Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Goals are
Objectives are
very broad
content and behavior specific
Instructional Planning
Instructional Plan (Lesson Plan)
does not guarantee learning but is an indispensable tool
antidote to aimlessness
can be done every year (ex. PELC or PSLC), term (ex. course syllabus),
unit (segment of a year/course) , week or day
daily lesson plans may be skimpy/sketchy, semi-detailed and detailed
it contains the statements of achievement to be realized and the specific
means these are to be attained as a result of activities under the guidance
of the teacher (Lardizabal)
Basic Components of a Lesson Plan:
I. Objectives:
provide learning targets to be attained, give direction to the class
discussion
II. Subject Matter:
shows the topic, lesson or content to be covered
includes the sources of the lesson and other references
III. Materials:
necessary aids in teaching
teaching devices such as maps, graphs, flashcards, pictures, realia, tapes,
photographs, diagrams, charts, etc.
IV. Procedure/ Lesson Development:
shows the definite steps of the methods used
V. Evaluation:
important in checking whether learning has occurred
can be formative or summative
VI. Assignment:
tells what the pupils will do which will result in an educative experience
which could be done in home/school:
a lesson to be studied
project to be accomplished
theme to be written
exercise to be answered
interview to be accomplished
means of developing good study habits and independent work
Objectives
may be in a statement/question form that describe the behavior of the
learner that shows learning
it is also defined as the statement of achievements to be realized
it may be referred to as learner objectives, behavioral objectives and/or
specific objectives
it can be classified as a performance objective or a process objective
Goals Vs. Objectives
Problem Method
1. Preparation and Statement of the Problem/s
2. Planning of Ways to Solve the Problem
3. Gathering Data
4. Presentation of Solutions- can be through creative presentations
5. Application
Demonstration Method
1. Motivation 4. Discussion
2. Presentation 5. Return-Demo
3. Demo 6. Proper Assessment
Innovative Strategies
CAM- concept can be attained through examples; modification of the
inductive procedure because it also analyzes examples
1. Activation of Prior Knowledge
2. Giving of Examples and Non-Examples
3. Giving of Additional Examples and Non-Examples
4. Discriminating whether Examples or Non-Examples
5. Giving of Students own Examples
6. Conceptualization
7. Application
4 As
1. Awareness 3.Analysis
2. Activity 4. Abstraction
5. Application
5 Es
1. Excite/Engage 3. Explain
2. Explore 4. Extend
5. Evaluate/Exercise
POE/PROBEX
o Predict
1. Introduction 3. Prediction
2. Situation or Event 4. Substantiation
o Observe
1. Activity or Work Period 2. Observations
o Explain
1. Explanation
2. Conclusion 3.Application
Instructional Materials
aids to teaching and learning which increase the effectiveness of the
teacher
stimulates interest, simplify, clarify subject matter, increase understanding
and motivate the learner
General Principles in Selecting Instructional Materials (Streit, et. al, 1984)
Instructional media should follow, not dictate learning objectives.
Instructors must be thoroughly familiar with the content of all media used in
instruction.
Instructors should select only instructional media that are consistent with
student capabilities and learning styles.
Instructional media should be chosen objectively rather than on the basis
of the teachers personal preference or bias.
Instructional media should be chosen on the basis of their contributions to
the learning outcomes rather than on the basis of availability or ease of
use.
The physical conditions surrounding the utilization of instructional media
should be arranged to enhance results
Instructional materials produced locally by instructors usually make
significant contributions to learning.
No one medium is best for all purposes.