What's the difference between mobile

and desktop processors?

Let's get one thing straight: MHz / GHz and number of cores are no longer a reliable
indicator of the relative performance of any two arbitrary processors.
They were dubious numbers at best even in the past, but now that we have mobile
devices, they are absolutely terrible indicators. I'll explain where they can be used later
in my answer, but for now, let's talk about other factors.
Today, the best numbers to consider when comparing processors are Thermal Design
Power (TDP), and Feature Fabrication Size, aka "fab size" (in nanometers -- nm).
Basically: as the Thermal Design Power increases, the "scale" of the CPU increases.
Think of the "scale" between a bicycle, a car, a truck, a train, and a C-17 cargo airplane.
Higher TDP means larger scale. The MHz may or may not be higher, but other factors
like the complexity of the microarchitecture, the number of cores, the branch predictor's
performance, the amount of cache, the number of execution pipelines, etc. all tend to be
higher on larger-scale processors.
Now, as the fab size decreases, the "efficiency" of the CPU increases. So, if we assume
two processors which are designed exactly the same except that one of them is scaled
down to 14nm while the other is at 28nm, the 14nm processor will be able to:

Perform at least as fast as the higher fab size CPU;

Do so using less power;

Do so while dissipating less heat;

Do so using a smaller volume in terms of the physical size of the chip.

Generally, when companies like Intel and the ARM-based chip manufacturers
(Samsung, Qualcomm, etc) decrease fab size, they also tend to ramp up the performance
a bit. This puts a hamper on exactly how much power efficiency they can gain, but
everyone likes their stuff to run faster, so they design their chips in a "balanced" way, so
that you get some power efficiency gains, and some performance gains. On the other
extremes, they could keep the processor exactly as power-hungry as the previous
generation, but ramp up the performance a lot; or, they could keep the processor exactly
at the same speed as the previous generation, but reduce the power consumption by a
lot.
The main point to consider is that the current generation of tablet and smartphone CPUs
has a TDP around 2 to 4 Watts and a fab size of 28 nm. A low-end desktop processor
from 2012 has a TDP of at least 45 Watts and a fab size of 22 nm. Even if the tablet's

System On Chip (SoC) were connected to an A/C mains power source so it doesn't have
to worry about power sipping (to save battery), a quad-core tablet SoC would
completely lose every single CPU benchmark to a 2012 low-end "Core i3", dual-core
processor running at perhaps lower GHz.
The reasons:

The Core i3/i5/i7 chips are MUCH larger (in terms of number of transistors,
physical die area, power consumption, etc.) than a tablet chip;

Chips that go into desktops care MUCH less about power savings. Software,
hardware and firmware combine to severely cut down to performance on mobile
SoCs in order to give you long battery life. On desktops, these features are only
implemented when they do not significantly impact the top-end performance,
and when top-end performance is requested by an application, it can be given
consistently. On a mobile processor, they often implement many little "tricks" to
drop frames here and there, etc. (in games, for example) which are mostly
imperceptible to the eye but save battery life.

One neat analogy I just thought of: you could think of a processor's "MHz" like the
"RPMs" meter on a vehicle's internal combustion engine. If I rev up my motorcycle's
engine to 6000 RPM, does that mean it can pull more load than a train's 16-cylinder
prime mover at 1000 RPM? No, of course not. A prime mover has around 2000 to 4000
horsepower (example here), while a motorcycle engine has around 100 to 200
horsepower (example here of the highest horsepower motorcycle engine ever just
topping 200 hp).
TDP is closer to horsepower than MHz, but not exactly.
A counterexample is when comparing something like a 2014-model "Haswell" (4th
Generation) Intel Core i5 processor to something like a high-end AMD processor. These
two CPUs will be close in performance, but the Intel processor will use 50% less
energy! Indeed, a 55 Watt Core i5 can often outperform a 105 Watt AMD "Piledriver"
CPU. The primary reason here is that Intel has a much more advanced microarchitecture
that has pulled away from AMD in performance since the "Core" brand started. Intel has
also been advancing their fab size much faster than AMD, leaving AMD in the dust.
Desktop/laptop processors are somewhat similar in terms of performance, until you get
down to tiny Intel tablets, which have similar performance to ARM mobile SoCs due to
power constraints. But as long as desktop and "full scale" laptop processors continue to
innovate year over year, which it seems likely they will, tablet processors will not
overtake them.
I'll conclude by saying that MHz and # of Cores are not completely useless metrics. You
can use these metrics when you are comparing CPUs which:

Are in the same market segment (smartphone/tablet/laptop/desktop);

Are in the same CPU generation (i.e. the numbers are only meaningful if the
CPUs are based on the same architecture, which usually means they'd be
released around the same time);

Have the same fab size and similar or identical TDP;

When comparing all of their specs, they differ primarily or solely in the MHz
(clock speed) or number of cores.

If these statements are true of any two CPUs -- for instance, the Intel Xeon E3-1270v3
vs. the Intel Xeon E3-1275v3 -- then comparing them simply by MHz and/or # of Cores
can provide you a clue of the difference in performance, but the difference will be much
smaller than you expect on most workloads.
Here's a little chart I did up in Excel to demonstrate the relative importance of some of
the common CPU specs (note: "MHz" actually refers to "clock speed", but I was in a
hurry; "ISA" refers to "Instruction Set Architecture", i.e. the actual design of the CPU)
Note: These numbers are approximate/ballpark figures based on my experience, not any
scientific research.