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Research Article
Impact Factor: 4.226

Alzyoud AR, IJPRET, 2014; Volume 3 (2): 107-130
ISSN: 2319-507X
IJPRET
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PURE AND

APPLIED RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY
A PATH FOR HORIZING YOUR INNOVATIVE WORK
INTEGRATION OF SOLAR FARMS INTO JORDANIAN ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM

ABDALLAH R. ALZYOUD
Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty Of Engineering Technology ,Al-Balqa Applied
University, Amman 11134,Jordan
Accepted Date: 12/08/2014; Published Date: 01/10/2014
Abstract: This research introduces a study of utilizing solar energy farm integrated with the
national grid according to an intensive data available of solar energy in Jordan. This study
discusses the effects and the ability of installing solar farms to the Jordanian national grid
considering different cases and, thus the power system studies i.e. (power losses, voltage
profile) for connection points of solar farms to 33kV medium voltage networks. Calculations
are performed and models are built using real data obtained from the Jordanian power
system. The most suitable method of connection of the solar farm is recommended related
to national power network.
Keywords: Renewable energy, Solar system, Distribution network, Voltage profile, Power
losses.
\
Corresponding Author: MR. ABDALLAH R.ALZYOUD

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INTRODUCTION
Photovoltaic (PV) energy is one of the cleanest forms of renewable energy. The recent
observance in the climatic changes has paved the way for exploiting more green energy
resources like solar. Though the technology seems to be expensive, it has found itself a new
dimension and has got a very good reception in the society especially with the introduction of
programs like Feed in Tariff and the incentives provided by them [1-3]
Jordan is a very rich country in renewable resources especially solar, the average peak sun
hours are estimated to be around 5.8 hours per day which is amongst the highest in the world,
furthermore the temperatures are not very high which is beneficial for the panels power output
efficiency[ 4].
Jordan is a non-oil-producing country and imports 96% of the energy used. As a consequence,
energy imports accounts for roughly 22% of the GDP. The populations growth rate is high;
about 2.3% per year. This causes the demand on energy sources, mainly oil products to increase
rapidly. The energy crisis in Jordan drives us to move toward alternative energy, especially solar
energy. Implementation of renewable energy resources such as solar energy, will lead to
economic, social and environmental benefits [4, 6].
The Jordanian market is currently witnessing a huge increase in photovoltaic energy projects
demand and that's due to the increase in electricity bill costs and due to the introduction of the
renewable energy law which has included the net metering application [5].
Jordan lies within the solar belt of the world with high average solar radiation. Decentralized
photovoltaic units in rural and remote villages are currently used for lighting, water pumping
and other social services (1000kW of peak capacity). In addition, about 15% of all households in
Jordan are equipped with solar water heating systems in May 2012, also a 280 kilo watt solar
electricity system was inaugurated to be used at El Hassan Science City.
As per the Energy Master Plan, 30 percent of all households are expected to be equipped with
solar water heating system by the year 2020. The government is hoping to construct the first
Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) demonstration project in the short to medium term and is
considering Aqaba and the south-eastern region for this purpose. It is also planning to have
solar desalination plant. According to the national strategy the planned installed capacity will
amount to 300MW 600MW (CSP, PV and hybrid power plants) by 2020.
Interconnection of photovoltaic (PV) power system to the grid is considered in this paper
.Detailed models of the PV array, power converter and connected grid is used in the simulation.
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In this research the voltage at busses under the simulated solar PV is determined, also the real
and reactive power flow are studied.
This research presents two scenarios with identical PV systems but with different connection
points to the distribution network, the first to 33kV sending bus and the second to 33kV
receiving bus. The different scenarios are simulated using energy technology assistance
program (ETAP), and then the effects of integration the solar farms into the grid are analyzed
and evaluated.
2. SOLAR RESOURCE POTENTIALS IN JORDAN
Jordan has a great solar power potential (Among the best in the world),the annual-average
daily solar radiation is around 5.5-6.0 kWh/ m ,the yearly hours of sunshine are approximately
3300 hours ,relatively moderate temperatures and relatively low dust and low humidity levels.
Because of this great solar power potential it must pay attention to this renewable source and
use it as a source for generating electric power to reduce Jordan's energy crisis rather than
relying on neighboring countries and increase costs to the Jordan budget [6-7].
Jordan has launched a comprehensive strategy for the development of the energy sector and
increases the reliability of renewable energy. The strategy has studied all alternatives and
economic options available to meet the demand of energy in all its forms. It has suggested
specific mechanisms to ensure the security of energy supply, including the needed
infrastructure projects. The estimated investment cost for the infrastructure projects included
in the strategy would amount to 14 -18 billion US dollars for the period (2007-2020) .The
proportion of reliance on renewable energy sources increase from 2% in 2010 to 10% for the
year 2020. Figure 1 illustrates energy mix of current and projected.
Fig.1. Energy Mix of Current and Projected[7]
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Jordan lies between latitudes 29 and 34 N, and longitudes 35 and 40 E (a small area lies west
of 35). It consists of an arid plateau in the east, irrigated by oasis and seasonal water streams,
with highland area in the west of arable land and Mediterranean evergreen forestry; it extends
over a surface of 88788 km2.
Jordan has a promising potential of power generation from solar energy, which basically
constitute a national resource waiting to be invested to the full extent.
Jordan has an excellent level of solar irradiance as shown in the solar irradiance distribution
atlas shown in figure 2.
Fig.2.Solar radiation map of Jordan[23]

The selected location for the project is Sabha area which is located in the north-east with
coordinates (32.32965N, 36.50098E) and characterized by a rise from sea level up to
837m,the presence of water pumping loads, ambient temperature and low cost area which
decreases the operating cost of the project.
Figure 3 shows the location of the project in Jordan, while Figure 4 shows the exact project
location [11].
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Fig.3. General Project Location
Fig.4. Exact Project Location

3. SYSTEM CONFIGURATION MODEL
The system configuration model was built using Hybrid Optimization for Electric Renewable
(HOMER) and its shown in Figure 5.
Fig.5. System Model Configuration
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The system is composed of two main busses: a DC bus and an AC bus. The PV panels are
connected to the DC bus logically because the output of the PV panels is DC; this power is then
converted to AC using an inverter and connected to the AC bus to which the electrical load is
connected.
3.1 Solar Data for the selected site
Solar irradiance data for Sabha location were obtained from the (HOMER).
The data obtained is shown in table 1 and illustrated in figure 6, the average solar radiation is
about 5.480 kWh/m.day which is a very high value and suitable for electrical power
generation.
Table (1): The average daily solar radiation incident in one square meter area
(kwh/m/d) for Sabha
Fig.6. The average daily solar radiation incident on one square meter area (kwh/m/d) for Sabha
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3.2 Solar Radiation Profile

The latitude specifies the location on the Earth's surface. It is an important variable in solar
calculations. HOMER uses it to calculate radiation values from clearness indices, and vice versa.
It also uses the latitude to calculate the radiation incident on a tilted surface. All curves shown
in figures (7,8,9).
3.2.1 Hourly Radiation Curve
In Figure 7 it can be observed that the maximum solar radiation would be at midday in the
middle of June.
Fig.7. Hourly solar radiation curve.

3.2.2 Scaled Data Monthly Averages
The maximum solar radiation would be in June and July.
Fig.8. Scaled data monthly averages.
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3.2.3 Scaled Data Daily Profile
Fig.9. Scaled data daily profile.

3.3 Load profile and characteristics
A load profile is a graph of the variation in the electrical load versus time. The load data for
Sabha used in this paper were obtained from the National Electric Power Company (NEPCO),
the data is given in 10 minutes intervals for every day of the year 2011. The data were analyzed
and summarized to an average day for each month which resulted in 12 average days as shown
in Table 2.
Table (2): Monthly average load MW per hour.(National Electric Power Company (NEPCO)).
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The data was fed to (HOMER) and synthesized to 8760 hours, the main characteristics of the
load demand are shown in table 3
Table (3): Sabha Load profile characteristics.
Average (MWh/d)
376,8
Average (MW)
15,7
Peak (MW)
43,4
Load factor
.361
3.4 Load curves

A load curve is a chart used by engineers and power producers to show how much electricity
customers utilize during a given period of time. When looking at the graph, time usually is
placed on the horizontal axis, and load is placed on the vertical axis. This data can be used to
predict power trends, which allows an area to build and connect sufficient power generators for
peak demand periods. Types of power generators vary depending on the resources in a
geographic area. Load curves can be calculated in different ways depending on the needs of the
electrical suppliers.
Daily, monthly and yearly load curves are used by power stations to determine the amount of
generators needed. Daily load curves look at a 24-hour period of time to find the load
requirements every half-hour or hour. A monthly curve records load changes during a one
month time period versus the number of days recorded, and a yearly load curve establishes the
variations in power requirements throughout one year based upon the monthly load variations.
The highest point on a load curve is the maximum demand at a given point in time. The area
under a curve is the amount of units that were generated during that period of time.
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Monthly average load curve
Fig.10. monthly average load curve for Sabha

3.4.2 Daily Average load curve
Fig.11. The average daily demand for months of year 2011 in Sabha
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3.5 PV system Description

The Philadelphia solar module M72-300 PV was chosen for modeling, since it is well suited for
traditional applications of photovoltaic systems [8].
The M72-300 module provides 300 watts of nominal maximum power, and has 72 series
connected Mono-Crystalline cells. The key specifications are shown in table 4 below.
Table (4): Philadelphia M-72 Panel characteristics (Philadelphia M-72 PV Panel data sheet).
The Philadelphia solar M72- VALUES
300 PV DATA
UNIT
Nominal power [Pnom]
300
Voltage at Nominal Power 36.58

[Vmpp]
Current at Nominal Power[I 8.21

mpp]
Open-circuit Voltage[Voc]
45.36
Short-circuit Current[Isc]
8.78
Voltage
Coefficient
Temperature -2.11
mV/cell/C
Current
Coefficient
Temperature 4.62
mA/cell/C
Module Efficiency
15.4
Length
1965
Mm
Width
990
Mm
Area
1.95
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This PV solar system consists of 32 PV arrays ,each array contains 1667 solar panels, with
output 300 watt for each panel connecting 27 solar panels in series which is called strings to get
987.66 V and 112 in parallel to get 907 kW DC and current with 918.53 A. These data are used
in the SMA central inverter with 1100 KVA and unity power factor output .Table 5 shows the
technical data for the inverter.
Table (5): Technical data for SUNNY CENTRA 1000MV-20
The SMA central inverter data
VALUES
UNIT
Max. DC power
1120
KW
Max. input voltage
1000
Rated input voltage
480
Max. input current
2500
Output rated power
1100
KVA
Nominal AC voltage
2000
Ac power frequency
50
Hz
Max. output current
31.8
Max. efficiency
98
The inverters connected to 20kV bus bar which is suitable to their output voltage.
The PV- power plant with output 15.7 MVA at unity power factor is connected to the national
power grid through 25 MVA transformer to step up its voltage to 33 kV substation.
3.6 Distribution Network Description
The distribution network of Sabha is fed from the power grid of 132kV through two 40 MVA
step down transformers (132 /33 kV) to supply the town's load.
4. SIMULATION USING ETAP
Energy technology assistance program (ETAP) is used to simulate the PV solar system
integrated with the grid [9]. ETAP is the most comprehensive analysis platform for the design,
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simulation, operation, and automation of generation, distribution, and industrial power

systems. In this paper three cases are studied and analyzed.
4.1 Case Studies
4.1.1
Case I: Electrical Distribution Network without PV Solar System
Case I consists of the Sabha electric distribution network which is fed from the National
Electrical Power Company (NEPCO) [10]. Figure 12 shows the single line diagram of electric
distribution network
Fig.12. Single line diagram of sabha distribution network.

The load flow of the distribution network is shown in Figure 13:
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Fig.13. Load flow of the distribution network of Sabha

4.1.2 Case II: PV Solar System is Connected to 33kV Sending Bus Bar at Average Load.
Case II consists of the distribution system with the solar plant 33 kV bus bar near the grid ,
Figure 14 shows the single line diagram of this case:
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Figure (14): ETAP single line diagram for case II.

The load flow for the transformers and distribution lines is shown in Figure 15.
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Fig.15. ETAP load flow diagram for case II

4.1.3 Case III: PV Solar System is Connected to 33kV Receiving Bus Bar at Average Load.
Case III consists of the distribution system with solar plant connected to the receiving side of 33
kV bus bar and the Figure 16 shows the single line diagram of this case.
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Fig.16. ETAP single line diagram for case III.
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Figure 17 shows the PV Arrays connected to 33kV receiving bus bar at average load with load
flow
Fig.17. ETAP load flow diagram for case III.
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5. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

5.1 Impact of PV system on Power losses values
According to the analysis of simulation results, the total power losses through the branches are
shown in table 5 for the three cases. In case of connecting solar plant to the 33 kV receiving bus
bar the power losses are decreased clearly compared to the normal system's losses , and when
connecting the solar plant on 33 kV sending bus bar , the total losses decrease slightly with
comparison to the normal system's losses.
Table (5): Power losses of the distribution network for different cases
Branch CKT Without solar plant
With solar plant at With solar plant

sending end33kV
receiving end 33kV
ID
kW
kVAr
kW
kVAr
kW
kVAr
T3
49.5
1.3508
24.9
679.4
24.8
678.3
T5
49.5
1.3508
24.9
679.4
24.8
678.3
T4
28.2
667.2
29.2
691.7
Line1
160.7
321.4
161
322
54.5
109
Line5
160.7
321.4
161
322
54.5
109
Line6
51.2
102.4
51.3
102.6
52.3
104.7
Line8
51.2
102.4
51.3
102.6
52.3
104.7
Line9
1.3
2.6
1.3
2.6
1.3
852.902
475.7
2210.6
264.5
1791
Total
524.1
losses
except PV
plant
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5.2 Impact of PV system on voltage Variation

In this paper, a load flow analysis of the distribution network is performed for various cases
(3cases). Table 6 shows bus voltages and voltage drop for the distribution network elements of
the three differentcases.
Table (6): Bus voltages and voltage drop of the distribution network elements for different
cases
Branch
Without solar plant
With solar plant

sending end33kV
ID
Bus
Voltage ,%
Voltage
Drop,%
Bus
Voltage,%
Voltage
Drop,%
Bus
Voltage,%
Voltage
Drop,%
T3
96.339
3.661
96.424
3.576
96.448
3.552
T5
96.339
3.661
96.424
3.576
96.448
3.552
T4
96.424
0.208
94.818
0.118
Line1
93.678
2.66
93.763
2.661
94.7
1.748
Line5
93.678
2.66
93.763
2.661
94.7
1.748
Line6
92.624
1.05
92.433
1.33
93.633
1.067
Line8
93.627
0.05
93.763
0.05
94.645
0.055
Line9
92.624
1.05
92.433
1.33
93.633
1.067
CKT
at With solar plant

receiving end 33kV
at
5.3 Impact of the installation capacity of PV system on the power losses and voltage profile.
According to the load flow analysis the power losses and voltage profile are determined and
summarized in table 7
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Table (7): Voltage profile and total power losses for different installation capacities of the PV
system
PV (MW)
V1 (KV)
V2 (KV)
V3 (KV)
V4 (KV)
V5 (KV)
V6 (KV)
Total
Losses
(kw)
0.0
132
31.792
30.914
30.566
30.897
30.566
524.1
1.781
132
31.82
30.961
30.613
30.944
30.613
475.9
3.577
132
31.81
31.006
30.657
30.988
30.57
432.5
7.155
132
31.823
31.088
30.738
31.077
30.733
359.1
10.732
132
31.829
31.16
30.809
31.142
30.809
307.5
14.31
132
31.83
31.223
30.871
31.205
30.871
274.1
16.099
132
31.828
31.251
30.899
31.233
30.899
264.5
Figure 18 illustrates the voltage profile and figure 19 illustrates the power losses for a PV
system with various installation capacities.
Fig.18. voltage profile with various PV installation capacities.
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Fig.19. voltage profile with various PV installation capacities.

6. CONCLUSION
This paper discusses one of the most modern ways of electricity production, using renewable
energy sources in distributed generation systems.
The system was designed and simulated using two programs, HOMER and ETAP.
After selecting the suitable site for PV solar plant presented by Sabha town, Homer program
was used in designing the solar system using the parameters of the well chosen various
elements, such as the PV panel models, to get the values of an average load and peak load. A
PV plant of (53333) panels were needed in order to cover the demand of the loads connected
to the system.
Implementation of PV solar system reduces the power losses and hence can be benefited from
all of the systems produced energy. It also improves the voltage profile on the distribution
network elements especially when the PV solar system is connected to the grid near the center
of electrical loads.
Acknowledgement: "This work has been carried out during sabbatical leave granted to the
author (Abdallah Alzyoud) from Al-Balqa' Applied University (BAU) during the academic year
2013/2014
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REFERENCES
1. Green Energy DC program (District of Columbia,
http://www.green.dc.gov/green /cwp/view,a,1244,q,461338.asp
2. The
California
Solar
Initiative
http://www.gosolarcalifornia.ca.gov/csi/index.ht ml
program
Washington,
DC,
USA),
(California,
USA),
3. T. Key, "Finding a bright spot", IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, vol.7, no.3, pp.34-44, MayJune 2009.
4. Y. Anagreh, A. Bataineh and M. Al- Odat, solar energy potential in Jordan, ICEGES 2009.
5. Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Law, Law No. (13) Of 2012.
Available:http://www.erc.gov.jo
[Online]
6. Yousef El-Tous, A Study of a Grid-connected PV Household System in Amman and the Effect
of the Incentive Tariff on the Economic Feasibility, International Journal of Applied Science and
Technology, Vol. 2 No. 2; February 2012.
7. IssaEtier, Mohammad Ababneh, Anas Al Tarabsheh, Simulation of a 10 kW Photovoltaic
System in Areas with High Solar Irradiation, American Journal of Applied Sciences 8 (2): 177181, 2011, ISSN 1546-9239, 2010 Science Publications.
8. http://homerenergy.com/software.html
9. Annual Reports (2011) The National Electrical Power Company Statistics
10. http://etap.com/index.htm/
11. http://www.google.com/earth/index.html
12. Annual Report 2009, Jordanian Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources. Available Online
at: http://www.jordanecb.org
13. Jordanian Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Website. http://www.memr.gov.jo
14. Solar Energy Grid Integration Systems - "SEGIS": Concept Paper, Sandia National
Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, October 2007.
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15. International Energy Agency. Key World Statistics 2007. 2008. Available online at:
http://www.iea.org/ last accessed: Oct. 2008.
16. Electricity Tariff Instructions, Electricity Regulatory Commission, [Online] available:
http://www.erc.gov.jo
17. Philadelphia Solar, www.philadelphia-solar.com.
18. SMA Solar Technology Company, http://www.sma.de .
19. National Energy Research Center, www.nerc.gov.jo.
20. National Electric Power Company Website, www.nepco.com.
21. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, http://www.nrel.gov/.
22. Renewable Academy www.renac.de
23. http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/cmaps/afr.htm
130

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Research Article

Impact Factor: 4.226

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PURE AND

INTEGRATION OF SOLAR FARMS INTO JORDANIAN ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM

Corresponding Author: MR. ABDALLAH R.ALZYOUD

Alzyoud AR, IJPRET, 2014; Volume 3 (2): 107-130

Available Online at www.ijpret.com

Fig.1. Energy Mix of Current and Projected[7]

Available Online at www.ijpret.com

Fig.2.Solar radiation map of Jordan[23]

Available Online at www.ijpret.com

Fig.3. General Project Location

Fig.4. Exact Project Location

Fig.5. System Model Configuration

Available Online at www.ijpret.com

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3.2 Solar Radiation Profile

Fig.7. Hourly solar radiation curve.

Fig.8. Scaled data monthly averages.

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3.2.3 Scaled Data Daily Profile

Fig.9. Scaled data daily profile.

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3.4 Load curves

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Monthly average load curve

Fig.10. monthly average load curve for Sabha

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3.5 PV system Description

Nominal power [Pnom]

Voltage at Nominal Power 36.58

Current at Nominal Power[I 8.21

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Max. input voltage

Rated input voltage

Max. input current

Output rated power

Max. output current

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simulation, operation, and automation of generation, distribution, and industrial power

Case I: Electrical Distribution Network without PV Solar System

Fig.12. Single line diagram of sabha distribution network.

Available Online at www.ijpret.com

Fig.13. Load flow of the distribution network of Sabha

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Figure (14): ETAP single line diagram for case II.

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Fig.15. ETAP load flow diagram for case II

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Fig.16. ETAP single line diagram for case III.

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Fig.17. ETAP load flow diagram for case III.

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5. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

With solar plant at With solar plant

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5.2 Impact of PV system on voltage Variation

Without solar plant

With solar plant

at With solar plant

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Fig.18. voltage profile with various PV installation capacities.