ESPIRITU

Introduction :
A nuclear power plant is a thermal power station in which the heat source is a nuclear
reactor.
As is typical in all conventional thermal power stations the heat is used to generate steam
which drives a steam turbine connected to an electric generator which produces electricity.
As of 23 April 2014, the IAEA report there are 435 nuclear power reactors in operation
operating in 31 countries.
Nuclear power plants are usually considered to be base load stations, since fuel is a small
part of the cost of production.

History :
The science of atomic radiation, atomic change and nuclear fission was
developed from 1895 to 1945, much of it in the last six of those years.
Over 1939-45, most development was focused on the atomic bomb.
From 1945 attention was given to harnessing this energy in a controlled
fashion for naval propulsion and for making electricity.
Since 1956 the prime focus has been on the technological evolution of reliable
nuclear power plants.
Electricity was generated by a nuclear reactor for the first time ever on September 3, 1948
at the X-10 Graphite Reactor in Oak Ridge, Tennessee in the United States, and was the first
nuclear power plant to power a light bulb.[4][5][6] The second, larger experiment occurred on
December 20, 1951 at the EBR-I experimental station near Arco, Idaho in the United States.
On June 27, 1954, the world's first nuclear power plant to generate electricity for a power
grid started operations at the Soviet city of Obninsk.[7] The world's first full scale power
station, Calder Hall in England opened on October 17, 1956.[8]
A nuclear reactor, formerly known as atomic pile, is a device used to initiate and control
a sustained nuclear chain reaction.
Nuclear reactors are used at nuclear power plants for electricity generation and in propulsion
of ships. Heat from nuclear fissionis passed to a working fluid (water or gas), which runs
through turbines. These either drive a ship's propellers or turn electrical generators. Nuclear
generated steam in principle can be used for industrial process heat or for district heating.
Some reactors are used to produce isotopes for medical and industrial use, or for production
of weapons-grade plutonium. Some are run only for research.
Today there are about 450 nuclear power reactors that are used to generate electricity in
about 30 countries around the world.[1]
Since nuclear fission creates radioactivity, the reactor core is surrounded by a protective
shield. This containment absorbs radiation and prevents radioactive material from being
released into the environment. In addition, many reactors are equipped with a dome of
concrete to protect the reactor against both internal casualties and external impacts. [9]

REPOLIDON

Systems :
Steam turbine[edit] Main article: Steam turbine The purpose of the steam turbine is to
convert the heat contained in steam into mechanical energy. The engine house with the
steam turbine is usually structurally separated from the main reactor building. It is so
aligned to prevent debris from the destruction of a turbine in operation from flying towards
the reactor.[citation needed]
In the case of a pressurized water reactor, the steam turbine is separated from the nuclear
system. To detect a leak in the steam generator and thus the passage of radioactive water
at an early stage, an activity meter is mounted to track the outlet steam of the steam
generator. In contrast, boiling water reactors pass radioactive water through the steam
turbine, so the turbine is kept as part of the control area of the nuclear power plant.
Generator[edit] Main article: Electric generator The generator converts kinetic energy
supplied by the turbine into electrical energy. Low-pole AC synchronous generators of high
rated power are used.
Cooling system[edit] A cooling system removes heat from the reactor core and transports
it to another area of the plant, where the thermal energy can be harnessed to produce
electricity or to do other useful work. Typically the hot coolant is used as a heat source for
a boiler, and the pressurized steam from that drives one or more steam
turbine driven electrical generators.[10]
A nuclear reactor coolant usually water but sometimes a gas or a liquid metal (like liquid
sodium) or molten salt is circulated past the reactor core to absorb the heat that it
generates. The heat is carried away from the reactor and is then used to generate steam.
Most reactor systems employ a cooling system that is physically separated from the water
that will be boiled to produce pressurized steam for the turbines, like the pressurized water
reactor. However, in some reactors the water for the steam turbines is boiled directly by
the reactor core; for example the boiling water reactor.[6]
Safety valves[edit] In the event of an emergency, safety valves can be used to prevent
pipes from bursting or the reactor from exploding. The valves are designed so that they can
derive all of the supplied flow rates with little increase in pressure. In the case of the BWR,
the steam is directed into the suppression chamber and condenses there. The chambers on
a heat exchanger are connected to the intermediate cooling circuit.
Feedwater pump[edit] The water level in the steam generator and nuclear reactor is
controlled using the feedwater system. The feedwater pump has the task of taking the water
from the condensate system, increasing the pressure and forcing it into either the steam
generators (in the case of a pressurized water reactor) or directly into the reactor (for boiling
water reactors).

There are two types of nuclear reactors in the United States:

Boiling Water Reactor
In the boiling water reactor (BWR), the water which passes over the reactor core to act
as moderator and coolant is also the steam source for the turbine. The disadvantage of this
is that any fuel leak might make the water radioactive and that radioactivity would reach the
turbine and the rest of the loop.
A typical operating pressure for such reactors is about 70 atmospheres at which pressure the
water boils at about 285C. This operating temperature gives aCarnot efficiency of only 42%
with a practical operating efficiency of around 32%, somewhat less than the PWR.

Pressurized Water Reactor

In the pressurized water reactor (PWR), the water which passes over the reactor core to act
as moderator and coolant does not flow to the turbine, but is contained in a pressurized
primary loop. The primary loop water produces steam in the secondary loop which drives the
turbine. The obvious advantage to this is that a fuel leak in the core would not pass
any radioactive contaminants to the turbine and condenser.
Another advantage is that the PWR can operate at higher pressure and temperature, about
160 atmospheres and about 315 C. This provides a higherCarnot efficiency than the BWR,
but the reactor is more complicated and more costly to construct. Most of the U.S. reactors
are pressurized water reactors.

CANILLO
How does it works and How is energy created in a nuclear power
plant?
a nuclear-fueled power plant much like a fossil-fueled power plant water is turned into
steam, which in turn drives turbine generators to produce electricity. The difference is the
source of heat. At nuclear power plants, the heat to make the steam is created when
uranium atoms split called fission. There is no combustion in a nuclear reactor. Heres how
the process works.
The more recent, and peaceful, use of nuclear energy is to provide electricity for homes,
offices and factories. Nuclear power, in plants known as fission breeder reactors, hears
water to very high temperatures, creating steam that drives large turbines attached to
electrical generators.
Nuclear energy originates from the splitting of uranium atoms in a process called fission. At
the power plant, the fission process is used to generate heat for producing steam, which is
used by a turbine to generate electricity. electricity the same as a fossil fuel power plant.
power plant is the reactor.

(VIDEO) nuclear reactor understanding

Installation :
In many countries, plants are often located on the coast, in order to provide a ready source
of cooling water for the essential service water system. As a consequence the design needs
to take the risk of flooding and tsunamis into account. The World Energy Council (WEC)
argues disaster risks are changing and increasing the likelihood of disasters such
as earthquakes, cyclones, hurricanes, typhoons,flooding.[37] High temperatures, low
precipitation levels and severe droughts may lead to fresh water shortages.[37] Failure to
calculate the risk of flooding correctly lead to a Level 2 event on the International Nuclear
Event Scale during the 1999 Blayais Nuclear Power Plant flood,[38] while flooding caused by
the 2011 Thoku earthquake and tsunami lead to the Fukushima I nuclear accidents.[39]
The design of plants located in seismically active zones also requires the risk of earthquakes
and tsunamis to be taken into account. Japan, India, China and the USA are among the
countries to have plants in earthquake-prone regions. Damage caused to
Japan'sKashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant during the 2007 Chetsu offshore
earthquake[40][41] underlined concerns expressed by experts in Japan prior to the Fukushima

accidents, who have warned of a genpatsu-shinsai (domino-effect nuclear power plant

earthquake disaster).[42]

CABORNAY
Maintenance of a Nuclear Power Plant :
Extensive preventive maintenance and testing (surveillance) programs exist to ensure that
nuclear safety significant equipment will function when it is supposed to. Diesel generators,
pumps, motor operated valves and air operated control valves are typically operated every
one to three months. When you drive a car, you depend a lot on the sounds, the feel of the
steering wheel and the gauges to determine if the car is running correctly. Similarly with
operating equipment at a power plant - if sounds or vibration of the equipment or the
gauges and test equipment indicate a problem or degradation, actions are taken to correct
the deficiency. If the equipment fails to start or run, more immediate actions are taken. In
some cases, regulations called technical specifications may require the plant to be shutdown
if the equipment is not corrected within a certain period of time. The length of time depends
on the safety significance of the equipment.
Every year to two (2) years, the power plant may be shutdown for an outage. The outage
may last 30 to 60 days and depends on the amount of major maintenance to be done.
Outages are used to perform activities that cannot be done when the plant is operating:
Refueling the reactor and other preparations (removal of reactor head, upper internals, and
reactor refueling)
Preventive maintenance on equipment that must run all the time, e.g. turbinegenerator must be inspected every 5 years or so, transformers may be checked out each
outage;
Modifications or replacements of major equipment, as a steam generator, that cannot be
shutdown.
The maintenance personnel who maintain the equipment at the power plant must go
through craft-specific training to qualify to perform the plant maintenance. Training
programs are inspected and certified by the accrediting board of the National Nuclear
Training Academy.
Engineers at the power plant are often responsible for specific systems at the plant and
manage the work done (preventive maintenance, repairs, and modifications) on their
system. Similarly, engineer training programs are inspected and certified by the accrediting
board of the National Nuclear Training Academy.

Environmental Purposes :
What impact does nuclear energy have on the environment?
Nuclear power plants do not emit carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, or nitrogen oxides as part of
the power generation process. However, fossil fuel emissions are associated with the
uranium mining and uranium enrichment process as well as the transport of the uranium
fuel to and from the nuclear plant.

Is nuclear energy renewable or non renewable :

The material most often used in nuclear power plants is the element uranium. Although
uranium is found in rocks all over the world, nuclearpower plants usually use a very rare

type of uranium, U-235. Uranium is anon-renewable resource. Nuclear energy is a popular

way of generating electricity around the world.

ESCOBA
Advantages and disadvantages :
ADVANTAGES:
Geographical limitations - nuclear power plants don't require a lot of space; they do not need
a large plot like a wind farm. But they have to be built near a large body of water for cooling
purposes - using the water as a heat sink. They are usually found on the coast so there is no
risk to drinking water sources.
Nuclear power stations do not contribute to carbon emissions - no CO2 is given out - it
therefore does not contribute to global warming.
Nuclear power stations do not produce smoke particles to pollute the atmosphere or emit
gases that contibute to acid rain.
Nuclear energy is by far the most concentrated form of energy - a lot of energy is produced
from a small mass of fuel. This reduces transport costs - (although the fuel is radioactive and
therefore each transport that does occur is expensive because of security implications).
Nuclear power is reliable. It does not depend on the weather.
We can control the output from a nuclear power station to fit our needs. It is relatively easy
to control the output - although the time factor for altering power output is not as small as
for fossil fuel stations. It is said to have along 'start up' time. It cannot respond immediately
to demand. That is why electricity companies try to 'even out' demand by using tarrifs that
encourage use at off peak time perids.
Nuclear power produces a small volume of waste
DISADVANTAGES:
Disposal of nuclear waste is very expensive. As it is radioactive it has to be disposed of in
such a way as it will not pollute the environment.
Decommissioning of nuclear power stations is expensive and takes a long time. (In fact we
have not yet decommissioned one!)
Nuclear accidents can spread 'radiation producing particles' over a wide area, This radiation
harms the cells of the body which can make humans sick or even cause death. Illness can
appear or strike people years after they were exposed to nuclear radiation and genetic
problems can occur too. A possible type of reactor disaster is known as ameltdown. In a
meltdown, the fission reaction of an atom goes out of control, which leads to a nuclear
explosion releasing great amounts of radioactive particles into the environment.

ESPIRITU
RADIATION to HUMAN :
Radiation takes place when the atomic nucleus of an unstable atom decays and starts
releasing ionizing particles, known as ionizing radiation. When these particles come into
contact with organic material, such as human tissue, they will damage them if levels are
high enough, causing burns and cancer. Ionizing radiation can be fatal for humans.

REM (roentgen equivalent in man) - this is a unit we use to measure radiation dosage. We
use this measurement to determine what levels of radiation are safe or dangerous for
human tissue. It is the product of the absorbed dose in rads and a weighting factor (W R),
which accounts for how effective the radiation is in causing biological damage.
A sudden, short dose of up to 50 rem will probably cause no problems, except for some
blood changes. From 50 to 200 rem there may be illness, but fatalities are highly unlikely. A
dose of between 200 and 1,000 will most likely cause serious illness - the nearer the 1,000 it
is, the poorer the outlook for the human will be. Any dose over 1,000 will typically cause
death.

CANILLO
BATAAN HISTORY :
The Philippine nuclear program started in 1958 with the creation of the Philippine Atomic
Energy Commission (PAEC) under Republic Act 2067.[1] Under a regime of martial law,
Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos in July 1973 announced the decision to build a nuclear
power plant.[1] This was in response to the 1973 oil crisis, as the Middle East oil embargo had
put a heavy strain on the Philippine economy, and Marcos believed nuclear power to be the
solution to meeting the country's energy demands and decreasing dependence on imported
oil.[2]
Construction on the Bataan Nuclear Power Plant began in 1976. Following the 1979 Three
Mile Island accident in the United States, construction on the BNPP was stopped, and a
subsequent safety inquiry into the plant revealed over 4,000 defects. [1] Among the issues
raised was that it was built near major earthquake fault lines and close to the then
dormant Mount Pinatubo.[2]
By 1984, when the BNPP was nearly complete, its cost had reached $US2.3 billion.
[2]
Equipped with a Westinghouse light water reactor, it was designed to produce 621
megawatts of electricity.[2]
Marcos was overthrown by the People Power Revolution in 1986. Days after the April
1986 Chernobyl disaster, the succeeding administration of President Corazon
Aquino decided not to operate the plant.[1][3] Among other considerations taken were the
strong opposition from Bataan residents and Philippine citizens as well as concern over the
integrity of the construction.[1][3][4]
The government sued Westinghouse for overpricing and bribery but was ultimately rejected
by a United States court.[5] Debt repayment on the plant became the country's biggest single
obligation. While successive governments have looked at several proposals to convert the
plant into an oil, coal, or gas-fired power station, these options have all been deemed less
economically attractive in the long term than simply constructing new power stations. [2]
Anti-nuclear movement[edit]
See also: Anti-nuclear movement in the Philippines
The Bataan Nuclear Power Plant was a focal point for anti-nuclear protests in the late 1970s
and 1980s. The project was criticised for being a potential threat to public health, especially
since the plant was located in an earthquake zone,[3] and because a volcano formation was
found near the location of the plant.

REPOLIDON

2000s[edit]
Despite never having been commissioned, the plant has remained intact, including the
nuclear reactor, and has continued to be maintained.[2] The Philippine government
completed paying off its obligations on the plant in April 2007, more than 30 years after
construction began.[2]
On January 29, 2008, Energy Secretary Angelo Reyes announced that an International
Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) eight-man team led by Akira Omoto inspected the Bataan
Nuclear power station on rehabilitation prospects. In preparing their report, the IAEA made
two primary recommendations.
First, the power plant's status must be thoroughly evaluated by technical inspections and
economic evaluations conducted by a committed group of nuclear power experts with
experience in preservation management.
Second, the IAEA mission advised the Philippines government on the general requirements
for starting its nuclear power program, stressing that the proper infrastructure, safety
standards, and knowledge be implemented.[6] The IAEA's role did not extend to assessing
whether the power plant is usable or how much the plant may cost to rehabilitate. [6] On
February 1, 2010, NAPOCOR started evaluating the financial plan of Korea Electric Power
Corporation (KEPCO), assessing that it may cost US$1 billion to rehabilitate the nuclear
plant.[7]
On February 22, 2011, the Philippine government will reimburse the National Power
Corporation (NAPOCOR) 4.2 billion (US$96 million) it spent for maintaining the Bataan
Nuclear Power Plant.[8] It requires an average of 40 million a year just to maintain it.[9] In
May 2011, it was announced that the plant would be turned into a tourist attraction. [10]

ESCOBA
CHERNOBYL HISTORY :
On April 26, 1986, a sudden surge of power during a reactor systems test destroyed Unit 4
of the nuclear power station at Chernobyl, Ukraine, in the former Soviet Union. The accident
and the fire that followed released massive amounts of radioactive material into the
environment.
The accident happened because of a combination of basic engineering deficiencies in the
reactor and faulty actions of the operators: the safety systems had been switched off, and
the reactor was being operated under improper, unstable conditions, a situation which
allowed an uncontrollable power surge to occur.
1982 Reactor No. 1[edit]
On September 9, 1982, a partial core meltdown occurred in Reactor No. 1 at the Chernobyl
plant. The extent of the accident was not made public until several years later. The reactor
was repaired and put back into operation within months. [7]
1986 Disaster Reactor No. 4[edit]

Reactor No. 4 with its enclosing sarcophagus.

Main articles: Chernobyl disaster and Chernobyl disaster effects
On Saturday, April 26, 1986, a disaster occurred at Reactor No. 4, which has been widely
regarded as the worst accident in the history of nuclear power in the world. As a result,
Reactor No. 4 was completely destroyed and is being enclosed in a concrete and lead
sarcophagus to prevent further escape of radioactivity. Large areas of Europe were affected
by the accident. The radioactive cloud spread as far away as Norway.
1991 fire Reactor No. 2[edit]
The Chernobyl Nuclear Plant utilized one large, open turbine hall for all four reactors without
any separating walls. Each reactor had two turbines. On October 11, 1991, a fire broke out in
the turbine hall of Reactor No. 2.[8] The fire began in Reactor No. 2's Turbine 4 (-4 in
Russian) while the turbine was being idled for repairs. A faulty switch caused a surge of
current to the turbine, igniting insulating material on some electrical wiring. [9] This
subsequently led to hydrogen, used as a turbine coolant, being leaked into the turbine hall
"which apparently created the conditions for fire to start in the roof and for one of the
trusses supporting the roof to collapse." [10] The adjacent reactor hall and reactor were
unaffected.
Ukraine's 1991 independence from the Soviet Union generated further discussion on the
Chernobyl topic, because the Rada, Ukraine's new parliament, was composed largely of
young reformers. Discussions about the future of nuclear energy in Ukraine helped move the
government toward the political decision to cancel the operation of Reactor No. 2.

CABORNAY
2013 collapse[edit]
On February 13, 2013, a 600-square-metre (6,500-square-foot) portion of the roof and wall
adjacent to the covered part of the turbine hall collapsed into the entombed area of the
turbine hall. The collapse did not affect any other part of the Object Shelter or the New Safe
Confinement. No variances in radiation levels as a result of the incident were detected.
[11]
The roof which collapsed was built after the Chernobyl disaster. [12]
The Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant or Chornobyl Nuclear Power
Station (Ukrainian: ,Russian:
) is a decommissioned nuclear power station near the city of Pripyat, Ukraine, 14.5 km
(9.0 mi) northwest of the city of Chornobyl, 16 km (9.9 mi) from the UkraineBelarus border,
and about 110 km (68 mi) north of Kiev. Reactor No. 4 was the site of the Chernobyl
disaster in 1986 and the power plant is now within a large restricted area known as
the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone. Both the zone and the former power plant are administered
by the State Agency in Administration of Exclusion Zone(Ministry of Ecology and Natural
Resources).
The nuclear power plant site is to be cleaned by 2065. On January 3, 2010, a Ukrainian
law stipulating a programme toward this objective came into effect. [1]
The Chernobyl disaster was the worst nuclear power plant accident in history in terms of
cost and casualties.[1] It is one of only two classified as a level 7 event (the maximum
classification) on the International Nuclear Event Scale, the other being the Fukushima
Daiichi nuclear disaster in 2011.[2] The battle to contain the contamination and avert a
greater catastrophe ultimately involved over 500,000 workers and cost an estimated

18 billion rubles.[3] During the accident itself, 31 people died, and long-term effects such as
cancers are still being investigated.
Decommissioning
In January 2008, the Ukraine government announced a four-stage decommissioning plan
which incorporated the above waste activities and progresses towards a cleared site.
In February 2014 a new stage of this was approved for units 1-3, involving dismantling some
equipment and putting them into safstor condition by 2028. Then, to 2046, further
equipment will be removed, and by 2064 they will be demolished.
Resettlement of areas from which people were relocated is ongoing. In 2011
Chernobyl was officially declared a tourist attraction.