CEE 150 Quarter Notes All

CEE 150
Mechanics of Materials
Instructor:
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Course outline
Course units: 4 units
Prerequisites: CEE 30 or ENGR 30, or MAE 30 (Statics)
Text Book:
Other Books:
F.P. Beer, E.R. Johnston, J.T. DeWolf, Mechanics of Materials,
McGrawHill
Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials, PEARSON (Prentice Hall)
J.M. Gere, S.P. Timoshenko, Mechanics of Materials
EP P
E.P.
Popov, T
T.A.
A B
Balan,
l
E i
Engineering
i M
Mechanics
h i off Solids,
S lid
AND MANY OTHERS
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Course outline
Meetings:
Lecture: Tuesday and Thursday. 3:30 PM 4:50 PM.

DBDBH 1600
Office hours: Tuesday 2:00 PM 3:00 PM. E/4141 Engineering

Gateway
Work Credit (CEE 150): Home Work & quizzes 220%
Midterm exam
Final exam
40% (Nov. 17th)

40% (Dec 8th,4:00pm-6:00pm)
Total
100%
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Course outline
Course Outcomes:
1- Apply knowledge of mathematics, science, and engineering dealing with
mechanics of materials under axial loading, torsion, bending, and combined
loading.
2- Draw axial force, torque, shear and moment diagrams of simple members subject
to combined loading.
3- Compute stresses and strains in simple members subject to axial loading, torsion,
bending, and combined loading.
4- Compute deflection of beams.
5- Compute buckling load of compressive members.
6- Design components to meet desired needs in terms of strength and deflection.
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Course outline
Topic
Date
Chapters
Introduction & Concept of

Stress and Strain
Review of Statistics, Stress,
Analysis and Design of members,
Different types
yp of stresses,, General
loading conditions and components
of stress
Week 1
Chapter 1 (B&J)
Chapter 1 -3 (Hibb.)
Axial Loading
Normal Strain, Stress-Strain
Diagram, Engineering vs. True Stress
and Strain, Hooks Law, Elastic vs.
Plastic Behavior, Axial Deformation,
Poison Ratio, Shear Strain, Stress
Concentration, Plastic Deformation
Week 1
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Chapter 2 (B&J)
Chapter 4 (Hibb.)
Course outline
Topic
Date
Beer & Johnson

Section Numbers
Week 2
Chapter 3 (B&J)
Torsion
Deformations in circular shafts
shafts,
Stress and strain in circular
members, Polar moment of inertia,
Stress concentration in circular
shafts, design of circular shafts for
torsion
Chapter 5 (Hibb.)
P
Pure
Bending
B di
Deformation and stress/strain in
symmetric members in pure bending
(El ti and
(Elastic
d Pl
Plastic
ti b
behavior),
h i ) Stress
Week 3
concentration, effect of eccentric

loading on distribution of stress
and strain
strain, design considerations
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Chapter 4 (B&J)
Chapter 6 (Hibb.)
(Hibb )
Course outline
Topic
Analysis of Beams
Shear and
Sh
d Bending
B di M
Momentt
Diagrams, Design for bending
Date
Week 4
Beer & Johnson

Section Numbers
Chapter 4 (B&J)
Chapter 6 (Hibb.)
Shear
Distribution and determination of
shear stress on the horizontal face
of a beam element (rectangular,
(rectangular
arbitrary shape, and thin walled
members), design considerations.
Week 5
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Chapter 5 (B&J)
Chapter 7 (Hibb.)
(Hibb )
Course outline
Topic
Date
Beer & Johnson

Section Numbers
Transformation of Stress
Combined
C
bi d lloading,
di
Pl
Plane stress,
t
principal stresses and maximum
shearing stress, Mohrs circle for
plane stress, Design of beams for
strength requirements
Week 6
Chapter 7-8 (B&J)

Chapter 8-9 (Hibb.)
Deflection of Beams
Deformation under transverse

loading, curvature vs. rotation.
Design of beams for deflection
requirements Superposition
requirements.
Week 7
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Chapter 9 (B&J)
Chapter 12 (Hibb.)
Course outline
Date
Beer & Johnson

Section Numbers
Week 9
Chapter 10 (B&J)
Topic
Columns
Stability, Eulers formula for
columns with different boundary
conditions, design of columns
s bjected to eccentric and
subjected
concentric loads
Review
Week 10
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Chpater 13 (Hibb.)
Course outline
Homework Policy:
No Due date. However, there are dates for quizzes (see each homework set)
One problem from two homework assignments (with changed numbers)
will be test during lecture time (quiz).
You get only few minutes to do a quiz.
Your submitted work must be clean, on single sheet of paper, show all work, and
include units.
Submitted work that does not abide to these simple yet crucial rules will get
almost no credit.
HW 1 & 2
on 10/13
HW 3 & 4
on 10/27
HW 5 & 6
on 11/10
HW 7 & 8
on 11/24
Dr. Farzin Zareian
HW 9 & 10
on 12/3
Course outline
Exam Policy:
No make-up exam. Unless in extreme circumstances.
Please bring only a reliable calculator(s)
calculator(s), an UCI Examination Blue Book(s)
Book(s), and
use pencil.
The exams are closed
closed-book,
book closed
closed-notes,
notes and closed
closed-discussion
discussion
Class Attendance Policy:

I strongly recommend that you attend the class and join the discussions.
Quizzes are given during the class. MAY BE IN THE FIRST MINUTE
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Course outline
Points for success:
Start early and keep up with the pace of the class
class. Due to the heavy course load
we will be moving fast.
Invest time in doing your homeworks and do plenty of exercise
exercise.
Prepare before attending each class session.
Take full advantage of your discussion sessions and office hours

hours.
We are
here to help, but we can not help you unless we know what is the
problem.
bl
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Course outline
Academic Dishonesty:
Please review the UCIs academic dishonesty
y policy
p
y at:
http://www.senate.uci.edu/senateweb/default2.asp?active_pa
ge_id=754
You are required to read the complete description provided in
the academic senate website regarding academic
dishonesty.
y
Any incident
A
i id
off academic
d i di
dishonesty
h
iin ENGRCEE 150 will
ill
be followed with disciplinary action to the fullest degree.
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Chapter 1
Introduction Concept
p of Stress
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Introduction - Concept of Stress

Why do we need to know mechanics of materials?
Analysis of structures
Find stresses and deformations in structural members due to

applied loading
Design of structures
Find dimensions and arrangement of structural members to

withstand applied loads safely.
You are responsible for providing a reliable and

safe path for loads applied to your structure from
their point of initiation up to the structures
supports.
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Review of Statics
The structure is designed to
support a 30 kN load.
The structure consists of a boom
and rod joined by pins (zero
moment connections)
i
) at the
h
junctions and supports.
Perform a static analysis to
determine the internal force in
each structural member and the
reaction forces at the supports.
Di
Discussion
i about
b t statically
t ti ll determinate
d t
i t structure
t t
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Structure Free-Body Diagram
St
Structure
t
is
i detached
d t h d from
f
supports
t and
d
the loads and reaction forces are indicated.
Conditions for static equilibrium:
M C 0 Ax 0.6 m 30 kN 0.8 m
Ax 40 kN
Fx 0 Ax C x
C x Ax 40 kN
Fy 0 Ay C y 30 kN 0
Ay C y 30 kN
Ay and Cy can not be determined from
these equations.
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Component Free-Body Diagram
IIn addition
dditi to
t the
th complete
l t structure,
t
t
each
h
component must satisfy the conditions for
static equilibrium.
Consider a free-body diagram for the boom:
M B 0 Ay 0.8 m
Ay 0
Substitute into the structure equilibrium
equation
Results:
C y 30 kN
A 40 kN C x 40 kN C y 30 kN
Reaction forces are directed along

g boom and rod
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Method of Joints
The boom and rod are 2-force members, i.e., the
members are subjected to only two forces which
are applied at member ends.
For equilibrium, the forces must be parallel to an
axis between the force application points, equal
in magnitude, and in opposite directions
Joints must satisfy the conditions for static
equilibrium which may be expressed in the form
off a force
f
triangle:
ti
l
FB 0
FAB FBC 30 kN
4
5
3
FAB 40 kN
FBC 50 kN
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Stress Analysis
Can the structure safely support the 30 kN load?
From a Statics analysis
FAB = 40 kN ((compression)
p
)
FBC = 50 kN (tension)
At any section through member BC, the internal
force is 50 kN with a force intensity or stress of
BC
P
50 103 N

159 MPa
-6
2
A 314 10 m
From the material properties for steel, the

allowable stress is all 165 MPa
Conclusion: the strength of member BC is adequate.
UNITS ??? (Lb vs. N),
N) (m
( 2 vs. in
i 2),
) (Pa
(P vs. psi)
i)
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Design
Design
Design of new structures requires selection of appropriate materials
and component dimensions to meet performance requirements.
For reasons based on cost, weight, availability, etc., the choice is made
to construct the rod from aluminum (all= 100 MPa)
MPa). What is an
appropriate choice for the rod diameter?
P
all
A
all
50 103 N
6
2
500
10
m
100 106 Pa
d2
A
4
4A
4500 106 m 2
d
2.52 10 2 m 25.2 mm
An aluminum rod 26mm or more in diameter is adequate.

Dr. Farzin Zareian

Axial Loading: Normal Stress
The resultant of the internal forces for an

axially loaded member is normal to a section
cut perpendicular to the member axis.
The force intensity on that section is defined

as the normal stress.
F
P
lim
ave
A0
A
A
The normal stress at a particular point may not be

equal
q
to the average
g stress but the resultant of
the stress distribution must satisfy
P ave A dF dA
A
The detailed distribution of stress is statically

indeterminate, i.e., can not be found from statics
alone.
l
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Concentric & Eccentric Loading
A uniform distribution of stress in a section

infers that the line of action for the resultant of
th internal
the
i t
l forces
f
passes through
th
h the
th centroid
t id
of the section.
A uniform distribution of stress is only

yp
possible
if the concentrated loads on the end sections of
two-force members are applied at the section
centroids. This is referred to as concentric
loading.
If a two-force member is eccentrically loaded,

then the resultant of the stress distribution in a
section must yield an axial force and a moment.
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Shearing Stress
Forces P and P
P are applied transversely to the
member AB. Corresponding internal forces act
in the plane of section C and are called
shearing
g forces.
The resultant of the internal shear force

distribution is defined as the shear of the
section and is equal to the load P. The
corresponding average shear stress is,
ave
P
A
Shear stress distribution varies from zero at

the member surfaces to maximum values that
may be much larger than the average value.
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Shearing Stress Examples
Double Shear
Single Shear
ave
P F
A A
ave
Dr. Farzin Zareian
P F
A 2A

Bearing Stress in Connections
Bolts, rivets, and pins create stresses on
the points of contact or bearing surfaces
off th
the members
b
th
they connect.
t
The resultant of the force distribution on
the surface is equal and opposite to the
force exerted on the pin.
Corresponding average force intensity
is called the bearing stress,
P P
b
A
Dr. Farzin Zareian
td

Stress Analysis & Design
Example 1
Determine the stresses in

the members and
connections of the
structure shown.
From a static analysis:

FAB = 40 kN (compression)
FBC = 50 kN (tension)
Must consider maximum normal

stresses in AB and BC,
BC and the
shearing stress and bearing
stress at each pinned
connection
co
ect o
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Rod Stresses
The rod is in tension with an axial

force of 50 kN.
At the rod center, the average normal

stress in the circular cross-section (A
= 314x10-6m2) is BC = +159 MPa.
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Rod Stresses
At the flattened rod ends, the smallest

cross-sectional area occurs at the pin
centerline,
A 20 mm 40 mm 25 mm 300 106 m 2
BC ,end
P
50 103 N

167 MPa
6
2
A 300 10 m
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Pin Shearing Stresses
The cross-sectional area for pins at A,

A B,
B and C,
C
2
25 mm
6
2
A r
491 10 m
2
2
The force on the pin at C is equal to the force

exerted by the rod BC,
C ,ave
P
50 103 N

102 MPa
6
2
A 491 10 m
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Divide the pin at B into sections
to determine the section with the
largest shear force,
PE 15 kN
PG 25 kN (largest)
Evaluate the corresponding average

g stress,,
shearing
B ,ave
25 kN
PG
50.9 MPa
6
2
A 491 10 m
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Boom Normal Stresses
The boom is in compression with an axial

force of 40 kN and average normal stress of
26.7
26 7 MPa.(A
MP (A = 30mmX50mm=1.5x10
30
X50
1 5 10-33m2)
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Th
The pin
i att A is
i in
i d
double
bl
shear with a total force
equal to the force exerted
b the boom AB,
by
AB
A,ave
P
40 2 kN

40.7 MPa
2
6
A 491 10 m
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Pin Bearing Stresses
To determine the bearing stress at A in the boom

AB, we have t = 30 mm and d = 25 mm,
P
40 kN
53.3 MPa
td 30 mm 25 mm
To determine the bearing stress at A in the bracket, we

have t = 2(25 mm) = 50 mm and d = 25 mm,
b
Dr. Farzin Zareian
P
40 kN
32.0 MPa
td 50 mm 25 mm

Extra Stress Analysis & Design Examples Problems 1.15, 1.21, 1.25 from your book
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Stress on an Oblique Plane
Pass a section through the member forming

an angle with the normal plane.
From equilibrium
q
conditions,, the
distributed forces (stresses) on the plane
must be equivalent to the force P.
Resolve P into components normal and

tangential to the oblique section,
F P cos
V P sin
The average normal and

F
P cos
P
cos 2
shear stresses on the
A A0
A0
oblique plane are
cos
V
P sin
P
sin cos

A A0
A0
cos
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Maximum Stresses
Normal and shearing stresses on an

oblique plane
P
P
cos 2 sin cos
A0
A0
The maximum normal stress occurs when

the
h reference
f
plane
l
iis perpendicular
di l to the
h
member axis,
P
m
0
A0
The maximum shear stress occurs for a
plane at + 45o with respect
p
p
to the axis,,
P
P
sin 45 cos 45
A0
2 A0
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Stress Under General Loadings
A member subjected to a general

combination of loads is cut into two
segments by a plane passing through Q.
The distribution of internal stress

components may be defined as,
F x
x lim
A0 A
Vyx
xy lim
A0 A
Vzx
xz lim
A0 A
For equilibrium, an equal and opposite

internal force and stress distribution must
be exerted on the other segment of the
member.
Dr. Farzin Zareian

State of Stress
The combination of forces generated by
the stresses must satisfy the conditions
for equilibrium:
Fx Fy Fz 0
Mx My Mz 0
Consider the moments about the z axis:
M z 0 xy Aa yx Aa
xy yx
similarly, yz zy
and yz zy
It follows that only 6 components of stress are

required to define the complete state of
stress.
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Factor of Safety
Structural members or
machines must be
designed such that the
working stresses are less
than the ultimate
strength of the material.
FS Factor of safety
ultimate stress
FS u
all allowable stress
Factor of safety considerations:

uncertainty in material properties
uncertainty of loadings
uncertainty of analyses
number of loading cycles
types of failure
maintenance requirements and
deterioration effects
importance
i
t
off member
b to
t integrity
i t it
of whole structure
risk to life and property
influence on machine function
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Stress and Strain Axial Loading

g
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Stress & Strain Axial Loading

Stress & Strain: Axial Loading
Suitability of a structure or machine may depend on the
d f
deformations
i
i the
in
h structure as well
ll as the
h stresses
induced under loading. Statics analyses alone are not
sufficient.
sufficient
This chapter
p is concerned with deformation of a
structural member under axial loading. Later chapters
will deal with torsional and pure bending loads.
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Normal Strain
OBSERVATION
P
stress
A
normal strain
Dr. Farzin Zareian
2P P
2A A
P
A
2
2L L

Normal Strain
Uniform Cross section
General Cross section
d
lim
li
x 0 x
dx
Strain is dimensionless
150 E 06m
250 E 06m / m 250
0 600m
0.600
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Stress-Strain Diagram:
D til M
Ductile
Materials
t i l
Brittle Materials
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Compression vs. Tension
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Engineering Stress and Strain
L L0

L0
L0
P
A0
True Stress and Strain
L
dL
L
Ln
t
L L0 L
L0
P
t
A
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Hookes Law: Modulus of Elasticity
Below the yield stress
E
E Youngs Modulus or
Modulus of Elasticity
y
Strength is affected by alloying, heat

treating, and manufacturing process but
stiffness (Modulus of Elasticity) is not.
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Elastic vs. Plastic Behavior
If the strain disappears when
the stress is removed, the
material is said to behave
elastically.
The largest stress for which this
occurs is called the elastic limit.
When the strain does not return to
zero after the stress is removed, the
material is said to behave plastically.
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Fatigue
Fatigue properties are shown
on -N diagrams.
A member may fail due to fatigue
at stress levels significantly below
the ultimate strength if subjected
to many loading cycles
cycles.
For ferrous material, when the
stress
t
is
i reduced
d d below
b l the
th
endurance limit, fatigue failures do
not occur for any number of cycles.
For nonferrous material, fatigue limit is the stress
corresponding to failure at a specific number of
cycles.
l
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Deformations Under Axial Loading
From Hookes Law:
E
From the definition of strain:
P
AE
Equating and solving for the deformation,
PL
AE
With variations in loading,

loading cross-section
cross section or
material properties,
L
PL
P( x)dx
i i

A( x) E ( x)
i Ai Ei
0
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Sample Problem
Determine the deformation of steel rod
shown below. Assume E = 29 E06 psi
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Sample Problem
The rigid bar BDE is supported by two links
AB and CD.
Link AB is made of aluminum (E = 70 GPa)
and has a cross-sectional area of 500 mm2.
Link CD is made of steel (E = 200 GPa) and
has a cross-sectional area of 600 mm2.
For the 30-kN force shown, determine the
deflection a) of B, b) of D, and c) of E.
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Displacement of B:
Solution
PL
A
AE
60 10 N 0.3 m
500 10 m 70 10 Pa
Free body: Bar BDE
-6
514 10 6 m
B 0.514 mm
MB 0
0 30 kN 0.6 m FCD 0.2 m
Displacement of D:
D
FCD 90 kN tension
PL
AE
90 10 N 0.4 m
600 10 m 200 10
3
MD 0
0 30 kN 0.4 m FAB 0.2 m
-6
Pa
300 10 6 m
FAB 60 kN compression
D 0.300 mm
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Solution (Cont.)
Displacement of E:
BB BH
DD HD
0.514 mm 200 mm x
0 300 mm
0.300
x
x 73.7 mm
EE HE
DD HD
400 73.7 mm
0.300 mm
73.7 mm
E 1.928 mm
E 1.928 mm
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Static Indeterminacy
A structure will
ill b
be statically
i ll indeterminate
i d
i
whenever it is held by more supports than are
required to maintain its equilibrium.
Redundant reactions are replaced
with unknown loads which along
with the other loads must produce
compatible deformations.
Deformations due to actual loads
and redundant reactions are
determined separately and then
added or superposed.
L R 0
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Sample Problem
What is the deformation of rod and
tube when force P is exerted?
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Sample Problem
Determine the reactions at A and B for
the steel bar and loading shown,
assuming a close fit at both supports
before the loads are applied.
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Solution
Solve
S
l ffor the
h di
displacement
l
at B due
d to the
h applied
li d
loads with the redundant constraint released,
P1 0 P2 P3 600 103 N P4 900 103 N
A1 A2 400 106 m 2
A3 A4 250 106 m 2
L1 L2 L3 L4 0.150 m
Pi Li 1.125 109
L
i AE
E
i i
Solve for the displacement at B due

to the redundant constraint, P P R
B
1
2
A1 400 10 6 m 2
L1 L2 0.300 m
A2 250 10 6 m 2
Pi Li
1.95 103 RB
R
i AE
E
i i
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Solution (Cont.)
Require
R
i that
h the
h di
displacements
l
d
due to the
h lloads
d
and due to the redundant reaction be
compatible,
0
L
1.125 109 1.95 103 RB
0
E
E
RB 577 103 N 577 kN
Find the reaction at A due to the

loads and the reaction at B
Fy 0 RA 300 kN 600 kN 577 kN
RA 323 kN
RA 323 kN
RB 577 kN
WHAT IF YOU HAD A GAP???

Dr. Farzin Zareian

Thermal Stresses
A temperature change results in a change in
length or thermal strain. There is no stress
associated with the thermal strain unless the
elongation
l
i is
i restrained
i d by
b the
h supports.
Treat the additional support as redundant
and apply the principle of superposition
superposition.
T T L
thermal expansion coef.
PL
P
AE
PL
0
AE
P AE T
P
E T T T
Please make sure that you do Example 2.06 of your book A
The thermal deformation and the

deformation from the redundant support
must be compatible.
T P 0
Dr. Farzin Zareian
T L

Complementary Problems
Problem 2.48
Es 200GPa
Es 70GPa
s 11.7 E 06 / C s 23.6 E 06 / C
Unstressed at 20 degrees
What is the stress in Aluminum
shell at T = 180 degrees?
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Poissons Ratio
For a slender bar subjected to axial loading:
x x y z 0
E
The elongation in the x-direction is

accompanied by a contraction in the other
directions. Assuming that the material is
isotropic (no directional dependence),
y z 0
Poissons ratio is defined as
lateral strain
y z
x
x
axial strain
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Generalized Hookes Law
For an element subjected to multi-axial
loading, the normal strain components
resulting from the stress components may
be determined from the principle of
superposition. This requires:
1) strain is linearly related to stress
2) deformations are small
With these restrictions: x
y
z
x y z
E
x
E
y z
E
x y
E
Dr. Farzin Zareian
z
E

Problem 2.63
P 800 lb
Axial elongation 0.45"
Diameter shrink 0.025"
E ? ? G?
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Dilatation: Bulk Modulus
Relative to the unstressed state
state, the dilatation
(change in volume per unit volume) is
e 1 1 x 1 y 1 z 1 1 x y z
x y z
1 2
x y z
E
For element subjected to uniform

hydrostatic pressure,
31 2
e p
k
p
k
E
bulk modulus
31 2
Subjected to uniform pressure, dilatation

must be negative, therefore
0 12
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Shearing Strain
A cubic element subjected to a shear stress will
deform into a rhomboid. The corresponding
quantified in terms of the change
g
shear strain is q
in angle between the sides,
xy f xy
A plot of shear stress vs. shear strain is
similar to the previous plots of normal
stress vs. normal strain except that the
strength values are approximately half.
For small strains,
xy G xy yz G yz zx G zx
where G is the modulus of rigidity or shear modulus.
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Sample Problem
A rectangular block of material with
modulus of rigidity G = 90 ksi is bonded
to two rigid horizontal plates.
plates The lower
plate is fixed, while the upper plate is
subjected to a horizontal force P.
Knowing that the upper plate moves
through 0.04 in. under the action of the
force, determine
a) the average shearing strain in the
material, and
b) the force P exerted on the plate.
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Solution
Determine the average angular deformation
or shearing strain of the block.
xy tan xy
0.04 in.
i
2 in.
xy 0.020 rad
Apply Hooke
Hookess law for shearing stress and strain
to find the corresponding shearing stress.
xy G xy 90 103 psi 0.020 rad 1800 psi
Use the definition of shearing stress to find the force P.

P xy A 1800 psi 8 in.2.5 in. 36 103 lb
P 36.0 kips
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Relation Among E, , and G
An axially loaded slender bar will
elongate in the axial direction and
contract in the transverse directions.
An initially cubic element oriented as in
top figure will deform into a rectangular
parallelepiped The axial load produces
parallelepiped.
a normal strain.
If the cubic element is oriented as in the
bottom figure, it will deform into a
rhombus. Axial load also results in a shear
strain.
Components of normal and shear strain
are related,
Dr. Farzin Zareian
E
1
2G

Sample Problem
A circle of diameter d = 9 in. is scribed on
an unstressed aluminum plate of
thickness t = 3/4 in
in. Forces acting in the
plane of the plate later cause normal
stresses x = 12 ksi and z = 20 ksi.
For E = 10x106 psi and = 1/3, determine
the change in:
the length of diameter AB,
the length of diameter CD,
plate, and
the thickness of the p
the volume of the plate.
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Solution
Evaluate the deformation components.
Apply the generalized Hookes

Law to find the three
components of normal strain.
x y z
x
B A x d 0.533 103 in./in.9 in.

B A 4.8 103 in.
C D z d 1.600 103 in./in.9 in.
C D 14.4 103 in.
1
1
12
ksi
20
ksi
10 106 psi
3
t y t 1.067 10 3 in./in.0.75 in.
t 0.800 103 in.
0.533 103 in./in.
y z
E
E
E
1.067 103 in./in.
in /in
x y
Find the change in volume

e x y z 1.067 10 3 in 3 /in 3
V eV 1.067 103 15 15 0.75in 3
E
E
E
1.600 10 3 in./in.
V 0.187 in 3
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Stress and Strain Distribution
Saint-Venants Principle
p
Except in the immediate vicinity of point loads, the stress distribution may
be assumed independent of the actual mode of application of the loads
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Torsion
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Torsion
What is Torsion?
This chapter aims at:

Analyzing the stresses and strains in members of circular cross
section subjected to twisting couples, or torques
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Torsion
Torsion; Engineering Applications
In Civil Engineering
In Mechanical Engineering
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Torsion
Stresses in a Shaft
Net of the internal shearing stresses is an

internal torque, equal and opposite to the
applied torque,
T dF dA
Unlike the normal stress due to axial

loads, the distribution of shearing stresses
due to torsional loads can not be assumed
uniform.
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Free-body Diagram
Torsion
Axial Shear Component
Very small element of shaft
Conditions of equilibrium require the

existence of equal stresses on the faces of the
two planes containing the axis of the shaft.
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Torsion
Deformations in a Circular Shaft
From observation, the angle of
twist of the shaft is proportional
to the
h applied
li d torque and
d to the
h
shaft length.
When subjected to torsion, every
cross-section of a circular shaft
remains plane and undistorted.
T
L
Circular shaft attached to a fixed support
Cross-sections of noncircular
(non axisymmetric) shafts are
(non-axisymmetric)
distorted when subjected to
torsion.
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Torsion
Deformations in a Circular Shaft
No
Distortion
Equal
Rotation
Dr. Farzin Zareian
End rigid plates to keep all

sections plane and
undistorted
Torsion
Shearing Strain
Consider an interior section of the
shaft. As a torsional load is applied,
an element on the interior cylinder
deforms into a rhombus.
Since the ends of the element remain
planar, the shear strain is equal to
angle of twist.
or
It follows that:
L
Shear strain is proportional to

twist and radius:
c
max
and max
L
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Torsion
Stresses in the Elastic Range
Multiplying the previous equation by the shear
modulus,
G G max
From Hookes Law,
G max
c
The shearing stress varies linearly with the radial

position in the section.
Sum of the moments from the internal stress distribution
is equal to the torque on the shaft at the section,
T dA
max
c
2
dA
max
c
Polar moment of inertia
The results are known as the elastic torsion formulas,

max
Tc
T
and
J
J
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Torsion
Sample Problem
max 120 MPa

Tmax ? min ?
Repeat and assume the shaft is not hollow.
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Torsion
Normal Stresses
Elements with faces parallel and
perpendicular to the shaft axis are
subjected to shear stresses only
only.
Normal stresses, shearing stresses or
a combination of both may be found
f other
for
th orientations.
i t ti
Consider an element at 45o to the
shaft axis,
axis
F 2 max A0 cos 45 max A0 2
45
o
Dr. Farzin Zareian
F max A0 2
max
A
A0 2
Torsion
Normal Stresses (Cont.)
Element a is in pure shear.
Element c is subjected to a tensile
stress on two faces and compressive
stress on the other two.
N
Note
t th
thatt all
ll stresses
t
ffor elements
l
t a
and c have the same magnitude
Failure Modes
Ductile Fracture
Brittle Fracture
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Torsion
Sample Problem
Shaft BC is hollow with inner and outer
diameters of 90mm and 120mm,
respectively.
i l
Shafts AB and CD are solid of diameter
d For the loading shown
d.
shown, determine
(a) the minimum and maximum
shearingg stress in shaft BC,,
(b) the required diameter d of shafts AB
and CD if the allowable shearing
stress in these shafts is 65 MPa.
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Torsion
Solution
Cut sections through shafts AB and BC
and perform static equilibrium
analysis
l i to find
fi d torque loadings.
l di
M x 0 6 kN m TAB
M x 0 6 kN m 14 kN m TBC
TAB 6 kN m TCD
TBC 20 kN m
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Torsion
Solution (Cont.)
Apply elastic torsion formulas to find
minimum and maximum stress on
shaft
h f BC.
BC
J
4
2
c14
0.060 0.045
2
4
2
13.92 10 6 m 4
TBC c2 20 kN m 0.060 m
J
13.92 10 6 m 4
86.2 MPa
max 2
min c1
min
45 mm
max c2
86.2 MPa 60 mm
min 64.7 MPa
max 86.2 MPa

min 64.7 MPa
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Torsion
Solution (Cont.)
Given allowable shearing stress and applied
torque, invert the elastic torsion formula
to find
fi d the
h required
i d di
diameter.
Tc Tc
J c4
2
c 38.9 103 m
max
65MPa
6 kN m
c3
2
d 2c 77.8 mm
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Torsion
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Torsion
Angle of Twist in the Elastic Range
Recall that the angle of twist and
maximum shearing strain are related,
max
c
L
In the elastic range,

g , the shearing
g strain
and shear are related by Hookes Law,
max
max
G
Tc
JG
Equating the expressions for shearing

strain and solving for the angle of twist,
Dr. Farzin Zareian
TL
JG
Torsion
Angle of Twist in the Elastic Range (Cont.)
If the torsional loading or shaft cross-section
changes along the length, the angle of rotation is
found as the sum of segment rotations
Ti Li
J iGi
L
Tdx
Tdx

d
0 JG
JG
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Torsion
Statically Indeterminate Shafts
Given the shaft dimensions and the applied torque,
we would like to find the torque reactions at A and B.
F
From
a free-body
f
b d analysis
l i off th
the shaft,
h ft
T T 90 lb ft
A
which is not sufficient to find the end torques

torques.
The problem is statically indeterminate.
Divide the shaft into two components which must

have compatible deformations,
1 2
TA L1 TB L2
LJ
LJ
0 & TB 1 2 TA TA 1 2 TA 90 lb ft
L2 J1
L2 J1
J1G J 2G
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Torsion
Sample Problem
Two solid steel shafts are connected by gears.
Knowing that for each shaft G = 11.2 x 106
psi and that the allowable shearing stress
is 8 ksi, determine
(a) the largest torque T0 that may be applied
to the end of shaft AB,
(b) the
th corresponding
di angle
l through
th
h which
hi h
end A of shaft AB rotates.
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Torsion
Solution
Apply a static equilibrium analysis on
the two shafts to find a relationship
between TCD and T0 .
M B 0 F 0.875 in. T0
M C 0 F 2.45 in. TCD
T 2.8T
CD
Apply a kinematic analysis to relate the angular rotations of the gears.

gears
rBB rCC
B
rC
2.45 in.
C
C
rB
0.875 in.
2.8
B
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Torsion
Solution (Cont.)
Find the T0 for the maximum allowable
torque on each shaft choose the
smallest.
smallest
TAB c
T 0.375 in.
8000 psi 0
4
0.375 in.
J AB
in
2
T0 663 lb in.
max
2.8T0 0.5 in.

TCD c
8000 psi
0.5 in.4
J CD
2
T0 561lb in.
max
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Torsion
Solution (Cont.)
Find the corresponding angle of twist
for each shaft and the net angular
rotation of end A.
A
A/ B
C / D
TAB L
J ABG
561lb in.24 in.
0.375 in.. 11.2 100 ps

psi
4
0.387 rad 2.22o

T L
2.8 561lb in.24 in.
CD
4
J CDG 2 0.5 in. 11.2 106 psi
0.514 rad 2.95o
B 2.8C 2.8 2.95o 8.26o

A B A / B 8.26o 2.22o
A 10.48o
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Torsion
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Pure Bending
g
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Pure Bending
What is Pure Bending?
This chapter aims at:

Analyzing the stresses and strains in prismatic members subjected
to equal and opposite couples acting in the same longitudinal plane
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Pure Bending
Other Loading Types
Eccentric Loading: Axial loading which
does not pass through section centroid
produces internal forces equivalent to an
axial force and a couple
Transverse Loading: Concentrated or
distributed transverse load produces
internal forces equivalent to a shear force
and a couple
Principle of Superposition: The normal
stress due to pure bending may be
combined
bi d with
i h the
h normall stress d
due to
axial loading and shear stress due to shear
loading to find the complete state of stress.
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Pure Bending
Symmetric Member in Pure Bending
Internal forces in any cross section are
equivalent to a couple. The moment of the
couple is the section bending moment.
From Statics, a couple M consists of two
equall and
d opposite
it forces.
f
The sum of the components of the forces in
any direction is zero.
The moment is the same about any axis
perpendicular to the plane of the couple and
zero about any axis contained in the plane.
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Pure Bending
Symmetric Member in Pure Bending
These requirements may be applied to the
sums of the components and moments of the
statically indeterminate elementary internal
forces.
Fx x dA 0
M y z x dA 0
M z y x dA M
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Pure Bending
Deformation in a Symmetric Member in Pure Bending
Beam with a plane of symmetry in pure bending:
member remains symmetric, and bends
uniformly to form a circular arc
cross-sectional plane passes through arc center
and remains planar
length of top decreases and length of bottom
increases
a neutral surface must exist that is parallel to
the upper and lower surfaces and for which the
g does not change
g
length
stresses and strains are negative (compressive)
above the neutral plane and positive (tension)
b l iit
below
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Pure Bending
Strain due to Bending
Consider a beam segment of
length L. After deformation, the
l
length
h off the
h neutrall surface
f
remains L. At other sections,
L y
L L y y
x
m
L
c
or
(strain varies linearly)
x m
=
y
c
Curvature
y
c
x m
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Pure Bending
Stress due to Bending
For
F a linearly
li
l elastic
l i material,
i l
y
c
x E x E m
y
m (stress varies linearly)
c
For static equilibrium,
Fx x dA 0
M y z x dA 0
For static equilibrium,
M z y x dA M
F x 0 x dA
0
m
c
y
m dA
c
First moment with respect to

neutral plane is zero. Therefore,
pass
the neutral surface must p
through the section centroid.
c
M
Mc
M
m
I
S
My
x
I
M
y dA
y x
Dr. Farzin Zareian
y2
dA y m dA
c
I
dA m
c
Substituting x
y
m
c
Pure Bending
Beam Section Properties
The maximum normal stress due to bending,
Mc M
I
S
I section moment of inertia
I
S section modulus
c
A beam section with a larger

section modulus will have a
lower maximum stress
Consider a rectangular beam cross section,

I 121 bh 3 1 2 1
S
bh Ah
6
c h2 6
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Pure Bending
First Moment of Inertia
Qx
ydA Ay
A
ydA
A
A
N
ydA A y
A
i 1
N
A
i 1
Required reading: Appendix A

Dr. Farzin Zareian
Pure Bending
Second Moment of Inertia
Ix
y
A
dA
I x I x Ad
Parallel Axes Theorem
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Pure Bending
Beam Section Properties
Between two beams with the same cross
sectional area, the beam with the greater depth
will be more effective in resisting bending
bending.
Structural steel beams are designed to have a large
section modulus.
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Pure Bending
Properties of American Standard Shapes
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Pure Bending
Sample Problem
A cast-iron machine part is acted upon
by a 3 kN-m couple. Knowing E =
165 GPa and neglecting the effects of
fillets, determine
((a)) the maximum tensile and
compressive stresses,
(b) the radius of curvature.
(c) Curvature.
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Pure Bending
Solution
Based on the cross section geometry,
calculate the location of the section
centroid
id and
d moment off iinertia.
i
Area, mm 2
1 20 90 1800
2 40 30 1200
A 3000
y , mm
50
20
yA, mm3
90 103
24 103
3
yA 114 10
I x I A d 2 121 bh3 A d 2
121 90 203 1800 122 121 30 403 1200 182
I 868 103 mm 4 868 10-9 m 4
Dr. Farzin Zareian
y A 114 10
Y
38 mm
A
3000
Pure Bending
Solution (Cont.)
Apply the elastic flexural formula to
find the maximum tensile and
compressive
i stresses.
Mc
I
M c A 3 kN m 0.022 m
A
I
868 10 9 m 4
3 kN m 0.038 m
M cB
B
I
868 109 m 4
Calculate the curvature

3 kN m
M
EI 165 GPa 868 10-9 m 4

1
Dr. Farzin Zareian
A 76.0 MPa
B 131.3 MPa
1
20.95 103 m -1
47.7 m
Pure Bending
M = 25 KN.m, Determine
the stresses at points C,
D and
D,
dE
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Pure Bending
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Pure Bending
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Pure Bending
Bending of Members Made of Several Materials
Very significant in analyzing

Reinforced Concrete Members
Always start with strain distribution diagram. Stress distribution diagram will follow
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Pure Bending
Bending of Members Made of Several Materials
Transformed Section Method
E2
n
E1
If all E2
Develop the
Transformed
S ti
Section
(TS)
1
2 x & 1 x
n
Find the
Neutral Axis
i TS
in
If all E1
My
I transform
1 x & 2 n x
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Pure Bending
Sample Problem
Ewood = 12.5GPa & Esteel = 200GPa. If M = 50kN.m,
then find maximum stress in wood and steel.
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Pure Bending
Sample Problem
Ewood = 12.5GPa & Esteel = 200GPa. If M = 50kN.m,
then find maximum stress in wood and steel.
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Pure Bending
Ec = 3.75E06 psi & Es = 30.0E06 psi.
If M = 150 kip.ft, then find maximum stress
i steell and
in
d concrete.
Repeat, assuming that top thickness is 12
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Pure Bending
Ec = 3.75E06 psi & Es = 30.0E06 psi.
i steell and
in
d concrete.
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Pure Bending
Ec = 3.75E06 psi & Es = 30.0E06 psi.
i steell and
in
d concrete.
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Pure Bending
General Section, General relationship
0 x dA
M y x dA
Dr. Farzin Zareian
y
c
Pure Bending
x Y
x
x Y
Plastic Deformation
Mc
m
I
mI xI
M
c
y
y
c
x Y
x
x Y
c
y
c
x Y
I
2 2
S bc
c
3
2 2
M bc m
3
The same
in negative
g
axes
x
x Y
c
y
c
x Y
x
x Y
Dr. Farzin Zareian
y
c
Pure Bending
x Y
x
x Y
Plastic Deformation
y
c
MY c
Y
I
Y c x y
MY
I
I
x Y
x
x Y
c
y
c
x Y
I
2 2
S bc
b
c
3
2 2
M Y bc Y
3
The same
in negative
g
axes
x
x Y
c
y
c
x Y
x
x Y
Dr. Farzin Zareian
y
c
Pure Bending
x Y
x
x Y
Plastic Deformation
Mc
M
Y
I
y
c
x Y
x
If I know yY
x Y
y
Y
yY
M 2b y x dy
y
c
yY
yY
2b y x dy 2b y x dy
x Y
yY
c
y
2b y Y dy 2b y Y dy
yY
yY
0
2b Y
yY
yY
dy 2b Y
dy
yY
yY
The same
in negative
g
axes
x Y
y
c
y2
2b Y y 3
2
Y
yY 3 0
2 yY
1y 2
M bc Y 1 Y2
3 c
x Y
x Y
Dr. Farzin Zareian
y
c
Pure Bending
x Y
x
x Y
Plastic Deformation
y
c
1 yY
M bc Y 1
2
3
c
x Y
x
1 yY 2
3
M M y 1
2
2
3
c
yY Y & c Y Y
x Y
c
y
c
x Y
1
3
M M y 1
2
2
3
Y
2
x
x Y
c
The same
in negative
g
axes
y
c
x Y
x
x Y
Dr. Farzin Zareian
y
c
Pure Bending
x Y
x
x Y
Plastic Deformation
yY 0
y
c
M P 2b y x dy
x Y
x
x Y
2b y Y dy
y
c
2b Y y dy
x Y
3
MY
2
M
& Z P
M P bc
b 2 Y
M
k P
MY
Shape
Factor
x Y
c
Plastic
Section
M d l
Modulus
y
c
x Y
x
x Y
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Pure Bending
Sample Problem
M = 36.8 kN.m is applied. E = 200GPa,
and y = 240MPa. Determine: Thickness
of elastic core (yY = ?), radius of
curvature of neutral surface? Draw the
Moment-Curvature Diagram.
Diagram
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Pure Bending
Sample Problem
E = 29E06 psi, and y = 50ksi.
Draw the
D
h M
Moment-Curvature
C
Di
Diagram
with 3 points: a) first yield, b) plastic
flanges, c) fully plastic
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Pure Bending
Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry
Stress due to eccentric loading found by
superposing the uniform stress due to a
centric load and linear stress distribution
due a pure bending moment
x x centric x bending
P My
A I
E
Eccentric
t i loading
l di
FP
M Pd
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Pure Bending
Sample Problem
The largest allowable stresses for the cast
iron link are 30 MPa in tension and
120 MPa in compression. Determine
the largest force P which can be
applied to the link
link.
From p
previous Sample
p Problem,,
A 3 10 3 m 2
Y 0.038 m
I 868 10 9 m 4
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Pure Bending
Solution
Determine equivalent centric and
bending loads.
d 0.038 0.010 0.028 m
P centric load
M Pd 0.028 P bending moment
Superpose stresses due to centric and bending loads
0.028 P 0.022 377 P

P Mc A
P
A
I
3 103
868 109
0.028 P 0.038
P McB
P
B
1559 P
3
9
A
I
3 10
868 10
A
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Pure Bending
Solution (Cont.)
Evaluate critical loads for
allowable stresses.
stresses
A 377 P 30 MPa
P 79.6 kN
B 1559 P 120 MPa P 77.0 kN
The largest allowable load
P 77.0 kN
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Pure Bending
General Case of Eccentric Axial Loading
Consider a straight member subject to equal
and opposite eccentric forces. The
eccentric force is equivalent to the system
of a centric force and two couples.
P centric force
M y Pa
M z Pb
By the principle of superposition, the

combined stress distribution is
x
P Mz y M yz
A
Iz
Iy
If the neutral axis lies on the

section, it may be found from
My
Mz
P
y
z
Iz
Iy
A
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Pure Bending
Problems 4.109 and Problem 4.145
Determine largest P
for this member. all =
0 s
10ksi
P = 50kN. Section W
150 X 24. Determine a
for max < 90MPa
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Analysis and Design

of Beams for Bending
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Analysis and Design of Beams

Analysis and Design of
Beams
Thiss cchapter
apte aaimss at aanalyzing
a y g aand
d des
designing
g g oof bea
beams.
s.
Beams: structural members supporting loads at various
points along the member
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Introduction
Transverse loadings of beams are classified
as concentrated loads or distributed loads
Applied loads result in internal forces
consisting of a shear force (from the shear
stress distribution) and a bending couple
(from the normal stress distribution)
Normal stress is often the critical
design criteria
Mc M
My
x
m
Requires determination of the location and

magnitude of largest bending moment
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Classification of Beam Supports
Staticallyy Determinate Beams
Statically Indeterminate Beams
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams
Determination of maximum normal and
shearing stresses requires identification of
maximum internal shear force and
bending couple.
couple
Shear force and bending couple at a point
are determined byy p
passing
g a section
through the beam and applying an
equilibrium analysis on the beam portions
on either side of the section.
section
Sign conventions for shear forces V and V
and bending couples M and M
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Relations Among Load, Shear, and Bending Moment
Relationship between load and shear:
Fy 0 : V V V w x 0
V w x
x
dV
w VD VC w dx
x
dx
D
Relationship between shear and bending moment:

M C 0 :
M M M V x wx x 0
2
M V x w x
1
2
x
dM
V M D M C V dx
x
dx
D
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Mcon
0 : V V V w x Pcon 0
V w x Pcon
dV
w
dx
VD VC Pcon
xD
Pcon
w dx
xC
M C 0 :
M M M M con V x wx
x
0
2
Mcon
1
2
M M con V x w x
2
dM
V
dx
M D M C M con
xD
V dx
xC
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Pcon

VD VC Pcon
Mcon
xD
w dx
Pcon
xC
M D M C M con
Mcon
xD
V dx
xC
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Pcon

Concentrated Load
P
VC,MC
VD,MD
V
VD VC Pcon
xD
w dx
xC
M D M C M con
xD
xC
Dr. Farzin Zareian
V dx

Concentrated Moment
VC,MC
M
VD,MD
VD VC Pcon
xD
w dx
xC
M D M C M con
xD
xC
Dr. Farzin Zareian
V dx

Uniform Distributed Load
VC,MC
w
VD,MD
VD VC Pcon
xD
w dx
xC
M D M C M con
xD
xC
Dr. Farzin Zareian
V dx

Triangular Distributed Load
VC,MC
w
VD,MD
VD VC Pcon
xD
w dx
xC
M D M C M con
xD
xC
Dr. Farzin Zareian
V dx

Sample Problem
Draw the shear and bending moment
diagrams for the beam and loading shown.
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Solution
Taking the entire beam as a free body,
determine the reactions at A and D.
M A 0 D24 ft 20 kips 6 ft 12 kips 14 ft 12 kips 28 ft
D 26 kips
Fy 0 Ay 20 kips 12 kips 26 kips 12 kips
Ay 18 kips
Apply the relationship between shear and load to

develop the shear diagram.
dV w dx
- zero slope between concentrated loads
- linear variation over uniform load segment
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Solution (Cont.)
Apply the relationship between bending moment
and shear to develop the bending moment
diagram.
dM V dx
- bending moment at A and E is zero

- bending
b di momentt variation
i ti between
b t
A B,
A,
B C
and D is linear
- bending moment variation between D and E
is parabolic
- net change in bending moment is equal to
areas under shear distribution segments
- total of all bending moment changes across
th b
the
beam should
h ld b
be zero
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Design of Prismatic Beams for Bending
The largest normal stress is found at the
surface where the maximum bending
moment occurs
occurs.
A safe design requires that the maximum normal

stress be less than the allowable stress for the
material used. This criteria leads to the
determination of the minimum acceptable section
modulus.
Among beam section choices which have an
acceptable section modulus, the one with the smallest
weight per unit length or cross sectional area will be
the least expensive and the best choice.
Dr. Farzin Zareian
max
M max
m all
S mini
max
all

Sample Problem
A simply supported steel beam is to carry the distributed
and concentrated loads shown. Knowing that the allowable
normal stress for the grade of steel to be used is 160 MPa,
select the wide-flange shape that should be used.
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Solution
Considering the entire beam as a free-body,
determine the reactions at A and D.
M A 0 D5 m 60 kN 1.5 m 50 kN 4 m
D 58.0 kN
Fy 0 Ay 58.0 kN 60 kN 50 kN
Ay 52.0 kN
Develop the shear diagram and determine the

maximum bending moment.
VA Ay 52.0 kN
VB VA area under load curve 60 kN

VB 8 kN
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Solution (Cont.)
Maximum bending moment occurs at
V = 0 or x = 2.6 m.
M
max
area under shear curve, A to E 67.6 kN
Determine the minimum acceptable beam section modulus.

S min
max
all
67.6 kN m
160 MPa
422.5 106 m3 422.5 103 mm3
Choose the best standard section which

ee s thiss ccriteria.
e .
meets
W 360 32.9
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Shape
S 103 mm3
W410 38.8
637
W360 32.9
474
W310 38.7
549
W250 44.8
535
W200 46.1
448
Shearing Stresses in
Beams and Thin-Walled
Members
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Shearing Stresses
Shearing Stresses in Beams and Thin-Walled Members
S ea g St
Shearing
Stresses
esses aaree important,
po ta t, pa
particularly
t cu a y in the
t e design
des g
of short, stubby beams. Their analysis will be the subject of
this chapter.
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Shearing Stresses
Introduction
Transverse loading applied to a
beam results in normal and shearing
stresses in transverse sections
sections.
Distribution of normal and
shearing stresses satisfies
Fx x dA 0
Fy xy dA V
Fz xz dA 0
When shearing stresses are exerted on the

vertical faces of an element, equal stresses
must be exerted on the horizontal faces
Dr. Farzin Zareian
M x y xz z xy dA 0
M y z x dA 0
M z y x dA M
Shearing Stresses
Shear on the Horizontal Face of a Beam Element
Consider prismatic beam; For
equilibrium of beam element
Fx 0 H D C dA
A
Note,
MD MC
y dA
A
I
Q y dA
A
M D MC
Substituting,
dM
x V x
dx
VQ
x
I
H VQ
q
shear fflow
x
I
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Shearing Stresses
Shear on the Horizontal Face of a Beam Element
Shear flow,
q
H VQ
shear fflow
x
I
where
Q y dA first moment of area above y1
A
I y 2 dA second moment of full cross section

A A '
Same result found for lower area

H VQ
q
I
x
Q Q 0 first moment with respect to neutral axis
H H
q
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Shearing Stresses
Sample Problem
A beam is made of three planks,
nailed together.
together Knowing that the
spacing between nails is 25 mm and
that the vertical shear in the beam
i V = 500 N
is
N, d
determine
t
i th
the shear
h
force in each nail.
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Shearing Stresses
Solution
Determine the horizontal force

per unit length or shear flow q
on the lower surface of the
upper plank.
VQ (500 N)(120 10 6 m 3 )
q
I
16.20 10-6 m 4
3704 N
m
Q Ay 0.020 m 0.100 m 0.060 m

120 106 m 3
I 121 0.020 m 0.100 m
Calculate the corresponding

p
g
shear force in each nail for a
nail spacing of 25 mm.
F (0.025 m)q (0.025 m)(3704 N m)
2[ 121 0.100 m 0.020 m
0.020 m 0.100 m 0.060 m ]
F 92.6 N
16.20 106 m 4
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Shearing Stresses
Determination of the Shearing Stress in a Beam
The average shearing stress on the
horizontal face of the element is
obtained by dividing the shearing
force on the element by the area of
the face.
H q x VQ x
A A
I t x
VQ
It
ave
On the upper and lower

surfaces of the beam, yyx= 0. It
follows that xy= 0 on the upper
and lower edges of the transverse
sections.
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Shearing Stresses
Shearing Stresses xy in Common Types of Beams
For a narrow rectangular beam,
VQ
Q 3 V y2
xy
1
Ib 2 A c 2
max
3V
2A
For American Standard ((S-beam)) and

wide-flange (W-beam) beams
VQ
It
V
Aweb
ave
max
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Shearing Stresses
Sample Problem
A timber beam is to support the
three concentrated loads shown
shown.
Knowing that for the grade of
timber used,
all 1800 psi
all 120 psi
determine the minimum required

q
depth d of the beam.
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Shearing Stresses
Solution
Develop shear and bending moment
diagrams Identify the maximums
diagrams.
maximums.
Vmax 3 kips
p
M max 7.5 kip ft 90 kip in
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Shearing Stresses
Solution (Cont.)
Determine the beam depth based

on allowable normal stress.
90 103 lb in.
M max
all
1800 psi
0.5833 in. d 2
S
d 9.26 in.
i
Determine the beam depth based

on allowable
ll
bl shear
h
stress.
t
I 1 bd3
12
I
S 1bd2
c 6
1 3.5 in.
in d 2
6
0.5833 in.d 2
3 Vmax
3 3000 lb
120 psi
2 A
2 3.5 in. d
d 10.71in.
all
Required beam depth is equal to

the larger of the two.
d 10.71in.
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Shearing Stresses
Shearing Stresses in Thin-Walled Members
Consider a segment of a wide-flange
beam subjected to the vertical shear V.
g
shear force on the
The longitudinal
element is
VQ
H
The corresponding shear stress is

zx xz
H VQ
t x It
Previously found a similar expression

for the shearing stress in the web
xy
VQ
It
in the flanges xy 0
in the web
Dr. Farzin Zareian
xz 0
Shearing Stresses
The variation of shear flow across the
section depends only on the variation of
the first moment.
VQ
q t
I
For
F a box
b b
beam, q grows smoothly
thl
from zero at A to a maximum at C and
C and then decreases back to zero at E.
The sense of q in the horizontal
portions
i
off the
h section
i may b
be d
deduced
d d
from the sense in the vertical portions or
the sense of the shear V.
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Shearing Stresses
For a wide-flange beam, the shear flow
increases symmetrically from zero at A
and A,, reaches a maximum at C and then
decreases to zero at E and E.
The
Th continuity
ti it off th
the variation
i ti in
i q and
d
the merging of q from section branches
suggests an analogy to fluid flow.
The sense of q in the horizontal
portions
i
off the
h section
i may b
be d
deduced
d d
from the sense in the vertical portions or
the sense of the shear V.
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Shearing Stresses
Sample Problem
Knowing that the vertical shear is 50 kips in a W10x68
rolled-steel beam, determine the horizontal shearing
stress in the top flange at the point a.
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Shearing Stresses
Solution
For the shaded area,
Q 4.31in
i 0.770 in
i 4.815 in
i
15.98 in 3
The shear stress at a,

VQ
Q 50 kips
p 15.98 in 3
394 in 4 0.770 in
It
2.63 ksi
Dr. Farzin Zareian
7UDQVIRUPDWLRQRI6WUHVV
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Stress and Strain Transformations

This chapter
Thi
h t d
determines
t
i
h
how th
the components
t off stress
t
and
d
strain are transformed under a rotation of the coordinate axes.
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Introduction
The most general state of stress at
a point may be represented by 6
components,
components
x , y , z normal stresses
xy , yz , zx shearing stresses
(Note : xy yx , yz zy , zx xz )
Same state of stress is represented

by a different set of components if
axes are rotated.
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Introduction
Plane Stress - state of stress in which
two faces of the cubic element are free of
stress. For the illustrated example, the
state of stress is defined by
x , y , xy and z zx zy 0.
State of plane stress occurs:

(a) in a thin plate subjected to forces
acting in the midplane of the plate.
( ) on the free surface of a structural
(b)
element or machine component, i.e.,
at any point of the surface not
subjected to an external force.
force
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Transformation of Plane Stress
Equilibrium conditions of a prismatic element
with faces perpendicular to the x, y, and x, y axes.
Fx 0 x A x A cos cos xy A cos sin
y A sin sin xy A sin cos
Fy 0 xy A x A cos sin xy A cos cos

y A sin cos xy A sin sin
The equations may be rewritten to yield

x y x y
x
cos 2 xy sin 2
2
2
y x y
y x
cos 2 xy sin 2
2
2
x y
xy
sin 2 xy cos 2
2
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Principal Stresses
The previous equations are combined to
yield parametric equations for a circle,
ave x2y R 2
x
2
ave
x y
2
y
R x
xy2
2
2
Principal stresses occur on the principal

planes of stress with zero shearingg stresses.
p
max,min
x y
tan 2 p
y
x
xy2
2
2
2 xy
x y
Note : defines two angles separated by 90o

Dr. Farzin Zareian

Maximum Shearing Stress
Maximum shearing stress occurs for
x y
max R
tan 2 s
xy2
x y
2 xy
Note : defines two angles separated by 90o

and offset from p by 45o
ave
x y
2
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Mohrs Circle for Plane Stress
Mohrs circle is applied with simple
geometric considerations. Critical values
are estimated graphically or calculated.
For a known state of plane stress,
plot the points X and Y and
construct the circle centered at C.
2
x y
x y
ave
R
xy2
2
The principal stresses are obtained at

A and B.
2 xy
max,min ave R
tan 2 p
x y
Dr. Farzin Zareian

With Mohrs circle uniquely defined,
the state of stress at other axes
orientations may be depicted.
For the state of stress at

g with respect
p to
an angle
the xy axes, construct a new
diameter XY at an angle
2 with respect to XY.
Normal and shear stresses are obtained from the coordinates XY.
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Mohrs circle for
centric
t i axial
i l loading:
l di
Mohrs circle for

torsional loading:
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Sample Problem
For the state of stress shown,
determine
(a) the principal planes and the
principal
i i l stresses,
t
(b) the stress components exerted on
the element obtained by rotating the
given element counterclockwise
through 30 degrees.
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Solution
C
Construct
M
Mohrs
h circle
i l
ave
R
x y
2
100 60
80 MPa
2
CF FX
2
20 48
2
52 MPa
P i i l planes
Principal
l
and
d stresses
t
tan 2 p
XF 48
2.4
CF 20
2 p 67.4
p 33.7 clockwise
max OA OC CA 80 52
min OA OC BC 80 52
max 132 MPa
min 28 MPa
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Solution (Cont.)
Stress components after rotation by 30o
Points X and Y on Mohrs circle that
correspond to stress components on the
rotated element are obtained by rotating
XY counterclockwise through
180 60 67.4 52.6
x OK OC KC 80 52 cos 52.6
y OL OC CL 80 52 cos 52.6
xy KX 52 sin 52.6
x 48.4 MPa
MP
y 111.6 MPa
xy 41.3 MPa
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Sample Problem
A single horizontal force P of 150 lb
magnitude is applied to end D of
lever ABD. Determine
((a)) the
th normall and
d shearing
h i stresses
t
on an element at point H having
sides parallel to the x and y axes,
(b) the principal planes and
principal stresses at the point H.
Dr. Farzin Zareian

Solution
Determine an equivalent force
force-couple
couple
system at the center of the transverse
section passing through H.
P 150 lb
T 150 lb 18 in 2.7 kip in
M x 150 lb 10 in 1.5 kip

p in
Evaluate the normal and

shearing stresses at H.
y
xy
1.5 kip in 0.6 in

Mc
4
1
I
4 0.6 in
2.7 kip in 0.6 in

Tc
4
1
J
0
.
6
in
2
x 0 y 8.84 ksi y 7.96 ksi

Dr. Farzin Zareian

Solution (Cont.)
Determine the principal planes and
calculate the principal stresses.
2 xyy
27.96
tan 2 p
1.8
x y 0 8.84
2 p 61.0,119
p 30.5, 59.5
max,min
x y
2
x y
xy2
0 8.84
2
0 8.84

7.96
2
2
2
max 13.52 ksi mini 4.68 ksi

Dr. Farzin Zareian
Principal Stresses
Under a Given Loading
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Principal Stresses
Principle Stresses in a Beam
Prismatic beam subjected to
transverse loading
My
Mc
x
m
I
VQ
xy
It
I
VQ
m
It
Principal stresses
determined from methods
of previous chapter.
Can the maximum
normal stress within
the cross-section be
larger than
Mc
m
I
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Principal Stresses
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Principal Stresses
Cross-section
C
ti shape
h
results
lt in
i
large values of xy near the surface
where x is also large.
max mayy be ggreater than m
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Principal Stresses
Sample Problem
A 160-kN force is applied at the end

of a W200x52 rolled-steel beam.
Neglecting the effects of fillets and of
stress concentrations,, determine
whether the normal stresses satisfy a
design specification that they be
equal to or less than 150 MPa at
section A-A.
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Principal Stresses
Solution
Determine shear and bending moment in

Section A-A
M A 160 kN 0.375 m 60 kN - m
VA 160 kN
Calculate the normal stress at top

surface and at flange
flange-web
web junction
junction.
MA
60 kN m
117.2 MPa
6
3
S
512 10 m
y
90.4 mm
b a b 117.2 MPa
102.9 MPa
c
103 mm
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Principal Stresses
Solution (Cont.)
Evaluate shear stress at flange-web junction.
Q 204 12.6 96.7 248.6 103 mm3
248.6 10 6 m 3
VAQ 160 kN 248.6 106 m 3
b
52.7 106 m 4 0.0079 m
It
95.5 MPa
The principal stress at flange-web junction:

max 12 b 12 b b2
2
102.9
2
102.9
95
.
5
2
2
159.9 MPa 150 MPa
Design specification is not satisfied.

satisfied
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Principal Stresses
Sample Problem
The overhanging beam supports a
uniformly distributed load and a
concentrated load. Knowing that for
the grade of steel to used all = 24 ksi
and
d all = 14.5
14 5 ksi,
k i select
l t the
th wideid
flange beam which should be used.
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Principal Stresses
Solution
Determine reactions at A and D.
D
M A 0 RD 59 kips
M D 0 RA 41kips
Determine maximum shear and bending

moment from shear and bendingg
moment diagrams.
M
V
max
max
239.4 kip in
with V 12.2 kips
43 kips
Calculate required
q
section modulus and
select appropriate beam section.
Smin
max
all
239.4 kip ft
119.7 in 3
24 ksi
ki
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Select W21 62 beam section!
Principal Stresses
Solution (Cont.)
Find maximum shearing stress
stress.
Assuming uniform shearing stress in web,
max
Vmax 43 kips
5.12 ksi 14.5 ksi

2
Aweb 8.40 in
i
Find maximum normal stress.

M max 239.4
239 4 12 kip in
22.6 ksi
3
S
127in
y
9.88
21.3 ksi
b a b 22.6 ksi
c
10 5
10.5
V
12.2 kips
1.45 ksi
2
Aweb 8.40 in
2
max
21.3 ksi
2
21.3 ksi

1.45 ksi
2
2
21.4 ksi 24 ksi
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Deflection of Beams
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Deflection of Beams
Deflection of Beams
The main interest of this chapter is the determination of the

maximum deflection of a beam under a given loading.
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Deflection of Beams
Deformation of a Beam Under Transverse Loading
Relationship between bending
moment and curvature for pure
bending remains valid for general
transverse loadings.
Cantilever beam subjected to
concentrated load at the free end,
M ( x)
EI
Px
EI
Curvature varies linearly with x

At the free end A,
1
0,
A
At the free end B,
0, B
Dr. Farzin Zareian
EI
PL
Deflection of Beams
Deformation of a Beam Under Transverse Loading
Overhanging
O h
i beam
b
Reactions at A and C
Bending moment diagram
Curvature is zero at points where
the bendingg moment is zero,, i.e.,, at
1 M ( x)
each end and at E.
EI
Beam is concave upwards where the
bending moment is positive and concave
downwards where it is negative.
An equation for the beam shape or
elastic curve is required to determine
maximum
i
deflection
d fl ti and
d slope.
l
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Deflection of Beams
Equation of the Elastic Curve
From elementary calculus,
simplified for beam parameters,
d2y
2
1
d2y
dx
2
2 32
dy
dx
1
dx
Substituting and integrating,

d2y
EI EI 2 M x
dx
dy x
EI EI
M x dx
d C1
dx 0
1
EI y dx M x dx C1 x C2
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Deflection of Beams
Equation of the Elastic Curve
Constants are determined from
boundary conditions
x
EI y dx M x dx C1 x C2
Three cases for statically

determinant beams,
- Simply supported beam
- Overhanging
g g beam
- Cantilever beam
y A 0,
y A 0,
yB 0
yB 0
y A 0, A 0
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Deflection of Beams
Direct Determination of the Elastic Curve
From the Load Distribution
For a beam subjected to a distributed load,
dM
V x
dx
d 2 M dV
w x
2
dx
dx
Equation
E
ti for
f b
beam displacement
di l
t becomes
b
d 2M
d4y
EI 4 w x
2
dx
dx
Integrating four times yields

EI y x dx dx dx w x dx
16 C1 x 3 12 C2 x 2 C3 x C4
Constants are determined from boundary conditions

conditions.
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Deflection of Beams
Sample Problems
Problem 9.4
and
L/2
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Deflection of Beams
Method of Superposition
Principle of Superposition:
Deformations of beams subjected
to combinations of loadings may be
obtained as the linear combination
of the deformations from the
g
individual loadings.
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Procedure is facilitated by
tables of solutions for common
types of loadings and supports.
Deflection of Beams
Sample Problem
For the beam and loading shown,
determine the slope and deflection
at point B.
Superpose the deformations due to Loading I and Loading II as shown.
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Deflection of Beams
Solution
Loading I
wL
L3
6 EI
wL3
48 EI
B I
Loading II
C II
wL
L4
8 EI
wL4
128EI
B I
C II
In beam segment CB, the bending

moment is zero and the elastic
curve is
i a straight
t i ht line.
li
B II
wL3
B II C II
48 EI
wL4
wL3 L 7 wL4

128 EI 48 EI 2 384 EI
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Deflection of Beams
Solution (Cont.)
Combine the two solutions,

B B I B II
wL3 wL3
6 EI 48 EI
7 wL3
B
48 EI
yB yB I yB II
wL4 7 wL4
8 EI 384 EI
41wL4
yB
384 EI
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Deflection of Beams
Problem 9.7, 9.15
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Deflection of Beams
Statically Indeterminate Beams
From free-body diagram, note that there
are four unknown reaction components.
Conditions for static equilibrium yield
Fx 0 Fy 0 M A 0
The beam is statically

y indeterminate.
Also have the beam deflection equation,
x
EI y dx
d M x dx
d C1 x C2
which introduces two unknowns but

provides three additional equations from
the boundary conditions:
At x 0, 0 y 0
At x L, y 0
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Deflection of Beams
Application of Superposition to Statically Indeterminate Beams
Method of superposition may be

pp
to determine the reactions
applied
at the supports of statically
indeterminate beams.
(1) Designate one of the reactions as
redundant and eliminate or modify
the support.
(2) Determine the beam deformation

without the redundant support.
pp
(3) Treat the redundant reaction as
an unknown load which, together
with the other loads, must produce
deformations compatible with the
original supports.
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Deflection of Beams
Sample Problem
For the uniform beam, determine
the reaction at A,
A derive the
equation for the elastic curve, and
determine the slope at A.
(Note that the beam is statically
indeterminate to the first degree)
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Deflection of Beams
Solution
Consider moment acting at section D,
MD 0
1 w0 x 2 x
RA x
M 0
2 L 3
w0 x 3
M RA x
6L
The differential equation for

the elastic curve,
d2y
w0 x 3
EI 2 M RA x
dx
6L
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Deflection of Beams
Solution (Cont.)
Integrate twice
dy
1
w0 x 4
2
EI RA x
C1
EI
dx
2
24 L
1
w0 x 5
3
C1 x C2
EI y RA x
6
120 L
d2y
w0 x 3
EI 2 M RA x
dx
6L
Apply boundary conditions:

Solve for reaction at A
at x 0, y 0 : C2 0
w0 L3
1
2
at x L, 0 :
RA L
C1 0
2
24
1
w0 L4
3
at x L, y 0 :
RA L
C1 L C2 0
6
120
1
1
RA L3 w0 L4 0
3
30
RA
Dr. Farzin Zareian
1
w0 L
10
Deflection of Beams
Solution (Cont.)
Substitute for C1, C2, and RA in
the elastic curve equation,
5
1 1
3 w0 x 1
EI y w0 L x
w0 L3 x
6 10
120 L 120
w0
x5 2 L2 x3 L4 x
120 EIL
Differentiate once to find the slope,
dy
w0
5 x 4 6 L2 x 2 L4
dx 120 EIL
at x = 0,
Dr. Farzin Zareian
w0 L3
A
120 EI
18
18
Deflection of Beams
Sample Problem
For the uniform beam and loading
shown, determine the reaction at each
supportt and
d th
the slope
l
att end
dA
A.
Release the redundant support at B, and find deformation.

Apply reaction at B as an unknown load to force zero displacement at B.
Dr. Farzin Zareian
18
19
Deflection of Beams
Solution
Distributed Loading: yB w
w
x 4 2 Lx3 L3 x
24 EI
At point B, x 2 L
3
B w
4
3
w 2
2
3 2
2
L
L
L
L
24 EI 3
3
3
wL4
0.01132
EI
Redundant Reaction Loading:

At x a,
Pa 2b 2
y
3EIL
B R
For a 2 L and b 1 L
3
3
R 2 L
B L
3EIL 3 3
RB L3
0.01646
EI
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Deflection of Beams
Solution (Cont.)
For compatibility with original

supports, yB = 0
0 yB w yB R
wL4
RB L3
0.01132
0.01646
EI
EI
RB 0.688wL
From Statics,
dy
w0
5 x 4 6 L2 x 2 L4
dx 120 EIL
RA 0.271wL
Dr. Farzin Zareian
RC 0.0413wL
Deflection of Beams
Solution (Cont.)
Slope at end A,
wL3
wL3
0.04167
EI
24 EI
2
PbL2 b 2 0.0688wL L 2 L
wL3
L 0.03398
6 EIL
6 EIL 3
EI
3
A w
A R
A A w A R
wL3
wL3
0.04167
0.03398
EI
EI
wL3
A 0.00769
EI
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Columns
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Columns
Stability of Structures
In the design of columns, crosssectional area is selected such that
- allowable stress is not exceeded
P
all
A
- deformation falls within specifications
PL
spec
AE
After these design calculations,

calculations may discover that
the column is unstable under loading and that it
suddenly becomes sharply curved or buckles.
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Columns
Eulers Formula for Pin-Ended Beams
Consider an axially loaded beam. After
a small perturbation, the system reaches
an equilibrium
ilib i
configuration
fi
ti such
h th
thatt
d2y M
P
y
2
dx
EI
EI
d2y P
y0
2
dx
EI
Solution
S l ti with
ith assumed
d configuration
fi
ti can
only be obtained if
2 EI
P Pcr
L2
P
2 E Ar 2 2 E
cr
2
A
LA
L r 2
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Columns
Eulers Formula for Pin-Ended Beams
The value of stress corresponding to the
critical load,
2 EI
P Pcr
L2
P
P
cr cr
A
A
2 E Ar 2
cr
L2 A
2E
critical stress
L r 2
L
slendernes
l d
s ratio
i
r
Preceding analysis is limited to centric loadings.
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Columns
Extension of Eulers Formula
A column with one fixed and one free
end will behave as the upper-half of a
end,
pin-connected column.
The critical loading is calculated from
Eulers formula,
2 EI
Pcr
cr
L2e
2E
L r
Le 2 L equivalent length
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Columns
Extension of Eulers Formula
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Columns
Sample Problem
An aluminum column of length L
and rectangular cross-section has a
fixed end at B and supports a
centric load at A. Two smooth and
rounded fixed plates restrain end A
from moving in one of the vertical
planes of symmetry but allow it to
move in the other plane.
( ) Determine
(a)
D t
i th
the ratio
ti a/b
/b off th
the
two sides of the cross-section
corresponding to the most efficient
design against buckling.
(b) Design the most efficient crosssection for the column.
Dr. Farzin Zareian
L = 20 in.
E = 10.1 x 106 psi
P = 5 kips
FS = 2.5
25
Columns
Solution
The most efficient design occurs when the
resistance to buckling is equal in both
planes of symmetry. This occurs when
the slenderness ratios are equal.
equal
Buckling in xy Plane:
I z 121 ba 3 a 2
r
A
ab
12
Le , z
0.7 L
rz
a 12
2
z
rz
a
12
Most efficient design:

Le , z Le , y
rz
ry
Buckling in xz Plane:
I y 121 ab3 b 2
r
12
A
ab
Le , y
2L
ry
b / 12
2
y
b
ry
12
0.7 L
2L
a 12 b / 12
a 0.7
b
2
Dr. Farzin Zareian
a
0.35
b
Columns
Solution (Cont.)
Design:
Le
2L
220 in 138.6
ry b 12 b 12
b
Pcr FS P 2.55 kips 12.5 kips
cr
cr
Pcr 12500 lbs
A 00.35
35b b
2E
L r
L = 20 in.
E = 10.1
10 1 x 106 psi
P = 5 kips
FS = 2.5
a/b
/b = 0.35
0 35
2 10.1 106 psi
138.6 b
12500 lbs 2 10.1 106 psi
0.35b b
138.6 b 2
b 1.620 in.
a 0.35b 0.567 in.
Dr. Farzin Zareian
Columns
Design of Columns Under an Eccentric Load
An eccentric load P can be replaced by
a centric load P and a couple M = Pe.
Normal stresses can be found from
superposing the stresses due to the centric
l d and
load
d couple,
l
centric bending
max
Allowable stress method:

Interaction method:
P Mc
A I
P Mc
all
A I
P A
all
ll centric
i
Mc I
all
ll bending
b di
Dr. Farzin Zareian

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CEE 150

F.P. Beer, E.R. Johnston, J.T. DeWolf, Mechanics of Materials,

Dr. Farzin Zareian

Lecture: Tuesday and Thursday. 3:30 PM 4:50 PM.

Office hours: Tuesday 2:00 PM 3:00 PM. E/4141 Engineering

40% (Nov. 17th)

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Introduction & Concept of

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Beer & Johnson

concentration, effect of eccentric

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Beer & Johnson

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Beer & Johnson

Chapter 7-8 (B&J)

Deformation under transverse

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Beer & Johnson

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Dr. Farzin Zareian

Class Attendance Policy:

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Take full advantage of your discussion sessions and office hours

Dr. Farzin Zareian

Dr. Farzin Zareian

Introduction - Concept of Stress

Find stresses and deformations in structural members due to

Find dimensions and arrangement of structural members to

You are responsible for providing a reliable and

Introduction - Concept of Stress

Introduction - Concept of Stress

Dr. Farzin Zareian

Introduction - Concept of Stress

Reaction forces are directed along

Introduction - Concept of Stress

Introduction - Concept of Stress

From the material properties for steel, the

Introduction - Concept of Stress

An aluminum rod 26mm or more in diameter is adequate.

Introduction - Concept of Stress

The resultant of the internal forces for an

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The normal stress at a particular point may not be

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Introduction - Concept of Stress

A uniform distribution of stress in a section

A uniform distribution of stress is only

If a two-force member is eccentrically loaded,

Dr. Farzin Zareian

Introduction - Concept of Stress

The resultant of the internal shear force

Shear stress distribution varies from zero at

Dr. Farzin Zareian

Introduction - Concept of Stress

Introduction - Concept of Stress

Dr. Farzin Zareian

Introduction - Concept of Stress

Determine the stresses in

From a static analysis:

Must consider maximum normal

Introduction - Concept of Stress

The rod is in tension with an axial