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35
TABLE2.4
1900
1950
2000
Globally
(Tons
Gaseous
Gaseous
Pollutants
pollutants
rReleased
eleased
globally
(Ton
per
yper
ear)
Year)
(Tolba,
1992)
Pollutant
Anthropogenic
Sources
Natural
Sourcesa
CO2
SOx
NOx
CFCs
6,000,000,000
100,000,000
68,000,000
1,100,000
100,000,000,000
50,000,000
20,000,000
0
residuales
mg.L-1
Peces en
una zona 12 gP.kg-1 10-6 g.kg-1
uantification
of Release of Pollutants
polutada
to control pollution
intended
Efectos
de
los
metales
mg.L-1
10-6 g.kg-1
Inhibicin
Estimulacin
ion
focuses on the amounts of pollutants that may
e environment and the rates at which they may be released. International agreeMacronutrientes
re necessary to control environmental
inputs of major pollutants. In the case of
(Calcio)
dioxide, the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development at Rio
ro in June 1992 recommended
reducing carbon dioxide emissions to 1990 levels by
Concentracin
2000. Even this modest Micronutrientes
goal was not supported by many countries, including the
(Cobre)
e largest producer of CO2.
re recent conference in Kyoto,
Japan,
Elementos
no esencialesin 1997 recommended an 8% decrease from
(Plomo)
Although definite targets have been proels of six greenhouse gases before 2012.
y the European
Union, the agreement has not been ratified by the US The cau
proach of
the US and the opposition of the oil-producing countries have made the
e uncertain. More has been achieved in agreements about CFCs. Industrialized
es agreed to phase them out by the year 2000 (a 10-year time lag was allowed to
g.g-1
Hg
Fondo
Geoqumico
Aguas abajo de
Paris (1993)
Cd
Co
Pb
Cr
Ni
Cu
Zn
0,03 0,35
5,5
25
50
17
15
80 45000
285
230
4,85
Al
720
206
Contaminantes naturales
Worldwide
emissions
(103
tonnes
per
year)
of
trace
metals
from
natural
sources
to
the
atmosphere
Usages industriels
batteries, batiment
- Cd : pigments, placages, batteries
3. Evolution of the state of metal contamination of
- Cr : alliages, tanneries (de moins en moins)
the Seine River
- Cu : lectricit, canalisations, alliages divers
- Hg
: chimiehere
du (i)
chlore,
dentisterie, batteries, thermomtres
Two different time scales
are considered
the
longer term (19302000), -Zn
by floodplain
core batiment,
analyses
: toitures,
voirie, galvanisation
Metales en la industria
t.y-1
t.y-1
2000
Usages industriels
2000
1500
1000
Cadmium
300000
Pb
Leaded gasoline
Accumulators
Cables
Metal
Chemicals including oxides
250000
200000
150000
0
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Meybeck
et al., Historical perspective of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn) in the
Seine
river basin (France), Science of the Total Environment, in press.
Fig. 2. Five years average temporal profiles of five metal enrichment factors (EF) in Seine
floodplain cores downstream of Paris megacity (EF = 1 for
100000
500 contents).
natural background
50000
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
Ejemplo
Partie
2:
Estudio
de
los
sedimentos
del
lago
Lman
(Suiza)
rdactionnelle
Toxicidad Estao
TBT
10
12
i
14
i
16
annes
1986
Tchernobyl
1980
.o
-6
,
co
+j
CD
8 .1
"O
1970
CO
10
Essais
E
O
m
-q
Q-
nuclaires
1964
atmosphriques
1960
CO
12
"O
a>
1954
Cs -137
s
CO
14
16
carotte SM4B
Fig. 3: Enregistrement dans les sdiments des pollutions par les retombes nu
claires atmosphriques.
55-87 ppm
142
Ratn
Oral
TPhT
81-93 ppm
SnCl2
1200 ppm
Ratn
CuCO3 aq
pK=6,77
74%
200 ppm
Cu
=
5.10
M
C
=
2.10-3
M
En t, les phosphates
Lorsque les eaux du fond sont riches en
RatnCu(OH)2 aq Cutneo
pK=-16,2
Ratn 4%
Oral
TBT
L'histoire de la contamination
de l'eau
Activit dans
(pCi/g) (pCi.g-1)
Radioactividad
en les
lossdiments
sedimentos
Oral
mination des eaux d'un bassin de sdiMensuration. Photogrammetrie. Gnie rural 3/90
Toxicidad Arsnico
As2O3
AsO2NaAsO4
Roxarsona
Roxarsona
DL50
Animal
Injection
34,5 ppm
Ratn
Oral
4,5 ppm
Rata
Intraperitoneal
14-18 ppm
Rata
Intraperitoneal
110-123 ppm
Pollo
Oral
34 ppm
Pollo
Intraperitoneal
Arsenobetana
10 000 ppm
Ratn
Oral
Me3As
8 000 ppm
Ratn
Subcutneo
Toxicidad
Mercurio
DL50
Animal
Injection
HgCl
180-210 ppm
Ratn
Oral
HgCl
1500 ppm
Ratn
Cutneo
HgCl2
1 ppm
Rata
Oral
HgCl2
41 ppm
Rata
Cutneo
HgI2
18 ppm
Rata
Oral
MeHg
29,9 ppm
Rata
Oral