REPORT TYPE : INFORMATIVE

CONSTRUCTION SITE SAFETY

THIRD YEAR CIVIL(SHIFT-I) : BATCH

SUBMITTED TO : GAVAI SIR
SUBMITTED ON : 22ND SEPTEMBER 2014

MGM COLLEGE OF ENGG. AND TECHNOLOGY, KAMOTHE

PANVEL, NAVIMUMBAI - 410209

TITLE PAGE

TITLE PAGE

Sr
No.

Members Name

1.

Mayur Dhadwad

2.

Tejas Kamble

3.

Shivprasad Lonare

4.

Atul Mishra

5.

Abhinav Nakhawa

Signature

Jagdish Vishe

7.

Akshay Waim

8.

Amekato Zhimomi

9.

Atul Zore

Forwarding Letter
MGM College of Engg & Tech,
TE Civil(I Shift),
Kamothe,Navi Mumbai-410209
Dated:22-9-2014
To,
Mr. Gawai,
Head Of Department,
Business Communication Engineering.

Subject: Proposal for undertaking ..

Respected Madam,
I am glad to forward herewith a proposal.The report is proposed to be completed over a
period of 1 months.Mr.Abhinav Nakhawa who is working as group leader in this report will
be the Report Head.
I certify that this team will provide all the facilities and research work for the completion of
the report as follows:
The Report Head will continue to work in the group till the completion of the report. In case
the Report Head leaves without completing the report, the group will take full responsibility
to complete the report as per the existing terms and conditions.
The group members will take full responsibility for monitoring the progress of the report,
sending progress reports and utilisation certificates, etc. and ensuring proper and timely
implementation.

Yours faithfully,
TE/CE

PREFACE
The Construction Site Safety Project provides a framework for managing site safety,with an
analysis of the statutory provisions and contractual requirements relevant to managing safety
from the perspectives ofthe client and his representative, the designer, the contractor and
various professionals in the safety supply chain. The Manual attempts to relate the safety
management responsibilities with the management structure of the Buildings Authoritys Site
Supervision Plan that is also applicable to private sector projects.
It is intended to serve as a handy reference to frontline management teams in managing
certain critical and accident-prone site safety issues. By drawing on past accidentcases, good
and bad trade practices, the Handbook aims to provide a basic framework for those who have
direct influence over safety performance, with some useful pointers for continuous
improvement.
A Practical Guide to Construction Site Safety Management takes the safety management
issues to the forefront. It is intended to help clients or their representatives monitor the safety
performance of their contractors, implement the concept of construction design and
management (CDM) and protect the safety and health of the employees assigned to work on
the contractors sites. It will also help to equip contractors and their management teams with
the necessary skills to run an effective safety management system.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pg no
I.
II.

Introduction6
Contents..7

1. Construction site safety .....(7-12)

1.1.
Few facts....
...7
1.2.
Classification of accidents.
9
1.3.
Role of various
agencies11
2. Construction Accidents. (13-14)
2.1.
Root Causes.
.13
2.2.
Factors Affecting..
13-14
3. Construction Hazards(15-16)
3.1.
Understanding
Hazards.15
3.2.
Accident at works..
16
4. Hazard Identification(17-21)
4.1.
HAZID Process....
.17
4.2.
HAZID & HAZOC....
...19
6

5. Safety Management...(22-26)
5.1.
CSMP Policy..
..21
5.2.
Good
Practices 25
6. Personal Protective Equipment(PPE)...(27-28)

III.
Conclusion
.29
IV. Appendix
(30-34)

INTRODUCTION
The construction industry in India today is very large and complex, but the rapid growth has
led to a shortfall in terms of safety and health aspects of the construction workers. This has
happened largely due to lack of formal organizations combined with a gap in terms of
suitable legislations and standards and their implementation.
Accidents occurring at a construction site are usually due to a lack of communication among
the various departments involved, and lack of proper inspections. The accidents may be due
to the following factors:
-

Collapse of building parts and masses of earth.

Falling of objects and pieces of work on workers.
Falls of persons from heights, ladders and stairs.
Loading, unloading and transportation of loads.
Working on machines.
Blasting with explosives.

The major occupational diseases in constriction requiring particular attention are:

-

Silicosis
Lead poisoning
Diseases of joints and bones
Poisoning by carbon monoxide and benzene
Skin diseases

Though the nature of health and safety hazards are the same in developed and developing
countries, the former have made a concerted effort towards identifying the adverse
occupational safety and health consequences. This involves:
-

carrying out research and investigations,

arranging training and educational programmes,
designing appropriate safety equipment.
formulating effective legislation,
providing for proper medical facilities.

Occupational safety hazards

A construction project involves a number of small contractors that may be lacking in
terms of technical supervisors and trained workers and may resort to unsafe work
practices such as :
- Improper building design.
- Lack of guardrails
- Problems with exits.
- In addition to the above, occupational safety hazards in construction
may occur due to any of the following factors:
- improper illumination,
- improper material handling and storage,
- improper walking and working surfaces,
- improperly protected pen floors and high platforms,
- obstructive and unclean floors and aisles,
- improperly shored trenches and excavations,
- badly maintained tools,
8

improper scaffoldings,
Wrongly designed ladders and stairs
Unsuitable and badly maintained lifting appliances
Unsafe demolition methods
Insufficient protection against fire and electric hazards.

Occupational Health Hazards

Occupational health hazards associated with the construction industry include various
diseases, mental and physical stress, disability and injuries. The potentially damaging
factors are:
- Noise this causes hearing loss and also effects the heart.
- Vibration causes Raynauds syndrome, a potentially damaging disease
affecting the fingers. It also causes physiological orders.
- Dust this mainly affects the respiratory system.
- Radiation.
- Improper sanitation.

Major Construction Disasters

- There are more than 9 million construction workers in India. Though the
number of deaths due to construction related activity is not known, some major
disasters causes a number of deaths & makes the policy makers review their entire
safety programme.

1.CONSTRUCTION SITE SAFETY

1.1 FEW FACTS
The villagers had become victims to the downside of the country's expansion: The danger
workers face as they are thrust onto construction sites with little training and no safety
equipment.
Safety standards always have been an issue in India, whose building boom is helping the
country maintain an economic growth of almost 9% a year. But as the number and scale of
the airport, toll roads, skyscraper and mall projects increase, so the risk of tragedy rises. The
number of accidents is also climbing in mining, manufacturing and brick-making as those
industries expand, experts say.
"It's not just worsening, it's worsening precipitously," said Colin Gonsalves, a human rights
lawyer who practices in the Supreme Court in New Delhi, and specializes in labor law.
Big construction companies tend to train workers and provide for safety. But the industry
remains dominated by small contractors who pay little attention.
9

Virendra Nautiyal, a safety manager on a Mumbai apartment complex construction site, says
he doesn't get the budget or the authority he needs to protect workers. In the past six
months, one worker without a harness fell three floors and broke his collar bone; another
was hospitalized after a buzzing blade detached from a saw and lodged in his head. He
wasn't wearing a helmet.
There are no reliable comprehensive national statistics that show the rise in workplace
injuries and fatalities. Rules that require accidents to be recorded are seldom obeyed.
According to statistics provided by the Ministry of Labor and Employment, 20 fatal accidents
were recorded in all of India, in the year ended March 31. That number rose from 14
fatalities in 2007 and 10 in 2006.
Experts say those numbers massively understate the problem and that outside of major
urban centers and big projects, information isn't gathered at all.
Anecdotal evidence suggests that construction deaths and injuries are increasing sharply.
Emergency room doctors say they have seen more workers with broken bones, burns and
other injuries. In some states, accident-compensation payments for construction workers are
rising markedly.
The International Labor Organization estimates there were 47,000 deaths from occupational
accidents in India in 2003, the latest year for which figures are available, an increase of 17%
from a year earlier.
Anil Swarup, director general of Labor and Welfare at the Ministry of Labor and Employment
in New Delhi said the government is "very, very concerned about it because the accidents
are taking place."
India has had a national law in place since 1996 that aims to ensure the welfare of
construction workers. But Indian states have been slow to adopt the law and implement it,
which is required for its provisions to take effect. India also faces a shortage of safety
inspectors for construction sites, Mr. Swarup said.
Accidents and deaths are frequently swept under the carpet. Many construction workers are
casual migrant workers and often illiterate.
The national government and some states have plans to compensate victims and their
families. Some states pay as much as 100,000 rupees, or about $2,500, for a death. But
frequently, companies silence families with an immediate, lesser payout or stonewall to
prevent a claim."The employers don't want to get into the legal hassles, so they may give the
construction laborer money, get him treated somewhere," said Amit Bhasin, a New Delhi
lawyer who has represented construction companies in workplace-accident disputes. "The
matter's just hushed up.".
On the construction site, the men laid bricks from shaky bamboo scaffolding while the
women and teenage children carried cement and bricks on their heads to and hand up to the
men. The workers had no helmets and no harnesses.

10

1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF ACCIDENTS

Accidents can be grouped under the following headings:
1. According to the severity of the injury

Major accident

Minor accident

Accidental hazard
2. According to the nature of the injury

Death

Temporary disablement

Permanent disablement

Partial disablement
3. According to the cause of accident

Equipment fault
11

Construction site falls

Trench collapse
Crane failure

1.3 ROLE OF VARIOUS AGENCIES IN SAFETY

For ensuring safety in construction, everybody involved has to play their role effectively.
However, the primary responsibility is that of management. They have to coordinate the work
of different groups. The concerned groups are:
1.

Employer -The employer should hold the equipment, premises, and

the passages in such a manner that the workers can work without any
hazard, and sufficient precautions have to be taken to avoid any accident.
The employer should ensure that the work is supervised properly and that
safety regulations are scrupulously followed. Particular attention should be
taken to ensure that persons having physical or mental disorders are not
employed.
2.

Workers - Workers should take all possible steps to protect their

individual safety as well as that of their coworkers. They should wear proper
dress, helmets, hand gloves, etc. as required and prudent. They should be
conversant with the safety regulations, especially when operating
machineries.
3.

Designers - The designer should take into consideration the

relevant codes of the region when designing the structures. The quality of the
materials used for fabrication should be clearly spelled out and the
specifications should be written without any ambiguity.
4.

Manufacturer - The manufacturer of the equipment and

machineries should ensure that the materials used are of good quality and
due care was taken in every stage of manufacture and assembling.

12

2.CONSTRUCTION ACCIDENTS
Accidents in the construction industry are costly in human and financial terms. The economic
cost is not the only basis on which a contractor should consider construction safety. The
reasons for considering safety are humanitarian concerns, economic reasons, laws and
regulations, and organisational image. Cost of safety is paid by the organization either
13

through the uncontrolled cost of accidents or through the controlled cost of safety program .
The uncontrolled cost of accidents includes the loss of productivity, administrative time for
investigations, disruption of schedules, wages paid to the injured workers, adverse publicity,
liability claims, and equipment damage. The controlled cost of safety program consists of
salaries of safety, medical, and clinical personnel, expenses for safety meetings, inspections
of tools and equipment, orientation sessions, site inspections, personal protective equipment,
and health programs. The identification of root causes of
accidents is a complex process. Accident mitigation requires a comprehensive understanding
of construction process .

2.1 ROOT CAUSES

Accidents are the direct results of unsafe activities and conditions, both of which can be
controlled by management .Abdelhamid and Everett indicated three main root causes of
accidents: failure to identify an unsafe condition that exists before or after the start of an
activity, carry on a work in unsafe condition, and decide to perform regardless unsafe
siteconditions. Ali et al. reveals that construction accidents happen due to unsafe acts and
conditions. According to Tam et al. accidents are caused due to poor safety awareness, lack of
training, lack of organizational commitment, poor technicalsupervision, uncontrolled
operation, unwillingness to input resources for safety, shortage of skilled labour, unsafe
equipment,lack of first aid facilities, lack of safety regulations, lack of personal protective
equipment, lack of innovative technology, andpoor information system.
Unsafe conditions (missing guardrails, defective tools, hazardous conditions,excessive
noise, and lack of sufficient light)and unsafe behaviours (smoking at workplace, improper use
of equipment, work without safety appliances, not to use protective equipment, and being in
an unsafe place) are the immediate or the primary causes of accidents. Unsafeconditions and
unsafe behaviours are the responsibility of management as these are developed due to the
failure of management to anticipate issues like training, maintenance, instruction, and not
having safe systems at workplace.The response of workers to the events which are
developing unsafe conditions or unsafe acts is a logical route to accurately determine the root
causes of accidents on construction sites . Abdelhamid and Everett stated that:
Workers who do not have sufficient knowledge about their jobs fail to identify possible
unsafe conditions,
Workers with training and knowledge about their job but with negative attitude towards
safety will never be accident free,
and
Management procedures which fail to identify and remove unsafe conditions in a proactive
manner cause accidents.
The accident causation theories are tools for accident prevention programs [19]. Several
theories like Domino theory,Multiple Causation theory, and Human Factor theory explain the
occurrence of accidents. The Domino theory stated that an accident results from sequence of
five dominoes (factors) standing on an edge in a line close to one another, when the
firstdomino falls it strikes second which in turn knocks down third and so on. Removal of any
one of first four will break thesequence and avoid the accident. Multi Causation theory stated
that the contributing causes together in a random fashion resultan accident. The Human
Factors theory attributes accidents to a series of events caused by human error . Management
is responsible for the creation of the working environment, into which workers fit and
14

interact. Proper sitemanagement reduce hazards and accidents. Many accidents can be
prevented if appropriate information is available at right time and place .

2.3 FACTORS AFFECTING

In general, accidents at work place occur due to the lack of knowledge, training, supervision,
means to carry out the task safely or due to an error of judgment or carelessness. Sawacha, et
al. [5] suggested that historical, economical, psychological, technical, procedural,
organization, and working environment are seven groups of factors that influence the
performance of safety at work place. The construction safety factors influence a project to
larger extent and result in human suffering, delay in project duration, and cost overruns. Dechun et al. [23] suggested that unsafe behaviour of workers is the most significant
factor causing site accidents, out of 90% of all construction accidents leading to death, 70%
can be prevented by positive
management action. Aksorn and Hadikusumo [24] identified sixteen critical success factors
(CSFs) which affect the implementation of any safety program. CSFs were grouped into four
dimensions: workers involvement, safetyprevention and control system, safety
arrangement, and management commitment. CSFs were defined as areas in which if results
are satisfactory, will ensure success. CSFs were considered essential to the success of any
program. A safety program can be assessed in terms of no injury to people, no damage to
equipment, machines and tools, no damage to environment, no loss of market competition, no
damage to company image, and increased productivity. Study revealed that CSFs can
contribute to a marked improvement of safety performance. Garza et al. [25] analyzed four
leading indicators of safety to give the overall picture of the safety performance of a
construction project.

3.CONSTRUCTION HAZARDS
What are the main hazards in construction?
Among the dangers in construction are:

Falls from working at height,

Crush injuries in excavation work,

Slips and trips,

Being struck by falling objects,

Moving heavy loads,

Bad working positions, often in confined spaces,

Being struck or crushed by a workplace vehicle,

Receiving injuries from hand tools,

15

Inhalation of dust,

Handling of rough materials,

Exposure to dangerous substances (chemical and biological),

Working near, in, or over water,

Exposure to radiation,

Loud noise,

Vibration from tools or vibrating machinery.

3.1 ACCIDENT AT WORK

Eurostat define an accident as "a discrete occurrence in the course of work which leads to
physical or mental harm".
This includes accidents in the course of work outside the premises of one's
business, even if caused by a third party (on clients' premises, on another company's
premises, in a public place or during transport, including road traffic accidents) and
cases of acute poisoning.
It excludes accidents on the way to or from work (commuting accidents),
occurrences having only a medical origin (such as a heart attack at work) and
occupational diseases.

A fatal accident at work is defined as an accident which leads to the death of a victim within
one year of the accident. In practice the notification of an accident as fatal ranges from
national registration procedures where the accident is registered as fatal when the victim dies
during the same day (Netherlands) or within 30 days after the accident (Germany) to cases
where no time limits are laid down (Belgium, Greece, France).

16

4.HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
Hazard identification (HAZID) and risk assessment involves a critical sequence of
information gathering and the application of a decision-making process. These assist in
discovering what could possibly cause a major accident (hazard identification), how
likely it is that a major accident would occur and the potential consequences (risk
assessment) and what options there are for preventing and mitigating a major accident

17

(control measures). These activities should also assist in improving operations and
productivity and reduce the occurrence of incidents and near misses.
There are many different techniques for carrying out hazard identification and risk
assessment at an MHF. The techniques vary in complexity and should match the
circumstances of the MHF. Collaboration between management and staff is
fundamental to achieving effective and efficient hazard identification and risk
assessment processes.

The Regulations require the employer, in consultation with employees, to identify:

a) all reasonably foreseeable hazards at the MHF that may cause a major
accident; and
b) the kinds of major accidents that may occur at the MHF, the likelihood
of a major accident occurring and the likely consequences of a major accident.

4.1 The Importance Of Getting The Hazard Identification Right

Major accidents by their nature are rare events, which may be beyond the experience of
many employers. These accidents tend to be low frequency, high consequence events as
illustrated in Figure 1 below. However, the circumstances or conditions that could lead
to a major accident may already be present, and the risks of such incidents should be
proactively identified and managed.

Figure 1: HAZID focus on rare events

18

HAZID must address potentially rare events and situations to ensure the full range of
major accidents and their causes. To achieve this, employers should:
a) identify and challenge assumptions and existing norms of
design and operation to test whether they may contain weaknesses;
b) think beyond the immediate experience at the specific MHF;
c) recognise that existing controls and procedures cannot always
be guaranteed to work as expected; and
d) learn lessons from similar organisations and businesses.
Some significant challenges in carrying out an effective HAZID are:
a) substantial time is needed to identify all hazards and potential
major accidents and to understand the complex circumstances that typify major
accidents;
b) the need for a combination of expertise in HAZID techniques,
knowledge of the facility and systematic tools.

4.2 Past, Present & Future Hazards

To identify all hazards, the HAZID will need to consider past, present and future
conditions, hazards and potential incidents. Past incidents, at the MHF or similar
facilities, provide an indication of what has gone wrong in the past and what could go
wrong in the future.

19

A wide range of hazards and potential incidents will be present in the facility. New
hazards and incidents could be created in the future as a result of planned or unplanned
changes. The management of change process described in the SMS should identify
new conditions during the planning of modifications or new activities. This should
then trigger further HAZID studies and risk assessments, with the identification of
control measures as appropriate. Figure 2 below illustrates the range of tools that can
be used to identify past, present and future hazards.

Figure 2: Past, present and future hazards

4.3

Hazard identification processes and techniques

HAZID techniques

The flowchart below summarises all the steps needed in a HAZID process and how
those steps relate to one another.

Figure 3: HAZID process

20

Examples of HAZID Techniques

HAZOP
Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP) is a highly structured and detailed technique,
developed primarily for application to chemical process systems. A HAZOP can
generate a comprehensive understanding of the possible deviations from design intent
that may occur. However, HAZOP is less suitable for identification of hazards not
related to process operations, such as mechanical integrity failures, procedural errors, or
external events. HAZOP also tends to identify hazards specific to the section being
assessed, while hazards related to the interactions between different sections may not be
identified. Therefore, HAZOP may need to be combined with other hazard
identification methods, or a modified form of HAZOP used, to overcome these
limitations.

21

Equipment failure case definition

This method is a systematic approach to defining loss of containment events for all
equipment within the study boundary. Process flow and equipment diagrams are studied
systematically, and all equipment is assigned appropriate loss of containment scenarios,
such as pinhole leaks, according to design, construction and operation. This form of
hazard identification may be necessary for many major hazard facilities, to avoid
missing potential scenarios, but is not sufficient on its own because it does not consider
specific causes or circumstances. Therefore, this technique should only be used in
combination with other techniques for MHF purposes.

Checklists
There are many established hazard checklists which can be used to guide the
identification of hazards. Checklists offer straightforward and effective ways of
ensuring that basic types of events are considered. Checklists may not be sufficient on
their own, as they may not cover all types of hazards, particularly facility-specific
hazards, and could also suppress lateral thinking. Again, this technique should only be
used in combination with other techniques for MHF purposes.

What-If Techniques
This is typically a combination of the above techniques, often using a prepared set of
what-if questions on potential deviations and upsets in the facility. This approach is
broader but less detailed than HAZOP.

Brainstorming
Brainstorming is typically an unstructured or partially structured group process, which
can be effective at identifying obscure hazards that may be overlooked by the more
systematic methods.

Task Analysis
This is a technique developed to address human factors, procedural errors and manmachine interface issues. This type of hazard identification is useful for identifying
potential problems relating to procedural failures, human resources, human errors, fault
recognition, alarm response, etc.
Task Analysis can be applied to specific jobs such as lifting operations, moving
equipment off-line or to specific working environments such as control rooms. Task
Analysis is particularly useful for looking at areas of a facility where there is a low
fault-tolerance, or where human error can easily take a plant out of its safe operating
envelope.

5.

SAFETY MANAGEMENT

Every Organisation should believe that no job or no task is more important than
worker health and safety.
22

If a job represents a potential safety or health threat, every effort will be made to plan
a safe way to do the task.

Every procedure must be a safe procedure. Shortcuts in safe procedures by either

foremen or workers will not be tolerated.

If a worker observes any unsafe condition, which may pose a potential threat to their
health or safety, it is expected that employees will immediately correct the situation
when feasible or inform management. Management has the responsibility to take
adequate precautions, comply with standards, and assure the safety and health of
employees.

5.1 CONSTRUCTION SAFETY MANAGEMENT PROCESS

23

A Proven, Comprehensive Framework for Managing

Safety on Your Sites.
The Contractor Safety Management Process is a powerful,
effective approach for companies that are committed to creating
and maintaining safe, incident-free construction sites.

Building a Culture of Safety

CSMP goes beyond mere compliance to provide oversight of
every facet of safety management on your jobsites. We work
with you to develop a culture of safety, educating everyone about
the importance of rules, monitoring performance, and
continuously improving all activities.
Protecting Everyone - Especially You
CSMP is a comprehensive process that provides oversight of everyone on your site
including your team, your contractors, and their subcontractors. Just as important, it
protects and strengthens your reputation within the contracting community and among the
general public.
Having a comprehensive program assures OSHA and local regulators that you take safety
seriously. It can reduce your liability exposure and bolster your defense if litigation occurs.
And when workers feel safer, theyre more efficient and productive.

The Cost-effictive Approach to Safety

CSMP addresses the concerns of insurers, leading to lower costs. In addition, CSMP
includes our management services and all staffing for your safety needs, eliminating hiring,
salary and benefit costs.
Over the past ten years, we have managed safety programs for more than $1 billion in
construction projects. For one pharmaceutical company alone, working with us reduced
insurance costs by millions of dollars. At the inception of our program, that companys
contractor injury loss per hour worked ran as high as $0.75. As our program matured, that
loss dropped as low as $0.01 per hour in some periods, with an average of $0.03/hour.
Expectation and Evaulation
CSMP provides a proven, more effective way to set a clear direction for the safety
program, organize your efforts, and provide accountability at every level. Roles and
responsibilities for everyone involved the delivery of the project are clearly communicated
at the beginning. We approach your project and everyone involved objectively ensuring
24

safety is our only motivation and use technology to simplify processes and obtain
information quickly.
Addresses All Project Safety Needs
The 13-step process assures you that every aspect of safety is being addressed, including:
1. Safety program policy statement documenting the owners emphasis on
safety and responsibilities for implementation.
2. Safety management, providing a summary of the entire Contractor Safety
Management Process.
3. Roles and responsibilities for all individuals and entities involved in the
process.
4. Safety pre-planning during the planning stages to develop a safety plan for
use during construction.
5. Safety prequalification, comparing each contractors past performance to
safety criteria.
6. Contractor negotiation process for safety requirements that detail
expectations and how safety information will be collected.
7. Contract document detailing safety requirements in writing.
8. Site communication to detail how safety information will be shared with onsite contractor supervision.
9. Site orientation, spelling out how safety information will reach contractor
personnel.
10. Pre-job hazard analysis, documenting hazard identification and
corresponding safety efforts.
11. Contractor incident investigation to document root causes and determine
corrective and preventive actions.
12. Verification procedures to audit contractor implementation of training,
substance abuse, and field practice requirements.
13. Safety communication, detailing the network for communicating safety
information.

Prevention of health and safety hazards

The management and supervisory staff, at construction sites, ca minimize unsafe conditions
by constantly monitoring the progress of the work and the workforce. Training and proper
education also helps in achieving safety. In addition to these, the general provisions required
to attain a safe work-site are:
- Emergency alarms
- Safety guidelines for equipment use
- Safety belts
- Safety nets
- Safety inspections
- Mitigating factors
Health hazards may be minimized by the following methods:
25

- Equipment modification
- Isolating the worker form the damaging machinery
- By making provisions for personal protective equipment
- By providing adequate illumination
- Proper housekeeping
- Replacement of hazardous building materials
Together with adherence to a good practice and predictive hazard evaluation.
Work environment
A good work environment is necessary for improving the safety and health of the workers
and also helps to increase productivity. It consists of the following:
- work area and work conditions
- illumination
- noise and hearing
- cold and wet
- dust and fumes
- sanitation
The work site must also take proper precautions for emergency measures. The entire
progamme for preplanning for emergency control must be a coordinated effort and must
include all personnel from the management as well as the force and proper instructions and
suitable training must be provided to them on the following lines:
- Identification of hazard
- Provision of safeguards
- Proper safety guidelines
- Simulated drills
- Identification warning signals

Safety in Construction: Good practices

To identify good safety practices in construction, the survey team visited the following work
sites:
- Thapar-Dupont construction project Gummidipoondi, Tamil Nadu
- Obayashi Limited Construction of extension of Nizamuddin bridge, New Delhi.
- Gammon Construction India Limited construction of extension of ITO bridge, New Delhi.

Workmen Compensation:
In India, all building workers who have completed eighteen years of age, but have not
complete the age of sixty, and are engage in a construction activity for not less than ninety
days during the preceding twelve months shall be eligible for benefits under the Building and
other Construction Workers Second Ordinance, 1996.
In America workmens compensation laws are state statutes under which a employer is bound
to pay a predetermined amount of compensation for any injury suffered by an employee.
In Australia an employer is liable to his employee for injuries caused to him through his
negligent order or other negligent act on his part. If the injury suffered by the employee is
partly the result of the employees own negligence, then the damages are recoverable by the
employers.
26

Cost Analysis
The provision of safeguards to eliminate or reduce the accidents are based on two important
aspects:
a) Cost of accident prevention
b) Moral regard for human life
Calculation of cost of accident prevention includes:
a) Direct costs
b) Indirect costs
c) Cost of safety programmes

Implementation
For implementation of the various safety measures, the various safety measures, the
management and trade unions must contribute individually to create a safe work
environment.
The role of management should be:
- To give some priority to safety measures as to production and quality.
- Employ adequate staff for implementing safety polices.
- Provide proper training to personnel.
- Conduct regular safety inspection.
Role of Trade unions:
- Assist government commissions and other public committees dealing with workers safety
- Suggest and ask for investigations into hazardous processes
- Provide and create awareness among their members.

27

6.Personal Protective
Equipment(PPE)

Personal protective equipment (PPE) refers to protective clothing, helmets, goggles, or

other garments or equipment designed to protect the wearer's body from injury. The hazards
addressed by protective equipment include physical, electrical, heat, chemicals, biohazards,
and airborne particulate matter. Protective equipment may be worn for job-related
occupational safety and health purposes, as well as for sports and other recreational activities.
"Protective clothing" is applied to traditional categories of clothing, and "protective gear"
applies to items such as pads, guards, shields, or masks, and others.
The purpose of personal protective equipment is to reduce employee exposure to hazards
when engineering and administrative controls are not feasible or effective to reduce these
risks to acceptable levels. PPE is needed when there are hazards present. PPE has the serious
limitation that it does not eliminate the hazard at source and may result in employees being
exposed to the hazard if the equipment fails.
Any item of PPE imposes a barrier between the wearer/user and the working environment.
This can create additional strains on the wearer; impair their ability to carry out their work
and create significant levels of discomfort. Any of these can discourage wearers from using
PPE correctly, therefore placing them at risk of injury, ill-health or, under extreme
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circumstances, death. Good ergonomic design can help to minimise these barriers and can
therefore help to ensure safe and healthy working conditions through the correct use of PPE.
Practices of occupational safety and health can use hazard controls and interventions to
mitigate workplace hazards, which pose a threat to the safety and quality of life of workers.
The hierarchy of hazard control hierarchy of control provides a policy framework which
ranks the types of hazard controls in terms of absolute risk reduction. At the top of the
hierarchy are elimination and substitution, which remove the hazard entirely or replace the
hazard with a safer alternative. If elimination or substitution measures cannot apply,
engineering controls and administrative controls, which seek to design safer mechanisms and
coach safer human behavior, are implemented. Personal protective equipment ranks last on
the hierarchy of controls, as the workers are regularly exposed to the hazard, with a barrier of
protection. The hierarchy of controls is important in acknowledging that, while personal
protective equipment has tremendous utility, it is not the desired mechanism of control in
terms of worker safety.

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CONCLUSION:
1. A wide variety of research developments in construction
equipment and project management has occurred in the recent past.
2. Effective performance measures for all parties involved in a
construction project are lacking.
3. 3. Facilities for training skilled and semi-skilled personnel for
construction are conspicuous by their absence.
4. 4.There has been a proliferation of establishments over which
the government bodies have a loose control.
5. 5.The construction workers are almost always made to live in
the vicinity of the work-site with no adequate lodging or sanitary
arrangements.
6. The semi-skilled and unskilled workers, together with women
and children; are unaware of the use of personal protective equipment.
7. Health facilities for construction workers are lacking.
8. The labour unions are often responsible for endangering the lfe
of workers.
-Lack of feedback systems Construction knowledge feedback generally
occurs through distribution of a memorandum regarding a problem, and
sometimes through distributions in various meetings and conferences. This
methodology has certain shortcomings.
The current status of safety in construction exposes the fact that safety
has been a non-issue so far, despite the fact that almost one out of every
five workers received injury annually.

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9.

Appendix A:Questionnare
1.Whats better? Prevention, Safety or Cure?
a.)Cure

b.)Prevention

c.)Safety

d.)All of the above

2. Do you have an upto date Health and Safety Policy that highlights the people who are
responsible for ensuring it happens?

a.)Yes, Im aware of it

b.)No

c.)Not Necessary

d.)I dont really care to know

3. Do you have all upto date Material Safety Data Sheets? Are they discussed with the
relevant workers?

a.)Yes

b.)No

c.) Not Necessary

d.) I dont really care to know

4. Do you have First Aiders and First Aid facility on your premises?
a.)Yes

b.)Maybe, I dont know

c.)No

d.)None of my Concern

5.What is a quick method to avoid electrocution

a.)grounding of wire with

b.)first Aid

proper wiring
c.)France

d.)Japan

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6. Do you have a procedure to manage any and all of your contractors and /
or subcontractors?
a.)Yes

b.)No

7. Has noise monitoring been done and is action taken regarding the
findings?
a.)Yes

b.)No

8. Has approved personal protective equipment been issued and the

wearing thereof been enforced?
a.)Yes

b.)No

Appendix B :Pie Diagram:- Question 1

Question 2

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Question 3

Question 4

Question 5

Question 6
33

Question 7

Question 8

List Of References
1. http://www.tifac.org.in/index.php?
option=com_content&view=article&id=694&Itemid=205.
2. http://www.safetymanagementgroup.com/construction-safety-managementprocess.aspx.
3. http://www.cpwr.com/sites/default/files/publications/SafetyManage
mentinConstructionSMR-2013_0.pdf

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4. http://www.griffith.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/129922/hazardcontrol-guide.pdf
5. https://osha.europa.eu/en/faq/faq1
6. http://www.in.undp.org/content/dam/papp/docs/Operations/Procurement/UND
P-papp-op-proc-safety.pdf
7. http://www.safetypartnering.com/smd/pdf/handbook_e.pdf

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