Ch2: Atoms, Molecules and Ions 2.

5 The Periodic Table

• 5. The Periodic Table • alkali metals - lithium, sodium, potassium, ....
• alkali, alkaline earth metals: chalcogens, halogens, • alkaline earth metals - beryllium, magnesium, calcium, ....
noble gases, • chalcogens - oxygen, sulfur, selenium, ....
• 6. Molecules and Molecular Compounds
• halogens - fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine,
• H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2
• noble gases - helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, radon
• structural formulas
• metalloids - B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, At (be able to point to
• 7. Ions and Ionic Compounds
metalloids on a periodic table)
• common atomic charges, number of electrons
• 8. Naming Inorganic Compounds • atomic number, symbol, mass, electric charge, and average
• Table 2.4 Common Cations atomic mass (atomic weight)
• Table 2.5 Common Anions
39 + our most common form of potassium
• 9. Some Simple Organic Compounds
• methane, ..., propane, ... 1-propanol, 2-propanol
19 K in our ionic compounds.

2.6 Molecules and Molecular Compounds Insulin (4ins)

• Some elements that exist as molecules
• H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2
• Some common, simple molecules

only showing C, O, N, S
(no H shown as that would
make drawing too dense)

“cylinder” artistic style. If you have lots of extra time, you can make these drawings with
data and tools at: http://www.rcsb.org with “4ins”.
See also “Software Tools/Molecular Viewers Help”.
 structural formulas formulas
• molecular formula
• the number and types of atoms in a molecule
• if you can “see the molecule”, then it is easy to write
down molecular formula

• empirical formula
• the lowest whole number ratio of atoms in a molecule
• when matter is studied by combustion (like John Dalton),
we only get the ratio of atoms (no picture)

• Ch 3.5 Empirical Formulas from Analyses

Hydrogen peroxide:
2.7 Ions and Ionic Compounds
! molecular formula = H2O2
• Positive and negative ions attract each other with
! empirical formula = HO Ethylene great strength!!
molecular formula = C2H4
• Argon boils at 87 Kelvin (very cold)
empirical formula = CH2
• Potassium chloride boils at 1800 Kelvin (very hot)
a pair of neutral atoms a pair of ions

37 37 39 + 35 –
Ar Ar K Cl
18 18 19 17
87 Kelvin => weak 1800 Kelvin => strong

Note: both atom pairs have 36 protons, 36 electrons, and

38 neutrons. It is attraction of positive and negative ions
that holds KCl together (and cement, bone, ceramic, ...)
 A pattern of atomic charges He = 2 e
Ne = 10 e
Ar = 18 e
Kr = 36 e

Pattern: Many ions will have same # of electrons same as

that of a noble gas (many exceptions to come).
Positive charges: called “cations”. Most metals can “lose”
electrons to form cations.
ions with 2 e = H–, Li+
Negative charges: called “anions”. Most non-metals can
ions with 10 e = N3–, O2–, F–, Na+, Mg2+
“gain” electrons to form anions (suffix: -ide, -ate, -ite, ...)
ions with 18 e = S2–, Cl–, K+, Ca2+
Pattern: # of electrons same as that of a noble gas
(some exceptions to come)

Sodium Chloride “visualization” Sample Exercise 2.9

boils at 1686 Kelvin Which of these are expected to be ionic compounds?
made of sodium cations and chorine anions
a metal & a nonmetal • N2O
• Na2O a metal and nonmetal: Na+ and O2–
Na+ has 11 protons, 10 electrons
Cl– has 17 protons, 18 electrons
• CaCl2 a metal and nonmetal: Ca2+ and Cl–
optical
microscopy • SF4
chlorine anion called “chloride”
• Mg3N2 a metal and nonmetal: Mg2+ and N3–

no simple “molecule” in structure, so don’t 2+

Question: If you add up all the positive charges on the Mg cations
use “molecular formula”
and negative charges on the N3– anions, what is the total charge on
the Mg3N2 formula unit?
“NaCl” has as many electrons as protons Ans: 3x(2+) + 2x(3–) = 0
 Sample Exercise 2.9: the names
What are the names of the ionic compounds?
1. Positive Ions (cations)
• N2O No. It’s a molecular compound made from two
nonmetals
• Na2O Yes. sodium oxide, with Na+ and O2–
• CaCl2 Yes. calcium chloride, with Ca2+ and Cl–
• SF4 No. It’s a molecular compound made from two
nonmetal
• Mg3N2 Yes. magnesium nitride, with Mg2+ and N3–
2.8 Naming Inorganic Compounds (study p60-67)
(a) cations of metal atoms have same name as metal
(b) if a metal can form different positive charges, use a
Roman numeral to show positive charge
Fe2+ iron(II) cation Fe3+ iron(III) cation
Note: old names still exist:
ferrous cation ferric cation
(c) cations made of nonmetals have names
ending in “-ium”
NH4+ ammonium cation

H3O+ hydronium cation

2.8 Naming Inorganic Compounds (study p60-67)

2. Negative Ions (anions)
(a) monoatomic anions have “-ide” suffix
H– hydride O2– oxide
exceptions: HO– hydroxide CN– cyanide
(b) polyatomic anions with oxygen end in “-ate” or “-ite”
NO3– nitrate NO2– nitrite
prefixes: per- hypo-

(c) H+ adds “hydrogen” to the name

CO32– carbonate
capitalization: normal noun rules
HCO3– hydrogen carbonate
2.8 Naming Inorganic Compounds (study p57-62)
2. Negative Ions (anions) (one more rule)
(b) polyatomic with oxygen and prefixes
ClO– hypochlorite
ClO – chlorite
2
ClO3– chlorate
–
ClO4 perchlorate

sodium hypochlorite is the active ingredient in bleach

capitalization: normal noun rules
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalization

2.8 Naming Inorganic Compounds (study p60-67) 2.8 Naming Inorganic Compounds (study p57-62)

3. Ionic Compounds Names and Formulas of Acids

Names consist of the cation name followed by the anion name 1. anions with “-ide” change to “hydro-...-ic”
CaCl2 calcium chloride
CN– cyanide and HCN hydrocyanic acid
Al(NO3)3 aluminum nitrate
2. anions with “-ate” change to “-ic”
Cu(ClO4)2 copper(II) perchlorate
anions with “-ite” change to “-ous”
(old name: cupric perchlorate)
NO3– nitrate and HNO3 nitric acid

NO2– nitrite and HNO2 nitrous acid

2.8 Naming Inorganic Compounds (study p60-67) 2.9 Some Simple Organic Compounds ethane
Names and Formulas of Binary Molecular Compds.
(partial coverage) CH3CH3
1. element leftmost periodic table is usually first in name.
exception: oxygen is always last in name, except w/ F • recognize these as “organic compounds”
2. if both in same group, element with higher atomic • methane, ethane, propane ethanol
number is named first • methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, CH3CH2OH

3. second element has “-ide” ending Table 2.6 Prefixes • ethylene, acetic acid, acetone
acetic acid
4. Greek prefixes give atom count 1 mono- • “organic compounds” are CH CO H
Cl2O dichlorine monoxide 2
2
di-
tri-
• molecular 3 2
NF3 nitrogen trifluoride
4 tetra- • not “ionic compounds”
N2O4 dinitrogen tetroxide 5 penta- • acetic acid can form “acetate” anion, and then be part
(note: vowel of an ionic compound
P4S10 tetraphosphorus decasulfide dropping is common) acetate
CH3CO2–
AlCl3 aluminum chloride (is ionic, not molecular)

Chapter 2 suggested problems Example of In-Class assignment

Atomic theory and the discovery of atomic structure: 7, Initial of last name B
last name, first name Butler, Les
9, 13
lbutler
Modern view of atomic structure; atomic weights: 15, 17, pawsID
18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 27, 32 1) Alpha particles were used to image
Periodic table; molecules and ions: 35, 37, 39, 41, 45, 47,55 1) Write about 5 sentences gold atoms. A beam of alpha particles
were shot at a few gold atoms
Naming inorganic compounds; organic molecules: 57, 59, on Rutherford’s alpha
arranged in a thin film. The path of
61, 63, 65, 72, particle scattering alpha particles was detected with a
Additional exercises: 75b, 79, 83, 93, 97 experiment. scintillator (glows when hit by alpha).
Most alpha went straight, but a few
were deflected, sometimes at large
angles. The ratio of straight to
2) What is the formula for deflected was used to measure the
diameter of the heavy stuff in a gold
cesium iodide? atom, then labeled the “nucleus”.

2) CsI