Sydney Opera House - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

9/18/2015
SydneyOperaHouseWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Coordinates:335131.2S1511250.5E
SydneyOperaHouse
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
TheSydneyOperaHouseisamultivenueperformingartscentrein
Sydney,NewSouthWales,Australia.SituatedonBennelongPointin
SydneyHarbour,closetotheSydneyHarbourBridge,thefacilityis
adjacenttotheSydneycentralbusinessdistrictandtheRoyalBotanic
Gardens,betweenSydneyandFarmCoves.
SydneyOperaHouse
DesignedbyDanisharchitectJrnUtzon,thefacilityformallyopened
on20October1973,byQueenElizabethII,withmembersofthe
BritishRoyalfamilyinattendance[3]afteragestationbeginningwith
Utzon's1957selectionaswinnerofaninternationaldesign
competition.TheGovernmentofNewSouthWales,ledbythe
premier,JosephCahill,authorisedworktobeginin1958withUtzon
directingconstruction.Thegovernment'sdecisiontobuildUtzon's
designisoftenovershadowedbycircumstancesthatfollowed,
includingcostandschedulingoverrunsaswellasthearchitect's
ultimateresignation.[4]
Thoughitsnamesuggestsasinglevenue,theprojectcomprises
multipleperformancevenueswhichtogetherareamongthebusiest
performingartscentresintheworldhostingover1,500performances
eachyearattendedbysome1.2millionpeople.Thevenuesproduce
andpresentawiderangeofinhouseproductionsandaccommodate
numerousperformingartscompanies,includingfourkeyresident
companies:OperaAustralia,TheAustralianBallet,theSydneyTheatre
CompanyandtheSydneySymphonyOrchestra.Asoneofthemost
popularvisitorattractionsinAustralia,morethansevenmillionpeople
visitthesiteeachyear,with300,000peopleparticipatingannuallyina
guidedtourofthefacility.[5][6]
Identifiedasoneofthe20thcentury'smostdistinctivebuildingsand
oneofthemostfamousperformingartscentresintheworld,[7][8][9]the
facilityismanagedbytheSydneyOperaHouseTrust,underthe
auspicesoftheNewSouthWalesMinistryoftheArts.TheSydney
OperaHousebecameaUNESCOWorldHeritageSiteon28June
2007.[10]
LocationofSydneyOperaHouseinSydney
Generalinformation
Status
Complete
Type
Concerthall
Artscentre
Architecturalstyle
Expressionist
Location
BennelongPoint,Sydney
Country
Australia
Coordinates
335131.2S1511250.5E
Elevation
4m(13ft)
Currenttenants
OperaAustralia
TheAustralianBallet
SydneyTheatreCompany
SydneySymphony
Orchestra
(+others)
Contents
1Description
1.1Performancevenuesandfacilities
1.2Otherfacilities
2Constructionhistory
2.1Origins
2.2Designandconstruction
2.2.1StageI:Podium
2.2.2StageII:Roof
2.2.3StageIII:Interiors
2.3SignificantchangestoUtzon'sdesign
2.4Completionandcost
3JrnUtzonandhisresignation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Opera_House
Groundbreaking
1March1959
Constructionstarted 1March1959
Completed
1973
Opening
20October1973
Inaugurated
20October1973
Cost
A$102million,equivalentto
~A$859millionin2012[1]
Client
NSWGovernment
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4ArchitecturaldesignroleofPeterHall
5Opening
6Performancefirsts
7ReconciliationwithUtzonbuildingrefurbishment
8Publicandcommemorativeevents
9Awards
10Seealso
11References
12Bibliography
13Externallinks
Description
Thefacilityfeaturesamodern
expressionistdesign,witha
seriesoflargeprecastconcrete
"shells",[11]eachcomposedof
sectionsofasphereof75.2
metres(246ft8.6in)radius,[12]
formingtheroofsofthe
structure,setonamonumental
podium.Thebuildingcovers
1.8hectares(4.4acres)ofland
SydneyOperaHouseshowingferry
andis183m(600ft)longand
boat
120m(394ft)wideatits
widestpoint.Itissupportedon
588concretepierssunkasmuchas25m(82ft)belowsealevel.
Althoughtheroofstructuresarecommonlyreferredtoas"shells"(as
inthisarticle),theyareprecastconcretepanelssupportedbyprecast
concreteribs,notshellsinastrictlystructuralsense.[13]Thoughthe
shellsappearuniformlywhitefromadistance,theyactuallyfeaturea
subtlechevronpatterncomposedof1,056,006tilesintwocolours:
glossywhiteandmattecream.Thetilesweremanufacturedbythe
SwedishcompanyHgansABwhichgenerallyproducedstoneware
tilesforthepapermillindustry.[14]
Apartfromthetileoftheshellsandtheglasscurtainwallsofthefoyer
spaces,thebuilding'sexteriorislargelycladwithaggregatepanels
composedofpinkgranitequarriedatTarana.Significantinterior
surfacetreatmentsalsoincludeoffformconcrete,Australianwhite
birchplywoodsuppliedfromWauchopeinnorthernNewSouthWales,
andbrushboxglulam.[15]
Owner
NSWGovernment
Height
65m(213ft)
Dimensions
Otherdimensions
length183m(600ft)
width120m(394ft)
area1.8ha(4.4acres)
Technicaldetails
Structuralsystem
Concreteframe&precast
concreteribbedroof
Designandconstruction
Architect
JrnUtzon
Structuralengineer OveArup&Partners
Maincontractor
Civil&Civic(level1),M.R.
Hornibrook(level2and3and
interior)
Otherinformation
Seatingcapacity
ConcertHall2,679
JoanSutherlandTheatre
1,507
DramaTheatre544
Playhouse398
TheStudio400
UtzonRoom210
Total5,738
Website
sydneyoperahouse.com(http://sydneyoperahouse.com)
UNESCOWorldHeritageSite
Type
Cultural
Criteria
Designated
2007 (31stsession)
Referenceno.
166rev
(http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/166)
StateParty
Australia
Region
AsiaPacific
References
[2]
Coordinates
Ofthetwolargerspaces,theConcertHallisinthewesterngroupof
shells,theJoanSutherlandTheatreintheeasterngroup.Thescaleof
theshellswaschosentoreflecttheinternalheightrequirements,withlowentrancespaces,risingovertheseatingareasupto
thehighstagetowers.Thesmallervenues(theDramaTheatre,thePlayhouseandtheStudio)arewithinthepodium,beneath
theConcertHall.AsmallergroupofshellssettothewesternsideoftheMonumentalStepshousestheBennelongRestaurant.
Thepodiumissurroundedbysubstantialopenpublicspaces,andthelargestonepavedforecourtareawiththeadjacent
monumentalstepsisregularlyusedasaperformancespace.
Performancevenuesandfacilities
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TheSydneyOperaHouseincludesanumberofperformancevenues:[16]
ConcertHall:With2,679seats,thehomeoftheSydneySymphonyOrchestraandusedbyalargenumberofother
concertpresenters.ItcontainstheSydneyOperaHouseGrandOrgan,thelargestmechanicaltrackeractionorganinthe
world,withover10,000pipes.[17]
JoanSutherlandTheatre:Aprosceniumtheatrewith1,507seats,[18]theSydneyhomeofOperaAustraliaandThe
AustralianBallet.Until16October2012itwasknownastheOperaTheatre.[19][20]
DramaTheatre:Aprosceniumtheatrewith544seats,usedbytheSydneyTheatreCompanyandotherdanceand
theatricalpresenters.
Playhouse:Anendstagetheatrewith398seats.
Studio:Aflexiblespacewithamaximumcapacityof400,dependingonconfiguration.
UtzonRoom:Asmallmultipurposevenue,seatingupto210.
RecordingStudio
OutdoorForecourt:Aflexibleopenairvenuewithawiderangeofconfigurationoptions,includingthepossibilityof
utilisingtheMonumentalStepsasaudienceseating,usedforarangeofcommunityeventsandmajoroutdoor
performances.TheForecourtwillbeclosedtovisitorsandperformancesin20112014toconstructanewentrance
tunneltoarebuiltloadingdockfortheJoanSutherlandTheatre.
Otherareas(forexamplethenorthernandwesternfoyers)arealsousedforperformancesonanoccasionalbasis.Venuesare
alsousedforconferences,ceremoniesandsocialfunctions.
Otherfacilities
Thebuildingalsohousesarecordingstudio,cafes,restaurants,barsandretailoutlets.Guidedtoursareavailable,includinga
frequenttourofthefrontofhousespaces,andadailybackstagetourthattakesvisitorsbackstagetoseeareasnormally
reservedforperformersandcrewmembers.
InterioroftheConcertHall
Constructionhistory
Origins
Planningbeganinthelate1940s,whenEugeneGoossens,theDirectoroftheNSW
StateConservatoriumofMusic,lobbiedforasuitablevenueforlargetheatrical
productions.Thenormalvenueforsuchproductions,theSydneyTownHall,wasnot
consideredlargeenough.By1954,Goossenssucceededingainingthesupportof
NSWPremierJosephCahill,whocalledfordesignsforadedicatedoperahouse.It
wasalsoGoossenswhoinsistedthatBennelongPointbethesite:Cahillhadwantedit
tobeonornearWynyardRailwayStationinthenorthwestoftheCBD.[21]
AninternationaldesigncompetitionwaslaunchedbyCahillon13September1955
andreceived233entries,representingarchitectsfrom32countries.Thecriteria
specifiedalargehallseating3,000andasmallhallfor1,200people,eachtobe
designedfordifferentuses,includingfullscaleoperas,orchestralandchoralconcerts,
massmeetings,lectures,balletperformancesandotherpresentations.[22]
BennelongPointwithtramdepotin
the1920s(toplefthandsideof
photograph)
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Thewinner,announcedin1957,wasJrnUtzon,aDanisharchitect.Accordingto
legendtheUtzondesignwasrescuedfromafinalcutof30"rejects"bythenoted
FinnishAmericanarchitectEeroSaarinen.Theprizewas5,000.[23]Utzonvisited
Sydneyin1957tohelpsupervisetheproject.[24]HisofficemovedtoPalmBeach,
SydneyinFebruary1963.[25]
UtzonreceivedthePritzkerArchitecturePrize,architecture'shighesthonour,in
2003.[26]ThePritzkerPrizecitationread:
ThereisnodoubtthattheSydneyOperaHouseishismasterpiece.Itis
oneofthegreaticonicbuildingsofthe20thcentury,animageofgreat
beautythathasbecomeknownthroughouttheworldasymbolfornot
onlyacity,butawholecountryandcontinent.
Constructionprogressin1966
Designandconstruction
TheFortMacquarieTramDepot,occupyingthesiteatthetimeoftheseplans,wasdemolishedin1958andconstruction
beganinMarch1959.Itwasbuiltinthreestages:stageI(19591963)consistedofbuildingtheupperpodiumstageII(1963
1967)theconstructionoftheoutershellsstageIII(19671973)interiordesignandconstruction.
StageI:Podium
StageIcommencedon2March1959withtheconstructionfirmCivil&Civic,monitoredbytheengineersOveArupand
Partners.[27]Thegovernmenthadpushedforworktobeginearly,fearingthatfunding,orpublicopinion,mightturnagainst
them.However,Utzonhadstillnotcompletedthefinaldesigns.Majorstructuralissuesstillremainedunresolved.By23
January1961,workwasrunning47weeksbehind,[27]mainlybecauseofunexpecteddifficulties(inclementweather,
unexpecteddifficultydivertingstormwater,constructionbeginningbeforeproperconstructiondrawingshadbeenprepared,
changesoforiginalcontractdocuments).WorkonthepodiumwasfinallycompletedinFebruary1963.Theforcedearlystart
ledtosignificantlaterproblems,notleastofwhichwasthefactthatthepodiumcolumnswerenotstrongenoughtosupport
theroofstructure,andhadtoberebuilt.[28]
StageII:Roof
Theshellsofthecompetitionentrywereoriginallyofundefinedgeometry,[29]but,
earlyinthedesignprocess,the"shells"wereperceivedasaseriesofparabolas
supportedbyprecastconcreteribs.However,engineersOveArupandPartnerswere
unabletofindanacceptablesolutiontoconstructingthem.Theformworkforusingin
situconcretewouldhavebeenprohibitivelyexpensive,and,becausetherewasno
repetitioninanyoftheroofforms,theconstructionofprecastconcreteforeach
individualsectionwouldpossiblyhavebeenevenmoreexpensive.
Constructionprogressin1968
From1957to1963,thedesignteamwentthroughatleast12iterationsoftheformof
theshellstryingtofindaneconomicallyacceptableform(includingschemeswith
parabolas,circularribsandellipsoids)beforeaworkablesolutionwascompleted.Thedesignworkontheshellsinvolvedone
oftheearliestusesofcomputersinstructuralanalysis,tounderstandthecomplexforcestowhichtheshellswouldbe
subjected.[30]Thecomputersystemwasalsousedintheassemblyofthearches.Thepinsinthearchesweresurveyedatthe
endofeachday,andtheinformationwasenteredintothecomputersothenextarchcouldbeproperlyplacedthefollowing
day.Inmid1961,thedesignteamfoundasolutiontotheproblem:theshellsallbeingcreatedassectionsfromasphere.This
solutionallowsarchesofvaryinglengthtobecastinacommonmould,andanumberofarchsegmentsofcommonlengthto
beplacedadjacenttooneanother,toformasphericalsection.Withwhomexactlythissolutionoriginatedhasbeenthesubject
ofsomecontroversy.ItwasoriginallycreditedtoUtzon.OveArup'slettertoAshworth,amemberoftheSydneyOpera
HouseExecutiveCommittee,states:"Utzoncameupwithanideaofmakingalltheshellsofuniformcurvaturethroughoutin
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bothdirections."[31]PeterJones,theauthorofOveArup'sbiography,statesthat"the
architectandhissupportersalikeclaimedtorecallthepreciseeurekamoment...the
engineersandsomeoftheirassociates,withequalconviction,recalldiscussioninboth
centralLondonandatOve'shouse."
Hegoesontoclaimthat"theexistingevidenceshowsthatArup'scanvassedseveral
possibilitiesforthegeometryoftheshells,fromparabolastoellipsoidsand
spheres."[30]YuzoMikami,amemberofthedesignteam,presentsanoppositeviewin
hisbookontheproject,Utzon'sSphere.[32][33]Itisunlikelythatthetruthwilleverbe
categoricallyknown,butthereisaclearconsensusthatthedesignteamworkedvery
wellindeedforthefirstpartoftheprojectandthatUtzon,Arup,andRonaldJenkins
(partnerofOveArupandPartnersresponsiblefortheOperaHouseproject)allplayed
averysignificantpartinthedesigndevelopment.[34]
SydneyOperaHouseshellribs
AsPeterMurraystatesinTheSagaoftheSydneyOperaHouse:[28]
...thetwomenandtheirteamsenjoyedacollaborationthatwas
remarkableinitsfruitfulnessand,despitemanytraumas,wasseenby
mostofthoseinvolvedintheprojectasahighpointofarchitect/engineer
collaboration.
Theglazedceramictilesofthe
SydneyOperaHouse
ThedesignoftheroofwastestedonscalemodelsinwindtunnelsatSouthampton
UniversityandlaterNPLinordertoestablishthewindpressuredistributionaroundtheroofshapeinveryhighwinds,which
helpedinthedesignoftherooftilesandtheirfixtures.[35][36]
TheshellswereconstructedbyHornibrookGroupPtyLtd,[37]whowerealsoresponsibleforconstructioninStageIII.
Hornibrookmanufacturedthe2400precastribsand4000roofpanelsinanonsitefactoryandalsodevelopedtheconstruction
processes.[28]Theachievementofthissolutionavoidedtheneedforexpensiveformworkconstructionbyallowingtheuseof
precastunits(italsoallowedtherooftilestobeprefabricatedinsheetsontheground,insteadofbeingstuckonindividuallyat
height).OveArupandPartners'siteengineersupervisedtheconstructionoftheshells,whichusedaninnovativeadjustable
steeltrussed"erectionarch"tosupportthedifferentroofsbeforecompletion.On6April1962,itwasestimatedthattheOpera
HousewouldbecompletedbetweenAugust1964andMarch1965.
StageIII:Interiors
StageIII,theinteriors,startedwithUtzonmovinghisentireofficetoSydneyin
February1963.However,therewasachangeofgovernmentin1965,andthenew
RobertAskingovernmentdeclaredtheprojectunderthejurisdictionoftheMinistryof
PublicWorks.ThisultimatelyledtoUtzon'sresignationin1966(seebelow).
Thecostoftheprojectsofar,eveninOctober1966,wasstillonly$22.9million,[38]
lessthanaquarterofthefinal$102millioncost.However,theprojectedcostsforthe
designwereatthisstagemuchmoresignificant.
ThesecondstageofconstructionwasprogressingtowardcompletionwhenUtzon
resigned.HispositionwasprincipallytakenoverbyPeterHall,whobecamelargely
responsiblefortheinteriordesign.Otherpersonsappointedthatsameyeartoreplace
UtzonwereE.H.Farmerasgovernmentarchitect,D.S.LittlemoreandLionelTodd.
TheConcertHallandorgan
FollowingUtzon'sresignation,theacousticadvisor,LotharCremer,confirmedtotheSydneyOperaHouseExecutive
Committee(SOHEC)thatUtzon'soriginalacousticdesignallowedforonly2000seatsinthemainhallandfurtherstatedthat
increasingthenumberofseatsto3000asspecifiedinthebriefwouldbedisastrousfortheacoustics.AccordingtoPeter
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Jones,thestagedesigner,MartinCarr,criticisedthe"shape,heightandwidthofthestage,thephysicalfacilitiesforartists,the
locationofthedressingrooms,thewidthsofdoorsandlifts,andthelocationoflightingswitchboards."[39]
SignificantchangestoUtzon'sdesign
Themajorhall,whichwasoriginallytobeamultipurposeopera/concerthall,becamesolelyaconcerthall,calledthe
ConcertHall.Theminorhall,originallyforstageproductionsonly,incorporated
operaandballetfunctionsandwascalledtheOperaTheatre,laterrenamedthe
JoanSutherlandTheatre.Asaresult,theJoanSutherlandTheatreisinadequate
tostagelargescaleoperaandballet.Atheatre,acinemaandalibrarywerealso
added.Thesewerelaterchangedtotwolivedramatheatresandasmallertheatre
"intheround".ThesenowcomprisetheDramaTheatre,thePlayhouseandthe
Studiorespectively.Thesechangeswereprimarilybecauseofinadequaciesin
theoriginalcompetitionbrief,whichdidnotmakeitadequatelyclearhowthe
OperaHousewastobeused.Thelayoutoftheinteriorswaschanged,andthe
stagemachinery,alreadydesignedandfittedinsidethemajorhall,waspulled
ViewfromthestageoftheConcert
outandlargelythrownaway,asdetailedinthe1968BBCTVdocumentary
Hall.
AutopsyonaDream,which"chroniclesthefullspectrumofcontroversy
surroundingtheconstructionoftheSydneyOperaHouse".[40]
Externally,thecladdingtothepodiumandthepaving(thepodiumwas
originallynottobecladdowntothewater,buttobeleftopen).
Theconstructionoftheglasswalls(Utzonwasplanningtouseasystemof
prefabricatedplywoodmullions,butadifferentsystemwasdesignedtodeal
withtheglass).
Utzon'splywoodcorridordesigns,andhisacousticandseatingdesignsforthe
interiorofbothmajorhalls,werescrappedcompletely.Hisdesignforthe
ConcertHallwasrejectedasitonlyseated2000,whichwasconsidered
insufficient.[30]UtzonemployedtheacousticconsultantLotharCremer,andhis
ViewfromthestageoftheTheJoan
designsforthemajorhallswerelatermodelledandfoundtobeverygood.The
SutherlandTheatre.
subsequentTodd,HallandLittlemoreversionsofbothmajorhallshavesome
problemswithacoustics,particularlyfortheperformingmusicians.The
orchestrapitintheJoanSutherlandTheatreiscrampedanddangerousto
musicians'hearing.[41]TheConcertHallhasaveryhighroof,leadingtoalack
ofearlyreflectionsonstageperspexrings(the"acousticclouds")hangingover
thestagewereaddedshortlybeforeopeninginan(unsuccessful)attemptto
addressthisproblem.
Completionandcost
TheOperaHousewasformallycompletedin1973,havingcost$102million.[42]H.R.
"Sam"Hoare,theHornibrookdirectorinchargeoftheproject,providedthefollowing
approximationsin1973:StageI:podiumCivil&CivicPtyLtdapproximately$5.5m.
StageII:roofshellsM.R.Hornibrook(NSW)PtyLtdapproximately$12.5m.Stage
III:completionTheHornibrookGroup$56.5m.Separatecontracts:stageequipment,
stagelightingandorgan$9.0m.Feesandothercosts:$16.5m.
InterioroftheStudioTheatre.
Theoriginalcostandschedulingestimatesin1957projectedacostof3,500,000
($7million)andcompletiondateof26January1963(AustraliaDay).[30]Inactuality,
theprojectwascompletedtenyearslateand1,457%overbudgetinrealterms.
JrnUtzonandhisresignation
BeforetheSydneyOperaHousecompetition,JrnUtzonhadwonsevenofthe18
competitionshehadenteredbuthadneverseenanyofhisdesignsbuilt.[43]Utzon's
submittedconceptfortheSydneyOperaHousewasalmostuniversallyadmiredand
consideredgroundbreaking.TheAssessorsReportofJanuary1957,stated:
ThefoyeroftheJoanSutherland
Theatre,showingtheinternal
structureandsteelframingofthe
glasscurtainwallsthefinal
constructionsweremodifiedfrom
Utzon'soriginaldesigns
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Thedrawingssubmittedforthisschemearesimpletothepointofbeing
diagrammatic.Nevertheless,aswehavereturnedagainandagaintothe
studyofthesedrawings,weareconvincedthattheypresentaconceptof
anOperaHousewhichiscapableofbecomingoneofthegreatbuildings
oftheworld.
Forthefirststage,Utzonworkedsuccessfullywiththerestofthedesignteamandthe
client,but,astheprojectprogressed,theCahillgovernmentinsistedonprogressive
revisions.Theyalsodidnotfullyappreciatethecostsorworkinvolvedindesignand
construction.Tensionsbetweentheclientandthedesignteamgrewfurtherwhenan
earlystarttoconstructionwasdemandeddespiteanincompletedesign.Thisresulted
inacontinuingseriesofdelaysandsetbackswhilevarioustechnicalengineering
issueswerebeingrefined.Thebuildingwasunique,andtheproblemswiththedesign
issuesandcostincreaseswereexacerbatedbycommencementofworkbeforethe
completionofthefinalplans.
ViewoftheOperaHousefromthe
HarbourBridge
Afterthe1965electionoftheLiberalParty,withRobertAskinbecomingPremierof
Thebuildingilluminatedatnight
NewSouthWales,therelationshipofclient,architect,engineersandcontractors
becameincreasinglytense.Askinhadbeena"vocalcriticoftheprojectpriorto
gainingoffice."[44]HisnewMinisterforPublicWorks,DavisHughes,wasevenlesssympathetic.ElizabethFarrelly,
Australianarchitecturecritic,haswrittenthat:
atanelectionnightdinnerpartyinMosman,Hughes'daughterSueBurgoyneboastedthatherfatherwouldsoon
sackUtzon.Hugheshadnointerestinart,architectureoraesthetics.Afraud,aswellasaphilistine,hehadbeen
exposedbeforeParliamentanddumpedasCountryPartyleaderfor19yearsoffalselyclaimingauniversity
degree.TheOperaHousegaveHughesasecondchance.Forhim,asforUtzon,itwasallaboutcontrolaboutthe
triumphofhomegrownmediocrityoverforeigngenius.[44]
Differencesensued.OneofthefirstwasthatUtzonbelievedtheclientsshouldreceive
informationonallaspectsofthedesignandconstructionthroughhispractice,while
theclientswantedasystem(notablydrawninsketchformbyDavisHughes)where
architect,contractors,andengineerseachreportedtotheclientdirectlyandseparately.
Thishadgreatimplicationsforprocurementmethodsandcostcontrol,withUtzon
wishingtonegotiatecontractswithchosensuppliers(suchasRalphSymondsforthe
plywoodinteriors)andtheNewSouthWalesgovernmentinsistingcontractsbeputout
totender.[28]
TheOperaHouseseenfromthenorth
Utzonwashighlyreluctanttorespondtoquestionsorcriticismfromtheclient's
SydneyOperaHouseExecutiveCommittee(SOHEC).[45]However,hewasgreatly
supportedthroughoutbyamemberofthecommitteeandoneoftheoriginalcompetitionjudges,HarryInghamAshworth.
Utzonwasunwillingtocompromiseonsomeaspectsofhisdesignsthattheclientswantedtochange.
Utzon'sabilitywasneverindoubt,despitequestionsraisedbyDavisHughes,whoattemptedtoportrayUtzonasan
impracticaldreamer.OveArupactuallystatedthatUtzonwas"probablythebestofanyIhavecomeacrossinmylong
experienceofworkingwitharchitects"[46]and:"TheOperaHousecouldbecometheworld'sforemostcontemporary
masterpieceifUtzonisgivenhishead."
InOctober1965,UtzongaveHughesaschedulesettingoutthecompletiondatesofpartsofhisworkforstageIII.Utzonwas
atthistimeworkingcloselywithRalphSymonds,amanufacturerofplywoodbasedinSydneyandhighlyregardedbymany,
despiteanArupengineerwarningthatRalphSymonds's"knowledgeofthedesignstressesofplywood,wasextremely
sketchy"andthatthetechnicaladvicewas"elementarytosaytheleastandcompletelyuselessforourpurposes."Australian
architecturecriticElizabethFarrellyhasreferredtoOveArup'sprojectengineerMichaelLewisashaving"otheragendas".[44]
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Inanycase,Hughesshortlyafterwithheldpermissionfortheconstructionofplywoodprototypesfortheinteriors,andthe
relationshipbetweenUtzonandtheclientneverrecovered.ByFebruary1966,Utzonwasowedmorethan$100,000in
fees.[47]HughesthenwithheldfundingsothatUtzoncouldnotevenpayhisownstaff.Thegovernmentminutesrecordthat
followingseveralthreatsofresignation,UtzonfinallystatedtoDavisHughes:"Ifyoudon'tdoit,Iresign."Hughesreplied:"I
acceptyourresignation.Thankyouverymuch.Goodbye."[48]
Utzonlefttheprojecton28February1966.HesaidthatHughes'srefusaltopayhim
anyfeesandthelackofcollaborationcausedhisresignationandlaterfamously
describedthesituationas"MaliceinBlunderland".InMarch1966,Hughesoffered
himasubordinateroleas"designarchitect"underapanelofexecutivearchitects,
withoutanysupervisorypowersovertheHouse'sconstruction,butUtzonrejectedthis.
Utzonleftthecountrynevertoreturn.
Followingtheresignation,therewasgreatcontroversyaboutwhowasintherightand
whowasinthewrong.TheSydneyMorningHeraldinitiallyopined:"Noarchitectin
theworldhasenjoyedgreaterfreedomthanMrUtzon.Fewclientshavebeenmore
patientormoregenerousthanthepeopleandtheGovernmentofNSW.Onewouldnot
likehistorytorecordthatthispartnershipwasbroughttoanendbyafitoftemperon
theonesideorbyafitofmeannessontheother."On17March1966,theHerald
offeredtheviewthat:[49]"Itwasnothis[Utzon's]faultthatasuccessionof
GovernmentsandtheOperaHouseTrustshouldsosignallyhavefailedtoimposeany
controlororderontheproject....hisconceptwassodaringthathehimselfcouldsolve
itsproblemsonlystepbystep....hisinsistenceonperfectionledhimtoalterhis
designashewentalong."
TheSydneyOperaHouseopenedthewayfortheimmenselycomplexgeometriesof
somemodernarchitecture.Thedesignwasoneofthefirstexamplesoftheuseof
computeraideddesigntodesigncomplexshapes.Thedesigntechniquesdevelopedby
UtzonandArupfortheSydneyOperaHousehavebeenfurtherdevelopedandarenow
usedforarchitecture,suchasworksofGehryandblobitecture,aswellasmost
reinforcedconcretestructures.Thedesignisalsooneofthefirstintheworldtouse
aralditetogluetheprecaststructuralelementstogetherandprovedtheconceptfor
futureuse.
Itwasalsoafirstinmechanicalengineering.AnotherDanishfirm,SteensenVarming,
wasresponsiblefordesigningthenewairconditioningplant,thelargestinAustraliaat
thetime,supplyingover600,000cubicfeet(17,000m3)ofairperminute,[50]usingthe
innovativeideaofharnessingtheharbourwatertocreateawatercooledheatpump
systemthatisstillinoperationtoday.[51]
TheOperaHouse,backedbythe
SydneyHarbourBridge,fromthe
easternBotanicGardens
TheOperaHouseseenfromThe
Rocks
TheSydneyOperaHouseduring
VividSydney(2013).
ArchitecturaldesignroleofPeterHall
AftertheresignationofUtzon,theMinisterforPublicWorks,DavisHughes,andtheGovernmentArchitect,TedFarmer,
organisedateamtobringtheSydneyOperaHousetocompletion.Thearchitecturalworkwasdividedbetweenthree
appointeeswhobecametheHall,Todd,Littlemorepartnership.DavidLittlemorewouldmanageconstructionsupervision,
LionelToddcontractdocumentation,whilethecrucialroleofdesignbecametheresponsibilityofPeterHall.[52]
PeterHall(19311995)completedacombinedartsandarchitecturedegreeatSydneyUniversity.Upongraduationatravel
scholarshipenabledhimtospendtwelvemonthsinEuropeduringwhichtimehevisitedUtzoninHellebk.[53]Returningto
Sydney,HallworkedfortheGovernmentArchitect,abranchoftheNSWPublicWorksDepartment.Whiletherehe
establishedhimselfasatalenteddesignarchitectwithanumberofcourtanduniversitybuildings,includingtheGoldstein
HallattheUniversityofNewSouthWales,whichwontheSirJohnSulmanMedalin1964.
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HallresignedfromtheGovernmentArchitectsofficeinearly1966topursuehisownpractice.Whenapproachedtotakeon
thedesignrole,(afteratleasttwoprominentSydneyarchitectshaddeclined),HallspokewithUtzonbyphonebefore
acceptingtheposition.UtzonreportedlytoldHall:he(Hall)wouldnotbeabletofinishthejobandtheGovernmentwould
havetoinvitehimback.[54]Hallalsosoughttheadviceofothers,includingarchitectDonGazzardwhowarnedhim
acceptancewouldbeabadcareermoveastheprojectwould"neverbehisown".[55]
HallagreedtoaccepttheroleontheconditiontherewasnopossibilityofUtzonreturning.Evenso,hisappointmentdidnot
godownwellwithmanyofhisfellowarchitectswhoconsideredthatnoonebutUtzonshouldcompletetheSydneyOpera
House.[53]UponUtzon'sdismissal,arallyofprotesthadmarchedtoBennelongPoint.Apetitionwasalsocirculated,
includingintheGovernmentArchitectsoffice.PeterHallwasoneofthemanywhohadsignedthepetitionthatcalledfor
Utzon'sreinstatement.[53]
WhenHallagreedtothedesignroleandwasappointedinApril1966,heimaginedhewouldfindthedesignand
documentationfortheStageIIIwelladvanced.Whathefoundwasanenormousamountofworkaheadofhimwithmany
aspectscompletelyunresolvedbyUtzoninrelationtoseatingcapacity,acousticsandstructure.[56]InadditionHallfoundthe
projecthadproceededfornineyearswithoutthedevelopmentofaconciseclientbrief.Tobringhimselfuptospeed,Hall
investigatedconcertandoperavenuesoverseasandengagedstageconsultantBenSchlangeandacousticconsultantWilhelm
Jordan,whileestablishinghisteam.InconsultationwithallthepotentialbuildingusersthefirstReviewofProgramwas
completedinJanuary1967.ThemostsignificantconclusionreachedbyHallwasthatconcertandoperawereincompatiblein
thesamehall.[57]AlthoughUtzonhadsketchedideasusingplywoodforthegreatenclosingglasswallstheirstructural
viabilitywasunresolvedwhenHalltookonthedesignrole.[58]Withtheabilitytodelegatetasksandeffectivelycoordinatethe
workofconsultants,Hallguidedtheprojectforoverfiveyearsuntiltheopeningdayin1973.
AformerGovernmentArchitect,PeterWebber,inhisbookPeterHall:thePhantomoftheOperaHouse,concludes:when
Utzonresignednoonewasbetterqualified(thanHall)torisetothechallengeofcompletingthedesignoftheOpera
House.[59]
Opening
TheSydneyOperaHousewasformallyopenedbyElizabethII,QueenofAustralia,on
20October1973.Alargecrowdattended.Utzonwasnotinvitedtotheceremony,nor
washisnamementioned.Theopeningwastelevisedandincludedfireworksanda
performanceofBeethoven'sSymphonyNo.9.[60]
Performancefirsts
Duringtheconstructionphrase,lunchtimeperformanceswereoftenarrangedforthe
workers,withAmericanvocalistPaulRobesonthefirstartisttoperform,in1960.
TouristsobservingtheOperaHouse.
Variousperformanceswerepresentedpriortotheofficialopening:
ThefirstsolopianorecitalwasintheConcertHallon10April1973,playedbyRomolaCostantinotoaninvited
audience.[61]
ThefirstoperaperformedwasSergeiProkofiev'sWarandPeace,inwhatwasthenknownastheOperaTheatreon28
September1973,conductedbytheAustralianOpera'sMusicDirector,EdwardDownes.(IthadbeenintendedthatPeter
Sculthorpe'sworkRitesofPassagewouldhavethishonour,butitwasnotreadyontime.RitesofPassagewas
premieredalmostexactlyayearlater,on27September1974)
ThefirsteveningperformanceofanoperawasLarrySitsky'sTheFalloftheHouseofUsher,conductedbyRex
Hobcroft.[62]
ThefirstpublicconcertintheConcertHalltookplaceon29September1973.ItwasanallWagnerorchestralconcert
performedbytheSydneySymphonyOrchestra,conductedbyCharlesMackerrasandwithBirgitNilssonasthesoprano
soloist.ThefirstmusicplayedwasthePreludetoDieMeistersingervonNrnberg.Theconcertclosedwiththe
ImmolationScenefromGtterdmmerung.
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Aftertheopening:
ThefirstviolinandpianorecitalwasgivenbyWandaWikomirska,withpianistGeoffreyParsons.[63]
ReconciliationwithUtzonbuildingrefurbishment
Inthelate1990s,theSydneyOperaHouseTrustresumedcommunicationwithUtzon
inanattempttoeffectareconciliationandtosecurehisinvolvementinfuturechanges
tothebuilding.In1999,hewasappointedbytheTrustasadesignconsultantfor
futurework.[64]
In2004,thefirstinteriorspacerebuilttoanUtzondesignwasopened,andrenamed
"TheUtzonRoom"inhishonour.[65]InApril2007,heproposedamajor
reconstructionoftheOperaTheatre,asitwasthenknown.[66]Utzondiedon29
November2008.
Astatememorialservice,attendedbyUtzon'ssonJananddaughterLin,celebrating
hiscreativegenius,washeldintheConcertHallon25March2009featuring
performances,readingsandrecollectionsfromprominentfiguresintheAustralian
performingartsscene.
TheUtzonRoom:rebuiltand
redecoratedtoadesignbyUtzon
RefurbishedWesternFoyersandAccessibilityimprovementswerecommissionedon17November2009,thelargestbuilding
projectcompletedsinceUtzonwasreengagedin1999.DesignedbyUtzonandhissonJan,theprojectprovidedimproved
ticketing,toiletandcloakingfacilities.Newescalatorsandapublicliftenabledenhancedaccessforthedisabledandfamilies
withprams.TheprominentparalympianathleteLouiseSauvagewasannouncedasthebuilding's"accessibilityambassador"
toadviseonfurtherimprovementstoaidpeoplewithdisabilities.[67]
Publicandcommemorativeevents
In1993,ConstantineKoukiaswascommissionedbytheSydneyOperaHouseTrustinassociationwithREMTheatreto
composeIcon,alargescalemusictheatrepieceforthe20thanniversaryoftheSydneyOperaHouse.
Duringthe2000SummerOlympics,thevenueservedasthefocalpointforthetriathlonevents.Theeventhada1.5km
(0.9mi)swimmingloopatFarmCove,alongwithcompetitionsintheneighbouringRoyalBotanicalGardensforthecycling
andrunningportionsoftheevent.[68]In2012,LouiseHerronwasappointedasthefirstfemaleChiefExecutiveOfficerofthe
SydneyOperaHouseinitshistory.
TheSydneyOperaHousesailsformedagraphicprojectionscreeninalightshowmountedinconnectionwiththe
InternationalFleetReviewinSydneyHarbouron5October2013.[69]
On31December2013,thevenue's40thanniversaryyear,aNewYearfireworkdisplaywasmountedforthefirsttimeina
decade.[70]
Awards
RAIAMeritAward,1974.
MeritoriousLightingAwardoftheIlluminatingEngineeringSocietyofAustralia,1974.
RAIACivicDesignAward,1980.
RAIACommemorativeAward,JrnUtzonSydneyOperaHouse,1992.
Seealso
Australianlandmarks
ListofofficialopeningsbyElizabethIIinAustralia
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WondersoftheWorld
AuditoriodeTenerifeamodernstructureinSpainwithasimilardesign
LotusTempleamodernstructureinIndiawithasimilardesign
ClydeAuditoriumamodernstructureinScotlandwithavisuallysimilardesign
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Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sydney_Opera_House&oldid=681405743"
Categories: WorldHeritageSitesinAustralia SydneyOperaHouse Musicvenuescompletedin1973
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