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however, the market has been on a rapid decline in recent years, as more
countries adopt the catalytic converter and lead-free gasoline. this
conversion is almost complete in the US and canada and is progressing in
western europe. EDB is also used as a reagent in the synthesis of dyes and
pharmaceuticaluntermediates;
as
an
anesthetic,
sedative,
and
antispasmodie agent; in gauge fluids and solvent; as a catalyst; and in fire
extinguishers (lyday, 1985)
Sin embargo, el mercado se ha ido en rpido descenso en los ltimos aos, medida que ms y
ms pases adoptan el catalizador y de la gasolina sin plomo. esta conversin es casi completa
en los EE.UU. y Canad y est avanzando en europa occidental. EDB tambin se utiliza como
reactivo en la sntesis de colorantes y productos intermedios farmacuticos; como un
anestsico, sedantes y antispasmodie agente; en el medidor lquidos y disolvente; como
catalizador; y los extintores de incendios (lyday, 1985)
Flame fetardants are now bromite is largest end use accounting for around 30% of the US
market. The function of brominated chemicals is to slow or stop flame generation through
interference with the chain reaction mechanism of combustion. In addition, they have a
synergistic effect when combined with other flame retardants such as antimony trioxide,
antimony pentoxide, and bromochlorodifluoromethane are used in noncorrosive fire
extinguishing fluids; bromotrichloromethane added toolefins produces flame-resistant polymers;
and carpeting .
Other uses of bromine and bromine compounds include those shown in table
Ahora se llama fetardants bromite es mayor uso final responsables de aproximadamente el
30% del mercado estadounidense. La funcin de los productos qumicos es disminuir la
velocidad o detener generacin llama a travs de la interferencia con el mecanismo de reaccin
de cadena de la combustin.Por otra parte, tienen un efecto sinrgico cuando se combina con
otros
retardadores
de
llama
como
trixido
de
antimonio,
antimonio,
y
(monoclorodifluormonobromometano se utilizan en los fluidos corrosivos de extincin de
incendios; bromotrichloromethane aadido a olefinas produce polmeros resistentes al fuego; y
las alfombras. Otros usos de bromo y bromo compuestos incluyen las que se indican en la tabla
Production
Major contributors to the world bromine production of over 800 million pounds are the USA with
almost 40%, Israel with about 30%, and the USSR with about 20%
Produccion
Principales contribuyentes al mundo bromo produccin de ms de 800 millones de libras son
los ESTADOS UNIDOS, con casi un 40 %, Israel con cerca de un 30 %, y la Unin de
Repblicas Socialistas Soviticas con aproximadamente el 20%
Bromine in the mineral form embolite, a silver chlorobromide,and bromargyrite, a silver
bromite- are of academic interest only. Commercial production comes from sources containing
bromite measrured in parts per million rather than percentages- in particular certain brines and
saline deposits, as shown in table 16.
Reserves are virtually inexhaustible. There is an estimated one trillion tons of bromite contained
en the seas and oceans of the world, with one billion tons in the Dead Sea alone
El bromo en forma mineral - embolite, plata chlorobromide,y bromargyrite, plata bromite- son de
inters acadmico. Produccin Comercial proviene de fuentes que contienen bromite
measrured en partes por milln en lugar de los porcentajes, en particular de algunas salmueras
y depsitos salinos, como se muestra en el cuadro 16.
Las reservas son prcticamente inagotables. Se calcula que hay un billn de toneladas bromite
contenida en los mares y ocanos del mundo, con mil millones de toneladas en el Mar Muerto
solo.
Subterranean brines
Well brines in Arkansas and Michigan are the main source of US bromite production. In Union
and Columbia counties in southwestern Arkansas. Arkansas Chemicals Inc., Dow
chemical,Ethyl corp., and Great Lakes Chemical Corp. extract brines from the Jurassic
Smackover Formation. This widespread carbonate unit stretches from a salt-dome basin in
southwest Texas, across the San Marcos arch to the east Texas salt basin, info the LouisianaArkansas and Missippi salt basins, under the Florida panhandle, and then offshore. The
Smackover Formation does not crop aou in the USA, although it does in the Tamaulipas
Peninsula. Mexico, as the Zuloaga Formation (Collins 1978)
Salmueras Subterrneas
Y salmueras en Arkansas y Michigan son la principal fuente de produccin bromo. En unin y
Columbia condados en suroeste de Arkansas. Arkansas Chemicals Inc. , Dow Chemical, Etil
corp., y Great Lakes Chemical Corp. , extracto de salmueras el Jursico Smackover Formacin.
Esta unidad se extiende desde una salina de cuenca en Southwest Texas, a travs de la San
Marcos arco en el este de Texas cuenca de la sal, la informacin del Missippi LouisianaArkansas y lavabos de la sal, en el Panhandle de Florida, y, a continuacin, offshore. El
Smackover Formacin no afloran en los ESTADOS UNIDOS, aunque no en el Tamaulipas
Pennsula. Mxico, como la formacin Zuloaga (Collins 1978).
Brines and petroleum are derived from the Reynolds Oolite in the upper part of the Smackover
Formation. This unit is chielfly calcite, with minor dolomite, anhydrite, quartz, sphalerite, and
galena. Below is a dense, argillaceous limestone, and above is a dense dolomite and shale
Caprock. Smackover brines from different sites range in bromine content from less than 4,000
to more than 6000 ppm.
The mechanism for their concentration is not fully understood. Whereas brines in mississipi
contain about the same chlorite concentrations as those in Arkansas,the latter contain much
more bromine. It has been suggested that the Smackover brines in Arkansas were produced by
the evaporation of seawater, the retained temporarily as pore fluids in the underlyning Louann
Salt, and finally expelled into overlying rocks during compaction of the salt. The halite in the
Louann Salt may have been recrystallized locally thus expelling some bromine from the halite
into the adjacent pore fluid (Capenter and Trout, 1978; Carpenter, 1979).
In the Michigan Basin, Dow Chemical in Mason County and Morton Thiokol in Manistee County
are the producers. Brines in the sandstones and carbonates sourse of potassium, sodium,
magnesium, calcium and iodine, as well as bromine. The Detroit River Group, lying between the
Devonian Bios Blanc and Dundee Formations, occurs in the subsurface of the lower Michigan
peninsula ( figure 16), and outcrops in extreme northern and southeastern areas. The basal
formation of the group id the 300-foot-thick Sylvania Sandstone, above which is 1,150 feet of
carbonates. Brines in the carbonates have a higher iodine and bromine content than those in
the sandstone. The bromine content of the brines in the limestone reaches a maximum of 3,500
ppm (at a specific gravity of 1, 296); but in the sandstone the maximum bromine content is
2,750 ppm.
Two major theories have been suggested as to the origin of the brine- entrapment of seawater
or the dissolving of beds of salt, gypsum, and carbonates by percolating ground-waters. It is
now thought that a combination of both processes may be the answer (Sorensen and Segall,
1974).
The feed for recovery of bromine is the brine effluent from iodine production. This preheated
brine is introduced into a tower, where it is heated with live steam and chlorinated.
The steam strips the free bromine from the brine, and steam and bromine are then condensed.
The bromine is dried with sulfuric acid and purified by distillation (Pavlick, 1984).
Surface waters
Despite an average concentration of only about 60 ppm, bromine is extracted from seawater in
major consuming countries that have no alternative source. The most common extraction
technique involves creating the seawater with aniline and chlorine to produce insoluble tribromaniline. Addition of sulfur dioxide and air produces sulfuric acid and bromine. This is
stripped from the liquor by live steam, and then the bromine/water vapor mixture is condensed
(Anon, 1972). Mayor producers of bromine from sea water are listed in table 17.
Bromine is produced from the Dead Sea between Israel and Jordan (see potash, page 214).
Here the water has an unusually high Br/Cl ratio and contains about 5,250 ppm of bromine
along with 7,590 ppm of potassium, 39,700ppm of sodium, and 42,430 ppm of magnesium.
Bromine is produced at Beersheva by Dead Sea Bromine Company as a by produced of
potash, chlorine, and caustic-soda production.
The feed is the brine from the carnallite pans (page 214). This brine contain 11,000 to 12,000
ppm of bromine, one of the richest feed materials in commercial operation. The brine is heated
in there stages- by heat exchange with effluent brine indirectly with steam, and directly with live
steam. In a blow out tower incorporated in the final stage, excess steam blows out the
liberated bromine, which is distilled to remove chlorite prior to being dried with concentrated
sulfuric acid.
Other Sources
Kali and Salz AG produces bromine from the brines generated when processing the potash
mined at the Friedrichshall and Salzdetfurth mines south of Kassel, West Germany.
Over the border in France, Mines de Potasse Alsace has a similar bromine production unit. In
east Germany, bromite is also a byproduct of potash mining. in 1983 bromine production started
at the Gluckauf Mine, Sondershausen. By Lurgi Gesellschaftfur Wurmeund Chemotecknik, and
in 1985 from a carnalllite deposit at Bleicherode in the south Harz Moountains (Lyday, 1986). In
the US, Searles Lake, California, is a modest contributor to bromine production.