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Waste Management 30 (2010) 11651170

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Waste Management
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/wasman

Bio-drying and size sorting of municipal solid waste with high water content
for improving energy recovery
Li-Ming Shao, Zhong-He Ma, Hua Zhang, Dong-Qing Zhang, Pin-Jing He *
State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering,
Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Article history:
Received 18 July 2009
Accepted 7 January 2010
Available online 27 January 2010

a b s t r a c t
Bio-drying can enhance the sortability and heating value of municipal solid waste (MSW), consequently
improving energy recovery. Bio-drying followed by size sorting was adopted for MSW with high water
content to improve its combustibility and reduce potential environmental pollution during the followup incineration. The effects of bio-drying and waste particle size on heating values, acid gas and heavy
metal emission potential were investigated. The results show that, the water content of MSW decreased
from 73.0% to 48.3% after bio-drying, whereas its lower heating value (LHV) increased by 157%. The heavy
metal concentrations increased by around 60% due to the loss of dry materials mainly resulting from biodegradation of food residues. The bio-dried waste fractions with particle size higher than 45 mm were
mainly composed of plastics and papers, and were preferable for the production of refuse derived fuel
(RDF) in view of higher LHV as well as lower heavy metal concentration and emission. However, due
to the higher chlorine content and HCl emission potential, attention should be paid to acid gas and dioxin
pollution control. Although LHVs of the waste fractions with size <45 mm increased by around 2 after
bio-drying, they were still below the quality standards for RDF and much higher heavy metal pollution
potential was observed. Different incineration strategies could be adopted for different particle size fractions of MSW, regarding to their combustibility and pollution property.
2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
The accelerated urbanization has led to an increasing generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) in many countries. MSW
could be treated through incineration for recovering energy since
it contains combustibles like plastics, papers, foods, etc. (AbuQudais and Abu-Qdais, 2000; Hwang et al., 2008; Malkow, 2004;
Rigamonti et al., 2009). Nevertheless, chlorine and heavy metals
are also present in MSW, resulting in pollutant emission during
mixed incineration (Zhang et al., 2009a). To improve the environmental and economic benets of energy recovery from MSW, the
fractions with less pollutant emission potential and better combustibility close to fossil fuel are subjected to incineration and could
be obtained by sorting, mainly mechanized, which is widely used
in the USA and European countries (Rotter et al., 2004; Velis
et al., 2009).
However, MSW in many developing countries, e.g. China, is
characterized by high water content (often more than 70%) due
to a relatively high proportion of food waste (Cheng et al., 2007;
H. Zhang et al., 2008). As a result, the waste is often difcult to real-

* Corresponding author. Tel./fax: +86 21 6598 6104.


E-mail address: solidwaste@tongji.edu.cn (P.-J. He).
0956-053X/$ - see front matter 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2010.01.011

ize self-sustained combustion (Haug, 1993), and the energy recovery efciency will be limited by its lower heating value (LHV) (3
6.7 MJ/kg) (Cheng et al., 2007; Norbu et al., 2005; Patumsawad
and Cliffe, 2002). Furthermore, the high water content and the
putrescible property greatly deteriorate the sorting efciency of
the waste or even invalidate the operation (Zhang et al., 2009b),
thus mechanical sorting becomes inoperative.
Bio-drying, which could remove water by air ventilation and
heat produced from biodegradation (Dufour, 2006; Velis et al.,
2009), has been regarded as a good solution to reduce water content of MSW (Rada et al., 2007; D.Q. Zhang et al., 2008). The previous study (Zhang et al., 2009b) had showed that, both sorting
efciency and LHV of MSW were correlated with water content.
Accordingly, bio-drying pretreatment could not only improve
MSW combustibility (represented by lower water content and
higher LHV), but also enhance MSW sortability, indicating a promising potential for the production of refuse derived fuel (RDF).
Screening is a simple but effective sorting method and is used in
many RDF facilities (Juniper, 2005; Norbu et al., 2005). For different
particle size fractions of MSW, their composition and LHV are different, thus energy recovery strategies adopted, e.g. RDF production,
incineration, etc., may be also different. Until now, the feasibility
of energy recovery from MSW with high water content by bio-drying
and size sorting has not been investigated adequately.

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L.-M. Shao et al. / Waste Management 30 (2010) 11651170

The effect of bio-drying on heating values and sortability


enhancement by bio-drying had been discussed before (Zhang
et al., 2009b). In this study, size sorting was applied after bio-drying in order to improve the combustion properties of MSW, evaluated from the aspects of heating value and pollutant emission
potential. Energy recovery strategies for different particle size fractions of MSW after bio-drying were examined based on the quality
of their derived products, including heating values, concentrations
of chlorine, sulfur and heavy metals, and their emission potential
during incineration.

on the 45 mm screen; (3) PR (2545), the fraction retained on the


25 mm screen; (4) PR (025), the fraction retained on the bottom
pan. The physical composition of each particle size fraction was
analyzed by manual sorting into three main parts: plastics, papers
and food residuals. In this study, the food residuals were dened as
the residual part with plastics and papers removed, since other
components (except for food wastes, papers and plastics) were
ignorable (only 3% in the raw MSW) and bound with the residual
food after bio-drying. After that, the three compositions were
mixed again, dried at 70 C, and then ground for analysis of chlorine, sulfur, heavy metals as well as incineration simulation tests.

2. Materials and methods


2.1. Characteristics of the MSW feedstock
About 300 kg of raw MSW was sampled from a residential area
(Shanghai, China) in summer (D.Q. Zhang et al., 2008; Zhang et al.,
2009b). The waste was mixed and then divided into four parts by
coning and quartering. One part was used for compositional analysis and one part was used in the bio-drying process. The waste
was comprised of 67% food wastes, 14% papers, 16% plastics and
3% others. There were little metals, glass and textiles (included in
the 3% others) in the waste, a little different from the waste in
treatment and disposal facilities, because of the residential source
and the recycling of some valuable wastes by garbage-picker before collection.
2.2. Experimental setup and operation
The experiment was conducted in laboratory columns in duplicate. Each column was lled with 32 kg of the well-mixed raw
MSW. The aeration rate was xed at 0.056 m3 per kg wet waste
per hour to achieve a high water removal rate, and intermittent
aeration with 7 min run/23 min stop was set to obtain an optimal
oxygen concentration in the exhaust air for favoring biodegradation, based on the results of previous experiments (Zhang, 2009).
In addition, the waste was manually turned every 2 days.
2.3. Experimental device
The laboratory columns, made of PVC plastic, were 1200 mm
high and 400 mm inner diameter. The outer wall of the columns
was wrapped with 100 mm-thick hollow cotton for thermal insulation. For leachate drainage and air distribution, a 100 mm-thick
layer of round stones (with diameters about 5 mm) was placed at
the bottom of the column. Above the stones, there was a perforation plate (2 mm mesh) placed to support MSW and facilitate aeration. The layer, including straw and cotton cushions, was placed
on the top of MSW to avoid heat loss and vapor condensation. A
whirlpool pump (XGB-8, Penghu Co., China) was used for aeration
and the aeration rate was controlled by a gas-ow meter (LZB-10,
Shanghai Instrument Co., China).
2.4. Sampling and screening
To determine the variation of water content and volatile solid
(VS) concentration of the waste during bio-drying, about 300 g of
the waste sample was collected every 4 days along with turning.
About 5 kg of the waste sample before and after bio-drying
(product, denoted as PR) was collected and sorted by screening.
The screening unit consisted of three sieves with opening size 60,
45 and 25 mm, together with a bottom pan with a diameter of
500 mm. The waste was divided into four different particle size
fractions manually by the screening unit: (1) PR (>60), the fraction
retained on the 60 mm screen; (2) PR (4560), the fraction retained

2.5. Incineration simulation


Incineration was simulated in a tubular mufe reactor with two
duplicates. Each particle size fraction from screening was wellmixed, dried at 70 C and then ground. About 15 g of the ground
waste was placed in a ceramic boat and then heated in the reactor
tube (40 mm i.d. and 710 mm length) at 850 C for 30 min, with an
air owrate of 100 mL/min. To determine heavy metal emissions,
the ue gas was absorbed by acidic solution of peroxide hydrogen/nitric acid for all metals except for Hg and by acidic solution
of potassium permanganate for Hg. HCl was absorbed into aqueous
solution of sodium carbonate/sodium bicarbonate, and SOx was
absorbed by solution of ammonium sulfamate and dilute sulfuric
acid/peroxide. The sampling trains and solutions were submerged
in ice bathes to enhance condensation. HCl, SOx, and heavy metal
emissions were determined based on their concentrations in the
absorption solutions.

2.6. Experimental monitoring and sample analysis


The temperature of MSW during bio-drying was monitored
every day by a thermometer (WMY-01 C, Huachen Co., China) with
3 sensor probes located at the top, middle and bottom of the column along the longitudinal axis. The circumstance temperature
was monitored simultaneously.
All the waste samples were dried at 70 C until constant weight
and then ground to size <0.5 mm for analysis. VS concentration
was determined by heating at 550 C for 6 h, and LHV was measured by a calorimeter (6100, PARR, USA). The inorganic chlorine
and sulfur were determined by water extraction at 10 L/kg followed by AgNO3 titration and barium chromate colorimetric method respectively (APHA et al., 1998; Guo et al., 2001; Jakob et al.,
1996), while the organic chlorine and sulfur were detected by an
organic halide analyzer (AQF-100/ICS-1500 system, Dionex, USA).
The total chlorine and sulfur in the waste were the sum of their
corresponding inorganic and organic concentrations. The metal
concentrations (Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn, Cu, Mn and Ni) were determined
by an Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) (ICP-optima 2001DV, Perkin-Elmer, USA) after aqua regia digestion, while Hg was quantied
using an Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometer (AFS-XGY1012, Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China).
The concentrations of chlorine, sulfur, and metals in the leachate produced during bio-drying and in the absorption solutions
were determined by AgNO3 titration, barium chromate colorimetric method, and ICP, respectively. All the analyses were in
triplicate.

2.7. Mass balance of pollutants during bio-drying and incineration


The mass balance of pollutants during bio-drying was calculated as the following equations:

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L.-M. Shao et al. / Waste Management 30 (2010) 11651170

W raw C xraw W bio-dried C xbio-dried V leachate C xleachate


W ash C xash V gas C xgas W ash C xash V solution C xsolution

Ex

W bio-dried C xbio-dried
W bio-dried C xbio-dried

x
W raw C raw
W bio-dried C xbio-dried V leachate C xleachate
V gas C xgas
W raw C xraw

V solution C xsolution
W bio-dried C xbio-dried V leachate C xleachate

where, Rx and Ex were the ratio of pollutant x (heavy metals, chlorine, and sulfur) retained in the bio-dried waste and transferred
to ue gas during incineration, respectively; Wraw, Wbio-dried, and
Wash were the total dry weight (kg) of the raw waste, bio-dried
waste, and bottom ash; C xraw ; C xbio-dried ; and C xash were the concentration (mg/kg) of pollutant x in the raw waste, bio-dried waste, and
bottom ash; Vleachate, Vgas and Vsolution were the volume (L) of leachate produced during bio-drying, ue gas during incineration, and
absorption solution; C xleachate ; C xgas and C xsolution were the concentration (mg/L) of pollutant x in the leachate, ue gas, and absorption
solution.

3.2. Screening results


The wet weight of each particle size fraction for the raw MSW
and nal product is presented in Fig. 3. After bio-drying, the wet
weights of PR (>60), PR (4560), PR (2545) and PR (025) fractions were respectively reduced by 54.3%, 60.3%, 79.7% and
72.2%. As a result, in the nal bio-dried product, the fractions of
PR (>60), PR (4560), PR (2545) and PR (025) accounted for
31.7%, 14.8%, 14.6% and 38.9%, respectively.
The physical composition of each particle size fraction for the
raw MSW and nal product (in wet weight) is shown in Fig. 4. In
the raw MSW, the food residuals were the dominant component
for PR (>60), PR (2545) and PR (025), except for PR (4560) (only
34.7%). After bio-drying, food residuals still dominated in the PR
(025) with a share of 85.3%, but decreased to 27.0% for PR (25
45). There was almost no food residuals in PR (>60) and PR (45
60). This could be attributed to the size reduction of food residuals
by biological destruction and the decrease of adhesion and agglomeration due to water loss. After bio-drying, the large particle size
fractions, PR (>60) and PR (4560) were almost all plastics and papers, while the papers dominated in PR (2545), with a proportion
of 62.4%.

3. Results
3.1. A brief description of the bio-drying process
As water in MSW was evaporated and removed by air ventilation and heat of biodegradation reaction during bio-drying
(Dufour, 2006), the termination of the process was determined
based on the difference between the temperature of waste material
and the circumstance temperature, which indicated the potential
of water evaporation. As shown in Fig. 1a, on the 16th day, the
MSW temperature declined to 40 C which was close to the circumstance temperature, suggesting an undesirable water evaporation potential for a prolonged process. Therefore, sixteen days of
bio-drying period were adopted in this study.
Fig. 1 presents the evolution of MSW temperature, VS concentration and water content during bio-drying. The temperature of
the waste increased rapidly over the rst 3 days, and then maintained at a high level (>50 C) until day 12. Then it declined gradually to the circumstance temperature. After bio-drying, the water
content of the nal product declined from the initial 73.0% to

3.3. Heating values of each particle size fraction


Table 1 presents the heating values and concentrations of heavy
metals, chlorine and sulfur of each particle size fraction for the raw

90

70

(a)
65

VS concentration (%)

60

o
Temperature ( C)

85

(b)

55
50
45
40
35

85

80

80

75

75

70

70

65

65

60

60

55

55

50

VS concentration
Water content

50

30

Circumstance temperature

45

10 12 14 16

Time (days)

45
40

40

25

Water content (%)

Rx

48.3%, and the VS concentration decreased from 82.5% to 68.8%.


While LHV of the bio-dried waste increased by 157%.
Fig. 2 indicates the weight loss of MSW during bio-drying.
Through bio-drying, 79.9% of water was removed and 37.3% of solid waste mass in dry weight was lost. In total, the weight of MSW
decreased by 68.6%. The degradation of papers (in dry weight) was
limited (only 2.1%), and that of plastics was negligible.
Mass balance of pollutants during bio-drying was calculated
(data not shown). Most of the pollutants, i.e., about 99.4% of sulfur,
88.8% of chlorine, and more than 93% of heavy metals except Zn
(which was 86%), were found to remain in the bio-dried waste.
About 0.2% and 0.4% of sulfur were released with malodorous gas
and leachate respectively, whereas 11.2% of chlorine, <7% of heavy
metals except Zn, and 14% of Zn transferred into the leachate.

35
0

10 12 14 16

Time (days)

Fig. 1. Evolution of MSW temperature, VS concentration and water content during bio-drying. (a) MSW temperature; (b) VS concentration and water content.

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L.-M. Shao et al. / Waste Management 30 (2010) 11651170

35

30

Water
Food residuals (in dry weight)
Papers (in dry weight)
Plastics (in dry weight)

Wet weight (kg)

25

20

15

3.4. Heavy metal concentrations of each particle size fraction

10

Raw MSW

Final product

Fig. 2. Weight losses of MSW during bio-drying.

35

30

PR(>60)
PR(45~60)
PR(25~45)
PR(0~25)

Wet weight (kg)

25

20

After bio-drying, the heavy metal concentrations in the mixed


waste increased by around 60% except Cu, due to the dry weight
loss (about 60%) resulting from biodegradation of food residues.
The total amount of Cu calculated based on the Cu concentration
and dry weight of the waste after bio-drying increased by 40%
compared with that in the raw MSW, which may be due to the
sampling heterogeneity (e.g., blended copper particle). As a result,
Cu concentration in the bio-dried waste increased by about 120%.
In general, the bio-drying increased the metal concentrations
for PR (2545) and PR (025) (Table 1). PR (025) in the nal product had the highest concentration of Cr, Pb, Cu, Ni, Zn and Hg. This
could be explained by that the high content of ne particles, such
as the street dust and sedimented particles of the atmosphere, had
high heavy metal concentrations due to their great absorption ability and surface area (AL-Chalabi and Hawker, 1997; Al-Khashman,
2004). Less variation (below 20%) of heavy metal concentrations
was found for PR (4560) and PR (>60) except Ni in PR (>60) and
Cu in the two fractions.

15

3.5. Chlorine and sulfur concentrations of each particle size fraction

10

Chlorine and sulfur concentrations require much attention, because they are sources of acidic pollutants, and important reactive
elements in the formation of dioxins during incineration (Watanabe et al., 2004).
After bio-drying, the chlorine concentrations in PR (>60), PR
(2545) and PR (025) of the nal product increased by 27.0%,
73.6% and 92.2%, respectively. Whereas, chlorine concentration in
PR (4560) was reduced by 27.0%. Moreover, in the nal product,
the chlorine concentration in PR (>60) was the highest, attributed
to the highest content of plastics (Fig. 4). Compared with the chlorine content (2.07%) in the PR (>60), the other three fractions had a
lower chlorine content (<1.35%).
The bio-drying process also resulted in the increase of sulfur
concentrations, by 40.0% for PR (>60), 75.0% for PR (4560),
75.0% for PR (2545) and 70.8% for PR (025). And, there was no
obvious difference in sulfur concentration among the four fractions
of the nal product.

Raw MSW

Final product

Fig. 3. Wet weight of each particle size fraction for the raw MSW and nal product
based on the total MSW input.

Plastics

Papers

Food residues

100

Percentage (%, in wet weight)

MSW and nal product. As expected, bio-drying enhanced LHV of


each particle size fraction dramatically, i.e., by 117% for PR (>60),
by 29.9% for PR (4560), by 192% for PR (2545) and by 223% for
PR (025). Moreover, in the nal product, the LHV increased with
the particle size. The LHV was well related to the content of plastics
and papers, which had much higher LHV (2837 MJ/kg for plastics
and about 17 MJ/kg for papers) than food residuals (Lee et al.,
2005; Prechthai et al., 2008).

80

60

4. Discussion

40

20

Final
Raw
Raw Final
--MSW product MSWproduct

PR(0~25)

PR(25~45)

Raw Final
-MSWproduct

PR(45~60)

-Raw Final
MSW product

PR(>60)

Fig. 4. Composition of each particle size fraction for the raw MSW and nal product
(in wet weight).

Compared to the raw mixed MSW, LHV of the PR (>60) and PR


(4560) fractions in the nal product dramatically increased by
3.1 and 1.8 times respectively. On the basis of RDF quality standard
(LHV > 15 MJ/kg in wet weight) for clinker production established
by European Association of Waste Thermal Treatment Companies
for Specialized Waste (EURITS) (Gendebien et al., 2003), only PR
(>60) in the nal product was suitable to be used as RDF. Whereas,
according to the quality standards (LHV > 18 MJ/kg in dry weight)
for RDF in Germany (RAL) (Rotter et al., 2004), both PR (>60) and PR
(4560) could be accepted as RDF.
Quality index I, the ratio of heavy metal, chlorine or sulfur concentration (mg/kg) to LHV (MJ/kg) of the dried sample (70 C), was
introduced to evaluate the combustion properties of the product

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L.-M. Shao et al. / Waste Management 30 (2010) 11651170


Table 1
Heating values and concentrations of heavy metals, chlorine and sulfur in each size fraction of the raw MSW and nal product.
Parameters

LHV

Wet weight (MJ/kg)


Dry weight (MJ/kg)

Cr

Concentration (mg/kg)
Ic (mg/MJ)

Pb

Concentration (mg/kg)
I (mg/MJ)

Cu

Concentration (mg/kg)
I (mg/MJ)

Ni

Concentration (mg/kg)
I (mg/MJ)

Mn

Concentration (mg/kg)
I (mg/MJ)

Zn

Concentration (mg/kg)
I (g/MJ)

Hg

Concentration (mg/kg)
I (mg/MJ)

Chlorine

Concentration (%,w/w)
I (mg/MJ)

Sulfur

Concentration (%,w/w)
I (mg/MJ)

Samples

Mixed

Raw MSW
Final product
Raw MSW
Final product
Raw MSW
Final product
Raw MSW
Final product
Raw MSW
Final product
Raw MSW
Final product
Raw MSW
Final product
Raw MSW
Final product
Raw MSW
Final product
Raw MSW
Final product
Raw MSW
Final product
Raw MSW
Final product
Raw MSW
Final product
Raw MSW
Final product
Raw MSW
Final product
Raw MSW
Final product
Raw MSW
Final product
Raw MSW
Final product
Raw MSW
Final product
Raw MSW
Final product

4.01
10.3
14.8
19.8
115
177
7.74
8.92
56.8
84.2
3.82
4.24
117
264
7.90
12.6
40.0
64.7
2.69
3.26
29.6
45.9
1.99
2.31
452
622
30.4
31.4
0.96
1.83
0.06
0.09
1.01
1.43
0.0068
0.0072
0.24
0.38
0.0016
0.0019

EURITSa

Particle size range (mm)


PR (>60)

PR (4560)

PR (2545)

PR (025)

7.66
16.6
21.5
29.1
112
130
5.19
4.45
47.9
52.7
2.22
1.81
111
240
5.15
8.26
33.3
55.8
1.55
1.92
36.0
48.5
1.67
1.67
338
411
15.7
14.1
0.75
0.90
0.03
0.03
1.63
2.07
0.0076
0.0071
0.25
0.35
0.0012
0.0012

8.71
11.3
24.8
24.5
100
103
4.04
4.22
57.6
46.3
2.32
1.89
136
181
5.49
7.37
42.6
40.9
1.72
1.67
40.6
38.0
1.64
1.55
396
439
16.0
17.9
0.85
0.83
0.03
0.03
1.85
1.35
0.0075
0.0055
0.24
0.42
0.0010
0.0017

2.01
5.87
7.21
12.0
92.9
177
12.9
14.8
65.1
90.1
9.03
7.49
86.0
229
11.9
10.7
25.6
61.2
3.55
5.09
23.3
47.7
3.23
3.97
310
587
43.0
48.8
0.96
1.92
0.13
0.16
0.72
1.25
0.0101
0.0104
0.20
0.35
0.0028
0.0029

1.95
6.30
6.69
11.0
132
238
19.8
21.6
57.8
120
8.64
10.8
131
320
19.5
29.0
50.4
80.6
7.53
7.30
25.2
45.7
3.77
4.14
566
706
84.6
64.0
1.12
2.79
0.17
0.25
0.51
0.98
0.0076
0.0089
0.24
0.41
0.0037
0.0037

Germanyb

15
18
200
14
200
n.ad
200
56
200
8.9
200
n.a
500
n.a
2
0.07
0.5
only declaration
0.4
n.a

a
Standard quality of waste to be co-combusted in the cement plant established by European Association of Waste Thermal Treatment Companies for Specialized Waste
(EURITS) (Gendebien et al., 2003).
b
Quality standards for RDF in Germany (Rotter et al., 2004).
c
Basis for conversion of mg/kgdry into mg/MJ (Rotter et al., 2004).
d
Not available.

(Rotter et al., 2004; Zhang, 2009), based on the comparison with


German RAL limit values. Generally, bio-drying could not cause a signicant variation in I values, which decreased with the increase of
waste particle size for both raw MSW and nal product.
When compared with the RAL limits, I values for heavy metals
of PR (>60) and PR (4560) all fullled the standard. Therefore,
the bio-dried waste with particle size larger than 45 mm had great
potential for RDF production. As for the concentrations of heavy
metals, PR (>60) and PR (4560) in the nal product complied with
the EURITS standard, except for Cu in PR (>60). Also, the sulfur concentrations of PR (>60) and PR (4560) met the corresponding
EURITS limit. Nevertheless, PR (>60) and PR (4560) in the nal
product had high chlorine concentrations, which were 314% and
170% higher than that of the EURITS limit for chlorine. To reduce
the secondary pollution caused by high chlorine concentrations,
one method has been to blend with other suitable materials before
RDF production (Visvanathan et al., 2007), while another method
has added dechlorination processes to incineration facilities.
Although LHV of PR (2545) and PR (025) was enhanced by
5060% compared with that of the raw mixed MSW, it was still far
below the quality standard (either EURITS or RAL limit) for RDF.
Moreover, several heavy metals of PR (025) exceeded the corre-

sponding EURITS limits, including Cr (by 19.2%), Cu (by 60.1%), Zn


(by 41.2%) and Hg (39.7%). For PR (2545), the concentrations of Zn
and Cu were 14.5% and 17.3% higher than the corresponding EURITS
limits, respectively. The chlorine concentration of PR (2545) and PR
(025) were 150% and 96.0% higher than the EURITS limit value for
chlorine. Whereas, the I values for most heavy metals fullled the
RAL limits. It could be concluded that, PR (2545) and PR (025) in
the bio-dried product were not favorable for RDF production in view
of lower LHV as well as high heavy metal concentration and emission
potential. The concentrations of heavy metals, chlorine and sulfur in
PR (2545) and PR (025) increased after bio-drying, which inevitably resulted in an increase of corresponding incineration pollutants.
As shown in Table 2, the potential emissions of heavy metal, chlorine
and sulfur in the incineration ue gas were about 15 higher than
the levels of the raw MSW. Thus more effective measures for pollution control should be adopted in engineering application for these
ne waste fractions.
5. Conclusions
After bio-drying, the large particle size fractions (PR (>60) and
PR (4560)) were mainly composed of plastics and papers, and

1170

L.-M. Shao et al. / Waste Management 30 (2010) 11651170

Table 2
Potential emissions of heavy metals, HCl and SOx in incineration ue gas for each size fraction.
Parameters

Samples

Mixed

Cr (mg/kg)

Raw MSW
Final product
Raw MSW
Final product
Raw MSW
Final product
Raw MSW
Final product
Raw MSW
Final product
Raw MSW
Final product
Raw MSW
Final product
Raw MSW
Final product

0.020
0.057
0.189
0.252
1.14
1.49
1.31
3.70
21.8
25.7
0.071
0.154
3.54
9.52
1.14
1.31

Pb (mg/kg)
Cu (mg/kg)
Mn (mg/kg)
Zn (mg/kg)
Hg (mg/kg)
HCl (mg/kg)
SOx (mg/kg)

Particle size range (mm)


PR (>60)

PR (4560)

PR (2545)

PR (025)

0.007
0.019
0.207
0.156
1.08
0.950
0.913
1.22
15.9
24.4
0.069
0.143
6.82
18.2
0.859
1.29

0.053
0.015
0.107
0.078
0.970
0.878
0.507
1.13
20.0
15.1
0.113
0.130
10.5
10.5
0.785
0.971

0.013
0.027
0.160
0.267
1.30
1.48
4.06
6.59
23.5
21.9
0.024
0.114
0.846
6.95
1.03
1.16

0.020
0.110
0.220
0.380
1.14
2.12
0.447
5.60
25.2
31.4
0.081
0.184
0.623
2.88
1.49
1.48

had a good prospect for RDF production regarding to their higher


LHV and lower heavy metal pollution potential. Nevertheless, the
inuence of high chlorine concentration should be mitigated by
mixing with other suitable materials before RDF production or
adding dechlorination facilities during incineration.
The main component of PR (025) in the bio-dried product was
food residuals, while plastics, papers and food residuals were
evenly distributed in PR (2545). LHV of these two fractions were
below the quality standards for RDF and much higher heavy metal
concentration and emission potential were observed. More effective measures should be adopted to control the secondary pollution for the ne waste particles.
Acknowledgements
This work was nancially supported by National Key Technology R&D Program of China (No. 2006BAC06B04) and the Key Special Program on the S&T for the Pollution Control and Treatment of
Water Bodies (No. 2008ZX07101-006).
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