2 mol NH3
To determine the moles produced, simply convert from starting moles to end moles:
1 mol N 2
mole N2 = 0.287 mol NH3
= 0.144 mol N 2
2 mol NH3
The moles of hydrogen are calculated similarly:
3 mol H 2
mole H2 = 0.287 mol NH3
= 0.431 mol H 2
2 mol NH3
48
4.40
3 mol S
2 mol Al
To determine the moles of S needed, simply convert from the moles of Al2S3 produced:
3 mol S
mol S = (0.225 mol Al)
= 0.338 mol S
2 mol Al
4.41
4 mol F
mol UF6 = (1.25 mol CF4)
1 mol CF4
1 mol UF6
6 mol F
4.42
4.43
1 mol C3 H8
atoms C = (4.13 mol H)
8 mol H
23
6.022 10 molecules C3 H8
1 mol C3 H8
3 atoms C
1 molecule C3 H8
4.45
8 mol H
atom H = (3.21 mol C3H8)
1 mol C3 H8
1
mol
H
24 atoms
Number of atoms = (0.260 mol glucose)
1 mol glucose
1 molecule glucose
= 3.76 1024 atoms
4.46
9 atoms
4
3
Number of atoms = (0.648 mol NH4NO3)
1
mol
NH
NO
1
molecule
glucose
4
3
4.47
1 mol C-12
mol C12 = 8.00 g
= 0.667 mol C12
12.00 g C-12
6.022 1023 atoms C-12
Number of atoms C12 = 0.667 mol
= 4.01 1023 atoms C12
1
mol
C-12
49
4.48
1
mol
C-12
12.00 g C-12
g C12 = 1.5 mol C12
= 18 g C12
1 mol C-12
4.49
4.50
(a)
55.85 g Fe
g Fe = (2.46 mol Fe)
= 137 g Fe
1 mole Fe
(b)
16.0 g O
g O = (13.8 mol O)
= 221 g O
1 mole O
(c)
40.08 g Ca
g Ca = (0.688 mol Ca)
= 27.6 g Ca
1 mole Ca
(a)
32.07 g S
g S = (0.546 mol S)
= 17.5 g S
1 mole S
(b)
14.01 g N
g N = (3.29 mol N)
= 46.1 g N
1 mole N
(c)
26.98 g N
g Al = (8.11 mol Al)
= 219 g Al
1 mole N
4.51
39.10 g K
1 mol K
20
g K = 4 102 atoms K
= 3 10 g K
23
1
mol
K
6.022 10 atoms K
4.52
196.9665 g Au
1 mol Au
4
g Au = 4 1017 atoms Au
= 1.31 10 g Au
23
1
mol
Au
6.022 10 atoms Au
4.53
1 mol Ni
mol Ni = 22.4 g Ni
= 0.382 mol Ni
58.69 g Ni
4.54
1 mol Cr
mol Cr = 85.7 g Cr
= 1.65 mol Cr
52.00 g Cr
4.55
(b)
NaHCO3
(NH4)2CO3
1Na + 1H + 1C + 3O
2N + 8H + C + 3O
50
(c)
(d)
(e)
4.56
CuSO45H2O
K2Cr2O7
Al2(SO4)3
249.685 g/mole
2K + 2Cr + 7O
294.1846 g/mole
2Al + 3S + 12O
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Ca(NO3)2
Pb(C2H5)4
Na2SO410H2O
Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3
Mg3(PO4)2
1Ca + 2N + 6O
1Pb + 8C + 20H
=
=
3Mg + 2P + 8O
51
4.57
(a)
310.18 g Ca 3 ( PO 4 )
2
g Ca3(PO4)2 = (3.25 mol Ca3(PO4)2)
1 mol Ca 3 ( PO 4 )
2
= 1010 g Ca3(PO4)2
(b)
241.86 mg Fe ( NO3 )
3
mg Fe(NO3)3 = (0.975 mmol Fe(NO3)3)
= 236 mg Fe(NO3)3
1 mmol Fe ( NO3 )
3
= 0.236 g Fe(NO3)3
4.58
(c)
58.12 g C4 H10
5
g C4H10 = (0.750 mol C4H10)
= 43.6 g C4H10 = 4.36 10 g C4H10
1
mol
C
H
4 10
(d)
96.09 g ( NH 4 ) CO3
2
= 308 g (NH4)2CO3
g (NH4)2CO3 = (3.21 mol (NH4)2CO3)
1 mol ( NH 4 ) CO3
2
(a)
136.31 g ZnCl 2
g ZnCl2 = (0.754 mol ZnCl2)
= 103 g ZnCl2
1 mol ZnCl2
(b)
1 mol KIO
3 214.00 g KIO3
g KIO3 = (0.194 mol KIO3)
106 mol KIO 1 mol KIO3
3
4.59
(c)
1 mol POCl
3 153.33 g POCl3
= 0.0494 g POCl3
g POCl3 = (0.322 mmol POCl3)
103 mmol POCl 1 mol POCl3
3
(d)
132.1 g ( NH 4 ) HPO 4
2
g (NH4)2HPO4 = (4.31 103 mol (NH4)2HPO4)
1 mol ( NH 4 ) HPO 4
2
(a)
1 mole CaCO3
moles CaCO3 = ( 42.6 g CaCO3 )
= 0.426 moles CaCO3
100.09 g CaCO3
(b)
1 g NH
1 mole NH
3
3
(c)
1 mole Sr ( NO3 )
2
moles Sr ( NO3 )2 = 9.78 g Sr ( NO3 )2
211.6 g Sr ( NO3 )
2
(d)
1 g Na CrO
2
4
moles Na 2 CrO 4 = ( 4.89 g Na 2 CrO 4 )
106 g Na CrO
2
4
52
= 0.569 g (NH4)2HPO4
1 mole Na CrO
2
4
162.0 g Na 2 CrO 4
4.60
(a)
1 mole Ca(OH)2
mol Ca(OH)2 = (9.36 g Ca(OH)2
= 0.126 mol Ca(OH)2
74.10 g Ca(OH)2
(b)
(c)
1 mole H 2 O 2
mol H2O2 = (4.29 g H2O2)
= 0.126 mol H2O2
34.01 g H 2 O2
(d)
4.61
The formula CaC2 indicates that there is 1 mole of Ca for every 2 moles of C. Therefore, if there are 0.278
moles of C there must be 0.139 moles of Ca.
40.078 g Ca
g Ca = (0.139 mol Ca)
= 5.57 g Ca
1 mole Ca
4.62
2 moles I
mol I = 0.500 mol Ca ( IO3 )2
1 mole Ca ( IO3 )
2
= 1.00 moles I
389.9 g Ca ( IO3 )
2
g Ca ( IO3 )2 = 0.500 mol Ca ( IO3 )2
1 mole Ca ( IO3 )
2
4.63
= 195 g Ca ( IO3 )
2
2 moles N
= 1.30 mol N
mol N = (0.650 mol (NH4)2CO3)
1 mole ( NH 4 ) CO3
2
4.64
2 moles N
mol N = (0.549 mol NH4NO3)
= 1.10 mol N
1 mole NH 4 NO3
80.04 g NH 4 NO3
g NH4NO3 = (0.549 mol NH4NO3)
= 43.9 g NH4NO3
1 mole NH 4 NO3
4.65
2 mol N
1 kg N 14.01 g N
= 3.43 kg fertilizer
53
4.66
4.67
1 kg P 30.97 g P 2 mol P
= 3.4 kg P2O5
141.94 g P2 O5 1 kg P2 O5
1 mol P2 O5 1000 g P2 O5
% Na =
(b)
(c)
(d)
23.0 g Na
100% = 19.2%
119.98 g NaH 2 PO 4
%H=
2.02 g H
100% = 1.68%
119.98 g NaH 2 PO4
%P=
31.0 g P
100% = 25.8%
119.98 g NaH 2 PO4
%O=
64.0 g O
100 % = 53.3 %
119.98 g NaH 2 PO4
%N=
14.0 g N
100% = 12.2%
115.05 g NH 4 H 2 PO4
%H=
6.05 g H
100% = 5.26%
115.05 g NH 4 H 2 PO4
%P=
31.0 g P
100% = 26.9%
115.05 g NH 4 H 2 PO4
%O=
64.0 g O
100 % = 55.6 %
115.05 g NH 4 H 2 PO4
%C=
36.0 g C
100% = 62.0%
58.08 g ( CH3 )2 CO
%H=
6.05 g H
100% = 10.4%
58.08 g ( CH3 )2 CO
%O=
16.0 g O
100% = 27.6%
58.08 g ( CH3 )2 CO
54
% Ca =
(e)
%S=
32.1 g S
100% = 18.6%
172.2 g CaSO 4 2H 2 O
%O=
96.0 g O
100% = 55.7%
172.2 g CaSO 4 2H 2 O
%H=
4.03 g H
100 % = 2.34 %
172.2 g CaSO 4 2H 2 O
% Ca =
4.68
(a)
(b)
40.1 g Ca
100% = 23.3%
172.2 g CaSO 4 2H 2 O
40.1 g Ca
100% = 23.3%
172.2 g CaSO 4 2H 2 O
%S=
32.1 g S
100% = 18.6%
172.2 g CaSO 4 2H 2 O
%O=
96.0 g O
100% = 55.7%
172.2 g CaSO 4 2H 2 O
%H=
4.03 g H
100 % = 2.34 %
172.2 g CaSO 4 2H 2 O
%C=
24.02 g C
100% = 40.0%
60.12 g (CH3 )2 N 2 H 2
%H=
8.06 g H
100% = 13.4%
60.12 g (CH3 )2 N 2 H 2
%N=
28.0 g N
100% = 46.6%
60.12 g (CH3 )2 N 2 H 2
% Ca =
40.08 g Ca
100% = 40.0%
100.1 g CaCO3
%C=
12.01 g C
100% = 12.0%
100.1 g CaCO3
%O=
48.00 g O
100% = 48.0%
100.1 g CaCO3
55
(c)
(d)
(e)
% Fe =
55.85 g Fe
100% = 23.1%
241.9 g Fe ( NO3 )3
%N =
42.03 g N
100% = 17.4%
241.9 g Fe ( NO3 )3
%O =
144.00 g O
100% = 59.5%
241.9 g Fe ( NO3 )3
%C =
36.03 g C
100% = 81.7%
44.11 g C3 H8
%H =
8.08 g H
100% = 18.3%
44.11 g C3 H8
% Al =
4.69
54.0 g Al
100% = 15.8%
342.2 g Al2 ( SO4 )3
%S =
96.2 g S
100% = 28.1%
342.2 g Al2 ( SO 4 )3
%O =
192.0 g O
100% = 56.1%
342.2 g Al2 ( SO 4 )3
% C in morphine =
% C in heroin =
204.17 g C
100% = 71.556% C
285.36 g C17 H19 NO3
252.21 g C
100% = 68.276% C
369.44 g C21H 23 NO5
4.70
% N in carbamazepine =
28.02 g N
100% = 11.9% N
236.29 g C15 H12 N 2 O
% N in carbetapentane =
14.01 g N
100% = 4.20% N
333.52 g C20 H31 NO3
56
4.71
% Cl in Freon-12 =
70.90 g Cl
100% = 58.63% Cl
120.92 g CCl2 F2
% Cl in Freon 141b =
70.9 g Cl
100% = 60.62% Cl
116.95 g C2 H3Cl2 F
% Cl in Freon-12 =
70.90 g Cl
100% = 58.63% Cl
120.92 g CCl2 F2
% Cl in Freon 113 =
106.35 g Cl
100% = 56.759% Cl
187.37 g C2 Cl3 F3
%P =
0.976 g P
100% = 22.9%
4.26 g compound
%N =
0.896 g N
100% = 25.9%
3.46 g compound
For C17H25N, the molar mass (17C + 25H + 1N) equals 243.43 g/mole, and the three theoretical values for
% by weight are calculated as follows:
%C=
204.2 g C
100% = 83.89%
243.4 g C17 H 25 N
%H=
25.20 g H
100% = 10.35%
243.4 g C17 H 25 N
%N=
14.01 g N
100% = 5.76%
243.4 g C17 H 25 N
These data are consistent with the experimental values cited in the problem.
4.76
For C20H25N3O, the molar mass (20C + 25H + 3N + O) equals 323.44 g/mole, and the theoretical values for
% by weight are calculated as follows:
57
%C=
240.22 g C
100% = 74.27%
323.44 g C20 H 25 N3O
%H=
25.20 g H
100% = 7.791%
323.44 g C20 H 25 N3O
%N=
42.02 g N
100% = 12.99%
323.44 g C20 H 25 N3O
%O=
16.00 g O
100% = 4.947%
323.44 g C20 H 25 N3O
(a)
(b)
These data are not consistent with the theoretical formula for LSD.
4.77
5 mol O 16.0 g O
1 mol N
g O = 1.28 1022 atoms N
= 0.850 g O
23
6.02 10 atoms N 2 mol N 1 mol O
4.78
5 mol C 12.01 g C
1 mol H
g C = (4.25 1023 atoms H)
= 3.53 g C
23
6.02 10 atoms H 12 mol H 1 mol C
4.79
The molecular formula is some integer multiple of the empirical formula. This means that we can divide
the molecular formula by the largest possible whole number that gives an integer ratio among the atoms in
the empirical formula.
(a)
SCl
(b)
CH2O
(c)
NH3
(d)
AsO3
(e)
HO
4.80
(a)
CH3O
(b)
HSO4
(c)
C2H5
(d)
BH3
(e)
C2H6O
4.81
We begin by realizing that the mass of oxygen in the compound may be determined by difference:
0.896 g total (0.111 g Na + 0.477 g Tc) = 0.308 g O.
Next we can convert each mass of an element into the corresponding number of moles of that element as
follows:
1 mol Na
3
mol Na = ( 0.111 g Na )
= 4.83 10 mol Na
23.00
g
Na
1 mol Tc
3
mol Tc = ( 0.477 g Tc )
= 4.82 10 mol Tc
98.9
g
Tc
1 mol O
2
mol O = ( 0.308 g O )
= 1.93 10 mol O
16.0
g
O
Now we divide each of these numbers of moles by the smallest of the three numbers, in order to obtain the
simplest mole ratio among the three elements in the compound:
for Na, 4.83 103 moles / 4.82 103 moles = 1.00
for Tc, 4.82 103 moles / 4.82 103 moles = 1.00
58
1 mol C
mol C = (0.423 g C)
= 0.0352 mol C
12.01 g C
1 mol Cl
mol Cl = (2.50 g Cl)
= 0.0705 mol Cl
35.45 g Cl
1 mol F
mol F = (1.34 g F)
= 0.0705 mol F
19.00 g F
Now we divide each of these numbers of moles by the smallest of the three numbers, in order to obtain the
simplest mole ratio among the three elements in the compound:
for C, 0.0352 moles / 0.0352 moles = 1.00
for Cl, 0.0705 moles / 0.0352 moles = 2.000
for F, 0.0705 moles / 0.0352 moles = 2.00
These relative mole amounts give us the empirical formula CCl2F2
4.83
To solve this problem we will assume that we have a 100 g sample. This implies we have 14.5 g C,and 85.5
g Cl.:
1 mol C
mol C = (14.5 g C)
= 1.21 mol C
12.01 g C
1 mol Cl
mol Cl = (85.5 g Cl)
= 2.41 mol Cl
35.45 g Cl
Now we divide each of these numbers of moles by the smallest of the three numbers, in order to obtain the
simplest mole ratio among the three elements in the compound:
for C, 1.21 moles / 1.21 moles = 1.00
for Cl, 2.41 moles /1.21 moles = 2.000
These relative mole amounts give us the empirical formula CCl2
4.84
To solve this problem we will assume that we have a 100 g sample. This implies that we have 77.26 g Hg,
9.25 g C, 1.17 g H and 12.32 g O. The amount of oxygen was determined by subtracting the total amounts
of the other three elements from the total assumed mass of 100 g. Convert each of these masses into a
number of moles:
1 mole Hg
moles Hg = ( 77.26 g Hg )
= 0.3852 moles Hg
200.59 g Hg
59
1 mole C
moles C = ( 9.25 g C )
= 0.770 moles C
12.011 g C
1 mole H
moles H = (1.17 g H )
= 1.16 moles H
1.008 g H
1 mole O
moles O = (12.32 g O )
= 0.7700 moles O
15.999 g O
The relative mole amounts are determined as follows:
for Hg, 0.3852 moles / 0.3852 moles = 1.000
for C, 0.770 moles / 0.3852 moles = 2.00
for H, 1.16 moles / 0.3852 moles = 3.01
for O, 0.7700 moles / 0.3852 moles = 1.999
and the empirical formula is HgC2H3O2. The empirical formula weight is 259.6 g/mole, which must be
multiplied by 2 in order to obtain the molecular weight. This means that the molecular formula is twice the
empirical formula, or Hg2C4H6O4.
4.85
To solve this problem we will assume that we have a 100 g sample. This implies we have 72.96 g C, 5.40 g
H, and 21.64 g O. The grams of O are determined knowing that the total mass of all elements in the
compound must add to 100 g.:
1 mol C
mol C = (72.96 g C)
= 6.074 mol C
12.011 g C
1 mol H
mol H = (5.40 g H)
= 5.36 mol H
1.008 g H
To find the number of moles of O, first we have to find the number of grams of O:
100 g total = (72.96 g C) + (5.40 g H) + (x g O)
g O = 21.64 g O
1 mol O
mol O = (21.64 g O)
= 1.353 mol O
15.999 g O
Now we divide each of these numbers of moles by the smallest of the three numbers, in order to obtain the
simplest mole ratio among the three elements in the compound:
for C, 6.074 moles / 1.353 moles = 4.49
for H, 5.36 moles / 1.353 moles = 3.96
for O, 1.353 moles / 1.353 moles = 1.00
60
1 mol C
mol C = (63.2 g C)
= 5.26 mol C
12.01 g C
1 mol H
mol H = (5.26 g H)
= 5.22 mol H
1.008 g H
1 mol O
mol O = (31.6 g O)
= 1.98 mol O
16.00 g O
Now we divide each of these numbers of moles by the smallest of the three numbers, in order to obtain the
simplest mole ratio among the three elements in the compound:
for C, 5.26 moles / 1.98 moles = 2.66 = (8/3)
for H, 5.22 moles / 1.98 moles = 2.64 = (8/3)
for O, 1.98 moles / 1.98 moles = 1.00 = (3/3)
These relative mole amounts give us the empirical formula C8H8O3
4.87
= 0.3013 g C
44.01 g CO 2 1 mol CO 2 1 mol C
1 mol C
2
mol C = (0.3013 g C)
= 2.509 10 mol C
12.01 g C
All of the hydrogen is converted to H2O, so
= 0.0758 g H
18.02 g H 2 O 1 mol H 2 O 1 mol H
1 mol H
2
mol H = (0.0758 g H)
= 7.52 10 mol H
1.008 g H
The amount of O in the compound is determined by subtracting the mass of C and the mass of H from the
sample.
g O = 0.578 g 0.3013 g 0.0758 g = 0.201 g O
1 mol O
2
mol O = (0.201 g O)
= 1.26 10 mol O
16.00 g O
61
1 mol CO 2 1 mol C
g C = (2.01 g CO2)
44.01 g CO 2 1 mol CO 2
12.01 g C
= 0.549 g C
1 mol C
1 mol C
mol C = (0.549 g C)
= 0.0457 mol C
12.01 g C
All of the hydrogen is converted to H2O, so
= 0.0925 g H
18.02 g H 2 O 1 mol H 2 O 1 mol H
1 mol H
mol H = (0.0925 g H)
= 0.0918 mol H
1.008 g H
The amount of O in the compound is determined by subtracting the mass of C and the mass of H from the
sample.
g O = 0.822 g 0.549 g 0.0925 g = 0.181 g
1 mol O
mol O = (0.181 g O)
= 0.0113 mol O
16.00 g O
The relative mole ratios are:
for C, 0.0457 moles / 0.0113 moles = 4.04
for H, 0.0918 moles/ 0.0113 moles = 8.12
for O, 0.0113 moles / 0.0113 moles = 1.00
The relative mole amounts give the empirical formula C4H8O
4.89
This type of combustion analysis takes advantage of the fact that the entire amount of carbon in the original
sample appears as CO2 among the products. Hence the mass of carbon in the original sample must be equal
to the mass of carbon that is found in the CO2.
62
1 mole CO 2 1 mole C
g C = (19.73 103 g CO2)
12.011 g C
3
= 5.385 10 g C
1
mole
C
Similarly, the entire mass of hydrogen that was present in the original sample ends up in the products as
H2O:
1 mol C
4
mol C = (5.385 103 g C)
= 4.484 10 mol C
12.011
g
C
1 mol H
4
mol H = (7.150 104 g H)
= 7.094 10 mol H
1.0079
g
H
1 mol O
5
mol O = (7.53 104 g O)
= 4.71 10 mol H
15.999
g
O
This type of combustion analysis takes advantage of the fact that the entire amount of carbon in the original
sample appears as CO2 among the products. Hence the mass of carbon in the original sample must be equal
to the mass of carbon that is found in the CO2.
= 6.3002 10 g C
44.0095
g
CO
1
mole
CO
1
mole
C
2
2
63
Similarly, the entire mass of hydrogen that was present in the original sample ends up in the products as
H2O:
= 8.688 10 g H
18.015
g
H
O
1
mole
H
O
1
mole
H
2
2
The mass of oxygen is determined by subtracting the mass due to C and H from the total mass:
7.468 mg total (6.3002 mg C + 0.8688 mg H) = 0.299 mg O.
Now, convert these masses to a number of moles:
1 mol C
4
mol C = (6.3002 103 g C)
= 5.2455 10 mol C
12.0107
g
C
1 mol H
4
mol H = (8.688 104 g H)
= 8.620 10 mol H
1.0079
g
H
1 mol O
5
mol O = (2.99 104 g O)
= 1.87 10 mol H
15.999 g O
The relative mole amounts are:
for C, 5.2455 104 mol / 1.87 105 mol = 28.1
for H, 8.620 104 mol / 1.87 105 mol = 46.1
for O, 1.87 105 mol / 1.87 105 mol = 1.00
and the empirical formula is C28H46O.
4.91
(a)
270.4 g/mol
= 2.001
135.1 g/mol
The molecular formula is Na2S4O6
(b)
147.0 g/mol
= 2.000
73.50 g/mol
The molecular formula is C6H4Cl2
(c)
181.4 g/mol
= 2.999
60.48 g/mol
The molecular formula is C6H3Cl3
64
4.92
(a)
732.6 g/mol
= 6.000
122.1 g/mol
The molecular formula is Na12Si6O18
(b)
305.9 g/mol
= 2.999
102.0 g/mol
The molecular formula is Na3P3O9
(c)
62.1 g/mol
= 2.00
31.03 g/mol
The molecular formula is C2H6O2
4.93
The formula mass for the compound C19H30O2 is 290 g/mol. Thus, the empirical and molecular formulas
are equivalent.
4.94
The formula mass for the compound C28H46O is 399 g/mol. Thus, the empirical and molecular formulas
are equivalent.
4.95
From the information provided, we can determine the mass of mercury as the difference between the total
mass and the mass of bromine:
g Hg = 0.595 g compound 0.170 g Br = 0.425 g Hg
To determine the empirical formula, first convert the two masses to a number of moles.
1 mole Hg
3
mol Hg = (0.425 g Hg)
= 2.12 10 mol Hg
200.59
g
Hg
1 mole Br
3
mol Br = (0.170 g Br)
= 2.13 10 mol Br
79.904 g Br
Now, we would divide each of these values by the smaller quantity to determine the simplest mole ratio
between the two elements. By inspection, though, we can see there are the same number of moles of Hg
and Br. Consequently, the simplest mole ratio is 1:1 and the empirical formula is HgBr.
65
To determine the molecular formula, recall that the ratio of the molecular mass to the empirical mass is
equivalent to the ratio of the molecular formula to the empirical formula. Thus, we need to calculate an
empirical mass:
(1 mole Hg)(200.59 g Hg/mole Hg) + (1 mole Br)(79.904 g Br/mole Br) = 280.49 g/mole HgBr.
The molecular mass, as reported in the problem is 561 g/mole. The ratio of these is:
561 g/mole
= 2.00
280.49 g/mole
So, the molecular formula is two times the empirical formula or Hg2Br2.
4.96
From the information provided, the mass of sulfur is the difference between the total mass and the mass of
antimony:
To determine the empirical formula, first convert the two masses to a number of moles.
1 mole S
3
mol S = (0.2645 g S)
= 8.249 10 mol S
32.065
g
S
1 mole Sb
3
mol Sb = (0.4017 g Sb)
= 3.299 10 mol Sb
121.76
g
Sb
Now, divide each of these values by the smaller quantity to determine the simplest mole ratio between the
two elements:
Hence the empirical formula is Sb2S5, and the empirical mass is (2 Sb) + (5 S) = 403.85 g/mol. Since
the molecular mass reported in the problem is the same as the calculated empirical mass, the empirical
formula is the same as the molecular formula.
4.97
First, determine the amount of oxygen in the sample by subtracting the masses of the other elements from
the total mass:
0.8306 g (0.2318 g C + 0.01944 g H + 0.2705 g N) = 0.3089 g O.
Now, convert these masses into a number of moles for each element:
66
1 mole C
2
mol C = (0.2318 g C)
= 1.930 10 mol C
12.011
g
C
1 mole H
2
mol H = (0.01944 g H)
= 1.929 10 mol H
1.0079
g
H
1 mole N
2
mol N = (0.2705 g N)
= 1.931 10 mol N
14.007 g N
1 mole O
2
mol O = (0.3089 g O)
= 1.931 10 mol O
15.999 g O
These are clearly all the same mole amounts, and we deduce that the empirical formula is CHNO, which
has a formula weight of 43. It can be seen that the number 43 must be multiplied by the integer 3 in order
to obtain the molar mass (3 43 = 129), and this means that the empirical formula should similarly be
multiplied by 3 in order to arrive at the molecular formula, C3H3N3O3.
4.98
To solve this problem we will assume that we have a 100 g sample. This implies that we have 75.42 g C,
6.63 g H, 8.38 g N and 9.57 g O. The amount of oxygen was determined by subtracting the total amounts
of the other three elements from the total assumed mass of 100 g. Convert each of these masses into a
number of moles:
1 mole C
mol C = (75.42 g C)
= 6.279 mol C
12.011 g C
1 mole H
mol H = (6.63 g H)
= 6.58 mol H
1.008 g H
1 mole N
mol N = (8.38 g N)
= 0.598 mol N
14.01 g N
1 mole O
mol O = (9.57 g O)
= 0.598 mol O
16.00 g O
The relative mole amounts are determined as follows:
for C, 6.279 mol / 0.598 mol = 10.5
for H, 6.58 mol / 0.598 mol = 11.0
for N, 0.598 mol / 0.598 mol = 1.00
for O, 0.598 mol / 0.598 mol = 1.00
In order to obtain whole numbers, each of these values is multiplied by 2 and we determine the empirical
formula is C21H22N2O2. The empirical formula weight is 334 g/mole. This means that the molecular
formula is the same as the empirical formula, or C21H22N2O2.
67
4.99
2 Ba(OH)28H2O contains:
(a) 2 atoms of Ba, 20 atoms of O, and 36 atoms of H
4.100
4.101
4.102
4.103
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(a)
2SO2 + O2 2SO3
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
4.104
4.105
4.106
68
(e)
4.107
4NH2CHO + 5O2
4.108
4NH2CHO + 5O2
4.109
(a)
1 mole Na 2S2 O3
mol Na2S2O3 = (0.24 mol Cl2)
= 0.060 mol Na2S2O3
4 mole Cl2
(b)
8 mole HCl
mol HCl = (0.24 mol Cl2)
= 0.48 mol HCl
4 mole Cl2
(c)
5 mole H 2 O
mol H2O = (0.24 mol Cl2)
= 0.30 mol H2O
4 mole Cl2
(d)
5 mole H 2 O
mol H2O = (0.48 mol HCl)
= 0.30 mol H2O
8 mole HCl
(a)
25 mole O2
mol O2 = (6.84 mol C8H18)
= 85.5 mol O2
2 mole C8 H18
(b)
16 mole CO 2
mol CO2 = (0.511 mol C8H18)
= 4.09 mol CO2
2 mole C8 H18
(c)
18 mole H 2 O
mol H2O = (8.20 mol C8H18)
2 mole C8 H18
(d)
25 mole O 2
mol O2 = ( 6.00 mol CO2)
= 9.38 mol O2
16 mole CO2
4.110
2 mole C8 H18
mol C8H18 = (6.00 mol CO2)
= 0.750 mol C8H18
16 mole CO 2
4.111
(a)
1 mol Zn
0.23 mol Au(CN)2
2 mol Au(CN)2
2 mol Au
(b)
2 mol Au(CN)2
(c)
2 mol Au(CN)
2
0.23 mol Zn
1
mol
Zn
65.39 g Zn
1 mol Zn = 7.5 g Zn
197.0 g Au
1 mol Au = 45 g Au
249.0 g Au(CN)
2
1 mol Au(CN)
2
69
= 110 g Au(CN)2
4.112
4.113
4.114
(a)
5 mol O 2 32.00 g O 2
3.45 mol C3H8
= 552 g O2
1 mol C3 H8 1 mol O 2
(b)
3 mol CO 2 44.01 g CO 2
0.177 mol C3H8
= 23 g CO2
1 mol C3 H8 1 mol CO 2
(c)
4 mol H 2 O 18.01 g H 2 O
4.86 mol C3H8
= 350 g H2O
1 mol C3 H8 1 mol H 2 O
(a)
4P + 5O2 P4O10
(b)
(c)
(d)
(a)
(b)
(c)
= 12.3 g O2
58.12 g C4 H10 2 mol C4 H10 1 mol O 2
(d)
8 mol CO 2 44.01 g CO 2
g CO2 = (0.0590 mol C4H10)
= 10.4 g CO2
2 mol C4 H10 1 mol CO 2
30.97 g P
= 3.26 g P
1 mol P
4.115
4.116
= 6330 g H2O2
32.05 g N 2 H 4 1 mol N 2 H 4 1 mol H 2 O 2
4.117
70
4.118
4.119
The picture shows 9 molecules of O2 and 3 molecules of C2H6S. The balanced reaction shows that
2 molecules of C2H6S react with 9 moles of O2. Therefore, O2 is the limiting reagent.
Molecules of SO2 = (9 molecules O2)(2 molecules SO2/9 molecules O2) = 2 molecules of SO2
4.120
The product mixture consists of 2 SO2, 6 H2O, 4 CO2, and 1 O2 molecules. Since you have an unreacted
oxygen molecule in the mixture, the reaction mixture had an excess of O2 and C2H6S was the
limiting reagent.
4.121
(a)
First determine the amount of Fe2O3 that would be required to react completely with the given
amount of Al:
1 mol Fe2 O3
mol Fe2O3 = (4.95 mol Al)
= 2.48 mol Fe2O3
2 mol Al
Since only 2.35 mol of Fe2O3 are supplied, it is the limiting reactant. This can be confirmed by
calculating the amount of Al that would be required to react completely with all of the available
Fe2O3:
2 mol Al
mol Al = (2.35 mol Fe2O3)
= 4.70 mol Al
1 mol Fe2 O3
Since an excess (4.95 mol 4.70 mol = 0.25 mol) of Al is present, Fe2O3 must be the limiting
reactant, as determined above.
(b)
4.122
(a)
2 mol Fe 55.847 g Fe
g Fe = (2.35 mol Fe2O3)
= 262 g Fe
1 mol Fe2 O3 1 mol Fe
First determine the amount of H2O that would be required to react completely with the given
amount of C2H4:
1000 g C2 H 4 1 mol C2 H 4 1 mol H 2 O
kg H2O = 1.62 kg C2H4
1
kg
C
H
28.05
g
C
H
1
mol
C
H
2
4
2
4
2
4
18.02 g H 2 O 1 kg H 2 O
= 1.04 kg H2O
1 mol H 2 O 1000 g H 2 O
Since only 0.0148 kg of H2O are supplied, it is the limiting reactant. This can be confirmed by
calculating the amount of C2H4 that would be required to react completely with all of the available
H2O:
1 kg H 2 O 18.02 g H 2 O 1 mol H 2 O
71
28.05 g C2 H 4 1 kg C2 H 4
= 0.024 kg C2H4
1 mol C2 H 4 1000 g C2 H 4
Thus, water is the limiting reagent/ The mass of ethanol produced from 0.0148 kg of water is:
1000 g H 2 O 1 mol H 2 O
g C2H5OH = (0.0148kg H2O)
1 kg H 2 O 18.02 g H 2 O
1 mol C2 H5 OH 46.08 g C2 H5 OH
= 37.8 g C2H5OH
1 mol H 2 O 1 mol C2 H5 OH
4.123
4.124
First, calculate the amount of H2O needed to completely react with the available ClO2;
= 22.44 g H2O
67.45 g ClO 2 6 mol ClO2 1 mol H 2 O
So, there is excess H2O present. The amount that remains is 39.7 g 22.44 g = 17.3 g H2O.
4.125
First calculate the number of moles of water that are needed to react completely with the given amount of
NO2:
= 1.3 10 g H2O
46.01
g
NO
3
mol
NO
1
mol
H
O
2
2
2
Since this is less than the amount of water that is supplied, the limiting reactant must be NO2.
Therefore, to calculate the amount of HNO3:
72
(a)
First calculate the number of moles of water that are needed to react completely with the given
amount of PCl5:
4 mole H 2 O
mol H2O = (0.450 mol PCl5)
= 1.80 mol H2O
1 moles PCl5
Since this is less than the amount of water that is supplied, the limiting reactant must be PCl5.
This can be confirmed by the following calculation:
1 mol PCl5
mol PCl5 = (3.80 mol H2O)
= 0.950 mol PCl5
4 mol H 2 O
which also demonstrates that the limiting reactant is PCl5.
5 mol HCl
g HCl = (0.450 mol PCl5)
1 mol PCl5
First determine the theoretical yield:
(b)
4.127
36.46 g HCl
= 82.0 g HCl
1 mol HCl
First, determine how much H2SO4 is needed to completely react with the AlCl3
73
98.08 g H 2SO 4
1 mol H 2SO 4
% yield =
4.130
actual yield
28.46 g
100 =
100 = 88.72%
theoretical yield
32.08 g
Assume there is excess oxygen present and determine the theoretical yield of carbon dioxide.
= 10.1 g CO 2
32.04 g CH3OH 2 mol CH3OH 1 mol CO 2
% yield =
4.131
8.46 g
100% = 83.8%
10.1g
If the yield for this reaction is only 71% and we need to have 12.8 g of product, we will attempt to make
18.0 g of product. This is determined by dividing the actual yield by the percent yield. Recall
actual yield
100 . If we rearrange this equation we can see
that; % yield =
theoretical yield
that theoretical yield =
actual yield
100 . Substituting the values from this problem gives the 18.0 g of
% yield
4.132
= 10.4 g C7 H8
160.21 g KC7 H5 O2 1 mol KC7 H5 O2 1 mol C7 H8
First, determine how much MnI2 is needed to completely react with the F2
1 mol F2 2 mol MnI 2 308.75 g MnI2
g MnI2 = 15.0 g F2
= 18.8 g MnI2
38.00 g F2 13 mol F2 1 mol MnI2
74
1
mol
Hg
1
mol
(CH
)
Hg
3 2
= 5950 lb (CH3)2Hg
1000 g (CH3 ) 2 Hg 1 kg (CH3 )2 Hg
4.134
Only 27% of the paint is left in paint chip after 73% has evaporated.
The mass of the wet paint is:
0.23 g
= 0.85 g
0.27
g PbCr2O7 = 0.85 g sample 14.5% PbCr2O7 = 0.124 g PbCr2O7
= 0.060 g Pb
423.2
g
PbCr
O
1
mol
PbCr
O
2 7
2 7 1 mol Pb
4.135
Assume 100 g of magnesium boron compound, therefore there are 52.9 g of Mg and 47.1 g of B.
1 mol Mg
mol of Mg = 52.9 g Mg
= 2.18 mol Mg
24.305 g Mg
1 mol B
mol of B = 47.1g B
= 4.36 mol Mg
10.811 g B
Divide the number of moles of each element by the least number of moles:
2.18 mol Mg
=1
2.18 mol Mg
4.26 mol B
=2
2.18 mol Mg
Formula is MgB2.
4.136
= 0.1201 g Cl
143.32 g AgCl 1 mol AgCl 1 mol Cl
The mass of Cr in the original sample is thus 0.1789 0.1201 g = 0.0588 g Cr. Converting to moles, we
have:
75
1 mol Cl
3
for Cl: 0.1201 g
= 3.388 10 mol Cl
35.453
g
Cl
1 mol Cr
3
for Cr: 0.0588 g Cr
= 1.13 10 mol Cr
51.996
g
Cr
4.137
First determine the percentage by weight of each element in the respective original samples. This is done
by determining the mass of the element in question present in each of the original samples. The percentage
by weight of each element in the unknown will be the same as the values we calculate.
= 0.0962 g Ca
100.09 g CaCO3 1 mol CaCO3 1 mol Ca
= 0.0513 g S
233.8 g BaSO 4 1 mol BaSO 4 1 mol S
= 0.169 g N
17.03 g NH3 1 mol NH3 1 mol N
% N = (0.169/0.946) 100% = 17.9% N
% C = 100.0 (25.7 + 41.0 + 17.9) = 15.4% C. Next, we assume 100 g of the compound, and convert
these weight percentages into mole amounts:
76
1 mol Ca
mol Ca = ( 25.7 g Ca )
= 0.641 mol Ca
40.08 g Ca
1 mol S
mol S = ( 41.0 g S )
= 1.28 mol S
32.07 g S
1 mol N
mol N = (17.9 g N )
= 1.27 mol N
14.07 g N
1 mole C
moles C = (15.4 g C )
= 1.28 moles C
12.01 g C
Dividing each of these mole amounts by the smallest, we have:
For Ca: 0.641 mol / 0.641 mol = 1.00
For S: 1.28 mol / 0.641 mol = 2.00
For N: 1.27 mol / 0.641 mol = 1.98
For C: 1.28 mol / 0.641 mol = 2.00
The empirical formula is therefore CaC2S2N2, and the mass of the empirical unit is Ca + 2S + 2N + 2C =
156 g/mol. Since the molecular mass is the same as the empirical mass, the molecular formula is
CaC2S2N2.
4.138
(a)
One mole of N2, 2 moles of H2O and 1/2 mole of O2 for a total of 3 1/2 moles of gases.
(b)
2000 lb 453.59 g
mol of gases = (1.00 ton NH4NO3)
1 ton 1 lb
1 mol NH 4 NO3 3.5 mol gas
4
4.139
4.140
1 mol (NH ) CO
2 mol N
= 19.4 g (NH2)2CO
(b)
2 mol N
$55
$ per mol N =
1 kg ( NH 4 ) HPO 4
2
1 mol ( NH 4 ) HPO4
2
2
mol
N
1 kg ( NH 4 ) HPO 4
2
1000 g ( NH 4 ) HPO 4
2
77
132.1 g ( NH 4 ) HPO 4
2
1 mol ( NH 4 ) HPO 4
2
(c)
(d)
1 kg CH 4 ON 2 60.06 g CH 4 ON 2
$60
$ per mol N =
5 kg CH 4 ON 2 1000 g CH 4 ON 2 1 mol CH 4 ON 2
= $0.36 per mol N
1 mol CH 4 ON 2
2 mol N
4.142
1 mol C6 H 6 6 mol C
g Na2C2O4 = (155 g C6H6)
78.11 g C6 H 6 1 mol C6 H 6
= 798 g NaC2O4
1 mol Na 2 C2 O 4
2 mol C
134.00 g Na 2 C2 O 4
1 mol Na C O
2 2 4
1 lb O 2
453.59237 g 1 mol H 2 1 mol O 2 31.9988 g O 2
lb O2 = 227,641 lb H2
1 lb
1 lb H 2
453.59237 g 1 mol O 2 2 mol H 2 2.01588 g H 2
lb H2 = 1,361,936 lb O2
1 lb
Since only 171,600 lb. of H2 reacted, there are 227,641 lb. 171,600 lb. = 56,041 lb. of unreacted H2.
4.143
Since 6.00 g represents 86.0% of the required amount, we can solve for the amount that should be made:
6.00 g = 86.0 % of X; X = 6.98 g Pb(NO3)2.
223.2 g PbO
= 4.70 g PbO
1 mol PbO
4.144
= 1.2 10 g F
35.453 g Cl 1 mol Cl 1 mol F
4.145
78