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LINE CONSTANTS
2.1 OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS
Transmission line parameters are used in the voltage drop calculations, load flow,
stability analysis, short circuit study, line loading calculations, transient analysis and
the performance evaluation of the lines under various loading conditions. The line
parameters are evaluated based on the installed line and tower configuration data.
The basic theory of line parameter calculations is involved and is explained well in
Reference [2]. The line constant calculation procedures suitable for computer-aided
analysis are discussed in this section.
Series impedance - The general method is well suited for the calculation of the
overhead line parameters as described in [1]. This procedure is explained using a
three-phase, 4 wire system shown in Figure 2.1. The voltage drop along any
conductor is proportional to the current. In steady state, the relation between the
voltage drop, impedance and the current is given by:
dV
[] = [Z] [I]
(2.1)
dx
dl
[] = jco[C] [V]
(2.2)
dx
Where
[I]
[Z]
[V]
I iy
} NEUTRAL CONDUCTOR
2.8M
I
R
4M
15. 9M
>r
2.8M
4k
2.8M
C
F
I
18
13. 4 M
1
4M
1.
+ AXii)
(2.3)
(2.4)
(2.5)
R
h
dik
Dik
GMR
x
(0
AR
dik
Uo
The earth affects the capacitance of the conductor since its presence alters the
electric field of the conductor. In charging a conductor above the earth, there is a
potential difference between the conductor and the earth. In order to calculate the
capacitance of the conductor to earth, a fictitious conductor is assumed below the
earth's surface at a distance equal to twice the distance of the conductor above the
ground. Now if the earth is removed, the midpoint provides an equi-potential
surface. The fictitious conductor has a charge equal in magnitude and opposite in
sign to that of the original conductor and is called the image conductor.
The perfect earth behaves as a conductor. But in the presence of multiple
conductors, due to higher harmonic frequencies and higher earth resistivity values,
the effective resistance and the reactance increases. The increased values are
calculated using Carson's equations. Carson's correction terms AR and AX account
for the earth return effect and are functions of the angle cp (q> = 0 for self impedance
and (p = cpik in Figure 2.2 for mutual impedance) and of the parameter a:
a
(2.6)
For a < 5, the correction factors are given in Reference [1]. For a > 5 the following
finite series is used:
(Cos</> VJ Cos 26
AR = --- -,
a2
Cos3^
3Cos5d
45Cos7<z5 V^IO" 7
+ - + - - - -- - ^ Q/km
3
5
7
A/2
a
a
a
(2.7;
"l/Vrv! /I O\
Shunt capacitance - The capacitance between the phase conductor and the
ground can be calculated knowing Maxwell's potential coefficients. Maxwell's
potential coefficients [P] and the voltage [V] are given by:
[V] = [P][Q]
(2.10)
where Q is the charge per unit length of the conductor. The diagonal elements PJJ
and the off-diagonal elements are calculated using the following equations:
1
2 hi
Pii= - In^
27tsO
ri
dik
(2.11)
(2.12)
Elimination of ground effects - The ground effects can be included in the phase
conductors. Assume equation (2.1) has the following form:
V
Zll
Z12
Z21
Z22
(2.13)
Vc
where V and Vg are system voltage and ground conductor voltages respectively.
Since Vg = 0, then:
dV
(2.14)
dx
(2.15)
Solving the above two equations:
dV
dx
i
=(Z11 -Zl2Z 2 2 Z2l)I
(2.16)
For the capacitance calculations, the same type of approach can be used. The
impedance components calculated using the above approach accounts for the
ground conductor effects.
Effective self and mutual impedance - If the self (Zjj) and mutual impedances
(Zik) of the individual conductors are known, then the effective self and mutual
impedance of the phases can be expressed as:
Zeq
Zs
Zm
Zm
Zm
Zs
Zm
Zm
Zm
Zs
(2.17)
(2.18)
(2.19)
The self and mutual capacitance are given by:
Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker. All Rights Reserved.
(2.20)
(2.21)
s =
'
a2
1
(2.22)
where a = e1 * and a2 = e"j27t 3. Using the above transformation, equation 2.1 can
be transformed to provide the symmetrical component relation given by:
dV
~
(2.23)
Zpositive ~ Znegative
(2.24)
Zzero ~
(2.25)
(Zs
Czero ~
(Cs+ 2 Cm)
(2.26)
(2.27)
Typical line parameters - The calculated line parameters can be verified with
the typical parameters available from the literature. Such parameters are available
from system analysts working on the line design and calculations. Some typical
parameters are listed in Table 2.1.
Parameter
66 kV
115 kV
138 kV
230 KV
345 kV
500 kV
750 kV
Ri, Ohm/mile
0.340
0.224
0.194
0.107
0.064
0.020
0.020
xi, Ohm/mile
0.783
0.759
0.771
0.785
0.509
0.338
0.528
RO, Ohm/mile
1.220
0.755
0.586
0.576
0.416
0.275
0.500
xo, Ohm/mile
2.370
2.300
2.480
2.235
1.624
1.050
1.584
Xo/Ro
1.950
3.050
4.230
4.080
3.490
3.800
3.170
C1, MFD/mile
0.014
0.015
0.014
0.014
0.019
0.013
0.020
CO, MFD/mile
0.009
0.008
0.009
0.009
0.012
0.009
0.013
Data for parameter calculations - The required data for the calculation of the
line parameters include the conductor details and tower configuration as listed
below.
The necessary conductor data is usually available from the manufacturers and
typical values for the following types are presented in Tables A-l through A-8.
Table;
A-l
A-2
A-3
A-4
A-5
A-6
A-7
A-8
Description
High Strength (HS) steel conductor.
Extra High Strength (EHS) steel conductor.
Aluminum Conductor Alloy Reinforced (ACAR).
Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced (ACSR).
Aluminum Weld Conductor (ALUMOWE).
All Aluminum Conductor (AAC).
All Aluminum Alloy Conductor (AAAC).
Copper Conductors.
The required tower configuration data has to be from the specific installation.
Typical tower configurations are available from various books and
manufacturer's catalog.
Symmetrical Components
C0
- 7.0238 nF/km
C,
- 8.9795 nF/km
R0
= 0.1995 Ohm/km
X0
= 1.0836 Ohm/km
R,
= 0.0282 Ohm/km
Xj
= 0.4914 Ohm/km
Zpositive
=381 Ohm
The input parameters for the calculation of the line constants using the
electromagnetic program are presented in List 2.1.
Neutral Conductor
6.1 M
B
41 M
21 M
(B)
0.5
0.5
0.5
(A)
1
2
3
0
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
(F)
(G)
(H)
(C)
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.32
(D)
4
4
4
4
(E)
2.515
2.515
2.515
0.7925
(F)
0
5.6
5.6
2.82
(G)
15.9
18.4
13.4
23.4
(H)
11.8
14.3
9.25
19.4
The program output listing contains the data for various types of line parameters
such as conductor impedance, conductor equivalent impedance, symmetrical
component parameters and surge impedance parameters. Also, the capacitance
components include the line capacitance, conductor equivalent capacitance and
symmetrical component parameters. An edited version of the program output is
presented in List 2.2.
1.14E-09
7.92E-09
3 1.078744E-0
1.37E-09
8.07E-09
Capacitance, F/km;
Symmetrical Components
0
5.56E-09=CO
O.OOE+00
1 4.281430E-1
5.98E-11
2.13E-10
3.78E-12
9.15E-09
1.31E-25
=C1
4.28E-11
5.98E-11
-2.13E-10
-3.78E-12
Impedance, Ohm/km;
Equivalent Phase Conductors
1
8.12E-02=Rs
7.28E-01 = X s
2
6.67E-02
2.40E-01
8.51E-02
7.11E-01
6.34E-02
2.55E-01
6.51E-02
2.62E-01
7.85E-02
7.41E-01
Impedance, Ohm/km;
Symmetrical Components
0
2.12E-01 = R O
1.23E+00 = X O
1 1.287834E-0
1.21E-03
3.53E-04
1.04E-02
1.65E-02
4.75E-01
1.33E-02
6.85E-03
=R1
-2.69E-05
1.05E-02
The horizontal and vertical position of the conductor is shown in Figure 2.1. The
calculated line parameters are:
Symmetrical Components
Co
= 5.5593 nF/km
C,
=9.1483 nF/km
Ro
=0.2117 Ohm/km
X0
=1.2907 Ohm/km
R,
=0.0165 Ohm/km
X,
= 0.4745 Ohm/km
Znositive
=377 Ohm
Description
Type of conductor
Resistance, Ohm/km
Diameter, mm
Conductor sag, m
Neutral Conductor
5/16 EHS
9.32
7.925
9
The horizontal and vertical position of the conductor is shown in Figure 2.4.
3.85M
>k
6
4.1M
|
OO A
_
I
5.3M
O'o B
4.4M
o'o c
36
-Jk'C
I
22 M
>f
o'o-r-
31 3M
26. 3M
I
w >f
Figure 2.4 Three-Phase Double Circuit, Tower Configuration for Example 2.3
Symmetrical Components
Co
=5.9760 nF/km
C,
= 9.6687 nF/km
Ro
X0
Ri
X,
= 0.3447
= 1.4113
= 0.0767
= 0.4592
Ohm/km
Ohm/km
Ohm/km
Ohm/km
7
^positiv
= 357 Ohm
A2
A3
A2
A1
(228)
(2.29)
(2.30)
5.24
GMRn
Znn = (Rnn + j Xnn) Ohms/1000 feet
Kn GMRC
(2.32)
'GMR C GMD
} ] (2.33)
2
Zj = [Zaa -Z ab
ZQ =[Z a a +2Z a b
Z2
-- JOhms/lOOOfeet
->-> an
--
(2.34)
(2.35)
Where
GMR
GMRs
N
Ra
Rn
Al, A2, A3
GMD = ^/Al x A2 x A3
Kn
p
Example 2.4 - Calculate the positive and zero sequence impedance of three 115
kV cables laid horizontally with a spacing of 8 inches. The sheaths are solidly
grounded at both ends of the cable. The cable is a 750 kcmil compact round
aluminum conductor with a 0.10 inch thick lead sheath. The resistance of the
conductor is 23 (a-Ohm/feet and the resistance of the sheath is 142 u-Ohm/feet.
The resistivity of earth is 100 Ohm-m. The thickness of the insulation is 0.85
inch. The geometric mean radius of the conductor is 0.445 inch. Also, calculate
the positive and zero sequence impedances using the EMTP program. Compare
the results. Calculate the charging capacitance values.
The geometric mean distance between the conductors GMD is:
Mutual impedance of the phase conductor (Zab) per equation (2.29) is:
Zab
Self impedance of the neutral conductor (Znn) per equation (2.32) is:
Znn = (0.0181 + j 0.2323) Ohms/1000 feet
Mutual impedance of the ground conductor (Zmg) per equation (2.33) is:
Zan
Consider the double circuit line shown in Example 2.3 (also see Figure 2.4).
The line is to be operated at 138 kV with the same conductor positions.
Calculate the line parameters of the 138 kV in Ohms and in P.U. The phase
conductor is 550 kcmil from Table A-6. The neutral conductor is 3/8 HS
from Table A-l. Compare the calculated values with the typical values.
2.
3.
Why are EHS conductors used for the neutral circuit? Why are the ACSR,
AAAR, ACAR and copper conductors used for the neutral circuit? What are
the primary conductor materials for the overhead system? Which conductor
is used and what are the factors involved in the selection?
4.
Compare the properties of the neutral conductor of the overhead system and
the sheath used in the underground cable system.
5.
6.
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.